1670:
1709:
51:
1247:
of
Cambyses, the great king, king of the city of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus, the great king, kity of Anshan, descendant of Teispes, the great king, king of Anshan, the perpetual seed of kingship, whose reign Bel and Nabu love, and with whose kingship, to their joy, they concern themselves.” Now in the British Museum, which has a translation of the text on its website:
992:
Was the target of Cyrus the
Younger’s “anabasis” – his ill-fated march “up country” to usurp the throne from his brother; supported Athens in the Corinthian War (supplying Conan with a fleet of ships), then switched sides to support Sparta; was eventually able to dictate terms to both sides, imposing
901:
Cousin and brother-in-law of
Cambyses II; succeeded to the throne as the result of a coup that ousted Bardiya; continued the expansion of the Persian Empire into western Anatolia and Thrace; made war on the Scythians; invaded mainland Greece in 490 to punish Athens for helping the Ionian city-states
1246:
Cyrus II had his genealogy inscribed on a fired clay cylinder found in the foundations of the ancient city of
Babylon. It reads, in part: “I am Cyrus, king of the universe, the great king, the powerful king, king of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters of the world, son
915:
Quelled a revolt in Egypt, then invaded Greece in 480 to finish what his father had started; ravaged Athens after the populace had abandoned the city, but lost sea and land battles at
Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale and was forced to withdraw from both the Greek mainland and Anatolian Greece. He
1259:
The story of how
Astyages dreamed that he would be supplanted by the son of his daughter, sent Cyrus away to be exposed on a mountainside, later met him as a young boy, relented his desire to kill him, and sent him to live with his parents was related in great detail by Herodotos,
937:
Came to the throne after a series of palace murders; defeated an
Athenian force in 454 that was aiding an Egyptian revolt (which began in 460); granted asylum to Themistocles; signed a second peace with Athens in 449 after losing a naval battle to Cimon’s fleet off Cyprus.
1011:
Also came to the throne as a result of a series of palace murders; revolt of
Artabazus in Phrygia; additional revolts in Egypt, Phoenicia and Cyprus; gave modest help to the Greeks’ attempt to rein in Philip II’s increasing power in Macedon (siege of Perinthus in 340).
859:
Conquered the Mede empire c. 550, thus founding the
Persian Empire; conquered Lydia in 545, which already controlled several Hellenic cities on the Anatolian coast; soon extended his control to include them; released the Hebrews enslaved by the Babylonians in 538.
764:
These were the leading tribes, on which all the other
Persians were dependent, namely the Pasargadae, Maraphians, and Maspioi. Of these, the Pasargadae are the most noble and include the family of Achaemenids, the Kings of Persia, who are descendants of
1299:(Persian text, cited above), the brother was Smerdis, the Magus, Gaumâta; in the Elamite text of the inscription, the Brother was Bardiya, the Magus, Orospastes. (https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bardiya-son-of-cyrus).
1287:
The brother and the Magus were called by other names in various ancient sources. According to Herod. (iii.61 ff.) both brother and Magus were named Smerdis; according to Ctesias of Cnidos (
1366:
Ancient sources describing these events include, Diodorus Siculus, Ctesias, Justin, Aelian, and Aristotle. Their various version have points of agreement and divergence. See Pierre Briant,
1625:
649:
1026:
Placed on the throne as an adolescent by Bagoas, advisor to the King, after Bagoas had poisoned Artaxerxes III; poisoned by Bagoas when he threatened to punish him for his crimes.
624:
993:
the “King’s Peace” in 387, which permanently ceded all the Anatolia cities to Persia. Had to put down repeated revolts in Egypt, during which he hired out-of-work Athenian
1057:
Satrap of Bactria; assumed title of "King" after death of Darius III; tried to resist Alexander, but was betrayed by his generals and killed by Darius' brother, Oxathres.
2408:
1636:
1658:
887:
There is some confusion about this person. He was either Cambyses II's brother or an imposter - a Mede priest (Magus) pretending to be the brother.
1969:
617:
1698:
812:, though the spirit of eldest son succession was often violated through palace intrigues. The historical kings as given in Greek sources are:
2444:
2449:
1415:
2125:
2282:
2277:
1974:
1120:
610:
1693:
2039:
1891:
1651:
1723:
791:
1979:
1930:
1039:
Placed on the throne by Bagoas; poisoned Bagoas when he learned of a plot to kill him. Spent most of his reign fighting
2439:
2130:
2068:
427:
2185:
1827:
1644:
757:
105:
2073:
1295:, London: Routledge, 2010, 177 ff.) the brother was Tanyoxarces, the Magus, Sphandadates; according to the
598:
1269:
Herodotos related how Cyrus eventually fulfilled the prophecy (prior note) and conquered the Medes in i.123-130.
965:
Bastard son of Artaxerxes I; murdered Xerxes II; murdered in turn by his half brother Ochus seven months later.
1956:
1802:
321:
216:
152:
141:
2120:
2171:
2079:
1997:
1766:
917:
729:
147:
2392:
2164:
2150:
2136:
1688:
803:
674:
346:
330:
2356:
2025:
1876:
1084:
464:
264:
239:
2418:
2032:
1886:
1822:
644:
157:
2336:
2214:
2178:
1787:
1248:
1040:
809:
418:
1187:, i.126.3. The Greeks believed that the Persians were descend from the hero Perseus. See vii.61.
2384:
2350:
2269:
2018:
1984:
1733:
1089:
753:
524:
201:
2342:
2331:
2093:
2087:
2053:
2046:
1949:
1674:
1669:
1620:(2002). Translated by Peter T. Daniels. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-031-0.
1069:
494:
196:
174:
1043:; captured and killed by the Bactrian satrap Bessos after Alexander's conquest was complete.
979:
Entered into an alliance with Sparta after Athens’ losses during the Sicily campaign in 412.
2413:
2364:
2209:
2143:
2112:
2101:
2060:
2011:
1942:
1871:
1832:
1197:
921:
892:
773:
659:
546:
473:
439:
163:
1353:
There are any number of sources for the treaty. For this as the possible date, see Plato,
1128:
2378:
2204:
2157:
1923:
1845:
1017:
849:
576:
567:
433:
378:
297:
248:
135:
1222:
844:
Vassal of Astyages, king of the Medes (r. 584-550), and married to his daughter Mandane.
2106:
2004:
1964:
1917:
1901:
1852:
1817:
1812:
1074:
1002:
701:
689:
533:
55:
1168:
902:
revolt in 499. This effort ended with the Athenian victory at the battle of Marathon.
2433:
2293:
1990:
1807:
1739:
1728:
984:
705:
229:
111:
695:
929:
745:
713:
394:
362:
1881:
1708:
1151:
865:
717:
50:
31:
1150:
Bresciani, Edda (1998). "EGYPT i. Persians in Egypt in the Achaemenid period".
2287:
2234:
1838:
1774:
1031:
836:
777:
737:
125:
95:
84:
1896:
1628:. In Salazar, Christine F.; Landfester, Manfred; Gentry, Francis G. (eds.).
970:
956:
943:
781:
733:
653:
117:
17:
776:, in an effort to establish his legitimacy, later traced his genealogy to
2300:
2241:
1079:
907:
741:
288:
2307:
2248:
1794:
1780:
878:
823:
787:
766:
749:
220:
2263:
1746:
1048:
709:
683:
66:
997:
Endured a series of satrap revolts in the later years of his reign.
951:
First in line for the throne; murdered after 45 days by Sogdianus.
2370:
1753:
130:
1604:
Curtius, vii.5.20-22; Justin, xii.5; Diodorus Siculus, xvii.83.7.
30:
This article is about the Persians. For their Greek enemies, see
2255:
1249:
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1880-0617-1941
116:
1640:
873:
Focused his efforts on conquering Egypt, Libya, and Ethiopia.
728:
The history of the Achaemenid dynasty is mainly known through
1291:, xii, translated by Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and James Robson,
794:. However, there is no historical evidence for any of these.
756:. According to Herodotus, the Achaemenids were a clan of the
916:
probably signed a peace treaty with Athens in 469 after the
1439:
Ctesias, §49-52; Diodorus, xii.71. See also Briant, 588-91.
1618:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
1107:
814:
790:, and from him came in turn Ariaramnes, Arsames, and
668:
1589:
History of the Life and Reign of Alexander the Great
2401:
2319:
2223:
2197:
1910:
1864:
1765:
1716:
1681:
1593:
Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus
189:
181:
169:
101:
91:
80:
72:
62:
39:
1624:Kuhrt, Amélie; Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Helen (2006).
1474:, iv.3.11, 8.1-2, 8.6-10; Diodorus, xiv.39.1-3.
1416:"Photius' Excerpt of Ctesias' Persica - Livius"
1293:Ctesias’ History of Persia: Tales of the Orient
1551:See Briant, 682-85 for discussion and sources.
1652:
618:
8:
2409:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
1223:"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1659:
1645:
1637:
664:
625:
611:
211:
49:
1153:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol VIII, Fasc. 3
1100:
214:
36:
831:King of the city of Anshan in Persia
7:
1108:Kuhrt & Sancisi-Weerdenburg 2006
572:
529:
499:
469:
423:
326:
293:
244:
1370:, 563-567 for a review and summary.
700:) was a royal house that ruled the
663:
599:List of kings by Period and Dynasty
2283:Persepolis Administrative Archives
1595:, xi.15; Diodorus Siculus, xvii.73
1525:, §26-30; Justin, x.1-3; Aeolian,
704:, which eventually stretched from
25:
744:. Additional sources include the
1707:
1668:
1381:History of the Peloponnesian War
694:
1724:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
1492:Diodorus, xv.29; Demosthenes,
1:
1980:Scythian campaign of Darius I
1892:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
402:
386:
370:
354:
338:
305:
272:
256:
27:Ancient Persian royal dynasty
2445:Dynasties in Persia and Iran
1970:Conquest of the Indus Valley
1931:Battle of the Persian Border
1529:, ix.42; Valerius Maximus,
881:(or Smerdis or Tanyoxarces)
782:
684:
654:
118:
2450:Monarchy in Persia and Iran
2131:Wars of Alexander the Great
669:
2466:
2186:Battle of the Persian Gate
1828:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1531:Facta et dicta memorabilia
841:early 6th century–559 BCE
801:
678:
648:
29:
2074:Wars of the Delian League
1705:
1308:Herod., iii.70-79, 85-87.
808:The Persian Empire was a
175:Achaemenid Persian Empire
48:
42:
2126:Second conquest of Egypt
1957:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
1803:Palace of Darius in Susa
1542:Diodorus, xvi.21-22.1-2.
1041:Alexander III of Macedon
786:". His son was given as
153:King of the Four Corners
2278:Districts of the Empire
2080:Battle of the Eurymedon
1998:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
1975:First conquest of Egypt
1368:From Cyrus to Alexander
1198:"Behistun (3) - Livius"
148:King of Sumer and Akkad
2393:Seven Achaemenid clans
2165:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
2151:Siege of Halicarnassus
2137:Battle of the Granicus
1457:Related in Xenophon's
1448:Thuc., viii.17-18, 58.
804:Achaemenid family tree
771:
754:native Iranian sources
750:Jewish religious texts
693:
432:(combined rule of the
347:Second Sealand dynasty
331:Second Dynasty of Isin
119:Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām
56:Royal Persian Standard
2121:Great Satraps' Revolt
2040:Destruction of Athens
2026:Battle of Thermopylae
1877:Old Persian cuneiform
1569:Diodorus, xvii.5.3-5.
1392:Thuc., i.137.3-138.2.
1344:Herod., books vii-ix.
1125:www.iranicaonline.org
1085:Kingdom of Cappadocia
828:late 7th century BCE
762:
265:First Sealand dynasty
2419:Cappadocian calendar
2033:Battle of Artemisium
1938:Lydian-Persian Wars
1887:Behistun Inscription
1699:History of democracy
1527:Varieties of History
1496:, xlix.3; Plutarch,
1297:Behiston Inscription
1121:"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY"
158:King of the Universe
2215:Peace of Antalcidas
2179:Battle of Gaugamela
1788:Gate of All Nations
1578:Diodorus, xvii.5.6.
1560:Diodorus, xvi.75.1.
1403:Library of History,
1156:. pp. 247–249.
918:Battle of Eurymedon
819:
810:hereditary monarchy
40:House of Achaemenes
2440:Achaemenid dynasty
2069:Babylonian revolts
2019:Battle of Marathon
1985:Greco-Persian Wars
1734:Achaemenid coinage
1591:, v.8.35; Justin,
1523:Life of Artaxerxes
1401:Diodorus Siculus,
1326:Herod., vi.95-116.
1090:Pishdadian dynasty
815:
650:𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹
641:Achaemenid dynasty
504:Achaemenid dynasty
202:Ariarathid dynasty
43:𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹
2427:
2426:
2094:Battle of Cyzicus
2088:Peloponnesian War
2054:Battle of Plataea
2047:Battle of Salamis
1950:Battle of Thymbra
1823:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1675:Achaemenid Empire
1630:Brill’s New Pauly
1494:Against Timotheus
1278:Herod., iii.1-38.
1227:iranicaonline.org
1070:Achaemenid Empire
1061:
1060:
817:Achaemenid rulers
635:
634:
588:
587:
558:
557:
515:
514:
485:
484:
455:
454:
445:
409:
408:
322:Middle Babylonian
312:
311:
279:
278:
210:
209:
197:Pharnacid dynasty
16:(Redirected from
2457:
2414:Xanthian Obelisk
2387:
2373:
2359:
2345:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2272:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2210:Peace of Callias
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2144:Siege of Miletus
2139:
2115:
2113:Battle of Cnidus
2102:Battle of Cunaxa
2096:
2082:
2063:
2061:Battle of Mycale
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2012:Siege of Eretria
2007:
2000:
1993:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1943:Battle of Pteria
1933:
1926:
1872:Achaemenid music
1855:
1848:
1841:
1833:Tombs at Xanthos
1797:
1790:
1783:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1711:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1616:Briant, Pierre,
1605:
1602:
1596:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1513:
1512:Diodorus, xv.90.
1510:
1504:
1490:
1484:
1483:Xen., v.1.25-36.
1481:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:, i.104, 109-10.
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1317:Herod., book iv.
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1131:on 29 April 2011
1127:. Archived from
1117:
1111:
1105:
922:Peace of Callias
820:
785:
774:Darius the Great
758:Pasargadae tribe
730:Greek historians
698:
687:
682:
681:
672:
667:
666:
657:
652:
627:
620:
613:
573:
547:Seleucid dynasty
530:
500:
474:Chaldean dynasty
470:
431:
428:Assyrian dynasty
424:
404:
388:
372:
356:
340:
327:
307:
294:
274:
258:
245:
212:
177:
164:Pharaoh of Egypt
121:
53:
37:
21:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2397:
2383:
2369:
2355:
2341:
2315:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2268:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2219:
2205:Earth and water
2193:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2158:Battle of Issus
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2111:
2092:
2078:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1929:
1924:Battle of Hyrba
1922:
1906:
1860:
1851:
1846:Nereid Monument
1844:
1837:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1761:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1712:
1703:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1632:. Brill Online.
1623:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1066:
806:
800:
726:
712:in the west to
679:
631:
602:
590:
589:
577:Arsacid dynasty
570:
560:
559:
527:
517:
516:
497:
487:
486:
467:
457:
456:
441:
435:
430:
421:
411:
410:
379:Elamite dynasty
324:
314:
313:
298:Kassite dynasty
291:
281:
280:
249:Amorite dynasty
242:
232:
206:
173:
162:
142:King of Babylon
140:
63:Place of origin
58:
44:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2452:
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2442:
2432:
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2425:
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2416:
2411:
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2311:
2304:
2297:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2224:Administration
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2107:Corinthian War
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2005:Battle of Lade
2001:
1994:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1965:Battle of Opis
1962:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1918:Persian Revolt
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1902:Cyrus Cylinder
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:Tomb of Payava
1849:
1842:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1818:Naqsh-e Rostam
1815:
1813:Persian column
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1514:
1505:
1485:
1476:
1463:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1420:www.livius.org
1407:
1394:
1385:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1337:
1335:Herod., vii.7.
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1252:
1239:
1214:
1202:www.livius.org
1189:
1176:
1173:. p. 149.
1159:
1142:
1112:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1075:Argead dynasty
1072:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:Artaxerxes III
999:
998:
990:
987:
981:
980:
977:
974:
967:
966:
963:
960:
953:
952:
949:
946:
940:
939:
935:
932:
926:
925:
913:
910:
904:
903:
899:
896:
895:("the Great")
889:
888:
885:
882:
875:
874:
871:
868:
862:
861:
857:
854:
846:
845:
842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
826:
799:
796:
725:
722:
702:Persian Empire
633:
632:
630:
629:
622:
615:
607:
604:
603:
595:
592:
591:
586:
585:
582:
579:
571:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
555:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
536:
534:Argead dynasty
528:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
512:
509:
506:
498:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
482:
479:
476:
468:
465:Neo-Babylonian
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
452:
449:
446:
422:
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
406:
400:
397:
391:
390:
384:
381:
375:
374:
368:
365:
359:
358:
352:
349:
343:
342:
336:
333:
325:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
309:
303:
300:
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
276:
270:
267:
261:
260:
254:
251:
243:
240:Old Babylonian
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:All years are
227:
224:
223:
208:
207:
205:
204:
199:
193:
191:
190:Cadet branches
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
160:
155:
150:
144:
139:
138:
136:King of Anshan
133:
128:
123:
114:
108:
106:Shah of Persia
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:Chapar Khaneh
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:Siege of Gaza
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:Ionian Revolt
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Tomb of Cyrus
1806:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:Apadana hoard
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Oxus Treasure
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1626:"Achaemenids"
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:The Histories
1180:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:Artaxerxes IV
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
986:
985:Artaxerxes II
983:
982:
978:
975:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
959:(Secydianus)
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
919:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
858:
855:
853:
852:
848:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
818:
813:
811:
805:
797:
795:
793:
789:
784:
779:
775:
770:
768:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
723:
721:
720:in the east.
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
697:
691:
686:
676:
675:Ancient Greek
671:
661:
656:
651:
646:
642:
637:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
608:
606:
605:
601:
600:
594:
593:
584:141 BC–AD 224
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
569:
564:
563:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
526:
521:
520:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
496:
491:
490:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
460:
450:
447:
443:
437:
429:
426:
425:
420:
415:
414:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
323:
318:
317:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
290:
285:
284:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
241:
236:
235:
231:
226:
225:
222:
218:
213:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
137:
134:
132:
131:King of Media
129:
127:
124:
122:
120:
115:
113:
112:King of Kings
110:
109:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:(traditional)
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
38:
33:
19:
2326:
1767:Architecture
1629:
1617:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1380:
1379:Thucydides,
1375:
1367:
1362:
1357:, 241d-242a.
1354:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1255:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1124:
1115:
1103:
1054:330–329 BCE
1049:Artaxerxes V
1036:336–330 BCE
1023:338–336 BCE
1008:358–338 BCE
994:
989:404–358 BCE
976:423–404 BCE
962:424–423 BCE
934:465–424 BCE
930:Artaxerxes I
912:486–465 BCE
898:522–486 BCE
870:530–522 BCE
856:559–530 BCE
850:
816:
807:
772:
763:
746:Hebrew Bible
727:
718:Indus Valley
714:Central Asia
696:Achaemenides
685:Achaimenidai
655:Haxāmanišyaʰ
640:
638:
636:
596:
503:
419:Neo-Assyrian
395:Dynasty of E
363:Bazi dynasty
215:Periods and
2337:Mithridatic
1882:Old Persian
1689:Family tree
1425:13 December
1232:13 November
1207:13 December
1183:Herodotus,
1051:("Bessus")
866:Cambyses II
780:, Persian "
680:Ἀχαιμενίδαι
645:Old Persian
525:Hellenistic
182:Dissolution
92:Final ruler
32:Alcmaeonids
18:Achaemenids
2434:Categories
2357:Cappadocia
2351:Ariarathid
2327:Achaemenid
2288:Royal Road
2235:Pasargadae
1839:Harpy Tomb
1775:Persepolis
1521:Plutarch,
1501:Artaxerxes
1470:Xenophon,
1405:xii.4.4-6.
1167:Eusebius.
1135:5 February
1096:References
1032:Darius III
1020:("Arses")
1005:("Ochus")
995:strategoi.
973:("Ochus")
837:Cambyses I
802:See also:
778:Achaemenes
738:Thucydides
732:, such as
670:Haxâmaneši
597:See also:
126:Great King
96:Darius III
85:Achaemenes
2332:Pharnacid
2320:Dynasties
2264:Satrapies
2230:Capitals
2198:Diplomacy
1897:Ganjnameh
1587:Curtius,
1533:, ix.2.7.
1472:Hellenica
1355:Menexenus
1260:i.95-122.
1170:Chronicle
971:Darius II
957:Sogdianus
944:Xerxes II
792:Hystaspes
783:Haxāmaniš
734:Herodotus
357:1025–1005
341:1157–1026
308:1594–1155
275:1732–1475
259:1894–1595
217:dynasties
170:Estate(s)
2365:Lygdamid
2301:Angarium
2242:Ecbatana
1694:Timeline
1459:Anabasis
1080:Teispids
1064:See also
948:424 BCE
908:Xerxes I
893:Darius I
884:522 BCE
851:Cyrus II
748:, other
742:Xenophon
716:and the
568:Parthian
440:Sargonid
438:and the
373:1004–985
2402:Related
2385:Armenia
2379:Orontid
2308:Angarum
2270:Armenia
2249:Babylon
1911:Warfare
1865:Culture
1795:Tachara
1781:Apadana
1682:History
1611:Sources
1498:Life of
1289:Persika
879:Bardiya
824:Cyrus I
798:Dynasty
788:Teispes
767:Perseus
724:Origins
665:هخامنشی
660:Persian
554:311–141
541:331–309
511:539–331
495:Persian
481:626–539
451:732–626
442:dynasty
436:dynasty
434:Adaside
405:978–732
389:984–979
289:Kassite
221:Babylon
185:330 BCE
81:Founder
76:705 BCE
73:Founded
2343:Pontus
1747:Danake
1503:, §24.
752:, and
740:, and
710:Thrace
102:Titles
67:Persis
2371:Caria
1754:Daric
706:Egypt
690:Latin
2256:Susa
1427:2023
1234:2020
1209:2023
1137:2020
708:and
639:The
551:XIII
399:VIII
1717:Art
924:).
581:XIV
538:XII
383:VII
302:III
219:of
2436::
1418:.
1225:.
1200:.
1123:.
736:,
692::
688:;
677::
673:;
662::
658:;
647::
508:XI
448:IX
403:c.
387:c.
371:c.
367:VI
355:c.
339:c.
335:IV
306:c.
273:c.
269:II
257:c.
230:BC
1660:e
1653:t
1646:v
1461:.
1429:.
1236:.
1211:.
1139:.
1110:.
920:(
769:.
760::
643:(
626:e
619:t
612:v
478:X
444:)
351:V
253:I
34:.
20:)
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