292:
ACD was developed into CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose) in 1957, a version with phosphate added intended to reduce phosphate leakage from red blood cells. It does not improve shelf life appreciably, but patient recovery is improved. A later improvement was CPD with adenine (CPDA-1), which boosted RBC
317:
in 1977. Citrate, typically in the form of ACD solutions, is now preferred over heparin because it is cheap, safe, and cleared out of the system faster. Use of ACD is universal for centrifuge-based systems, while membrane systems may use either. Heparin is still used for high-volume procedures, as
304:
Although human blood is generally stored using newer formulations, the uptake of such technology is slower in veterinary medicine. From experimentation on horse and donkey blood, it does seem that the newer human-blood storage technogies also translate to improvements in animal blood storage.
284:
ACD was invented by Loutit et al. in 1943 for preserving whole blood. They found that the mixture offers better red blood cell survival than the then state-of-the-art, MRC 1940 (trisodium citrate plus glucose). The old solution also
544:
Barros, IO; Sousa, RS; Tavares, MD; Rêgo, RO; Firmino, PR; Souza, FJA; Abrantes, MR; Minervino, AHH; Araújo, CASC; Ortolani, EL; Barrêto Júnior, RA (8 February 2021).
509:
Mudge, MC; Macdonald, MH; Owens, SD; Tablin, F (September 2004). "Comparison of 4 blood storage methods in a protocol for equine pre-operative autologous donation".
464:
Gibson, J. G.; Kevy, S.; Pennell, R. (28 November 1968). "Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose: An
Improved Anticoagulant Preservative Solution for Human Blood".
339:
485:
599:
Olson, PR; Cox, C; McCullough, J (August 1977). "Laboratory and clinical effects of the infusion of ACD solution during plateletpheresis".
289:
when autoclaved, while the new one does not due to higher acidity. As a result, blood can now be stored for much longer, up to 21 days.
293:
survival to five weeks when combined with plastic bags. CPD, in combination with adenine-mannitol additives such as SAGM, is
417:"Red blood cell storage in SAGM and AS3: a comparison through the membrane two-dimensional electrophoresis proteome"
83:
709:
318:
infusing too much citrate with the returned blood can cause toxicity from the chelating action, mainly
346:
43:
624:
51:
673:
616:
581:
526:
491:
481:
446:
663:
655:
608:
571:
561:
518:
473:
436:
428:
392:
668:
643:
612:
576:
545:
441:
416:
67:
703:
522:
397:
380:
63:
59:
628:
379:
Loutit, J. F.; Mollison, P. L.; Young, I. Maureen; Lucas, E. J. (16 December 1943).
319:
107:
47:
298:
286:
644:"Anticoagulation techniques in apheresis: from heparin to citrate and beyond"
566:
314:
677:
585:
530:
450:
495:
620:
385:
Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences
133:
55:
34:(and often styled without the hyphens between the coordinate terms, thus
71:
659:
477:
432:
163:
256:
381:"Citric Acid-Sodium Citrate-Glucose Mixtures for Blood Storage"
62:(in yellow top tubes) to preserve blood specimens required for
345:. Michigan Medicine Laboratories. 2019-09-15. Archived from
271:
Dissolve the ingredients and mix. Filter until clear.
694:
550:
Whole Blood Stored in CPDA-1 and CPD/SAG-M Blood Bags"
16:
An anticoagulant solution often used in blood samples
415:D'Amici, Gian Maria; Mirasole, Cristiana (2012).
340:"ORDER OF DRAW FOR MULTIPLE TUBE COLLECTIONS"
8:
369:United States Pharmacopeia 26, 2002, pp 158.
66:. It is also used during procedures such as
82:Two solutions (A and B) are defined by the
466:International Society of Blood Transfusion
90:Content of USP ACD solutions, per 1000 mL
667:
575:
565:
440:
396:
180:
88:
410:
408:
331:
32:anticoagulant-citrate-dextrose solution
86:. They have the following properties:
7:
58:in water. It is mainly used as an
613:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1977.tb02237.x
313:ACD is first described for use in
14:
523:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04070.x
398:10.1113/expphysiol.1943.sp000882
28:anticoagulant-citrate-dextrose
24:acid-citrate-dextrose solution
1:
648:Journal of Clinical Apheresis
642:Lee, G; Arepally, GM (2012).
726:
84:United States Pharmacopeia
301:preservative as of 2012.
218:Sodium citrate, dihydrate
195:Citric acid, anhydrous (C
229:Dextrose, monohydrate (C
567:10.3390/biology10020133
548:Equus asinus africanus)
546:"Assessment of Donkey (
259:for injection to make
36:acid citrate dextrose
20:Acid-citrate-dextrose
427:(Suppl 2): s46-54.
91:
511:Veterinary Surgery
106:Total Citrate (as
89:
660:10.1002/jca.21222
487:978-3-8055-0131-6
478:10.1159/000384704
433:10.2450/2012.008S
421:Blood Transfusion
269:
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190:Amount for ACD-B
176:
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101:ACD-B amount (g)
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187:Amount for ACD-A
181:
158:13.96 to 15.44g
155:23.28g to 25.73g
128:12.37 to 13.67g
98:ACD-A amount (g)
92:
26:, also known as
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695:US Pharmacopeia
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125:20.59 to 22.75g
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117:
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80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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710:Anticoagulants
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689:External links
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172:2.94 to 3.25g
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169:4.90g to 5.42g
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110:, anhydrous (C
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79:
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68:plasmapheresis
52:sodium citrate
15:
13:
10:
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654:(3): 117–25.
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649:
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601:Vox Sanguinis
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517:(5): 475–86.
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64:tissue typing
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60:anticoagulant
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29:
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21:
651:
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607:(2): 79–87.
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354:. Retrieved
347:the original
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320:hypocalcemia
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39:
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31:
27:
23:
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18:
472:: 758–763.
108:citric acid
78:Formulation
70:instead of
48:citric acid
560:(2): 133.
356:2020-03-27
326:References
299:blood bank
287:caramelize
315:apheresis
309:Apheresis
184:Substance
95:Substance
42:) is any
704:Category
678:22532037
629:24966385
586:33567685
531:15362986
451:22890268
297:current
265:1000 mL
134:Dextrose
56:dextrose
44:solution
669:3366026
577:7915378
554:Biology
496:5728120
442:3418620
275:History
262:1000 mL
251:14.7 g
224:13.2 g
72:heparin
676:
666:
627:
621:883248
619:
584:
574:
529:
494:
484:
449:
439:
248:24.5 g
221:22.0 g
213:4.4 g
164:Sodium
54:, and
625:S2CID
350:(PDF)
343:(PDF)
257:Water
210:7.3 g
674:PMID
617:PMID
582:PMID
527:PMID
492:PMID
482:ISBN
447:PMID
166:(Na)
664:PMC
656:doi
609:doi
572:PMC
562:doi
519:doi
474:doi
437:PMC
429:doi
393:doi
295:the
46:of
40:ACD
38:or
30:or
22:or
706::
672:.
662:.
652:27
650:.
646:.
623:.
615:.
605:33
603:.
580:.
570:.
558:10
556:.
552:.
525:.
515:33
513:.
490:.
480:.
470:29
468:.
445:.
435:.
425:10
423:.
419:.
407:^
389:32
387:.
383:.
322:.
245:O)
241:*H
235:12
152:O)
148:*H
142:12
136:(C
122:))
74:.
50:,
680:.
658::
631:.
611::
588:.
564::
533:.
521::
498:.
476::
453:.
431::
401:.
395::
359:.
243:2
239:6
237:O
233:H
231:6
207:)
205:7
203:O
201:8
199:H
197:6
150:2
146:6
144:O
140:H
138:6
120:7
118:O
116:8
114:H
112:6
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