309:
mature plants, shown through photo points of over 30 years. The prickly appearance of the shrub refers to the pointy phyllodes (leaves), which are rigid, straight, 4 angled and linear in shape. Furthermore, the leaves are approximately 2–9 cm long and 1-2mm wide, subglaucous (between glaucous and green) with lighter coloured veins at each angle and hairless with age. The flowers are bright yellow, fuzzy spheres, 7-10mm in diameter that come singularly or rarely in pairs and are located on 12-25mm hairy stalks in the axil of phyllodes. The pods are 3–5 cm long and 10mm wide, straight or slightly curved and made of a hard and woody material covered in little, soft, white hairs with slight constrictions between seeds.
322:
remain on the parent for several years after splitting open. Fruit production is very rare. Studies from 2010 to 2012 show that most populations continue to produce no fruit. There is rarely pod and seed production in these plants and the setting of viable seed is rare. Successful reproduction is very limited, only two study sites represent known seed sources in NSW. Majority of reproduction is clonal. Root suckers are produced twice a year during autumn and spring growth.
66:
231:
41:
326:
It can also result in low genetic diversity thus increasing the risk of extinction. Genetic diversity within populations that can demonstrate both sexual and clonal reproduction can remain high even with low levels of sexual recruitment. Purple wood wattle has a long history of genetic isolation which pre-dates land use changes.
395:. Rabbits also expose roots and destabilise sand dunes by burrowing. Newly emergent suckers are eaten by grazers such as rabbits and stock which has led to the mortality of established plants. Other threats include, goats and kangaroos who strip the phyllodes and cattle that shade by trees thereby destabilising soils.
378:
of purple-wood wattle are wasps, native bees, flies and butterflies. Although the plant is visited by a wide range of native pollinators but a small number of these visitors are effective pollinators. The success of purple wood wattle is not related to its reproductive failure. The fruits suggest an
325:
Purple wood wattle's dominant reproductive mode is clonal. Clonal reproduction is favoured in situations where the trade-off between survival and seed production favours survival or if disturbance is preventing flowering and fruiting. Clonality can result in permanent failure of sexual reproduction.
308:
The wattle is distinctly known for its deep-purple heartwood. However, once cut and left exposed to air for a few weeks, the purple turns near black. From the exterior, the wattle is a dark green, prickly shrub to small tree that can grow 2–4 m high and up to 8m wide. The growth rate is very slow in
312:
Carbon dating has found that these plants range from approximately 120–330 years of age and this research also found that populations are heavily skewed towards older plants, meaning there has been little or no replacement in these populations since the introduction of grazing animals in the 1860s.
321:
Inflorescences display a short protogynous phase (female organs mature first) and the majority are simultaneously hermaphroditic (bi-sexual). Most species of Acacia are at least partially self-incompatible but this is not known with purple-wood wattle. The fruits are orange, woody arils and may
334:
Commonly found growing in a widespread mound of drift sand. Grows in grassland and woodland in red sandy soils. Preferred soils are shallow, calcareous and loamy which includes: alkaline soils, brown earths and red duplex soils usually on dune crests or slopes. Purple wood wattle is commonly
443:
in South-east
Australia. The Acacia is predicted to occur in Sturt National Park, NSW. Majority of these stands occur outside of reserves with only 34% of stands occurring in conservation areas. There are approximately 240 distinct genetic individuals which are mostly
299:
Purple-wood wattle is a threatened shrub, listed as vulnerable under the
Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC Act), NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and South Australia National Parks and Wildlife Act 1992.
50:
313:
This however is not the only reason for small populations. The plant has an ancient history of asexual reproduction along with habitat disturbance which both have affected the setting of seed.
685:
Gilpin, Amy-Marie; Ayre, David J; Denham, Andrew J (2013). "Can the pollination biology and floral ontogeny of the threatened Acacia carneorum explain its lack of reproductive success?".
1006:
448:
and separated by >10 kilometres (6 mi) of unsuitable habitat. The nearest small patch of population may be several hundred kilometres away from the last.
1019:
659:
967:
603:"Patterns of genotypic diversity suggest a long history of clonality and population isolation in the Australian arid zone shrub Acacia carneorum"
1084:
1138:
1037:
493:
1158:
1153:
1148:
524:
993:
239:
1089:
915:
768:
1024:
1071:
852:
560:
65:
1076:
602:
464:
733:
Auld, Tony D (1993). "The impact of grazing on regeneration of the shrub Acacia carnei in Arid
Australia".
868:
205:
906:
374:
Purple-wood wattle produces flowers after heavy rainfall events at any time of year. The most frequent
941:
808:
742:
349:
361:
30:
959:
431:(1855-1922) and his botanist son Walter M. Carne (1885-1952), which has now been widely adopted.
1110:
954:
702:
630:
622:
355:
337:
246:
60:
45:
1011:
1045:
928:
834:
1050:
824:
816:
750:
694:
614:
379:
adaptation to seed dispersal by birds. This may explain far reaching isolated populations.
343:
230:
159:
1143:
103:
812:
746:
1058:
829:
796:
90:
1063:
470:
387:
The main threat primarily responsible for purple-wood wattle lack of regeneration are
296:
It occurs in small populations in far north-west New South Wales and South
Australia.
1132:
754:
473:, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australia.. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
440:
221:
706:
634:
1115:
428:
933:
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980:
900:
392:
172:
891:
698:
618:
375:
795:
Roberts, David G; Forrest, Cairo N; Denham, Andrew J; Ayre, David J (2017).
445:
408:
1102:
838:
1097:
1032:
885:
407:. Purple- wood wattle is included in the sub-genus Phyllodineae. Through
367:
149:
116:
797:"Clonality disguises the vulnerability of a threatened arid zone Acacia"
626:
972:
665:. South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board. 2010.
139:
985:
820:
388:
289:
182:
129:
862:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
525:"Approved Conservation Advice for Acacia carneorum (Needle Wattle)"
530:. Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts. 2008.
77:
998:
946:
866:
601:
o'Brien, Eleanor K; Denham, Andrew J; Ayre, David J (2013).
439:
Known extant populations occur in the arid zone west of the
411:
analysis, the species has been found to be related to
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
875:
779:. Department of the Environment and Energy. 2018.
773:— Needle Wattle, Dead Finish, Purple-wood Wattle"
660:"Significant Flora Fact Sheet: Purplewood Wattle"
423:and Hall & Johnson suggested the change to
855:. Office of Environment & Heritage. 2018.
563:. Office of Environment & Heritage. 2007.
8:
391:. Rabbits strip bark, killing the plants by
863:
790:
788:
786:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
419:. The species was originally described as
229:
39:
20:
828:
596:
594:
592:
590:
853:"Sturt National Park Plan of Management"
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
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582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
457:
728:
726:
724:
722:
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718:
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403:Purple-wood wattle is from the family
7:
777:Species Profile and Threats Database
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
471:Species Profile and Threats Database
287:, is a plant species in the genus
283:or by its former scientific name,
14:
1077:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:469945-1
64:
427:, which honours both geologist
561:"Purple-wood Wattle - profile"
1:
755:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90446-8
1175:
1139:EPBC Act vulnerable biota
699:10.1007/s11284-013-1117-y
619:10.1007/s11258-013-0278-7
252:
245:
237:
228:
211:
204:
61:Scientific classification
59:
37:
28:
23:
1159:Flora of South Australia
1154:Flora of New South Wales
1149:Plants described in 1916
735:Biological Conservation
492:Kodela, P. G. (2012).
271:, also referred to as
801:Ecology and Evolution
238:Occurrence data from
350:Alectryon oleifolius
813:2017EcoEv...7.9451R
747:1993BCons..65..165A
687:Ecological Research
362:Rhagodia spinescens
31:Conservation status
24:Purple-wood wattle
356:Atriplex vesicaria
338:Casuarina cristata
273:purple-wood wattle
1126:
1125:
1046:Open Tree of Life
869:Taxon identifiers
821:10.1002/ece3.3246
807:(22): 9451–9460.
264:
263:
259:
197:A. carneorum
54:
1166:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1105:
1093:
1092:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1053:
1041:
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1038:Acacia~carneorum
1028:
1027:
1015:
1014:
1002:
1001:
989:
988:
976:
975:
963:
962:
960:Acacia carneorum
950:
949:
937:
936:
924:
923:
911:
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907:Acacia carneorum
896:
895:
894:
877:Acacia carneorum
864:
857:
856:
849:
843:
842:
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792:
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771:Acacia carneorum
765:
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682:
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598:
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531:
529:
521:
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496:Acacia carneorum
489:
474:
466:Acacia carneorum
462:
344:Casuarina pauper
335:associated with
268:Acacia carneorum
257:
233:
217:
215:Acacia carneorum
160:Caesalpinioideae
69:
68:
48:
43:
42:
21:
16:Species of plant
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731:
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568:
559:
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491:
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401:
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332:
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224:
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200:
63:
55:
44:
40:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1156:
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1146:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1116:wfo-0000201400
1107:
1094:
1081:
1068:
1055:
1042:
1029:
1016:
1003:
990:
977:
964:
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897:
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436:
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331:
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226:
225:
220:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
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173:Mimosoid clade
170:
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157:
153:
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137:
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57:
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38:
35:
34:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1137:
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1117:
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982:
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791:
789:
787:
783:
778:
774:
772:
764:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:(2): 165–76.
740:
736:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
693:(2): 225–35.
692:
688:
681:
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669:
661:
655:
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651:
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607:Plant Ecology
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467:
461:
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451:
449:
447:
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441:Darling River
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
421:Acacia carnei
418:
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316:
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285:Acacia carnei
282:
278:
277:needle wattle
274:
270:
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260:
256:
255:Acacia carnei
251:
248:
244:
241:
236:
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210:
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206:Binomial name
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91:Tracheophytes
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62:
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52:
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36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
876:
847:
804:
800:
776:
770:
763:
738:
734:
690:
686:
613:(1): 55–71.
610:
606:
501:
495:
465:
460:
438:
435:Distribution
429:Joseph Carne
425:A. carneorum
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
386:
373:
366:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
333:
324:
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317:Reproduction
311:
307:
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288:
284:
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265:
254:
253:
214:
212:
196:
195:
183:
166:
123:
110:
97:
84:
18:
981:iNaturalist
901:Wikispecies
413:A. crombiei
393:ringbarking
376:pollinators
304:Description
281:dead finish
156:Subfamily:
104:Angiosperms
1133:Categories
1059:Plant List
452:References
405:Mimosaceae
46:Vulnerable
1064:ild-47802
446:polyploid
409:flavonoid
191:Species:
74:Kingdom:
1103:50246854
1098:Tropicos
1033:NSWFlora
1012:10580819
892:Q9563142
886:Wikidata
839:29187981
707:17905975
635:17031988
627:24552069
502:PlantNET
417:A. peuce
399:Taxonomy
368:Maireana
247:Synonyms
150:Fabaceae
146:Family:
117:Eudicots
51:EPBC Act
1051:3918002
1025:1173639
999:60633-3
973:2979027
830:5696425
809:Bibcode
743:Bibcode
498:Maiden"
389:rabbits
383:Threats
330:Ecology
179:Genus:
140:Fabales
136:Order:
78:Plantae
49: (
1144:Acacia
986:519207
947:644229
921:164737
837:
827:
705:
633:
625:
290:Acacia
258:Maiden
222:Maiden
184:Acacia
130:Rosids
1090:66685
1085:SPRAT
1007:IRMNG
955:FoAO2
703:S2CID
663:(PDF)
631:S2CID
623:JSTOR
528:(PDF)
371:spp.
167:Clade
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
1072:POWO
1020:NCBI
994:IPNI
968:GBIF
934:8NY2
916:APNI
835:PMID
415:and
365:and
1111:WFO
942:EoL
929:CoL
825:PMC
817:doi
751:doi
695:doi
615:doi
611:215
240:AVH
1135::
1113::
1100::
1087::
1074::
1061::
1048::
1035::
1022::
1009::
996::
983::
970::
957::
944::
931::
918::
903::
888::
833:.
823:.
815:.
803:.
799:.
785:^
775:.
749:.
739:65
737:.
715:^
701:.
691:29
689:.
671:^
643:^
629:.
621:.
609:.
605:.
569:^
536:^
510:^
500:.
478:^
469:,
359:,
353:,
347:,
341:,
293:.
279:,
275:,
169::
126::
113::
100::
87::
841:.
819::
811::
805:7
769:"
757:.
753::
745::
709:.
697::
637:.
617::
504:.
494:"
53:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
