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1149:. Key cities included Bagacum Nerviorum (Bavay), Namur (Aduatuca), Castellum Menapiorum (Cassel), Nemetocenna (Arras), and Tervanna (Thérouanne). The region flourished through agriculture, particularly sheep breeding and wheat cultivation, and the development of a sophisticated road network known as the "Brunehaut causeways." This network facilitated trade within the empire, allowing for the import and export of various goods, including ceramics, pottery, wine, olive oil, linen cloth, and ham. Vici (hamlets) emerged along these routes, and many modern communes in the Scarpe and Escaut valleys trace their origins to
1133:
850:
1297:
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1358:, Ferrand of Portugal. The decisive Battle of Bouvines in 1214 saw Philippe Auguste emerge victorious, enabling him to implement administrative reforms to consolidate royal power. These changes, along with the support of his successor Saint Louis, allowed the French monarchy to exert influence over Flanders and Hainaut. The early 13th century also saw significant religious expansion in these regions with the establishment of monasteries and beguinages, fostering religious movements like Rheno-Flemish mysticism.
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193:
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178:
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43:
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1837:'s speech in Lille emphasized the state's role in national economic development. In 1946, the nationalization of companies in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region led to the formation of Houillères du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, with miners receiving special privileges. The steel industry also expanded, benefiting from modernization efforts funded by the
1534:
the birth of industries such as sugar production. The introduction of
British steam engines into spinning mills also accelerated production. Central areas rich in coal, from Béthune to Valenciennes, became crucial energy sources, further boosted by the protectionist policies of the Restoration era after Belgium's emergence in 1830.
1910:", have been working to revive the nearly-extinct regional speech since the 1980s). Although neighbouring Belgium currently recognizes and fosters both Picard and Dutch, and a few city-level governments within Nord-Pas-de-Calais have introduced initiatives to encourage both languages, the national French government maintains a
1546:'s "Germinal," faced grueling conditions and meager wages, risking their health underground. Textile workers also endured harsh conditions. The 19th century added to their suffering with extreme weather events and five cholera epidemics between 1832 and 1866, the last of which claimed 10,584 lives in the Nord département alone.
1645:, to compensate for the decline in population due to the war, and to adapt to the new legislation limiting the working day to eight hours. But the economic crisis of the 1930s soon prevented any real economic or cultural renaissance. It also led to downsizing, with recent immigrants the first to be affected.
1507:. Austrian armies occupied French Hainaut from 1793 to 1794 until the French revolutionary army conquered the region and annexed Belgium. The Terror further devastated the area, dismantling structures like the Saint-Amand abbey and depriving Cambrai of its cathedral and Gothic churches. Under Napoleon, the
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The agricultural sector comprises 13,800 farm businesses using 820,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres) of farmland. The temperate climate as well as great fertility makes the region a leading production center. The Nord-Pas de Calais region supplied 26.1 million tons of wheat (approximately 7% of the
1325:
reflecting
Flemish traditions. The influence of the Catholic Church also grew, with the Bishop of Cambrai becoming Count of Cambrésis. The importance of waterways led to the growth of towns such as Lille and Arras, which gained privileges and self-governance, especially in the 12th century when Arras
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With its 330.8 people per km on just over 12,414 km, it is a densely populated region, having some 4.1 million inhabitants, 7% of France's total population, making it the fourth most populous region in the country, 83% of whom live in urban communities. Its administrative centre and largest
1871:
From the 1950s to the 1980s, Nord-Pas-de-Calais experienced a gradual decline in coal mining, textiles, and steel industries, resulting in substantial job losses. The government attempted to revitalize the region's economy by promoting the automotive industry and attracting plastics companies, which
1622:. By the time the region was finally liberated by the Canadian Expeditionary Forces, the entire country was devastated and Arras had been 90% destroyed. Currently, there are 650 military cemeteries throughout the Nord-Pas-de Calais, mostly British and Canadian, as well as large memorials such as the
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In the early 19th century, Northern France experienced significant economic development, propelled into the
Industrial Revolution by several key factors. Napoleon's continental blockade against the United Kingdom forced the region to produce goods locally that had previously been imported, fostering
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Nord-Pas de Calais is the second main region for the automotive industry in France after Île de France (Paris region). The sector trade fair, the Forum on
European Automotive Industry in Lille Region (FEAL), takes place biennially to showcase the industry of the region and its importance for France
1417:," was notably hostile to the French Revolution. The local peasants, deeply affected by the king's execution in January 1793, resisted the new revolutionary order. Liberty trees were cut down in the Cambrai district, and parishioners refused sacraments from constitutional priests. In villages like
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linguistic border in the region that persisted until the 8th century. By the 9th century, most inhabitants north of Lille spoke a dialect of Middle Dutch, while the inhabitants to the south spoke a variety of
Romance dialects. This linguistic border is still evident today in the place names of the
2015:
on the continent. After the end of the Second World War, migrant workers from all over Europe came to the region, making up for population losses due to the war. In the 1970s, the leading coal and textile industries began to fade away and unemployment rates increased rapidly. The region started a
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The region's ethnic diversity has been affected by repeated waves of immigrant workers from abroad: Belgians and Welsh before 1910; Poles and
Italians in the 1920s and 1930s; Eastern European groups and Germans since 1945; and North Africans and Portuguese since 1960; and large cities like Lille,
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Since 1994, the Nord-Pas de Calais region is linked to the United
Kingdom by the Eurotunnel. The structure comprises three tunnels (one single-track railway tunnel each way and a service road tunnel for maintenance and emergency use) and has the longest undersea tunnel section of the world (38
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cultures. Evidence of trade and tool use from outside the region highlights interactions with other areas. Additionally, the
Neolithic era left behind megalithic structures, such as dolmens and menhirs, which were likely used for religious purposes, though their exact functions remain unclear.
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in the mid-20th century significantly impacted the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, home to a large population of
Algerian immigrants. This led to social tensions and conflicts between French and Algerian communities, exacerbated by internal strife among Algerians supporting different nationalist
1849:
By the early 1950s, Nord-Pas-de-Calais had regained its industrial strength, primarily in traditional sectors like textiles, coal, and steel, which were starting to decline. This period also marked the advent of regional television with the creation of Télé-Lille in 1950, the first regional
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The food industry in Nord-Pas de Calais draws on the agricultural sector of the region. By income, this is the most important industry of the region due to strong exports (€3.2bn in 2006). More than 27,000 employees were employed in the sector in 2007. Many global corporations such as
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On
September 29, 1789, the Constituent Assembly decided to reorganize France into departments of approximately 324 square leagues each. The northern provinces were to form four departments, but various projects clashed. Ultimately, the National Assembly decided in 1790 to create the
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In the 1970s, the sector represented a small part of the working population. Some 40 years later, it is the main industry in the region, employing 55,000 people. In terms of productivity, the Nord-Pas de Calais region is ranked second nationwide and is one of the main export areas.
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held that the award criterion was illegal, but also ruled that where a contracting authority had to assess two or more economically equivalent bids, they could adopt employment opportunities as an "accessory criterion" as long as the use of this criterion was not discriminatory.
1960:
In 2014, the Nord-Pas de Calais GDP reached €140 billion making it the 4th biggest French economy, although this figure has to be put in the context of the large population of the region. The region was only in 16th place out of 24 for GDP per capita in 2014 with €34,422.
562:). These provincial designations are still frequently used by the inhabitants. The former administrative region was created in 1956 under the name "Nord" and maintained that name until 1972 when "Pas-de-Calais" was added. This remained unchanged until its dissolution in 2016.
922:), these territories became the principal seat of conflict between the two states and French control over the area was gradually established. Beginning with the annexation of Artois in 1659, most of the current Nord department territory had been acquired by the time of the
1211:. Clovis's conversion to Nicene Christianity was significant as it aligned with the remaining Roman Empire's religion, providing sacred legitimacy. This period saw a renewal of urbanization and the establishment of ecclesiastical authorities. Vaast became bishop of
1004:. During the Pleistocene, human activity was intermittent due to the harsh climate caused by expanding Nordic glaciers. Occupation sites are noted from around 60,000 BC in Marcoing and 50,000–40,000 BC in Busigny and Hamel, with the first Homo sapiens identified in
1925:
would be opened in the city of Lens. For decades, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais has been viewed as a conservative region when compared culturally to the rest of France, but recently the region has at times displayed left-wing tendencies. In the early 2000s, the leftist
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as a training base for the participating delegations. During the months ahead of the Olympics, several countries sent their athletes to the region to prepare for the competitions. Among the teams training in Nord-Pas de Calais were the UK Gymnastics team in
1251:. These monasteries, supported by the Frankish aristocracy, played crucial roles in land development and extending royal power. Coastal areas saw less interest from the Franks, with the first bishop, Audomar (Saint Omer), arriving only in the 6th century.
1930:
won the largest number of votes to nearly carry a majority in regional and local representation. The Greens managed to attract many conservative voters from small towns and farmers moved by the Greens' commitment to boosting agri-industry.
2027:
was the leading region of coal production in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For its three-hundred-year history of mining and its testimony to the advent of industrialization in France, the mining basin was listed on the
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have a few churches. North Africans have introduced Islam to the region, and small but growing communities of Buddhists have been established in recent years. Prior to World War II, around 4,000 Jews lived in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. A small
1396:, while destructive, was overshadowed by devastating epidemics like the Black Death, which struck southern Hainaut in 1316, killing a third of the population, and reoccurred several times, including a severe outbreak in Calais in 1348.
1994:
harbor is the biggest French port in terms of capacity with more than 150 boats. 45,000 tons of fish were traded there in 2012. The harbor is also a leading European seafood processing center with 380,000 tons of shellfish, fish and
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region. Beginning in the 9th century, the linguistic border began a steady move to north and the east. By the end of the 13th century, the linguistic border had shifted to the river Lys in the south and Cap-Griz-Nez in the west.
1576:, mostly because of the coal and mining resources. When the German troops launched their attack from Belgium, the region was one of the first to fall under German occupation. Nevertheless, when the Allies stopped Germany at the
1898:, a dialect of Dutch (perhaps 20,000 inhabitants of Nord-Pas-de-Calais use Flemish daily and an estimated 40,000 use it occasionally, both primarily in and around the arrondissement of Dunkirk); and the Picards, who speak the
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and 5th centuries. In 406, a frozen Rhine allowed a flood of barbarian groups, including the Franks and Germans driven by the Huns, to invade, ultimately leading to the collapse of the remaining Roman authority in the region.
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1707:
counteroffensive bombing by the Allies devastated many of the region's towns. Although most of the region was liberated in September 1944, Dunkirk was the last French town to be freed from German occupation (on 9 May 1945).
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departments. Douai was initially chosen as the prefecture of Nord due to Merlin de Douai's influence, but it was later moved to Lille by the First Consul on 3 Thermidor IX. The Nord department consisted of eight districts:
461:
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By the end of the 1st century, Germanic tribes began encroaching on the region, leading to periods of pillaging and instability. The Franks crossed the Rhine in 253–254 and again between 259 and 263, followed by the
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of 1870; the war actually helped it to cement its leading role in French industry due to the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. However, it suffered catastrophic damage in the two World Wars of the 20th century.
1392:, though serving the French King, had economic ties with England, while the Count of Hainaut aligned with the Emperor, an English ally. Edward III's campaign in 1346 led to the protracted siege of Calais. The
1511:
made substantial efforts to rebuild and unify administratively and socially. However, after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the region was occupied by British troops until November 1818.
1494:
The Franco-Austrian War saw Northern France as a significant battleground following the Brabant and Liège revolutions. France declared war on Austria in April 1792, leading to the destruction of cities like
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Following their victory, the Romans implemented policies of pacification and Romanization, transforming the region administratively and economically. They established numerous cities, incorporating ancient
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to connect the former to the other northern canals in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. It is due to open in 2016. The project has attracted controversy mostly because of its huge cost (€4.6bn).
1235:
did not have a concept of statehood; instead, fiefdoms were private domains. After Clovis's death, his kingdom was divided among his sons, leading to dynastic struggles, notably between queens
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Dunkirk Harbour is one of the biggest seaports of France. It is the third-largest port nationally in terms of total volume but first in fruit and copper imports. A terminal able to handle
1918:
Calais, and Boulogne-sur-Mer are home to sizable communities of British, Dutch, Scandinavian, Greek and Balkans, Sub-Saharan African, and Latin American immigrants and their descendants.
1872:
created new employment opportunities. Despite these efforts, the transition highlighted the challenges of shifting from traditional industries to more diversified economic activities.
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was an English possession from 1347 to 1558, when it was recovered by the French throne. In the 15th century, all of the territories, except Calais, were united under the rule of the
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1110:, were not homogeneous and occupied different parts of the land. Settlements were mainly hamlets around farms, with few fortified camps like Etrun. The Roman invasion began in
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During the 4th and 5th centuries, the Roman practice of co-opting Germanic tribes to provide military and defense services along the route from Boulogne to Cologne created a
1542:
While the industrial boom turned Northern France into an economic powerhouse for over a century, it brought severe hardships for the working class. Miners, as depicted in
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is the most developed sport of the region. More than 145,000 players are members of a football club. Four clubs have professional status and play at the highest levels:
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After the war, the industrial region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais was devastated, and in 1919 was classified as a red or yellow zone for around two-thirds of its surface area.
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movements. The war's impact was felt through numerous violent incidents, including attacks and street shootings, resulting in significant casualties and social unrest.
736:, who was born in Lille, called the region a "fatal avenue" through which invading armies repeatedly passed. Over the centuries, it was conquered in turn by the Celtic
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Inhabited since prehistoric times, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region has always been a strategic (and hence one of the most fought-over) region in Europe. French President
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The 14th century brought the crisis of the late Middle Ages and rising tensions between France and England, particularly over Flanders, Guyenne, and Scotland. The
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Thus, most of the territories of what is now Nord-Pas-de-Calais were reunited to the Burgundian inheritance, which had passed through Marie's marriage to the
1588:
and Cambrai area, the Allied controlling Arras and the Area of Lens. Nevertheless, the combat did not stop, each side wanting the total control of the area.
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1964:
The unemployment rate is higher than the national average. About 11% of the population was unemployed in 2014, particularly people aged between 18 and 25.
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The region saw a breakthrough of the extreme right, including the "green shirts" among the peasants, which prompted left-wing movements to unite. When the
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emerged, replacing older ones such as Cassel and Bavay. The region also saw the initial stages of Christianization, although it remained limited until the
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was able to bring the whole southern part of the Netherlands back under Spanish control. It was also a base for Spanish support of French Catholics in the
522:), that of a land that "for almost a thousand years served as a battlefield for all of Europe." The majority of the region was once part of the historical
2765:
Loi n° 2015–29 du 16 janvier 2015 relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral
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The regional education system of the Académie de Lille includes one million pupils and students. Higher education and research are supported within the
760:. After the final French annexation in the early 18th century, much of the region was again occupied by Germany during the First and Second World Wars.
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1833:
Following World War II, France embarked on a significant recovery effort termed "Union sacrée," aiming to rebuild the nation under a managed economy.
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During the 19th century, the region underwent major industrialisation and became one of the leading industrial regions of France, second only to
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883:, beginning in 1566, the territories in what is now Nord-Pas-de-Calais were those most loyal to the throne, and proved the base from which the
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as its capital. Those who wish to evidence the historical links the region has with Belgium and the Netherlands prefer to call this region the
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1243:. Around 630 AD, during Dagobert's reign, significant Christianization efforts began with the establishment of numerous monasteries, such as
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3115:"Thérouanne et son diocèse jusqu'à la fin de l'époque carolingienne : les étapes de la christianisation d'après les sources écrites"
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television station in France. Despite technological advancements, the region faced economic challenges due to a lack of diversification.
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Since the war, the region has suffered from severe economic difficulties (see Economy below) but has benefited from the opening of the
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The Nord pas de Calais was one of the main theaters of the conflict, with many battles occurring between 1914 and 1918, including the
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in 1477, the Boulonnais and Artois were seized by the French crown, while Flanders and Hainaut were inherited by Charles's daughter
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in 1998 included provision for employment generation to be included as an evaluation criterion for the award of the contract. The
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As most of its population is urbanized, the region has a dense and complex transport system of highways, railways, airport and
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The French state has sought to boost the region's relatively neglected culture. In 2004, it was announced that a branch of the
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3361:"Éléments sur la crise de la sidérurgie en vue d'une approche comparative. Le cas du Nord-Pas-de-Calais et du groupe Usinor"
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emerged in the late 9th century as a semi-autonomous entity with regular insubordination to the French King. Similarly, the
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2395:. Originally a regional hub, the airport now has several international routes to destinations in Europe and the Maghreb.
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802:. Boulogne, Artois, and Flanders were fiefs of the French crown, while Hainaut and after 1493 Flanders were within the
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1015:, the region, now covered in forests, saw the emergence of hunter-gatherer societies using microliths for hunting. The
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1114:, leading to significant battles, including a decisive one on the banks of the Sabis. Despite initial resistance, by
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Roman road from Bavay to Trier, one of the seven "Chaussée Brunehaut" radiating out from Bavay (Bagacum Nerviorum).
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A map of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region from the early 1920s, showing the road and railway network of that time.
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The region's industry was originally focused on coal and textile production, and was one of the cradles of the
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early in the century. By 511, however, the region was not sufficiently Christianized to be represented at the
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trains. In addition to Eurostar services, the tunnel is used by trains carrying road vehicles, branded as
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employ 6,200 workers in the region. Small-scale manufacturers have also been based in the region, such as
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2375:. It links the major cities and villages throughout Nord-Pas de Calais. The network is controlled by the
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process of restructuring which still continues today. Nowadays, the manufacturing sector is led by the
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1971:, which employs 75% of the working population, followed by manufacturing (23%) and agriculture (2%).
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at the Battle of Sabis. The Belgians, a collective of various tribes such as the Menapiens, Morins,
510:(south). Until the 17th century, the history of the North was largely in common with the history of
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led to a coalition against the King of France, involving the Emperor, the King of England, and the
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1288:. This new border marked a significant shift in territorial and political dynamics in the region.
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The region's religious profile is representative of France as a whole, with the majority being
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kilometres (24 mi)). The whole structure is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and connects
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1421:, peasants rebelled against conscription and faced persecution by the republican authorities.
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996:. Evidence of early human presence includes bifaces dating back to around 700,000 BC found in
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brought the Artois region to the French crown. The complex succession issues surrounding the
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came to power in France in 1936, three deputies from the Nord were in government, including
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of Great Britain 42 kilometres (26 mi) away; this makes Nord-Pas-de-Calais the closest
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The services sector of the Nord-Pas de Calais region is dominated by the multi-billionaire
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comprised Arras, Bapaume, Béthune, Boulogne, Calais, Montreuil, Saint-Omer, and Saint-Pol.
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and generally ignores both languages, as it does with other regional languages in France.
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initially maintained their pagan beliefs, unlike other Germanic tribes who converted to
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2804:[What if we finally decided to change the name of the region?]. Archived from
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marked the beginning of agriculture and animal husbandry, influenced by the Cerny and
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Genty, Jean-René (1999). "L'autre guerre d'Algérie ensanglante la terre nordiste".
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1584:. During the next four years, the region was split in two: the German holding the
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Histoire du Nord ; source : annuaire statistique du département du Nord
2347:. Between its official opening and 2012, 300 million passengers have crossed the
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Nord-Pas-de-Calais : between yesterday's resistance and today's hospitality
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636:"French Netherlands" redirects here. For the Netherlands under French rule, see
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While the region is predominantly French-speaking, it also has two significant
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The reconstruction movement made massive use of immigration, particularly from
794:, while the Nord department was mostly made up of the southern portions of the
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Vouters, Bruno (1999). "Un pied dans le futur, un autre dans l'ancien temps".
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3904:
Histoire des provinces françaises du Nord : De la préhistoire à l'An Mil
2664:
for a school construction and maintenance contract let by the region and the
218:
205:
4244:
4188:
4011:
3130:
2698:
2638:
2623:
2549:
2490:
2340:
2181:
2133:
1980:
1677:
1418:
1236:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1055:
527:
499:
377:
3393:
Bluteau, Marcel (1999). "Les cinq premières minutes de la télé régionale".
2598:
1414:
1284:
into two parts: one under what would become France and the other under the
1001:
879:
much of the conflict between France and Spain occurred in the region. When
814:, along with other territories in northern France and areas in what is now
1268:
in 843 divided Charlemagne's empire into three kingdoms, establishing the
1118:, Gaul-Belgium was conquered and remained under military occupation until
867:
of the Netherlands as they were defined during the reign of Philip's son,
4279:
4274:
4254:
4099:
4068:
3961:
2608:
2352:
2234:
2137:
2104:
2100:
1891:
1208:
1163:
1095:
997:
977:
946:
926:
in 1678. The current borders were mostly established by the time of the
603:
555:
415:
2099:
are fabricated. In addition, automotive equipment manufacturers such as
973:
721:
4347:
4299:
4183:
4094:
4089:
2651:
Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France
2613:
2588:
2578:
2552:(Nord), France. In the background, the church Notre-Dame de la Marlière
2506:
2498:
2494:
2322:
2292:
2279:
2243:
2205:
2185:
2060:
1500:
1468:
1456:
1440:
1366:
1339:
1216:
1171:
1167:
1146:
1012:
938:
815:
710:
615:
599:
574:, which serves as a major continental economic/transportation hub with
559:
511:
507:
503:
3610:
518:
during Antiquity were a multitude of Celtic peoples from the north of
4239:
4148:
3636:
2573:
2433:
2309:
2305:
2216:
Nine highways are passing through the region; most of them are free:
2174:
2162:
2048:
2047:
Three main worldwide car manufacturers operate plants in the region:
2029:
1922:
1692:
1642:
1087:
1059:
988:
The earliest evidence of man's presence in the region dates from the
834:. Shortly thereafter, in 1492, Artois was ceded back to Marie's son
807:
745:
737:
582:
connection to the island of Great Britain. Other major towns include
571:
535:
515:
403:
382:
478:
of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region
3849:, Judgment of the Court of 26 September 2000, accessed 13 June 2022
3617:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
3524:
2583:
2560:
and surrounding area is home to over 1.5 million inhabitants.
2557:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2429:
2392:
2318:
2296:
2270:
2266:
2224:
2195:
2068:
2003:
national production) and a third of the French potato production.
1996:
1590:
1581:
1548:
1524:
1496:
1482:
1452:
1448:
1365:
1333:
1295:
1212:
1191:
1131:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1045:
972:
893:
853:
848:
774:
720:
674:
611:
591:
575:
567:
256:
3953:
2802:"Et si on se décidait enfin à changer le nom de la région ?"
1313:, the feudal system shaped the region's political landscape. The
438:
3714:
3427:(in French) (4th ed.). La Voix du Nord éditions. p. 4.
2372:
4117:
3970:
1999:
traded every year. Some 140 companies are present in the port.
786:
During the Middle Ages, the Pas-de-Calais department comprised
669:
The northern part of the region was historically a part of the
902:
During the wars between France and Spain in the 17th century (
36:
2977:
César, J. (1990). "Guerre des Gaules – Tome I, Livres I-IV".
941:, was divided into its two present departments following the
3637:"Toyota : Usine Toyota Valenciennes, Fabrication Yaris"
933:
The area, previously divided among the French provinces of
3924:
Histoire du Nord : Flandre, Artois, Hainaut, Picardie
3781:"Eurotunnel celebrates 300 million passengers | News"
3507:
states that "French is the language of the Republic"; see
3077:
Présence de l'au-delà : une vision médiévale du monde
3998:
Neighbouring French Region, UK Region, and Belgian Region
1166:
in 275. During brief periods of peace, new capitals like
838:, as part of an attempt to keep Philip's father, Emperor
1683:
in Brussels. The Nord-Pas-de-Calais region was used for
1580:, the front moved back to the area and stabilized near
1425:
The Creation of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais Départements
622:. The region is featured in numerous films, including
3412:(in French). La Voix du Nord éditions. pp. 14–15.
1674:
Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
1568:
started, the region became a strategic target for the
3080:(in French). Presses Univ. Septentrion. p. 160.
2836:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
1947:
remains active as it has been for hundreds of years.
646:
combines the names of the constituent departments of
1825:
and the growth in cross-Channel traffic in general.
863:. These territories formed an integral part of the
4361:
4323:
4232:
4155:
2371:-Nord is the regional rail network operated by the
1938:. Other Christian groups are found in the region:
434:
424:
414:
393:
376:
368:
360:
355:
347:
339:
334:
326:
321:
307:
297:
292:
262:
250:
242:
234:
146:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3521:Chronologie de l'immigration en Nord-Pas-de-Calais
3397:(in French). La Voix du Nord éditions. p. 85.
662:). The regional council, however, spells the name
4425:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
4420:NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union
3901:Desmulliez, Jacqueline; Milis, L. J. R. (2008).
1630:, the world's largest French military cemetery.
3030:
3018:
2940:
1656:. Factories went on strike en masse during the
960:. Nord-Pas-de-Calais was barely touched by the
953:in 1815 restored the original French boundary.
3962:Official website: Tourism in Nord-Pas-deCalais
3461:
3449:
3437:
3155:
2144:are present in the Nord-Pas de Calais region.
4440:States and territories disestablished in 2016
4129:
3982:
3183:(in French). Points-Seuil. 2014. p. 51.
2718:Cuisine and specialties of Nord-Pas-de-Calais
1983:, the Nord-Pas de Calais region has a strong
1691:that launched attacks on England and massive
1321:took shape by the mid-11th century, with the
1066:, Caesar continued his conquests towards the
881:the Netherlands revolted against Spanish rule
8:
3884:Pas-de-Calais : Histoire d'un renouveau
3265:"1866, une épidémie de choléra dans le Nord"
2428:is a future high-capacity canal between the
1292:Counties of Flanders, Cambrésis, and Hainaut
658:('Strait of Calais', the French name of the
1346:In 1180, Isabelle de Hainaut's marriage to
4435:States and territories established in 1972
4136:
4122:
4114:
3989:
3975:
3967:
3565:. Port de Boulogne-sur-Mer. Archived from
3045:"La sacralité de la royauté mérovingienne"
2399:Inland and International freight transport
2387:The main airport of Nord-Pas de Calais is
1867:Industrial Decline and Economic Transition
1829:The Post-War Effort and Economic Expansion
1188:Christianization in the Merovingian Period
143:
3475:"The Euromosaic study: Flemish in France"
3380:
3368:Revue du Nord, Histoire & Archéologie
3346:
3334:
3322:
3307:
3283:"Canadian National Vimy Memorial, France"
3251:
3239:
3167:
2991:
2964:
2952:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
826:. With the death of the Burgundian duke
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3907:(in French). Artois presses université.
3227:
3215:
3203:
3143:
3100:
3061:
2540:, the largest city in Nord-Pas-de-Calais
1715:
1479:Franco-Austrian War and the First Empire
1326:became renowned for its cloth industry.
1098:, had settled in the region between the
3886:(in French). Librairie Arthème Fayard.
3509:the article on French linguistic policy
2734:
1400:From the Revolution to the First Empire
433:
423:
413:
375:
354:
333:
320:
291:
274:
249:
233:
198:
189:
161:
3954:Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais
3950:- Official French website (in English)
3865:Le Nord, de la Préhistoire à nos jours
2829:"Dutch/Flemish in the North of France"
2713:List of châteaux in Nord-Pas-de-Calais
1967:The economy is essentially led by the
1845:Economic Reconstruction and Television
1280:. This division split what is now the
1145:into the prosperous Roman province of
330:12,414 km (4,793 sq mi)
302:Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais
27:Former administrative region of France
3318:
3316:
650:(literally 'North', the northernmost
534:that preceded Nord-Pas-de-Calais are
453:
392:
367:
359:
346:
338:
325:
306:
296:
261:
241:
7:
4006:
3541:National Anglo-Jewish Heritage Trail
3049:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
2453:, the region had been chosen by the
1726:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3759:"The Channel Tunnel infrastructure"
3119:Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes
2180:. The family also holds a stake in
1687:installations, including extensive
1203:During the Merovingian period, the
3683:. Sevelnord.psa.fr. Archived from
1529:No. 3 pit of the Escarpelle mines.
1078:expanded his conquests toward the
25:
3008:(in French) (13th ed.): 124.
1979:Due to its location close to the
1719:Presidents of Nord-Pas-de-Calais
494:. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the
4078:
4060:
4052:
4033:
3827:(in French). Picardie.france3.fr
3825:"France 3 Picardie – Actualités"
3537:"Nord Pas de Calais camps trail"
2981:(in French) (13th ed.): 23.
2697:
2683:
1854:Algerian War and Social Tensions
1272:as the natural boundary between
1074:During the Gallic War in 56 BC,
191:
176:
166:
41:
2025:Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin
1624:Canadian National Vimy Memorial
1596:Canadian National Vimy Memorial
1157:Decline and Barbarian Invasions
871:, and passed to Charles's son,
846:prospective invasion of Italy.
697:). Other alternative names are
52:needs additional citations for
3847:C-225/98 – Commission v France
3659:"Le groupe automobile Renault"
3425:Cent ans de vie dans la région
3410:Cent ans de vie dans la région
3395:Cent ans de vie dans la région
3181:La Guerre de Vendée, 1793–1800
2445:Training base for the Olympics
1409:Northern France, described by
1342:, created in the 14th century.
1227:Between Neustria and Austrasia
1054:in 56 BC: After defeating the
1:
4415:Coal mining regions in France
4079:
4034:
2743:"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat"
2723:Culture of Nord-Pas-de-Calais
2359:, as well as freight trains.
1255:The Scheldt as a New Frontier
1106:. These tribes, described by
570:. The second largest city is
4061:
4053:
3615:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3031:Desmulliez & Milis (2008
3019:Desmulliez & Milis (2008
2941:Desmulliez & Milis (2008
2482:Sports in Nord-Pas de Calais
2472:France's national basketball
898:Bog of Vred, natural reserve
3867:(in French). Bordessoules.
2779:Région Nord-Pas de Calais:
638:Incorporation (Netherlands)
4461:
4224:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
4180:(Centre Region until 2015)
3359:Berger, Françoise (2007).
3004:César, J. (1990). "Idem".
2188:and many other companies.
1912:policy of linguistic unity
1879:
1381:
1039:
635:
29:
4374:Ranked by area/population
4004:
3922:Pierrard, Pierre (1978).
3639:. Toyota-valenciennes.com
3113:Meriaux, Charles (2000).
2848:10.1080/01434630208666452
2670:European Court of Justice
2192:Transport Infrastructures
1890:communities: the western
1723:
1718:
1672:, it was attached to the
1516:The industrial revolution
1338:Saint-Vaast beguinage in
1302:Sequence of Saint Eulalia
842:, neutral in French King
625:Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis
199:
190:
162:
153:
4430:Former regions of France
3370:(in French) (21): 43–57.
3074:Platelle, Henri (2004).
2791:Retrieved 4 January 2011
2781:Qu'est ce que la Région?
1729:
699:Région Flandre(s)-Artois
4168:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
3926:(in French). Hachette.
3681:"Les véhicules du site"
3131:10.3406/bec.2000.451035
3051:(in French): 1217–1241.
3043:Le Jan, Régine (2003).
1975:Agriculture and fishing
1770:Marie-Christine Blandin
1199:was founded around 630.
889:French Wars of Religion
705:, ('Upper France') and
471:
455:[nɔʁpɑd(ə)kalɛ]
369: • Per capita
351:330/km (850/sq mi)
4145:Administrative regions
3783:. Breaking Travel News
3505:Constitution of France
3481:. 2006. Archived from
2787:5 January 2011 at the
2553:
2541:
2201:
1608:Battle of Arras (1917)
1599:
1556:
1530:
1491:
1379:
1376:Froissart's Chronicles
1343:
1330:The Battle of Bouvines
1306:
1200:
1137:
1071:
985:
899:
856:
783:
729:
482:. It consisted of the
439:www.nordpasdecalais.fr
3761:. Eurotunnelgroup.com
3511:for more information.
2827:Ryckeboer, H (2002).
2547:
2536:
2199:
2013:Industrial Revolution
1628:Notre Dame de Lorette
1594:
1552:
1528:
1486:
1369:
1337:
1299:
1195:
1183:The Frankish kingdoms
1135:
1049:
976:
897:
852:
778:
724:
558:is in the Kingdom of
506:(north and east) and
476:administrative region
451:French pronunciation:
395: • Summer (
364:€122,607 billion
32:MS Nord Pas-de-Calais
4270:Languedoc-Roussillon
4163:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
4156:Current (since 2016)
3611:"Nord-Pas-de-Calais"
3485:on 19 September 2006
2729:Notes and references
2662:invitation to tender
2515:Championnat National
2455:Organising Committee
2111:, Savel, and Secma.
1670:occupation of France
1604:Battle of Vimy Ridge
1260:The Treaty of Verdun
1082:after defeating the
1031:and the Roman Empire
754:Austrian Netherlands
679:French Low Countries
652:department of France
580:continental European
524:Southern Netherlands
348: • Density
76:"Nord-Pas-de-Calais"
61:improve this article
4178:Centre-Val de Loire
3882:C'artouche (2000).
3805:. Dunkerque-port.fr
3569:on 20 December 2012
3479:European Commission
2666:Département du Nord
2655:University of Lille
2075:operate a plant in
2073:PSA Peugeot Citroën
2039:Automobile industry
2033:World Heritage List
2018:automobile industry
1606:assault during the
1411:Jean-Clément Martin
982:Sailly-en-Ostrevent
962:Franco-Prussian War
865:Seventeen Provinces
836:Philip the Handsome
685:in French (French:
681:, which also means
215: /
30:For the Ferry, see
4410:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
4295:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
4233:Former (1982–2015)
4209:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
4058:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
3863:Collectif (1988).
3271:(in French). 2006.
3230:, p. 258-260)
3218:, p. 268-274)
3206:, p. 260-264)
3170:, p. 102-103)
2554:
2542:
2521:'s ladies play in
2462:, the New Zealand
2440:Sports and culture
2383:Air transportation
2202:
1705:Operation Crossbow
1600:
1557:
1531:
1492:
1394:Hundred Years' War
1384:Hundred Years' War
1380:
1362:Hundred Years' War
1361:
1352:County of Flanders
1344:
1315:County of Flanders
1307:
1221:Council of Orleans
1201:
1138:
1072:
1000:and 500,000 BC in
986:
951:Congress of Vienna
924:Treaty of Nijmegen
900:
873:Philip II of Spain
857:
796:County of Flanders
788:County of Boulogne
784:
730:
695:Franse Lage Landen
691:Franse Nederlanden
683:French Netherlands
671:County of Flanders
664:Nord-Pas de Calais
644:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
447:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
361: • Total
340: • Total
327: • Total
148:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
4397:
4396:
4389:Regional councils
4260:Champagne-Ardenne
4111:
4110:
4106:
4105:
3914:978-2-903077-71-6
3737:"Insee – Régions"
3589:"Insee – Régions"
3503:Article 2 of the
3190:978-2-7578-3656-9
3087:978-2-85939-852-1
2634:Villeneuve d'Ascq
2529:Major communities
2341:Coquelles, France
2142:Boulangeries Paul
1888:minority language
1835:General de Gaulle
1819:
1818:
1676:, ruled from the
1620:Battle of Cambrai
1538:The Working Class
1521:The economic boom
1390:Count of Flanders
1370:The surrender of
1356:Count of Flanders
1319:County of Hainaut
1286:Holy Roman Empire
1197:Marchiennes Abbey
943:French Revolution
928:Treaty of Ryswick
869:Emperor Charles V
861:House of Habsburg
812:Dukes of Burgundy
804:Holy Roman Empire
800:County of Hainaut
734:Charles de Gaulle
687:Pays-Bas français
530:. The historical
444:
443:
298: • Body
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4452:
4362:Related articles
4325:Overseas regions
4305:Poitou-Charentes
4219:Pays de la Loire
4138:
4131:
4124:
4115:
4082:
4081:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4037:
4036:
4007:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3958:
3937:
3918:
3897:
3878:
3850:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3717:on 27 April 2015
3713:. Archived from
3707:"Autoforumlille"
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3533:
3527:
3518:
3512:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3471:
3465:
3462:C'artouche (2000
3459:
3453:
3450:C'artouche (2000
3447:
3441:
3438:C'artouche (2000
3435:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3287:The Great War UK
3279:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3158:, p. 27-28)
3156:C'artouche (2000
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3110:
3104:
3103:, p. 49-50)
3098:
3092:
3091:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:, p. 63-64)
3016:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2931:, p. 27-28)
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2739:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2426:Canal Seine-Nord
2420:Canal Seine-Nord
2377:Conseil régional
2178:restaurant chain
2077:Lieu-Saint-Amand
1992:Boulogne-sur-Mer
1985:fishing industry
1945:Jewish community
1804:Daniel Percheron
1787:Michel Delebarre
1716:
1685:vengeance weapon
1658:Matignon Accords
1634:Between the wars
1612:Battle of Artois
1413:as the "aborted
1348:Philippe Auguste
1323:Duchy of Brabant
1282:Nord département
1266:Treaty of Verdun
1104:1st centuries BC
1017:Neolithic period
828:Charles the Bold
792:County of Artois
728:in Pas-de-Calais
707:Picardie-du-Nord
546:and (partially)
532:French provinces
465:
464:
463:
457:
452:
400:
230:
229:
227:
226:
225:
220:
219:50.467°N 2.717°E
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
195:
180:
170:
156:Region of France
144:
141:Region of France
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
18:Academy of Lille
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4445:Hauts-de-France
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4357:
4319:
4228:
4194:Hauts-de-France
4151:
4142:
4112:
4107:
4065:
4046:English Channel
4000:
3995:
3956:
3944:
3934:
3921:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3687:on 3 March 2016
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3563:"Port du peche"
3561:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3519:
3515:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3381:Collectif (1988
3379:
3375:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3347:Collectif (1988
3345:
3341:
3335:Collectif (1988
3333:
3329:
3323:Collectif (1988
3321:
3314:
3308:Collectif (1988
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3252:Collectif (1988
3250:
3246:
3240:Collectif (1988
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3168:Collectif (1988
3166:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2992:Collectif (1988
2990:
2986:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2965:Collectif (1988
2963:
2959:
2953:Collectif (1988
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2929:Collectif (1988
2927:
2923:
2917:Collectif (1988
2915:
2911:
2905:Collectif (1988
2903:
2899:
2893:Collectif (1988
2891:
2887:
2881:Collectif (1988
2879:
2875:
2869:Collectif (1988
2867:
2863:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2808:on 23 July 2011
2800:
2799:
2795:
2789:Wayback Machine
2777:
2773:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2647:
2604:Marcq-en-Barœul
2531:
2503:Valenciennes FC
2484:
2447:
2442:
2422:
2406:
2404:Dunkirk harbour
2401:
2389:Lesquin Airport
2385:
2365:
2349:English Channel
2336:
2331:
2214:
2194:
2173:as well as the
2155:
2150:
2130:Roquette Freres
2121:
2041:
2009:
1977:
1958:
1953:
1900:Picard language
1884:
1878:
1869:
1856:
1847:
1831:
1714:
1689:V-1 "ski sites"
1666:
1650:Front Populaire
1636:
1586:French Flanders
1578:Battle of Marne
1566:First World War
1562:
1540:
1523:
1518:
1509:Nord department
1481:
1427:
1407:
1405:Context in 1789
1402:
1386:
1364:
1332:
1294:
1262:
1257:
1229:
1190:
1185:
1159:
1130:
1064:battle of Sabis
1044:
1038:
1033:
1011:After the last
971:
958:Alsace-Lorraine
945:of 1789. Under
748:, England, the
744:, the Germanic
719:
703:Hauts-de-France
660:Strait of Dover
641:
634:
540:French Flanders
496:English Channel
480:Hauts-de-France
474:); is a former
460:
459:
458:
450:
394:
315:Xavier Bertrand
288:
273:
272:
223:
221:
217:
214:
209:
206:
204:
202:
201:
186:
185:
184:
183:
174:
173:
158:
149:
142:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4458:
4456:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4315:Upper Normandy
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:Lower Normandy
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4051:
4049:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:Flemish Region
4021:
4018:Flemish Region
4015:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3942:External links
3940:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3919:
3913:
3898:
3892:
3879:
3873:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3838:
3816:
3794:
3772:
3750:
3728:
3711:Autoforumlille
3698:
3672:
3650:
3628:
3602:
3580:
3554:
3528:
3513:
3496:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3415:
3400:
3385:
3383:, p. 339)
3373:
3351:
3349:, p. 334)
3339:
3337:, p. 314)
3327:
3325:, p. 312)
3312:
3310:, p. 311)
3300:
3274:
3256:
3254:, p. 252)
3244:
3242:, p. 203)
3232:
3228:Pierrard (1978
3220:
3216:Pierrard (1978
3208:
3204:Pierrard (1978
3196:
3189:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3144:Pierrard (1978
3136:
3125:(2): 377–406.
3105:
3101:Pierrard (1978
3093:
3086:
3066:
3062:Pierrard (1978
3054:
3035:
3023:
3011:
3006:Belles Lettres
2996:
2984:
2979:Belles Lettres
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2819:
2793:
2771:
2755:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2694:
2678:
2675:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2548:Allotments in
2530:
2527:
2519:Arras Football
2483:
2480:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2421:
2418:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2384:
2381:
2364:
2361:
2345:Folkestone, UK
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2312:
2299:
2286:
2273:
2260:
2247:
2237:
2228:
2213:
2210:
2193:
2190:
2159:Mulliez family
2154:
2153:Mulliez Family
2151:
2149:
2146:
2120:
2117:
2107:manufacturers
2093:Peugeot Expert
2040:
2037:
2008:
2005:
1976:
1973:
1969:service sector
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1936:Roman Catholic
1882:French Flemish
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1830:
1827:
1823:Channel Tunnel
1817:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1712:Postwar period
1710:
1665:
1662:
1654:Roger Salengro
1635:
1632:
1616:Battle of Loos
1574:Central Powers
1561:
1558:
1539:
1536:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1488:Siege of Lille
1480:
1477:
1426:
1423:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1382:Main article:
1363:
1360:
1331:
1328:
1293:
1290:
1278:Middle Francia
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1228:
1225:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1158:
1155:
1129:
1124:
1040:Main article:
1037:
1036:The Gallic War
1034:
1032:
1029:Gallia Belgica
1026:
980:des Bonettes,
970:
967:
937:, Artois, and
844:Charles VIII's
758:Dutch Republic
718:
715:
633:
630:
544:French Hainaut
472:Nord-Pas-Calés
442:
441:
436:
432:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
412:
411:
401:
391:
390:
380:
374:
373:
370:
366:
365:
362:
358:
357:
353:
352:
349:
345:
344:
341:
337:
336:
332:
331:
328:
324:
323:
319:
318:
312:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
290:
289:
287:
286:
280:
270:
269:
268:
266:
260:
259:
254:
248:
247:
246:1 January 2016
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
197:
196:
188:
187:
181:
175:
171:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
151:
150:
147:
140:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4457:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:French Guiana
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Midi-Pyrénées
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:Franche-Comté
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Île-de-France
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4059:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3933:2-01-020306-2
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3893:2-213-60733-8
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3874:2-903504-28-8
3870:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3661:. Renault.com
3660:
3654:
3651:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3464:, p. 57)
3463:
3458:
3455:
3452:, p. 55)
3451:
3446:
3443:
3440:, p. 55)
3439:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3146:, p. 45)
3145:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:(in French).
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3067:
3064:, p. 45)
3063:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3033:, p. 68)
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2994:, p. 42)
2993:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2967:, p. 39)
2966:
2961:
2958:
2955:, p. 38)
2954:
2949:
2946:
2943:, p. 23)
2942:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2919:, p. 26)
2918:
2913:
2910:
2907:, p. 26)
2906:
2901:
2898:
2895:, p. 25)
2894:
2889:
2886:
2883:, p. 25)
2882:
2877:
2874:
2871:, p. 24)
2870:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:Energy portal
2700:
2695:
2692:
2691:France portal
2681:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2414:TotalEnergies
2411:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2119:Food industry
2118:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:Citroën Jumpy
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1972:
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3829:. Retrieved
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3807:. Retrieved
3797:
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3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3753:
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3731:
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3715:the original
3710:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3685:the original
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3663:. Retrieved
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3641:. Retrieved
3631:
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3614:
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3583:
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3567:the original
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2842:(1): 22–35.
2839:
2835:
2822:
2812:19 September
2810:. Retrieved
2806:the original
2796:
2780:
2774:
2764:
2758:
2748:18 September
2746:. Retrieved
2737:
2659:
2648:
2629:Valenciennes
2485:
2448:
2423:
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2410:LNG carriers
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2386:
2366:
2337:
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2258:Pecquencourt
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2203:
2171:Leroy Merlin
2156:
2126:McCain Foods
2122:
2115:and Europe.
2113:
2057:Valenciennes
2051:produce the
2046:
2042:
2022:
2010:
2001:
1989:
1978:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:General data
1933:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1906:(speakers, "
1903:
1896:West Flemish
1885:
1876:Demographics
1870:
1860:Algerian War
1857:
1848:
1832:
1820:
1753:Noël Josèphe
1681:kommandantur
1680:
1667:
1664:World War II
1647:
1640:
1637:
1601:
1563:
1541:
1532:
1505:Valenciennes
1493:
1461:Valenciennes
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1274:West Francia
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1233:Merovingians
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59:Please help
54:verification
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4310:Rhône-Alpes
3957:(in French)
3845:InfoCuria,
3831:25 February
3809:25 February
3787:25 February
3765:25 February
3743:25 February
3691:25 February
3665:25 February
3643:25 February
3595:25 February
2769:(in French)
2451:London 2012
2081:Peugeot 807
1940:Protestants
1928:Green Party
1668:During the
1560:World War I
1311:Middle Ages
1245:Marchiennes
1151:Gallo-Roman
1042:Gallic Wars
1021:Michelsberg
994:Middle Ages
990:Pleistocene
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3739:. Insee.fr
3621:4 December
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2085:Citroën C8
2063:build the
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1798:1998–2001
1781:1992–1998
1764:1981–1992
1747:1974–1981
1724:President
1701:V-3 cannon
1697:V-2 rocket
1598:near Arras
1544:Émile Zola
1465:Le Quesnoy
1445:Hazebrouck
1241:Frédégonde
1127:Pax Romana
1052:Gallic War
969:Prehistory
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820:Luxembourg
779:Winter at
756:, and the
620:Saint-Omer
335:Population
293:Government
252:Prefecture
117:March 2010
87:newspapers
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4214:Occitania
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4071:(Belgium)
4026:(Belgium)
4020:(Belgium)
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3573:7 January
3489:6 January
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2550:Tourcoing
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2246:and Paris
2227:and Paris
2182:3 Suisses
2167:Decathlon
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1981:North Sea
1678:Wehrmacht
1564:When the
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1374:in 1347,
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1084:Atrebates
1080:North Sea
1068:North Sea
1056:Atrebates
930:in 1697.
689:; Dutch:
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500:North Sea
378:Time zone
343:4,050,706
310:President
243:Dissolved
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4100:Wallonia
4069:Wallonia
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3293:31 March
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2329:Railways
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2101:Faurecia
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1892:Flemings
1695:for the
1618:and the
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1490:in 1792.
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798:and the
790:and the
765:Germanic
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566:city is
556:Flanders
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1951:Economy
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1501:Dunkirk
1469:Avesnes
1457:Cambray
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1340:Cambrai
1217:Cambrai
1172:Cambrai
1168:Tournai
1147:Belgium
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1006:Rouvroy
992:to the
939:Picardy
920:1688–97
916:1672–78
912:1667–68
816:Belgium
769:Romance
750:Spanish
717:History
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616:Cambrai
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