54:
1381:(The physical properties of the peroxide, its solid state of aggregation, its insolubility in water, etc., suggested that its molecular weight would be a greater than corresponded to its simple empirical formula. … Thus there was present a tri-molecular acetone peroxide, which can arise from the monomer by the bonds between each pair of oxygen atoms breaking and serving as links to the oxygen atoms of a neighboring molecule. One thus arrives at the following structural formula: . This strange ring-shaped compound shall be named "tri-cycloacetone peroxide".)
1376:"Die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Superoxyds, der feste Aggregatzustand, die Unlöslichkeit in Wasser etc. sprachen dafür, dass das Molekulargewicht desselben ein grösseres wäre, als dem einfachen Atomverhältnisse entsprach. … Es lag also ein trimolekulares Acetonsuperoxyd vor, das aus dem monomolekularen entstehen kann, indem sich die Bindungen zwischen je zwei Sauerstoffatomen lösen und zur Verknüpfung mit den Sauerstoffatomen eines benachbarten Moleküls dienen. Man gelangt so zur folgenden Constitutionsformel:
291:
1072:
530:
896:
1597:"Das mit dem Caro'schen Reagens dargestellte, bei 132–133° schmelzende Superoxyd gab bei der Molekulargewichtsbestimmung nach der Gefrierpunktsmethode Resultate, welche zeigen, dass es dimolekular ist. Um zu sehen, ob das mit Salzsäure dargestellte Superoxyd vom Schmp. 90–94° mit dem Wolffenstein'schen identisch ist, wurde davon ebenfalls eine Molekulargewichtsbestimmung gemacht, welche auf Zahlen führte, die für ein trimolekulares Superoxyd stimmen."
505:
500:
526:
1084:
37:
1004:. However, this hypothesis has been challenged as not conforming to actual measurements. The claim of entropic explosion has been tied to the events just behind the detonation front. The authors of the 2004 Dubnikova et al. study confirm that a final redox reaction (combustion) of ozone, oxygen and reactive species into water, various oxides and hydrocarbons takes place within about 180
64:
3090:
531:
630:
979:
The product made by using hydrochloric acid is regarded as more stable than the one made using sulfuric acid. It is known that traces of sulfuric acid trapped inside the formed acetone peroxide crystals lead to instability. In fact, the trapped sulfuric acid can induce detonation at temperatures as
1011:
after the initial reaction—within about a micron of the detonation wave. Detonating crystals of TATP ultimately reach temperature of 2,300 K (2,030 °C; 3,680 °F) and pressure of 80 kbar. The final energy of detonation is about 2800 kJ/kg (measured in helium), enough to briefly raise
1050:. This means that DADP is more prone to sublimation than TATP. This can lead to dangerous crystal growth when the vapors deposit if the crystals have been stored in a container with a threaded lid. This process of repeated sublimation and deposition also results in a change in crystal size via
865:
to determine the molecular weights of the compounds, they also determined that the form of acetone peroxide that they had prepared via potassium persulfate was a dimer, whereas the acetone peroxide that had been prepared via hydrochloric acid was a trimer, like
Wolffenstein's compound.
529:
999:
as the main decomposition products and not the intuitively expected oxidation products." Very little heat is created by the explosive decomposition of TATP at the very edge of the detonation front; the foregoing computational analysis suggests that TATP decomposition is an
1262:
A key disadvantage is the high susceptibility of TATP to accidental detonation, causing injuries and deaths among illegal bomb-makers, which has led to TATP being referred to as the "Mother of Satan". TATP was found in the accidental explosion that preceded the
2209:
Xu X, van de Craats AM, Kok EM, de Bruyn PC (November 2004). "Trace analysis of peroxide explosives by high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS/MS) for forensic applications".
1247:
TATP is attractive to terrorists because it is easily prepared from readily available retail ingredients, such as hair bleach and nail polish remover. It was also able to evade detection because it is one of the few high explosives that do not contain
2505:
960:/acetone/HCl in 1:1:0.25 molar ratios, using 30% hydrogen peroxide. This product contains very little or none of DADP with some very small traces of chlorinated compounds. Product that contains large fraction of DADP can be obtained from 50% H
2763:
814:. Until about 2015, explosives detectors were not set to detect non-nitrogenous explosives, as most explosives used preceding 2015 were nitrogen-based. TATP, being nitrogen-free, has been used as the explosive of choice in several
2083:
Sigman ME, Clark CD, Fidler R, Geiger CL, Clausen CA (2006). "Analysis of triacetone triperoxide by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry by electron and chemical ionization".
547:
480:
729:
1129:-reinforced composites. For these uses, the peroxides are typically in the form of a dilute solution in an organic solvent; methyl ethyl ketone peroxide is more common for this purpose, as it is stable in storage.
2322:
Sigman ME, Clark CD, Painter K, Milton C, Simatos E, Frisch JL, McCormick M, Bitter JL (February 2009). "Analysis of oligomeric peroxides in synthetic triacetone triperoxide samples by tandem mass spectrometry".
2237:
Cotte-Rodríguez I, Hernandez-Soto H, Chen H, Cooks RG (March 2008). "In situ trace detection of peroxide explosives by desorption electrospray ionization and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization".
939:), can also be formed; under a particular set of conditions of reagent and acid catalyst concentration, the cyclic trimer is the primary product. Under neutral conditions, the reaction is reported to produce the
1143:
syntheses. Due to their explosive nature, their presence in chemical processes and chemical samples creates potential hazardous situations. For example, triacetone peroxide is the major contaminant found in
1064:
Acetone peroxide is soluble in toluene, chloroform, acetone, dichloromethane and methanol. Recrystalization of primary explosives may yield large crystals that detonate spontaneously due to internal strain.
1270:
Large-scale TATP synthesis is often betrayed by excessive bleach-like or fruity smells. This smell can even penetrate into clothes and hair in amounts that are quite noticeable; this was reported in the
857:
with acetone, under cooling. After separating the ether layer, the product was purified and found to melt at 132–133 °C (270–271 °F). They found that the trimer could be prepared by adding
1841:
Dubnikova, Faina; Kosloff, Ronnie; Almog, Joseph; Zeiri, Yehuda; Boese, Roland; Itzhaky, Harel; Alt, Aaron; Keinan, Ehud (2005). "Decomposition of
Triacetone Triperoxide is an Entropic Explosion".
2754:
838:, and then he allowed the mixture to stand for a week at room temperature, during which time a small quantity of crystals precipitated, which had a melting point of 97 °C (207 °F).
810:-like odor (when impure) or a fruit-like smell when pure, and can explode powerfully if subjected to heat, friction, static electricity, concentrated sulfuric acid, strong UV radiation, or
3007:
The tremendous devastative force of TATP, together with the relative ease of making it, as well as the difficulty in detecting it, made TATP one of the weapons of choice for terrorists
2923:
The tremendous devastative force of TATP, together with the relative ease of making it, as well as the difficulty in detecting it, made TATP one of the weapons of choice for terrorists
2562:
Acetone peroxide can also occur accidentally...It is also a hazardous by-product of isosafrole oxidation in acetone, a step in illicit synthesis of MDMA, the street drug ecstasy.
1906:
Van Duin AC, Zeiri Y, Dubnikova F, Kosloff R, Goddard WA (2005). "Atomistic-Scale
Simulations of the Initial Chemical Events in the Thermal Initiation of Triacetonetriperoxide".
1256:
scanners, which were hitherto designed to detect nitrogenous explosives. By 2016, explosives detectors had been modified to be able to detect TATP, and new types were developed.
643:
532:
2056:
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Shinde K, Moran J (2005). "Determination of the Vapor
Density of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) Using a Gas Chromatography Headspace Technique".
2129:
Romolo FS, Cassioli L, Grossi S, Cinelli G, Russo MV (January 2013). "Surface-sampling and analysis of TATP by swabbing and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry".
1543:
1310:
1225:
claim to have found 2 kg (4.4 lb) of TATP among weapons and protest materials in July 2019, when mass protests were taking place against a proposed law
980:
low as 50 °C (122 °F). This is the most likely mechanism behind accidental explosions of acetone peroxide that occur during drying on heated surfaces.
849:
described the first synthesis of the dimer and described use of acids for the synthesis of both peroxides. Baeyer and
Villiger prepared the dimer by combining
340:
2457:
2401:
Kende, Anikó; Lebics, Ferenc; Eke, Zsuzsanna; Torkos, Kornél (2008). "Trace level triacetone-triperoxide identification with SPME–GC-MS in model systems".
2785:
2708:
554:
53:
2164:
Widmer L, Watson S, Schlatter K, Crowson A (December 2002). "Development of an LC/MS method for the trace analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP)".
2086:
2727:
1616:
1986:
Muller D, Levy A, Shelef R, Abramovich-Bar S, Sonenfeld D, Tamiri T (September 2004). "Improved method for the detection of TATP after explosion".
3034:
2690:
2610:
1943:
1058:
3060:
3020:"Regulation (EU) No 2019/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on the marketing and use of explosives precursors"
1411:
1723:
Jiang H, Chu G, Gong H, Qiao Q (1999). "Tin
Chloride Catalysed Oxidation of Acetone with Hydrogen Peroxide to Tetrameric Acetone Peroxide".
3128:
1683:"2013 Annual Report from the Center of Excellence for Explosive Detection, Mitigation and Response in the Department of Homeland Security"
2591:
869:
Work on this methodology and on the various products obtained, was further investigated in the mid-20th century by Milas and
Golubović.
2023:
Stambouli A, El Bouri A, Bouayoun T, Bellimam MA (December 2004). "Headspace-GC/MS detection of TATP traces in post-explosion debris".
1071:
2836:
2555:
2443:
1013:
305:
2952:
At the moment, Watts said, the screening devices are set to detect nitrogen-based explosives, a category that doesn't include TATP
2811:
1614:
Milas NA, Golubović A (1959). "Studies in
Organic Peroxides. XXVI. Organic Peroxides Derived from Acetone and Hydrogen Peroxide".
1374:
Wolffenstein determined that acetone peroxide formed a trimer, and he proposed a structural formula for it. From pp. 2266–2267:
177:
17:
1259:
Legislative measures to limit the sale of hydrogen peroxide concentrated to 12% or higher have been made in the
European Union.
1185:, where four suicide bombers killed 52 people and injured more than 700. It was one of the explosives used by the "shoe bomber"
2636:
1226:
949:
A tetrameric form has also been described, under different catalytic conditions, albeit not without disputes and controversy.
2025:
1218:
1039:
827:
1879:
Sinditskii VP, Koltsov VI, Egorshev, VY, Patrikeev DI, Dorofeeva OV (2014). "Thermochemistry of cyclic acetone peroxides".
1710:
monomer referred to in the
Chembox, but rather the open chain, dihydro monomer described by Milas & Goluboviç, op. cit.
1190:
609:
2275:"Analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and TATP synthetic intermediates by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry"
1941:
Schulte-Ladbeck R, Vogel M, Karst U (October 2006). "Recent methods for the determination of peroxide-based explosives".
650:
3133:
3113:
1988:
1103:
248:
3138:
2863:
Pachman, J; Matyáš, R; Künzel, M (2014). "Study of TATP: Blast characteristics and TNT equivalency of small charges".
1194:
1182:
1176:
1083:
269:
3094:
2965:
983:
Organic peroxides in general are sensitive, dangerous explosives, and all forms of acetone peroxide are sensitive to
2994:
504:
3123:
1323:
3019:
2472:
1206:
862:
540:
169:
1057:
Several methods can be used for trace analysis of TATP, including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS),
1202:
1353:
499:
2935:
2755:"London attack: Parsons Green bombers 'still out there' more than 24 hours after Tube blast, officials warn"
1682:
1272:
1264:
1222:
1198:
988:
984:
2910:
1379:. Diese eigenthümliche ringförmig constituirte Verbindung soll Tri-Cycloacetonsuperoxyd genannt werden."
1338:
1461:
1440:
1210:
1164:
1133:
889:
882:
492:
82:
2668:
2500:
2872:
2332:
2286:
2175:
2095:
1474:
850:
826:
Acetone peroxide (specifically, triacetone triperoxide) was discovered in 1895 by the German chemist
581:
2366:
Schulte-Ladbeck R, Kolla P, Karst U (February 2003). "Trace analysis of peroxide-based explosives".
286:
1253:
1028:
807:
591:
134:
1181:
TATP has been used in bomb and suicide attacks and in improvised explosive devices, including the
895:
2888:
2418:
1968:
1740:
1001:
771:
764:
2618:
2573:
2551:
2439:
2383:
2348:
2304:
2255:
2219:
2191:
2166:
2146:
2111:
2038:
2005:
1960:
1923:
1858:
1664:
1644:
1407:
1401:
1214:
1145:
1107:
1032:
858:
835:
811:
779:
767:
756:
748:
571:
86:
1777:
1139:
Acetone peroxides are unwanted by-products of some oxidation reactions such as those used in
197:
2880:
2753:
2528:
2410:
2375:
2340:
2294:
2247:
2183:
2138:
2103:
2065:
2030:
1997:
1952:
1915:
1888:
1850:
1790:
1732:
1656:
1625:
1521:
1486:
1452:
1365:
1051:
1020:
943:
842:
744:
668:
597:
464:
368:
881:
is most commonly used to refer to the cyclic trimer, the product of a reaction between two
257:
3118:
1339:"What Is 'Mother of Satan'? What You Should Know About Explosive Used in Brussels Attacks"
1292:
846:
144:
2503:, Costantini, Michel, "Destruction of acetone peroxide", published 1991-03-26
1012:
the temperature of gaseous products to 2,000 °C (3,630 °F). Volume of gases at
968:
using large amounts of concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst or alternatively with 30% H
2876:
2336:
2290:
2179:
2099:
290:
2849:
1505:
1237:
1111:
1047:
1043:
621:
21:
3107:
2892:
2728:"Manchester bomb used same explosive as Paris and Brussels attacks, says US lawmaker"
1816:
1149:
854:
453:
441:
2422:
2142:
2034:
1972:
1744:
806:). Acetone peroxide takes the form of a white crystalline powder with a distinctive
237:
2578:
1186:
1019:
The tetrameric form of acetone peroxide, prepared under neutral conditions using a
1236:
overpressure is 70% of that for TNT, and the positive phase impulse is 55% of the
2654:
1645:"Monomeric dihydroperoxide concentrates from autoxidized methyl docosahexaenoate"
1542:(Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, 1960), vol. 1,
2812:"Asia Times | 'Mother of Satan' explosive used in Sri Lanka bombings | Article"
2519:
Acree F, Haller HL (1943). "Trimolecular Acetone Peroxide in Isopropyl Ether".
1309:(Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, 1960), vol. 1,
63:
36:
2884:
2414:
1956:
1892:
1525:
1490:
1456:
1369:
1126:
1008:
419:
188:
1668:
1233:
1119:
1031:, is reported to be more chemically stable, although still a very dangerous
815:
2387:
2352:
2308:
2259:
2223:
2195:
2150:
2115:
2069:
2042:
2009:
1964:
1927:
1862:
1794:
1356:[On the effect of hydrogen peroxide on acetone and mesityl oxide].
3089:
20:. For Telecommunication Application Transaction Processing benchmark, see
1508:[On the nomenclature of peroxides and the peroxide of aldehydes]
1354:"Über die Einwirkung von Wasserstoffsuperoxyd auf Aceton und Mesityloxyd"
1249:
1241:
1159:
Numerous methods are used to reduce their appearance, including shifting
1115:
1024:
886:
775:
553:
546:
539:
512:
216:
208:
2532:
1778:"Study of TATP: Influence of reaction conditions on product composition"
1629:
1061:/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), and HPLC with post-column derivitization.
2786:"'Mother of Satan' explosives used in Surabaya church bombings: Police"
2711:['Mother of Satan' or TATP, the preferred explosive for IEDs].
2001:
1660:
992:
940:
831:
760:
752:
224:
2379:
2251:
1919:
1854:
2593:
2344:
2299:
2274:
2187:
2107:
1736:
1506:"Über die Nomenclatur der Superoxyde und die Superoxyde der Aldehyde"
1140:
1099:
991:
of TATP at the very edge of detonation front predicts "formation of
861:
to a chilled mixture of acetone and hydrogen peroxide. By using the
620:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1122:
996:
894:
176:
168:
157:
1016:
is 855 L/kg for TATP and 713 L/kg for DADP (measured in helium).
600:
at maximum density (1.18 g/cm), about 2500–3000 m/s near 0.5 g/cm
1707:
1153:
3035:"Police extend hunt for Barcelona attack suspect across Europe"
2850:"Hong Kong protests: Police probe link of huge explosives haul"
1643:
Fukuzumi, Kazuo; Miyakawa, Takero; Morohira, Hidenori (1965).
700:
314:
InChI=1S/C9H18O6/c1-7(2)10-12-8(3,4)14-15-9(5,6)13-11-7/h1-6H3
2458:"Flour Maturing and Bleaching with Acyclic Acetone Peroxides"
324:
InChI=1/C9H18O6/c1-7(2)10-12-8(3,4)14-15-9(5,6)13-11-7/h1-6H3
16:"TATP" redirects here. For Tahrir Alley Technology Park, see
2837:
TATP explosive used in Easter attacks—Former DIG Nimal Lewke
2691:"A View of ISIS's Evolution in New Details of Paris Attacks"
1163:
to more alkaline, adjusting reaction temperature, or adding
987:. TATP decomposes explosively; examination of the explosive
274:
62:
52:
1160:
715:
686:
677:
3059:
Andrew Higgins; Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura (26 March 2016).
2548:
Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, Second Edition
892:, although monomeric and dimeric forms are also possible.
706:
689:
458:
97 to 160 °C (207 to 320 °F; 370 to 433 K)
3061:"In Brussels Bombing Plot, a Trail of Dots Not Connected"
1265:
2017 terrorist attacks in Barcelona and surrounding areas
671:
524:
2709:"'La mère de Satan' ou TATP, l'explosif préféré de l'EI"
1477:[On the effect of Caro's reagent on ketones ].
1475:"Über die Einwirkung des Caro'schen Reagens auf Ketone"
1252:, and could therefore pass undetected through standard
638:
712:
709:
692:
674:
209:
2689:
Callimachi R, Rubin AJ, Fourquet L (19 March 2016).
1324:"TATP: The Chemistry of 'Mother of Satan' Explosive"
718:
697:
683:
2839:
News First (Sri Lanka), Retrieved on 23 April 2019.
1770:
1768:
1766:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1152:oxidation in air. Accidental occurrence at illicit
703:
680:
2904:
2902:
1776:
1390:Wolfenstein R (1895) Deutsches Reichspatent 84,953
2966:"Explosive used in Brussels isn't hard to detect"
2637:"Explosives linked to London bombings identified"
1038:Both TATP and DADP are prone to loss of mass via
2273:Sigman ME, Clark CD, Caiano T, Mullen R (2008).
1443:[Effect of Caro's reagent on ketones ].
927:), as well as an open dihydroperoxide monomer (C
236:
2456:Ferrari CG, Higashiuchi K, Podliska JA (1963).
1836:
1834:
1591:
1579:
952:The most common route for nearly pure TATP is H
528:
143:
1567:
1514:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
1479:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
1445:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
1441:"Einwirkung des Caro'schen Reagens auf Ketone"
1358:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
1240:. TATP at 0.4 g/cm has about one-third of the
2630:
2628:
2495:
2493:
1874:
1872:
1821:Science and Technology of Energetic Materials
1817:"Thermal stability of triacetone triperoxide"
1760:, Robert Matyáš, Jiří Pachman (auth.), p. 275
1649:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
1244:of TNT (1.2 g/cm) measured by the Hess test.
8:
2993:Genuth I, Fresco-Cohen L (6 November 2006).
1595:
1540:Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items
1426:
1307:Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items
885:, hydrogen peroxide and acetone, in an acid-
2684:
2682:
2611:"TATP is suicide bombers' weapon of choice"
2597:bombers used everyday materials—U.S. police
1775:Matyáš, R.; Pachman, J. (8 February 2010).
1558:(Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2013), p. 257.
1193:and was used by the suicide bombers in the
428:296.296 g/mol (tetramer)
2655:"Judge denies bail to accused shoe bomber"
1102:peroxides, including acetone peroxide and
976:and massive amounts of HCl as a catalyst.
289:
196:
28:
2325:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
2298:
2279:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
2087:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
1326:. American Council on Science and Health.
899:Synthesis of tri-cyclic acetone peroxide.
256:
2988:
2986:
2521:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1908:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1843:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1718:
1716:
1617:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1554:Matyáš, Robert and Pachman, Jirí, ed.s,
1439:Baeyer, Adolf; Villiger, Victor (1899).
353:trimer: CC1(C)OOC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)OO1
1284:
1067:
903:Specifically, two dimers, one cyclic (C
345:
310:
285:
107:1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11-octaoxacyclododecane
93:3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-tetraoxane
2995:"TATP: Countering the Mother of Satan"
2936:"Feds are all wet on airport security"
2911:"TATP: Countering the Mother of Satan"
2766:from the original on 17 September 2017
1944:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
1227:allowing extradition to mainland China
1059:high performance liquid chromatography
2752:Dearden, Lizzie (16 September 2017).
2058:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
1783:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
317:Key: ZTLXICJMNFREPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
7:
3033:Watts J, Burgen S (21 August 2017).
2942:. Newark, New Jersey. 24 August 2006
751:. It is produced by the reaction of
1815:Matyas R, Pachman J (1 July 2007).
1171:Use in improvised explosive devices
1035:. Its synthesis has been disputed.
327:Key: ZTLXICJMNFREPA-UHFFFAOYAS
227:
1322:Berezow, Alex (14 November 2018).
1089:Crystal deposits of sublimed TATP.
87:3,3-Dimethyl-1,2-dioxacyclopropane
14:
2669:"Terrorist Use of TATP Explosive"
2546:Burke, Robert A. (25 July 2006).
1406:. Berlin: Springer. p. 262.
3088:
1082:
1070:
667:
628:
503:
498:
42:Cyclic dimer and trimer examples
35:
18:The American University in Cairo
2970:Chemical & Engineering News
2964:Jacoby, Mitch (29 March 2016).
2143:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.005
2035:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.060
624:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
424:148.157 g/mol (dimer)
100:1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxacyclononane
2550:. CRC Press LLC. p. 213.
2131:Forensic Science International
2026:Forensic Science International
1504:Baeyer A, Villiger V (1900b).
1473:Baeyer A, Villiger V (1900a).
1337:Swartz, Anna (24 March 2016).
1219:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
1183:London bombings on 7 July 2005
1136:to bleach and "mature" flour.
1132:Acetone peroxide is used as a
1023:catalyst in the presence of a
348:dimer: CC1(C)OOC(C)(C)OO1
1:
1191:2001 failed shoe bomb attempt
863:depression of freezing points
759:to yield a mixture of linear
446:131.5 to 133 °C (dimer)
105:3,3,6,6,9,9,12,12-Octamethyl-
2212:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1989:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1725:Journal of Chemical Research
1538:Federoff, Basil T. et al.,
1400:Matyáš R, Pachman J (2013).
1104:methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
3129:Organic peroxide explosives
2715:(in French). 23 March 2016.
2609:Naughton P (15 July 2005).
1592:Baeyer & Villiger 1900a
1580:Baeyer & Villiger 1900a
1305:Federoff, Basil T. et al.,
1195:November 2015 Paris attacks
1177:Improvised explosive device
1077:Tetrameric acetone peroxide
800:tri-cyclic acetone peroxide
48:
3155:
2909:Glas K (6 November 2006).
1568:Baeyer & Villiger 1899
1174:
1156:laboratories is possible.
790:). The trimer is known as
782:. The dimer is known as
426:222.24 g/mol (trimer)
15:
2885:10.1007/s00193-014-0497-4
2852:. BBC News. 20 July 2019.
2726:Doherty B (25 May 2017).
2415:10.1007/s00604-008-0001-x
1957:10.1007/s00216-006-0579-y
1893:10.1016/j.tca.2014.03.046
1526:10.1002/cber.190003302185
1491:10.1002/cber.190003301153
1457:10.1002/cber.189903203151
1370:10.1002/cber.189502802208
1207:June 2017 Brussels attack
818:bomb attacks since 2001.
618:
565:
479:
474:
361:
336:
301:
127:
115:
81:
76:
47:
34:
2657:. CNN. 28 December 2001.
2635:Vince G (15 July 2005).
2599:, Reuters, 4 August 2005
2471:: 89–100. Archived from
1203:Manchester Arena bombing
1027:or general inhibitor of
830:. Wolffenstein combined
436:White crystalline solid
2574:"The real story of 7/7"
1352:Wolffenstein R (1895).
915:) and one open chain (C
586:High/moderate when wet
98:3,3,6,6,9,9-Hexamethyl-
57:Acetone peroxide trimer
2997:. The Future of Things
2913:. The Future of Things
2070:10.1002/prep.200400094
1795:10.1002/prep.200800044
1596:
1273:2016 Brussels bombings
1199:2016 Brussels bombings
1106:, find application as
900:
792:triacetone triperoxide
778:forms. The monomer is
604:3.29 miles per second
535:
118:Triacetone triperoxide
67:
58:
2673:officialconfusion.com
2029:. 146 Suppl: S191–4.
1293:"Molar mass C12H24O8"
1211:Parsons Green bombing
1167:of their production.
1134:flour bleaching agent
898:
890:nucleophilic addition
534:
217:(glazing agents, ...)
66:
56:
3097:at Wikimedia Commons
2621:on 10 February 2008.
2368:Analytical Chemistry
2240:Analytical Chemistry
851:potassium persulfate
828:Richard Wolffenstein
784:diacetone diperoxide
582:Friction sensitivity
517:(fire diamond)
448:91 °C (trimer)
3134:Oxygen heterocycles
3114:Explosive chemicals
2877:2014ShWav..24..439P
2533:10.1021/ja01248a501
2478:on 20 February 2017
2337:2009RCMS...23..349S
2291:2008RCMS...22...84S
2180:2002Ana...127.1627W
2100:2006RCMS...20.2851S
1630:10.1021/ja01533a033
1254:explosive detection
1125:, in the making of
592:Detonation velocity
576:High/High when wet
465:Solubility in water
31:
3139:Radical initiators
3065:The New York Times
2695:The New York Times
2436:Primary Explosives
2002:10.1520/JFS2003003
1881:Thermochimica Acta
1758:Primary Explosives
1661:10.1007/BF02540046
1556:Primary Explosives
1403:Primary Explosives
1002:entropic explosion
901:
877:The chemical name
651:Infobox references
536:
68:
59:
29:
3124:Organic peroxides
3093:Media related to
2403:Microchimica Acta
2380:10.1021/ac020392n
2252:10.1021/ac7020085
1920:10.1021/ja052067y
1855:10.1021/ja0464903
1624:(24): 6461–6462.
1427:Wolffenstein 1895
1413:978-3-642-28436-6
1215:Surabaya bombings
1146:diisopropyl ether
1114:reactions, e.g.,
1042:. DADP has lower
1033:primary explosive
1029:radical chemistry
859:hydrochloric acid
836:hydrogen peroxide
780:dimethyldioxirane
757:hydrogen peroxide
749:primary explosive
659:Chemical compound
657:
656:
572:Shock sensitivity
414:(tetramer)
270:CompTox Dashboard
178:Interactive image
170:Interactive image
72:
71:
30:Acetone peroxide
3146:
3095:Acetone peroxide
3092:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2790:The Jakarta Post
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2713:LeVif.be Express
2705:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2617:. Archived from
2606:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2465:Cereal Chemistry
2462:
2453:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2409:(3–4): 335–338.
2398:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2345:10.1002/rcm.3879
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2300:10.1002/rcm.3335
2270:
2264:
2263:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2188:10.1039/B208350G
2161:
2155:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2108:10.1002/rcm.2678
2080:
2074:
2073:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1914:(31): 11053–62.
1903:
1897:
1896:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1849:(4): 1146–1159.
1838:
1829:
1828:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1780:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1737:10.1039/a809955c
1720:
1711:
1706:This is not the
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1611:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1520:(2): 2479–2487.
1511:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1451:(3): 3625–3633.
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1364:(2): 2265–2269.
1349:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1223:Hong Kong police
1086:
1074:
1052:Ostwald ripening
1044:molecular weight
1007:
944:organic peroxide
879:acetone peroxide
843:Adolf von Baeyer
745:organic peroxide
734:
733:
732:
731:
724:
721:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
663:Acetone peroxide
641:
635:
632:
631:
556:
549:
542:
527:
507:
502:
369:Chemical formula
294:
293:
278:
276:
260:
240:
229:
211:
200:
180:
172:
147:
106:
99:
49:
39:
32:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2818:. 24 April 2019
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2760:The Independent
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2675:. 25 July 2005.
2667:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2174:(12): 1627–32.
2163:
2162:
2158:
2137:(1–3): 96–100.
2128:
2127:
2123:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1570:, p. 3632.
1566:
1562:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1429:, p. 2266.
1425:
1421:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1179:
1173:
1148:as a result of
1097:
1095:Industrial uses
1090:
1087:
1078:
1075:
1005:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
875:
847:Victor Villiger
824:
741:mother of Satan
728:
727:
726:
696:
670:
666:
660:
653:
648:
647:
646: ?)
637:
633:
629:
625:
603:
601:
566:Explosive data
561:
560:
559:
558:
551:
544:
537:
533:
525:
495:
467:
447:
427:
425:
413:
409:
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
371:
357:
354:
349:
344:
343:
332:
329:
328:
325:
319:
318:
315:
309:
308:
297:
279:
272:
263:
243:
230:
203:
183:
161:
150:
137:
123:
122:Mother of Satan
121:
119:
111:
104:
97:
92:
43:
40:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3084:
3083:External links
3081:
3078:
3077:
3051:
3025:
3011:
2982:
2956:
2927:
2898:
2855:
2841:
2829:
2803:
2777:
2744:
2718:
2700:
2678:
2660:
2646:
2624:
2615:The Times (UK)
2601:
2584:
2566:
2556:
2538:
2511:
2489:
2448:
2428:
2393:
2358:
2314:
2265:
2229:
2201:
2156:
2121:
2094:(19): 2851–7.
2075:
2048:
2015:
1978:
1933:
1898:
1868:
1830:
1807:
1762:
1750:
1731:(4): 288–289.
1712:
1699:
1674:
1655:(8): 717–720.
1635:
1601:
1594:, p. 859
1584:
1582:, p. 859.
1572:
1560:
1547:
1531:
1496:
1485:(1): 858–864.
1465:
1431:
1419:
1412:
1392:
1383:
1344:
1329:
1314:
1298:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1238:TNT equivalent
1172:
1169:
1112:polymerization
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1048:vapor pressure
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
936:
932:
928:
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920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
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871:
823:
820:
658:
655:
654:
649:
627:
626:
622:standard state
619:
616:
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522:
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520:
518:
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411:
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287:DTXSID80158194
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245:
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185:
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173:
164:
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155:
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117:
113:
112:
85:
79:
78:
74:
73:
70:
69:
60:
45:
44:
41:
22:TATP Benchmark
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3151:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
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3120:
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3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3008:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2792:. 14 May 2018
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2745:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2641:New Scientist
2638:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2557:9781138747623
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:9783642284359
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:(3): 349–56.
2330:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:(5): 1512–9.
2245:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2218:(6): 1230–6.
2217:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:(3): 559–65.
1950:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1796:
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1784:
1779:
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1763:
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1751:
1746:
1742:
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1734:
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1717:
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1703:
1700:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:(in German).
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1341:. Yahoo News.
1340:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1260:
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3001:24 September
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2732:The Guardian
2731:
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2579:The Observer
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167:dimer:
128:Identifiers
116:Other names
108:
101:
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2865:Shock Waves
2527:(8): 1652.
2167:The Analyst
1692:17 February
1046:and higher
1040:sublimation
602:17,384 ft/s
433:Appearance
362:Properties
83:IUPAC names
3108:Categories
2975:28 January
2871:(4): 439.
2816:Asia Times
2770:5 November
2501:US 5003109
2438:, p. 278,
2064:(2): 127.
1827:: 111–116.
1279:References
1217:, and the
1175:See also:
1165:inhibitors
1127:fiberglass
1108:initiators
985:initiation
883:precursors
493:Pictograms
470:Insoluble
420:Molar mass
258:62T938ZGDD
189:ChemSpider
156:3D model (
135:CAS Number
109:(tetramer)
2893:122101166
1887:: 10–15.
1800:30 August
1669:0003-021X
1234:shockwave
1120:polyester
941:monomeric
887:catalyzed
873:Chemistry
841:In 1899,
816:terrorist
610:RE factor
484:labelling
145:1336-17-0
90:(monomer)
3070:28 March
2822:24 April
2764:Archived
2482:25 March
2423:97978057
2388:12622359
2353:19125413
2309:18058960
2260:18247583
2224:15568694
2196:12537371
2151:23219697
2116:16941533
2043:15639574
2010:15461093
1973:38737572
1965:16862379
1928:16076213
1863:15669854
1745:95733839
1250:nitrogen
1242:brisance
1116:silicone
1025:chelator
776:tetramer
743:) is an
514:NFPA 704
475:Hazards
400:(trimer)
210:E number
102:(trimer)
2873:Bibcode
2333:Bibcode
2287:Bibcode
2176:Bibcode
2096:Bibcode
1544:p. A41.
1311:p. A41.
1189:in his
993:acetone
832:acetone
822:History
761:monomer
753:acetone
644:what is
642: (
386:(dimer)
238:4380970
225:PubChem
198:3582942
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3119:Ketals
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1100:Ketone
1006:
808:bleach
774:, and
772:trimer
765:cyclic
747:and a
639:verify
636:
341:SMILES
77:Names
2889:S2CID
2476:(PDF)
2461:(PDF)
2419:S2CID
1969:S2CID
1741:S2CID
1686:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1232:TATP
997:ozone
812:shock
798:) or
768:dimer
725:
614:0.80
596:5300
306:InChI
215:E929
158:JSmol
3072:2016
3046:2017
3003:2009
2977:2018
2948:2009
2919:2009
2824:2019
2798:2018
2772:2017
2739:2017
2552:ISBN
2484:2016
2440:ISBN
2384:PMID
2349:PMID
2305:PMID
2256:PMID
2220:PMID
2192:PMID
2147:PMID
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2006:PMID
1961:PMID
1924:PMID
1859:PMID
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1708:DMDO
1694:2024
1665:ISSN
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995:and
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834:and
804:TCAP
796:TATP
788:DADP
763:and
755:and
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737:APEX
249:UNII
2881:doi
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