503:). To achieve this, they must first be approved by the National Council of Universities, made up of elected and appointed MCFs and university professors. For candidates who have first been approved in this way, the recruitment to positions is carried out in each individual university, mostly by a selection committee of other MCFs and professors, half from the university where the position is available, half from other universities, rather than by administrators. However, the final decision is made by the Academic Council of the university.
526:("university professor"), whether in their home university or in another institution. Their suitability for such a position will be judged by the National Council of Universities (restricted to full professors). Each individual application is examined by a selection committee, composed exclusively of full professors. Application are mostly judged on their published original research as well as on teaching and administrative duties. In the past, this required a higher doctorate ("state doctorate"). In some fields, such as
739:). They have a one-year contract renewable once, except for civil servants, who may hold an ATER position up to 4 years in total. ATERs have the same responsibilities and compensation as many non tenure-track faculty in North America. They do research work, and they also teach 192 hours/year. This kind of position is sometimes used as a "bridge" at the end of a PhD, if the candidate is not able to complete their dissertation in three years and needs an extension.
656:
675:(HDR) to direct doctoral theses is a necessary step to be promoted from MCF to PR. There exists no internal promotion to go from MCF to PR. Instead, a candidate must participate in the competition for an open position, usually in a different university. Progression from one pay grade to the next (e.g. 2nd class to 1st class) is internal to the university, and entails an increase in salary and responsibility.
747:(Contractual PhD candidate): PhD candidates who have obtained a specific type of grant to fund their PhD. This grant is a 3-years position (non renewable), and the candidate is an employee of the university during that time. They are expected to work on a dissertation and to participate in research activities. In addition,
264:), researchers, and teachers. It is possible to be promoted from one path to another. Several ranks exist within each path. Increases in rank (for example, the promotion from associate professor to full professor) come with an increase in salary and responsibility and are subject to some conditions, such as the
848:
The main differences between these research positions and the faculty positions are, of course, the absence of teaching duties, and the ability to move between different labs (for example, a CNRS researcher can request to move to any CNRS lab in France or abroad, whereas a faculty member is employed
605:
are both permanent positions. This is not the same as tenure, strictly speaking, but is instead due to the status of civil servant in public universities. Since all French universities are state-run, faculty members are civil servants and enjoy increased employment protection compared to the private
310:
The following table summarizes the various academic titles used in France, determined by the paths (faculty, research, teaching) and the ranks, together with some equivalent titles in schools with special status. The common abbreviation for the title is presented in parentheses after the title.
852:
Just like for faculty appointments, there are no internal promotion from CR to DR. Instead, each year, national competitions are open to fill new positions, and it is necessary to participate in the national competition to move from one rank to the next. It is possible for a
686:, more widespread). Consequently, some scholars become professors without prior experience as a Maître de conférences. This remains rare however, most of the time the aggregation is a way to accelerate career advancement for the Maîtres de conférences (this is known as the
1059:: typically is an expert in his field. He typically teaches and maintains contacts with the business world. Other ranks are Senior Professor of Practice (rank equivalent to associate professor) or Principal Professor of Practice (rank equivalent to full professor).
474:(literally, teachers-researchers). In general, their statute is governed by the Decree 84-431 of June 6, 1984 (with some exceptions: for example, faculty members in public hospitals have a statute governed by another decree). They are
1076:
Several administrative appointments can be held by academics in France. Most are elected positions, with prerogatives and duties described in the statutes of the relevant organization (university, faculty, research lab...).
1094:. They are also chancellor of the universities in their district, meaning that they administer the real estate owned by the State and used by the university. They are usually chosen from among senior university professors.
969:) are part of the state university recruitment system. The others – mainly the private schools – follow various guidelines. Among the business schools it is common to follow the North American terminology. That is,
960:
is a parallel educational system generally attributed to
Napoleon. These institutions of higher education each specialize in a specific domain, such as business, political science, or engineering. Some of them are
1220:
Décret n°84-431 du 6 juin 1984 fixant les dispositions statutaires communes applicables aux enseignants-chercheurs et portant statut particulier du corps des professeurs des universités et du corps des maîtres de
506:
The salary scale is national, so pay does not vary from one university to another. A recent reform allows for the possibility of salary modulation in the universities, but for now this remains to be implemented.
805:
801:
1023:
Typically, anyone teaching in a private school will identify themselves publicly as "Professeur" regardless of their internal rank. This is an acceptable practice for tenured or full-time staff (
881:
789:
1307:"Décret n°88-654 du 7 mai 1988 relatif au recrutement d'attachés temporaires d'enseignement et de recherche dans les établissements publics d'enseignement supérieur | Legifrance"
268:. In most cases, moving to a higher rank requires going through an open recruitment competition, the same procedure used for initially obtaining the position in the lower rank.
165:
70:
887:
These establishments also offer engineer positions that include a research part, besides more technical duties (e.g. preparation of a database, experimental apparatus, etc.):
772:(PAST), depending on academic experience. Despite the similarity, "associé" is not synonymous with "associate" (an associate professor is a mid-seniority professor, where a
493:
from a university, and usually after several years of temporary postdoctoral positions, scholars who wish to enter a permanent academic career may apply for the position of
651:, associate professor), is the second rank of the faculty path in French academia. The rank has two pay grades: normal class and outstanding class ("hors-classe": "H.C.").
626:
575:
348:
222:
1353:"Décret n°83-1260 du 30 décembre 1983 fixant les dispositions statutaires communes aux corps de fonctionnaires des établissements publics scientifiques et technologiques"
808:(Inria). Again, people in these positions are civil servants (thus, in this sense, tenured). Their statute is governed by the Decree #83-1260 of December 30, 1983.
764:
There also exist equivalent ranks as state employees (non civil service) for professors coming from industry and working part-time in a university. These ranks are
793:
1278:
1413:
587:
360:
287:). There also exist some administrative ranks, held by permanent employees and often elected by their peers, such as university president or dean. Ranks in
140:
45:
1242:"Décret n°84-135 du 24 février 1984 portant statut des personnels enseignants et hospitaliers des centres hospitaliers et universitaires | Legifrance"
635:(Director of Studies). According to their statute, professors have priority to teach lectures (as opposed to exercise sessions) and to be elected as
1479:
579:
406:
372:
356:
215:
522:
to direct research", HDR) which allows them to supervise doctoral theses. The habilitation is a prerequisite for applying for a position of
1332:
Décret n° 2009-464 du 23 avril 2009 relatif aux doctorants contractuels des établissements publics d'enseignement supérieur ou de recherche
717:
in North
America, or to lecturer/reader/senior lecturer in the UK depending on pay grade and whether the habilitation was obtained or not.
190:
150:
50:
1442:
Arrêté du 25 mai 2016 fixant le cadre national de la formation et les modalités conduisant à la délivrance du diplôme national de doctorat
697:
The French
Ministry of Higher Education and Research provides a comparative table for faculty ranks in France and worldwide. For example,
1801:
1572:
1567:
195:
788:
There also exist permanent, research positions, without teaching duties. They are offered by certain public research institutions, the
1330:
208:
135:
1306:
1553:
947:: Title used broadly for every instructor who teaches at any university on a regular basis, though not at a full-time position.
260:
Several parallel career paths exist, depending on the type of institution. The three paths correspond to teacher-researchers (
170:
895:
always includes a dominant research part. There also exists some contractual positions (from a few months to a few years).
1796:
1472:
414:
1806:
1191:
40:
678:
In Law, Political
Science, and Economics, it is possible to be recruited directly as a full professor by passing the
1264:
1051:: generally teaches and his research obligations are limited. Other ranks are Senior Lecturer or Principal Lecturer.
1409:
185:
130:
65:
1132:(Director of Teaching and Research Unit): Elected position, chairperson of one of the university schools, called
844:. It is a permanent research-only position. The pay grades are "2nd class", "1st class", and "exceptional class".
100:
95:
85:
75:
1500:
555:
is used much more widely than the
English "professor", and when used on its own it suggests a schoolteacher in
180:
160:
155:
145:
120:
110:
55:
1440:
1352:
1241:
1218:
1090:): High-level civil servants appointed by the Ministry of education to oversee an educational district called
962:
935:): Secondary school teacher teaching at university level. These teachers have a lesser degree than PRAGs, the
1381:
1791:
1709:
1688:
1465:
1186:
276:
175:
125:
115:
105:
80:
60:
1704:
1648:
1615:
1505:
571:
30:
1743:
400:
366:
1114:(Academic Council), another elected body responsible for defining the University's research policies.
1103:
880:. It has to be noticed that some of these positions can be located not in a laboratory proper to the
620:
583:
340:
250:
828:
It is a permanent research-only position. The pay grades are "normal class" and "outstanding class".
1619:
1543:
1538:
714:
574:, teaching staff follow different hierarchies and career paths. In particular, senior staff at the
556:
1765:
1678:
1673:
1657:
1638:
1600:
288:
249:
system. Most academic institutions are state-run and most academics with permanent positions are
619:, professor) is the highest rank in the faculty path of French academia. In some institutions (
1110:(Board of Directors), an elected body which governs the university. Usually also presides the
1087:
966:
777:
378:
293:
1548:
1123:
479:
246:
1770:
1731:
1683:
1643:
1610:
1515:
1173:
710:
548:
254:
1156:(Director of Research Unit): Appointed chairperson of a research unit. Presides over the
957:
1758:
702:
655:
483:
17:
872:
The complete name of the position usually makes the institution explicit, for example
1785:
1715:
1389:
915:
540:
475:
239:
1106:): Elected position, usually held by a professor, for four years. Presides over the
1753:
1748:
1737:
1726:
1160:(Laboratory Council), an elected body representing the research unit. Appoints the
672:
519:
265:
755:, meaning that they teach 64 hours per year, usually at the undergraduate level.
570:
In higher educational establishments outside the university system, such as the
272:
736:
639:. The rank has three pay grades: 2nd class, 1st class, and exceptional class.
1653:
1624:
1510:
535:
490:
444:
Chef de clinique des universités-assistant des hôpitaux (Teaching
Hospitals)
1265:
Description on the French
Ministry of Higher Education and Research website
1457:
1605:
1577:
1279:"Comparaison des carrières des enseignants-chercheurs de pays étrangers"
1031:). It is considered inappropriate for others who teach a single course (
590:
are called directeurs d'études instead of professeurs des universités.
482:. While most civil service roles are only available to citizens of the
1164:(team leaders) who manage the teams that constitute the research unit.
486:, appointments to these positions are made regardless of citizenship.
1721:
1277:
French
Ministry of Higher Education and Research (10 February 2011).
1019:
Chaired professorships can be given to associate and full professors.
884:, but in a mixed research structure, common with a university (UMR).
243:
811:
There are two levels, matching those of the teaching-research staff
654:
413:
Maître-assistant (Architectural and
Agricultural Science Schools,
1172:(Director of Graduate School): Appointed chairperson of one of a
806:
French
Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation
1461:
527:
440:
Assistant (Agricultural Science Schools, Veterinary Schools)
478:, but they benefit from a special statute which guarantees
544:; only those achieving the highest grades are appointed.
1148:(UFR Council), an elected body representing the faculty.
437:
Attaché temporaire d'enseignement et de recherche (ATER)
790:
Public Scientific and Technical Research Establishments
538:, candidates take the competitive examination known as
882:
Public Scientific and Technical Research Establishment
442:
Assistant hospitalo-universitaire (Teaching Hospitals)
797:
1697:
1666:
1586:
1524:
1493:
563:are therefore used to clarify the function of the
377:Professeur des universités-praticien hospitalier (
802:National Institute of Health and Medical Research
776:is a part-time professor) and would be closer to
728:Attaché temporaire d'enseignement et de recherche
1042:Other titles exist, each with different ranks:
659:a law full professor wearing his academic robe.
1129:Directeur d'unité de formation et de recherche
913:): Secondary school teachers who received the
794:French National Centre for Scientific Research
433:
332:
1473:
682:(distinct from the secondary school system's
216:
8:
1027:) and permanently employed part-time staff (
627:école des hautes études en sciences sociales
624:
349:école des hautes études en sciences sociales
346:
344:
1414:"Guide des directeurs d'unité de recherche"
456:Doctorant contractuel chargé d'enseignement
411:Maître de conférences-praticien hospitalier
1480:
1466:
1458:
223:
209:
26:
1286:galaxie.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr
636:
279:, and temporary teachers (usually called
891:may include an important research part,
313:
257:(after a one-year probationary period).
1203:
29:
407:Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
373:Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
1067:: most of the time teaches full time.
798:Institute of Research for Development
516:habilitation à diriger des recherches
450:
7:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
923:) but who teach at university level.
235:Overview of academic ranks in France
840:, Senior Scientist): equivalent to
705:in North America and the UK, while
391:Professeur des universités associé
1138:unité de formation et de recherche
770:professeur des universités associé
735:, Temporary Research and Teaching
690:, or short way, as opposed to the
327:
324:
321:
318:
25:
984:: Instructor, temporary position.
861:, just like it is possible for a
514:position, an MCF may apply for a
297:are often organized differently.
588:École française d'Extrême-Orient
361:école française d'Extrême-Orient
357:école pratique des hautes études
336:Professeur des universités (PR)
238:The following summarizes basic
1153:Directeur d'unité de recherche
874:directeur de recherche au CNRS
429:Maître de conférences associé
1:
878:chargé de recherche à l'INRIA
766:maître de conférences associé
319:Faculty (teacher-researchers)
824:, Scientist): equivalent to
631:), professors use the title
271:Temporary positions include
1593:Research and teaching track
1192:University reform in France
1169:Directeur d'école doctorale
867:professeurs des universités
849:by a specific university).
603:Professeurs des universités
470:Faculty members are called
396:Maître de conférences (MCF)
385:Directeur de recherche (DR)
1823:
1802:Education policy in France
1410:Paris Descartes University
637:director of research units
612:Professeur des universités
561:professeur des universités
559:. Qualified terms such as
524:professeur des universités
426:Professeur certifié (PRCE)
1144:(Faculty Council) or the
1099:Président de l'université
919:(not the similarly named
671:without a doctorate. The
625:
347:
345:
1108:Conseil d'administration
510:After some years in the
424:Professeur agrégé (PRAG)
421:Chargé de recherche (CR)
277:postdoctoral researchers
31:Academic ranks worldwide
1710:Distinguished professor
1689:Postdoctoral researcher
1488:Academic ranks overview
1187:Civil Service of France
1037:chargés d'enseignements
921:agrégation du supérieur
899:Teaching-only positions
859:directeur de recherches
784:Research-only positions
18:Academic rank in France
1649:Senior research fellow
1311:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
1246:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
1158:Conseil de laboratoire
1025:professeurs permanents
893:ingénieur de recherche
833:Directeur de recherche
826:maître de conférences.
660:
472:enseignants-chercheurs
459:Doctorant contractuel
451:Chargé d'enseignement
415:institut Mines-Télécom
262:enseignants-chercheurs
1744:Professor of practice
1525:North American system
1382:"Code de l'éducation"
1162:Responsables d'équipe
1056:Professor of Practice
1008:: Associate professor
1000:: Assistant professor
975:Chargé d'enseignement
963:grands établissements
944:Chargé d’enseignement
855:maître de conférences
753:chargé d'enseignement
744:Doctorant contractuel
707:maître de conférences
669:Maître de Conférences
658:
644:Maître de conférences
599:Maître de conférences
512:maître de conférences
496:maître de conférences
417:, Veterinary Schools)
401:observatoire de Paris
367:observatoire de Paris
285:chargé d'enseignement
1140:. Presides over the
1104:University President
1072:Administrative ranks
1029:professeurs affiliés
997:Professeur assistant
992:: Adjunct professor.
863:chargé de recherches
339:Directeur d'études (
1797:Education in France
1620:associate professor
1587:Commonwealth system
1544:Associate professor
1539:Assistant professor
928:Professeur certifié
817:Chargé de recherche
792:, for instance the
751:are sometimes also
721:Temporary positions
715:associate professor
594:Permanent positions
572:École polytechnique
557:secondary education
405:Physicien-adjoint (
399:Astronome-adjoint (
301:Public institutions
1807:Academia in France
1766:Teaching assistant
1679:Research associate
1674:Research assistant
1658:research professor
1639:Research assistant
1601:Associate lecturer
1142:Conseil de faculté
1112:Conseil académique
1005:Professeur associé
989:Professeur affilié
889:ingénieur d'études
774:professeur associé
663:No one can become
661:
633:directeur d'études
379:Teaching hospitals
1779:
1778:
1568:Adjunct professor
1064:A Teaching Fellow
1016:: Full professor.
967:Sciences Po Paris
906:Professeur agrégé
804:(INSERM), or the
621:école des chartes
584:École des chartes
466:Faculty positions
463:
462:
445:
418:
382:
341:école des chartes
233:
232:
16:(Redirected from
1814:
1667:Junior positions
1560:Non-tenure track
1549:Professor (full)
1506:Ranks and titles
1482:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1215:
709:corresponds to (
703:(full) professor
630:
629:
489:After gaining a
480:academic freedom
439:
398:
354:
353:
352:
351:
338:
314:
247:higher education
225:
218:
211:
27:
21:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:Teaching fellow
1732:Head of college
1698:Other positions
1693:
1684:Research fellow
1662:
1644:Research fellow
1611:Senior lecturer
1582:
1520:
1489:
1486:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1335:, 23 April 2009
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
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1281:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1200:
1183:
1174:graduate school
1074:
954:
901:
786:
762:
723:
701:corresponds to
596:
468:
443:
441:
438:
425:
412:
410:
404:
397:
376:
370:
364:
337:
308:
303:
289:private schools
253:, and thus are
236:
229:
200:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:Academic ranks
1784:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1759:Vice-principal
1756:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:Research track
1628:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
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1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
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1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1432:
1421:univ-paris5.fr
1401:
1368:
1344:
1322:
1298:
1269:
1257:
1233:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1149:
1115:
1095:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
958:grandes écoles
953:
952:Grandes écoles
950:
949:
948:
940:
924:
900:
897:
846:
845:
829:
785:
782:
761:
758:
757:
756:
740:
722:
719:
653:
652:
640:
595:
592:
530:, management (
476:civil servants
467:
464:
461:
460:
457:
453:
452:
449:
448:Post-doctorant
446:
435:
431:
430:
427:
422:
419:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
334:
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
307:
304:
302:
299:
294:grandes écoles
251:civil servants
240:academic ranks
234:
231:
230:
228:
227:
220:
213:
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:
191:United Kingdom
188:
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138:
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128:
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118:
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88:
83:
78:
73:
71:Czech Republic
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1800:
1798:
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1787:
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1769:
1767:
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1727:Habilitation
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692:voie longue
688:voie courte
551:, the word
371:Physicien (
365:Astronome (
141:New Zealand
136:Netherlands
1786:Categories
1716:Agrégation
1705:Chancellor
1573:Instructor
1448:2018-07-28
1426:2018-07-28
1395:2018-07-28
1390:Légifrance
1362:2018-07-28
1357:Légifrance
1339:2018-07-28
1316:2018-07-28
1292:2018-07-28
1251:2018-07-28
1228:2018-07-28
1198:References
1033:vacataires
1013:Professeur
916:agrégation
865:to become
857:to become
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684:agrégation
680:agrégation
665:Professeur
565:professeur
553:professeur
541:agrégation
434:Temporary
333:Permanent
328:Part-time
281:vacataires
1654:Professor
1625:Professor
981:vacataire
760:Part-time
536:economics
491:doctorate
46:Australia
41:Argentina
1606:Lecturer
1578:Lecturer
1494:Overview
1412:(2017).
1181:See also
1092:académie
1048:Lecturer
606:sector.
306:Overview
186:Thailand
166:Slovakia
151:Portugal
131:Malaysia
66:Colombia
1501:Faculty
1134:faculté
1083:Recteur
778:adjunct
737:Attaché
711:tenured
534:), and
532:gestion
255:tenured
242:in the
101:Hungary
96:Germany
86:Finland
76:Denmark
1722:Docent
1616:Reader
1088:Rector
549:French
244:French
181:Sweden
161:Serbia
156:Russia
146:Norway
121:Jordan
111:Israel
91:France
56:Canada
51:Brazil
1417:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1126:) or
1119:Doyen
876:, or
576:EHESS
176:Spain
126:Kenya
116:Italy
106:India
81:Egypt
61:China
1124:Dean
956:The
933:PRCE
911:PRAG
733:ATER
601:and
586:and
580:EPHE
388:n/a
291:and
1656:or
1618:or
1136:or
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978:or
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667:or
649:MCF
528:law
501:MCF
283:or
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