20:
272:) of ancient China. Usually the "Four Great Academies" refers to the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song. However, sources give a number of different lists, sometimes expanded to Six or Eight Great Academies. Only one, the
219:(1522–1566). During the Qing, thousands of academies were created for the purpose of preparing students for the Imperial Examination, although there were still some that functioned as centres of study and research.
102:. They were places where scholars could teach and study the classics, and where books collected from around the country could be preserved. By the late Tang dynasty, private academies had appeared all over China.
75:
were usually private establishments built away from cities or towns, providing a quiet environment where scholars could engage in studies and contemplation without restrictions and worldly distractions.
112:
The bestowal of a calligraphic signboard by the emperor was an extremely important symbol of an academy's status during the
Northern Song period. The following academies received this honour:
169:
However, academies had begun to decline by the twelfth century. The White Deer Grotto
Academy, which had fallen into ruin, was rebuilt by the prominent neo-Confucianist
109:, many academies were established with government encouragement. Each academy had its own teaching and administrative structure and was economically independent.
229:
There were more than 7,000 academies recorded. In the late Qing dynasty, some became universities, middle schools, public libraries and museums.
89:
504:
215:, often resulting in political repression. According to one study, 40% of the 1239 known Ming academies were built during the
166:. The Yuelu Academy, the Songyang Academy and other academies also received books from the Emperor on a number of occasions.
34:
538:
248:
In the late Qing dynasty, schools teaching
Western science and technology were established. Many such schools were called
42:
528:
523:
424:(An alternative list of "Six Great Academies of the Northern Song" contains the same academies in a different order.)
533:
393:
328:
281:
155:
223:
148:
121:
196:(1271–1368) and all academies were placed under government control to become preparatory schools for the
127:
256:
are quite modern in concept and are quite different from traditional academies of classical learning.
189:
became a permanent feature of
Chinese education, taking up major responsibilities of local education.
197:
117:
144:
300:
Also known as the Four Great
Academies of the Northern Song or the Four Northern Song Academies.
177:
and reopened in 1180. It became an important centre of
Confucian thought during eight centuries.
500:
154:
Besides signboards, emperors also bestowed books. In 977, the
Taizong Emperor bestowed on the
277:
211:
In the Ming dynasty, academies devoted to discussing political issues appeared, such as the
159:
131:
464:
356:
285:
216:
212:
469:
68:
517:
474:
367:
362:
318:
273:
182:
137:
280:), appears in all lists. Each school went up or down the list in different periods.
289:
205:
201:
193:
174:
106:
99:
163:
371:
349:
332:
322:
312:
305:
19:
499:
Education in
Traditional China: A History, Thomas H. C. Lee, p. 100.
479:
339:
Sometimes the Shigu
Academy is substituted for the Songyang Academy.
284:
had long been important. As for the impact on the politics of China,
237:
178:
170:
85:
50:
18:
268:, it is common to speak of the "Four Great Academies" (四大书院;
185:
during the Ming. As a result of Zhu Xi's efforts, the
181:
himself taught here during the
Southern Song as did
71:. Unlike national academies and district schools,
192:The system of academies was dismantled under the
232:In Korea, which also adopted Confucianism, the
222:The academies were finally abolished under the
428:The Eight Great Academies of the Northern Song
379:The Four Great Academies of the Southern Song
8:
200:. However, the system was revived under the
252:in Chinese. Despite the common name, these
16:Academic facilities of pre-modern east asia
343:The Four Great Academies of the Early Song
420:Maoshan Academy (renamed Jinshan Academy)
226:in 1898 at the end of the Qing dynasty.
492:
7:
120:(Songyang Academy), bestowed by the
90:Ancient higher-learning institutions
482:, the Korean equivalent of Shuyuan
14:
61:Academies of Classical Learning
59:), usually known in English as
311:Yingtianfu Academy (in modern
140:, bestowed by Emperor Zhenzong
55:
46:
38:
1:
98:originated in 725 during the
304:Songyang Academy (in modern
23:The Huazhou Academy in Henan
355:Jinshan Academy (in modern
67:, were a type of school in
555:
83:
442:White Deer Grotto Academy
414:White Deer Grotto Academy
394:White Deer Grotto Academy
348:Shigu Academy (in modern
329:White Deer Grotto Academy
282:White Deer Grotto Academy
175:Southern Song (1127–1279)
156:White Deer Grotto Academy
296:The Four Great Academies
244:Shuyuan as a modern term
107:Northern Song (960–1126)
400:The Six Great Academies
292:is especially notable.
149:Emperor Renzong of Song
122:Emperor Taizong of Song
173:in 1179–80 during the
24:
198:imperial examinations
22:
539:Imperial examination
224:Hundred Days' Reform
204:(1368–1644) and the
529:Confucian education
524:Confucian academies
374:) - founded in 1038
359:) - founded in 1024
315:) - founded in 1009
308:) - founded in 1035
158:a copy of the Nine
35:traditional Chinese
436:Yingtianfu Academy
408:Yingtianfu Academy
352:) - founded in 810
335:) - founded in 940
325:) - founded in 976
264:In discussing the
130:, bestowed by the
128:Yingtianfu Academy
43:simplified Chinese
25:
534:Confucian schools
387:Xiangshan Academy
260:Notable academies
546:
508:
497:
445:Songyang Academy
405:Songyang Academy
278:Hunan University
160:Chinese classics
132:Emperor Zhenzong
57:
48:
40:
554:
553:
549:
548:
547:
545:
544:
543:
514:
513:
512:
511:
498:
494:
489:
465:Donglin Academy
461:
451:Longmen Academy
448:Maoshan Academy
430:
402:
381:
357:Jurong, Jiangsu
345:
298:
286:Donglin Academy
262:
246:
213:Donglin Academy
162:printed by the
92:
84:Main articles:
82:
17:
12:
11:
5:
552:
550:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
516:
515:
510:
509:
491:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
477:
472:
470:Dongpo Academy
467:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
401:
398:
397:
396:
391:
388:
385:
380:
377:
376:
375:
365:
360:
353:
344:
341:
337:
336:
326:
316:
309:
297:
294:
276:(later become
270:sì-dà shū-yuàn
261:
258:
245:
242:
236:were known as
152:
151:
147:, bestowed by
141:
134:
124:
118:Taishi Academy
81:
78:
69:Imperial China
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
551:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
519:
506:
505:90-04-10363-5
502:
496:
493:
486:
481:
478:
476:
475:Yuelu Academy
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
458:
454:Culai Academy
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
439:Yuelu Academy
438:
435:
433:Shigu Academy
432:
431:
427:
425:
419:
417:Shigu Academy
416:
413:
411:Yuelu Academy
410:
407:
404:
403:
399:
395:
392:
390:Yuelu Academy
389:
386:
383:
382:
378:
373:
369:
368:Culai Academy
366:
364:
363:Yuelu Academy
361:
358:
354:
351:
347:
346:
342:
340:
334:
330:
327:
324:
320:
319:Yuelu Academy
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
302:
301:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Yuelu Academy
271:
267:
259:
257:
255:
251:
243:
241:
239:
235:
230:
227:
225:
220:
218:
214:
209:
208:(1644–1911).
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
183:Wang Yangming
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
150:
146:
145:Shigu Academy
142:
139:
138:Yuelu Academy
135:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
114:
113:
110:
108:
103:
101:
97:
91:
87:
79:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
44:
36:
32:
31:
21:
495:
423:
384:Lize Academy
338:
299:
290:Ming Dynasty
269:
265:
263:
253:
249:
247:
233:
231:
228:
221:
210:
194:Yuan dynasty
191:
186:
168:
153:
111:
104:
100:Tang dynasty
95:
93:
72:
64:
60:
54:
29:
28:
26:
370:(in modern
331:(in modern
321:(in modern
217:Jiajing era
105:During the
518:Categories
487:References
63:or simply
164:Guozijian
65:Academies
459:See also
350:Hengyang
333:Jiujiang
323:Changsha
313:Shangqiu
306:Dengfeng
288:in the
266:shuyuan
254:shuyuan
250:Shuyuan
234:shuyuan
187:shuyuan
96:shuyuan
80:History
73:shuyuan
56:shūyuàn
30:Shuyuan
503:
480:Seowon
372:Tai'an
238:Seowon
179:Zhu Xi
171:Zhu Xi
143:1035:
136:1015:
126:1009:
86:Taixue
53::
51:pinyin
45::
37::
116:997:
501:ISBN
206:Qing
202:Ming
94:The
88:and
27:The
520::
240:.
49:;
47:书院
41:;
39:書院
507:.
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
