40:
1431:
611:. This has the effect of damping the effect of pH changes, or reducing the pH change that would otherwise have occurred. But buffers cannot correct abnormal pH levels in a solution, be that solution in a test tube or in the extracellular fluid. Buffers typically consist of a pair of compounds in solution, one of which is a weak acid and the other a weak base. The most abundant buffer in the ECF consists of a solution of carbonic acid (H
1312:. Normal breathing is resumed when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide has returned to 5.3 kPa. The converse happens if the partial pressure of carbon dioxide falls below the normal range. Breathing may be temporally halted, or slowed down to allow carbon dioxide to accumulate once more in the lungs and arterial blood.
491:
into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. When the pH in the ECF falls, hydrogen ions are excreted into urine, while bicarbonate ions are secreted into blood plasma, causing the plasma pH to rise. The converse happens if the pH in the ECF tends to rise: bicarbonate ions are then excreted into the
1358:
ions are simultaneously secreted into the blood plasma, thus raising the bicarbonate ion concentration in the plasma, lowering the carbonic acid/bicarbonate ion ratio, and consequently raising the pH of the plasma. The converse happens when the plasma pH rises above normal: bicarbonate ions are
896:
685:
concentrations of the weak acid to the weak base. The higher the concentration of the weak acid in the solution (compared to the weak base) the lower the resulting pH of the solution. Similarly, if the weak base predominates the higher the resulting pH.
1130:
500:. It is the ratio concentration of the weak acid to its conjugate base that determines the pH of the solution. Thus, by manipulating firstly the concentration of the weak acid, and secondly that of its conjugate base, the pH of the
39:
701:, a molar ratio of weak acid to weak base of 1:20 produces a pH of 7.4; and vice versa—when the pH of the extracellular fluids is 7.4 then the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions in that fluid is 1:20.
729:
1210:
1000:
1385:
1012:
1349:. When the extracellular fluids tend towards acidity, the renal tubular cells secrete the H ions into the tubular fluid from where they exit the body via the urine. The HCO
674:), which, because it is a weak acid, remains largely in the undissociated form, releasing far fewer H ions into the solution than the original strong acid would have done.
524:) salt in solution, is the most abundant buffer in the extracellular fluid, and it is also the buffer whose acid-to-base ratio can be changed very easily and rapidly.
370:, are very sensitive to the extracellular pH. Stringent mechanisms therefore exist to maintain the pH within very narrow limits. Outside the acceptable range of pH,
1453:
occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range (7.32 to 7.42). An abnormally low pH in the extracellular fluid is called an
2437:
3060:
2157:
Yeomans ER, Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC, Strickland DM (March 1985). "Umbilical cord pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate following uncomplicated term vaginal deliveries".
232:
173:
2616:
1808:
293:
1359:
excreted into the urine, and hydrogen ions into the plasma. These combine with the bicarbonate ions in the plasma to form carbonic acid (H + HCO
2663:
1398:
In general, metabolism produces more waste acids than bases. Urine produced is generally acidic and is partially neutralized by the ammonia (NH
1237:
and hence the pH of the arterial plasma within a few seconds. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood is monitored by the
496:
The second and third lines of defense operate by making changes to the buffers, each of which consists of two components: a weak acid and its
2237:
2081:
2051:
1765:
3172:
2578:
2410:
1003:
716:
710:
2141:
3167:
2471:
2430:
2384:
2337:
2266:
2204:
2017:
1977:
1937:
1907:
1701:
1631:
891:{\displaystyle \mathrm {pH} =\mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} ~\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {CO} _{3}}+\log _{10}\left({\frac {}{}}\right),}
401:
In humans and many other animals, acid–base homeostasis is maintained by multiple mechanisms involved in three lines of defense:
2404:
3053:
2709:
504:(ECF) can be adjusted very accurately to the correct value. The bicarbonate buffer, consisting of a mixture of carbonic acid (H
3177:
3007:
2609:
1657:"Paraesthesiae and tetany induced by voluntary hyperventilation. Increased excitability of human cutaneous and motor axons"
2926:
1471:
unambiguously refer to the actual change in the pH of the extracellular fluid (ECF). Two other similar sounding terms are
286:
3098:
3182:
2423:
720:
2985:
2694:
375:
1308:
in the arterial blood plasma above 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg) reflexly causes an increase in the rate and depth of
3162:
3046:
2934:
2789:
2714:
2704:
932:
3017:
2944:
2901:
2689:
2602:
2498:
1395:), thus raising the carbonic acid:bicarbonate ratio in the extracellular fluids, and returning its pH to normal.
698:
410:
109:
2906:
2742:
2653:
1415:
1329:
488:
279:
129:
114:
1450:
390:
134:
1816:
1174:
964:
414:
3012:
2747:
2503:
1515:(indicating a change in the Base Excess of the ECF). There are therefore four different acid-base problems:
2446:
418:
59:
3136:
2508:
2486:
1289:
1238:
1370:
2949:
2868:
2562:
2555:
2481:
1528:
1125:{\displaystyle \mathrm {pH} =6.1+\log _{10}\left({\frac {}{0.0307\times P_{\mathrm {CO} _{2}}}}\right),}
262:
237:
178:
144:
104:
94:
2974:
2954:
2939:
2594:
2528:
2520:
1520:
139:
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2699:
2550:
1524:
1246:
501:
348:
321:
2911:
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2463:
1516:
1422:) content of the urine, though this has no effect on pH homeostasis of the extracellular fluids.
1346:
1293:
1265:
1253:
545:
409:
which minimize pH changes that would otherwise occur in their absence. These buffers include the
355:
3083:
2969:
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2737:
2333:
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2174:
2137:
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2013:
2009:
1973:
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cells. Thus some of the "acid content" of the urine resides in the resulting ammonium ion (NH
1142:
is the negative logarithm of molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid.
3141:
2990:
2732:
2658:
2625:
2295:
2166:
1664:
1594:
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567:
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363:
333:
252:
222:
84:
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2232:(Eighth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. Chapter 9. Control of Breathing.
1932:(Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 39, 164, 630–631, 716–717.
1430:
1332:
are themselves sensitive to the pH of the plasma. The metabolism of these cells produces CO
2668:
2491:
570:
445:
406:
359:
124:
89:
49:
2399:
2394:
2379:
424:
Respiratory component: The second line of defense is rapid consisting of the control the
666:
neutralized by the bicarbonate component of the buffer solution to form carbonic acid (H
3093:
3088:
2799:
2354:
2255:
2199:. Derrickson, Bryan. (12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 907.
1599:
1574:
1164:
557:
497:
449:
405:
Chemical: The first lines of defense are immediate, consisting of the various chemical
367:
341:
3156:
3110:
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2170:
2002:
1962:
1892:
1531:. One or a combination of these conditions may occur simultaneously. For instance, a
950:
936:
604:
425:
69:
17:
1446:
in mmHg or
Standard Base Excess (SBE) occur in excess or are deficient in the plasma
3120:
2845:
2684:
2476:
1285:
1245:. These chemoreceptors are sensitive to the levels of carbon dioxide and pH in the
574:
549:
537:
484:
460:
383:
242:
193:
188:
183:
99:
2120:
1845:
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is known as acidemia when the pH is acidic, or alkalemia when the pH is alkaline.
2300:
2283:
2136:(7th ed.). Buffer systems: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 347–349.
1434:
An acid-base diagram for human plasma, showing the effects on the plasma pH when
3069:
3022:
2887:
2873:
2784:
2779:
2115:
1840:
1411:
1264:. The respiratory centres then determine the average rate of ventilation of the
1220:
943:
909:
578:
464:
456:
310:
247:
198:
79:
1479:. They refer to the customary effect of a component, respiratory or metabolic.
1171:
The pH of the extracellular fluids can thus be controlled by the regulation of
957:
However, since the carbonic acid concentration is directly proportional to the
3115:
2825:
2804:
2724:
1669:
1656:
682:
480:
344:
337:
318:
213:
2214:
1760:(7th, Global ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson. pp. 607–608, 666–673.
1641:
455:
Metabolic component: The third line of defense is slow, best measured by the
2883:
2542:
1407:
1403:
1309:
1261:
608:
437:
267:
257:
208:
203:
154:
2309:
1794:
1608:
2389:
2178:
1678:
1626:. Derrickson, Bryan. (13th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 42–43.
2454:
1590:
1504:
1487:
on its own (i.e. if left "uncompensated" by an alkalosis). Similarly, an
1861:
483:
carbon dioxide which is enzymatically converted to carbonic acid in the
2829:
1696:(4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 347, 348.
371:
351:
and the extracellular fluid need to be maintained at a constant level.
2415:
1325:
1324:
concentration is not known for certain. It is very probable that the
912:) of molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid.
379:
3038:
2104:(Seventh ed.). Basle, Switzerland: CIBA-GEIGY Ltd. p. 527.
1511:(indicating a change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide), or
2008:(Fifth ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. pp.
1968:(Fifth ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. pp.
1898:(Fifth ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. pp.
1284:
in the arterial blood constant. The respiratory center does so via
3027:
2794:
2638:
1429:
1269:
631:) salt of, usually, sodium (Na). Thus, when there is an excess of
553:
1809:"184 26.4 Acid-Base Balance | Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax"
2959:
1257:
1224:
329:
163:
54:
3042:
2598:
2419:
1781:
Adrogué HE, Adrogué HJ (April 2001). "Acid-base physiology".
540:, is normally tightly regulated between 7.32 and 7.42 by the
436:) concentration in the ECF by changing the rate and depth of
556:
differs from that in the adult. In the fetus, the pH in the
1503:
should always be qualified by an adjective to indicate the
533:
314:
119:
2374:
2332:(30th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 17, 49.
2100:
Diem K, Lentner C (1970). "Blood – Inorganic substances".
1410:(carriers of excess, no longer needed, amino groups) are
1252:
The central chemoreceptors send their information to the
452:(and thus carbonic acid) in the blood plasma as required.
1374:
1145:
is the molar concentration of bicarbonate in the plasma.
479:) to or from the ECF. Bicarbonate ions are derived from
1579:
Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1573:
Hamm LL, Nakhoul N, Hering-Smith KS (December 2015).
1373:
1177:
1015:
967:
732:
693:
the pH of the extracellular fluids (rather than just
3129:
3076:
3000:
2925:
2860:
2818:
2772:
2765:
2723:
2677:
2646:
2636:
2571:
2541:
2519:
2462:
2453:
336:(i.e. the pH) in the ECF is crucial for the normal
2254:
2001:
1961:
1891:
1379:
1204:
1124:
1002:) in the extracellular fluid, the equation can be
994:
890:
677:The pH of a buffer solution depends solely on the
2046:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Science. p. 556.
603:ions, replacing the strong acids and bases with
378:(i.e. their 3D structure is disrupted), causing
2190:
2188:
2134:Nancy Caroline's Emergency care in the streets
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1547:can be completely or partially corrected by a
1539:) is almost always partially compensated by a
1495:on its own. In medical terminology, the terms
492:urine and hydrogen ions into the blood plasma.
3054:
2610:
2431:
2159:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1855:
1853:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
287:
8:
560:pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45 and that in the
358:of many extracellular proteins, such as the
27:Process by which the human body regulates pH
2284:"Acid-Base Reports Need a Text Explanation"
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1885:
1883:
3061:
3047:
3039:
2769:
2643:
2617:
2603:
2595:
2459:
2438:
2424:
2416:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2065:
2063:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
723:in the extracellular fluids, states that:
536:of the extracellular fluid, including the
294:
280:
29:
2299:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1835:
1833:
1668:
1598:
1372:
1336:, which is rapidly converted to H and HCO
1194:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1073:
1068:
1057:
1050:
1037:
1016:
1014:
984:
975:
974:
972:
966:
869:
861:
854:
849:
834:
829:
818:
811:
798:
783:
775:
768:
763:
754:
753:
744:
733:
731:
662:) ions. Similarly an excess of H ions is
2330:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary
1758:Human physiology. An integrated approach
2375:Stewart's original text at acidbase.org
2095:
2093:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1457:and an abnormally high pH is called an
1402:) that is excreted into the urine when
1205:{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}
995:{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}
721:carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
221:
162:
32:
1655:Macefield G, Burke D (February 1991).
1624:Principles of anatomy & physiology
325:
2261:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
487:. There, carbonic acid spontaneously
7:
2197:Principles of anatomy and physiology
2004:Principles of anatomy and physiology
1964:Principles of anatomy and physiology
1894:Principles of anatomy and physiology
2579:Mixed disorder of acid-base balance
1380:{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
642:ions in the solution carbonic acid
2380:On-line text at AnaesthesiaMCQ.com
2195:Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH (2010).
2000:Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH (1987).
1960:Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH (1987).
1890:Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH (1987).
1189:
1186:
1100:
1097:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1020:
1017:
979:
976:
865:
862:
850:
825:
822:
819:
779:
776:
764:
755:
745:
737:
734:
25:
2359:Respiratory acidosis: definition.
2044:Lecture notes on human physiology
1622:Tortora GJ, Derrickson B (2012).
1543:(hyperventilation). Similarly, a
2395:Online acid–base physiology text
2076:. Cengage Learning. p. 43.
699:carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
38:
2070:Garrett RH, Grisham CM (2010).
1416:distal renal tubular epithelial
1212:and the other metabolic acids.
689:This principle is exploited to
386:(among others) to malfunction.
3008:Fractional excretion of sodium
2405:Interpretation at nda.ox.ac.uk
2400:Diagnoses at lakesidepress.com
1079:
1053:
949:is the molar concentration of
942:is the molar concentration of
908:is the negative logarithm (or
875:
845:
840:
814:
717:Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
711:Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
705:Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
1:
1663:. 114 ( Pt 1B) (1): 527–540.
1315:The sensor for the plasma HCO
1256:in the medulla oblongata and
646:neutralizes them by forming H
2301:10.1097/ALN.0000000000002628
2171:10.1016/0002-9378(85)90523-x
459:, and mostly depends on the
448:. This blows off or retains
356:three dimensional structures
2986:Effective renal plasma flow
2830:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
953:in the extracellular fluid.
3199:
2935:Glomerular filtration rate
2927:Assessment and measurement
2790:Atrial natriuretic peptide
933:acid dissociation constant
931:is the cologarithm of the
708:
564:is normally 7.18 to 7.38.
3018:Tubuloglomerular feedback
2945:Augmented renal clearance
2902:Bicarbonate buffer system
2626:Physiology of the kidneys
2282:Grogono AW (April 2019).
2253:Rose B, Rennke H (1994).
1330:distal convoluted tubules
411:bicarbonate buffer system
3099:Renin–angiotensin system
2907:Respiratory compensation
2664:Clearance of medications
2116:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1841:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
619:), and the bicarbonate (
463:which can add or remove
130:Self-ionization of water
115:Hammett acidity function
3013:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
2748:Countercurrent exchange
1756:Silverthorn DU (2016).
1670:10.1093/brain/114.1.527
1575:"Acid-Base Homeostasis"
552:. The normal pH in the
415:phosphate buffer system
3173:Acid–base disturbances
2487:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
2355:"Acid-base physiology"
1447:
1381:
1345:through the action of
1290:muscles of respiration
1239:central chemoreceptors
1216:Homeostatic mechanisms
1206:
1126:
996:
892:
719:, when applied to the
3178:Equilibrium chemistry
2950:Renal clearance ratio
2869:Darrow Yannet diagram
2584:Acid–base homeostasis
2556:Contraction alkalosis
2482:Diabetic ketoacidosis
2328:Andertson DM (2003).
2257:Renal Pathophysiology
2102:in: Scientific Tables
1541:respiratory alkalosis
1529:respiratory alkalosis
1433:
1382:
1328:tubular cells of the
1207:
1127:
997:
939:. It is equal to 6.1.
893:
512:) and a bicarbonate (
419:protein buffer system
307:Acid–base homeostasis
145:Frustrated Lewis pair
105:Equilibrium chemistry
95:Dissociation constant
65:Acid–base homeostasis
18:Acid base homeostasis
3168:Acid–base physiology
2975:Hemodialysis product
2955:Urea reduction ratio
2940:Creatinine clearance
2780:Antidiuretic hormone
2630:acid–base physiology
2385:Overview at kumc.edu
2230:Pulmonary physiology
2228:Levitzky MG (2013).
1591:10.2215/CJN.07400715
1545:respiratory acidosis
1535:(as in uncontrolled
1521:respiratory acidosis
1507:of the disturbance:
1371:
1292:(in particular, the
1175:
1167:in the blood plasma.
1013:
1004:rewritten as follows
965:
946:in the blood plasma.
730:
581:by absorbing excess
340:of the body—and for
140:Lewis acid catalysis
3183:Respiratory therapy
2851:Transcellular fluid
2835:Extracellular fluid
2753:Filtration fraction
2447:Acid–base disorders
2132:Caroline N (2013).
1549:metabolic alkalosis
1525:metabolic alkalosis
1451:Acid–base imbalance
1288:which activate the
1254:respiratory centers
1247:cerebrospinal fluid
1221:Homeostatic control
1078:
961:of carbon dioxide (
839:
650:O and bicarbonate (
502:extracellular fluid
485:renal tubular cells
391:acid–base imbalance
349:intracellular fluid
322:extracellular fluid
2912:Renal compensation
2841:Interstitial fluid
2390:Acid-Base Tutorial
1866:Acid Base Tutorial
1846:Metabolic acidosis
1533:metabolic acidosis
1517:metabolic acidosis
1448:
1377:
1347:carbonic anhydrase
1202:
1122:
1056:
992:
888:
817:
546:respiratory system
324:(ECF). The proper
313:regulation of the
60:Acid–base reaction
3163:Human homeostasis
3150:
3149:
3077:Blood composition
3070:Human homeostasis
3036:
3035:
2970:Dialysis adequacy
2965:Standardized Kt/V
2921:
2920:
2879:Davenport diagram
2862:Acid–base balance
2761:
2760:
2738:Renal plasma flow
2592:
2591:
2537:
2536:
2239:978-0-07-179313-1
2083:978-0-495-10935-8
2053:978-0-86542-775-4
1928:Stryer L (1995).
1767:978-1-292-09493-9
1692:Stryer L (1995).
1585:(12): 2232–2242.
1537:diabetes mellitus
1296:). A rise in the
1243:medulla oblongata
1113:
879:
761:
697:the pH). For the
528:Acid–base balance
364:membrane proteins
304:
303:
150:Chiral Lewis acid
16:(Redirected from
3190:
3142:Thermoregulation
3063:
3056:
3049:
3040:
2991:Extraction ratio
2894:Winters' formula
2770:
2733:Renal blood flow
2659:Pharmacokinetics
2644:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2499:Normal anion gap
2460:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2409:Acids and Bases
2362:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2225:
2219:
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2192:
2183:
2182:
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2148:
2147:
2129:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2042:Bray JJ (1999).
2039:
2024:
2023:
2007:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1967:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1897:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1848:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1815:. Archived from
1805:
1799:
1798:
1783:Respiratory Care
1778:
1772:
1771:
1753:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1570:
1445:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1323:
1322:
1307:
1283:
1235:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1161:partial pressure
1158:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
991:
990:
989:
988:
983:
982:
959:partial pressure
930:
907:
897:
895:
894:
889:
884:
880:
878:
874:
873:
868:
859:
858:
853:
843:
838:
833:
828:
812:
803:
802:
790:
789:
788:
787:
782:
773:
772:
767:
759:
758:
748:
740:
661:
660:
659:
641:
640:
639:
630:
629:
628:
602:
601:
600:
591:
590:
589:
573:will react with
571:buffer solutions
562:umbilical artery
542:chemical buffers
523:
522:
521:
478:
477:
476:
442:hyperventilation
397:Lines of defense
347:. The pH of the
296:
289:
282:
263:Non-nucleophilic
90:Buffer solutions
75:Acidity function
42:
30:
21:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3125:
3072:
3067:
3037:
3032:
2996:
2917:
2856:
2814:
2766:Other functions
2757:
2743:Ultrafiltration
2719:
2673:
2669:Urine flow rate
2632:
2623:
2593:
2588:
2567:
2533:
2515:
2449:
2444:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2317:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2027:
2020:
1999:
1998:
1987:
1980:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1940:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1902:–582, 675–676.
1889:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1838:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1711:
1704:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1491:would cause an
1483:would cause an
1444:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1223:can change the
1218:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1052:
1046:
1033:
1011:
1010:
973:
968:
963:
962:
929:
928:
924:
915:
905:
860:
848:
844:
813:
807:
794:
774:
762:
749:
728:
727:
713:
707:
673:
669:
658:
655:
654:
653:
651:
649:
638:
636:
635:
634:
632:
627:
624:
623:
622:
620:
618:
614:
599:
597:
596:
595:
593:
588:
586:
585:
584:
582:
530:
520:
517:
516:
515:
513:
511:
507:
475:
472:
471:
470:
468:
446:hypoventilation
435:
431:
399:
360:plasma proteins
300:
125:Proton affinity
50:Acceptor number
33:Acids and bases
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3094:Blood pressure
3091:
3089:Osmoregulation
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2810:Prostaglandins
2807:
2802:
2800:Erythropoietin
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2504:Hyperchloremic
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2472:High anion gap
2468:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2369:External links
2367:
2364:
2363:
2345:
2338:
2315:
2294:(4): 668–669.
2288:Anesthesiology
2274:
2267:
2245:
2238:
2220:
2205:
2184:
2165:(6): 798–800.
2149:
2143:978-1449645861
2142:
2124:
2107:
2089:
2082:
2059:
2052:
2025:
2018:
1985:
1978:
1945:
1938:
1915:
1908:
1879:
1849:
1829:
1800:
1789:(4): 328–341.
1773:
1766:
1709:
1702:
1684:
1647:
1632:
1614:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1441:
1439:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1376:
1363:
1353:
1340:
1333:
1319:
1303:
1301:
1279:
1277:
1272:, to keep the
1231:
1229:
1217:
1214:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1169:
1168:
1165:carbon dioxide
1154:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
987:
981:
978:
971:
955:
954:
947:
940:
926:
922:
920:
913:
899:
898:
887:
883:
877:
872:
867:
864:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
824:
821:
816:
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
786:
781:
778:
771:
766:
757:
752:
747:
743:
739:
736:
709:Main article:
706:
703:
671:
667:
656:
647:
637:
625:
616:
612:
598:
587:
558:umbilical vein
529:
526:
518:
509:
505:
498:conjugate base
494:
493:
473:
453:
450:carbon dioxide
433:
429:
422:
398:
395:
366:of the body's
302:
301:
299:
298:
291:
284:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
233:Brønsted–Lowry
227:
226:
219:
218:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
174:Brønsted–Lowry
168:
167:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3195:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Fluid balance
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:PAH clearance
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:Fluid balance
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Oligopeptides
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2509:Renal tubular
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2411:– definitions
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2339:0-7216-0146-4
2335:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2268:0-683-07354-0
2264:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2206:9780470233474
2202:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:0-06-350729-3
2015:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:0-06-350729-3
1975:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:0-7167-2009-4
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:0-06-350729-3
1905:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1867:
1863:
1862:"Terminology"
1856:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1819:on 2020-09-17
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:0-7167-2009-4
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1633:9780470646083
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1348:
1331:
1327:
1313:
1311:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:motor neurons
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1195:
1179:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1074:
1069:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:
985:
969:
960:
952:
951:carbonic acid
948:
945:
941:
938:
937:carbonic acid
934:
919:
914:
911:
904:
903:
902:
885:
881:
870:
855:
835:
830:
808:
804:
799:
795:
791:
784:
769:
750:
741:
726:
725:
724:
722:
718:
712:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
684:
680:
675:
665:
645:
610:
606:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
527:
525:
503:
499:
490:
486:
482:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
427:
426:carbonic acid
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
402:
396:
394:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
277:
275:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
224:
220:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
165:
161:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
70:Acid strength
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
31:
19:
3121:Proteostasis
3105:
2861:
2685:Solvent drag
2678:Reabsorption
2629:
2583:
2477:Ketoacidosis
2358:
2348:
2329:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2256:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2196:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2133:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2073:Biochemistry
2072:
2043:
2003:
1963:
1930:Biochemistry
1929:
1893:
1870:. Retrieved
1865:
1839:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1813:openstax.org
1812:
1803:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1757:
1694:Biochemistry
1693:
1687:
1660:
1650:
1623:
1617:
1582:
1578:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1436:
1397:
1314:
1298:
1274:
1251:
1226:
1219:
1170:
1149:
1134:
956:
917:
900:
714:
694:
690:
688:
678:
676:
663:
643:
579:strong bases
575:strong acids
566:
550:renal system
538:blood plasma
531:
495:
461:renal system
400:
388:
384:ion channels
353:
328:between the
306:
305:
100:Donor number
64:
3084:Blood sugar
3023:Natriuresis
2888:Delta ratio
2874:Base excess
2785:Aldosterone
2563:Respiratory
2529:Respiratory
2521:Respiratory
2353:Brandis K.
2121:Blood gases
1972:, 556–582.
1860:Grogono A.
1509:respiratory
944:bicarbonate
910:cologarithm
489:dissociates
465:bicarbonate
457:base excess
311:homeostatic
80:Amphoterism
3157:Categories
3137:Predictive
3116:Hemostasis
2898:Buffering
2826:Body water
2805:Calcitriol
2725:Filtration
1868:. Grog LLC
1823:2020-07-01
1555:References
1412:deaminated
609:weak bases
605:weak acids
548:, and the
417:, and the
345:metabolism
338:physiology
258:Superbases
204:Superacids
110:Extraction
3106:Acid–base
2884:Anion gap
2654:Clearance
2647:Secretion
2637:Creating
2551:Metabolic
2543:Alkalosis
2464:Metabolic
2215:192027371
1642:698163931
1513:metabolic
1501:alkalosis
1493:alkalemia
1489:alkalosis
1477:alkalosis
1469:alkalemia
1459:alkalemia
1426:Imbalance
1408:glutamine
1404:glutamate
1375:⇌
1310:breathing
1294:diaphragm
1262:brainstem
1088:×
1075:−
1044:
836:−
805:
695:buffering
664:partially
644:partially
592:ions, or
481:metabolic
438:breathing
376:denatured
155:ECW model
135:Titration
2773:Hormones
2695:Chloride
2455:Acidosis
2310:30870214
1795:11345941
1609:26597304
1505:etiology
1497:acidosis
1485:acidemia
1481:Acidosis
1473:acidosis
1465:Acidemia
1455:acidemia
691:regulate
372:proteins
342:cellular
2715:Protein
2705:Glucose
2179:3919587
2010:698–700
1872:9 April
1679:2004255
1600:4670772
1414:by the
1268:of the
1266:alveoli
1260:of the
1241:of the
1159:is the
1135:where:
901:where:
681:of the
568:Aqueous
407:buffers
380:enzymes
326:balance
317:of the
309:is the
243:Organic
189:Organic
184:Mineral
2846:Plasma
2690:Sodium
2492:Lactic
2336:
2308:
2265:
2236:
2213:
2203:
2177:
2140:
2080:
2050:
2016:
1976:
1936:
1906:
1793:
1764:
1700:
1677:
1640:
1630:
1607:
1597:
1527:, and
1085:0.0307
760:
544:, the
467:ions (
413:, the
319:body's
253:Strong
199:Strong
3130:Other
3028:Urine
3001:Other
2795:Renin
2639:urine
2572:Other
1661:Brain
1326:renal
1270:lungs
683:molar
679:ratio
554:fetus
368:cells
334:bases
330:acids
248:Oxide
238:Lewis
225:types
214:Solid
194:Oxide
179:Lewis
166:types
2960:Kt/V
2700:Urea
2628:and
2334:ISBN
2306:PMID
2263:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2211:OCLC
2201:ISBN
2175:PMID
2138:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1874:2021
1791:PMID
1762:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1675:PMID
1638:OCLC
1628:ISBN
1605:PMID
1499:and
1475:and
1467:and
1406:and
1258:pons
715:The
607:and
532:The
382:and
374:are
362:and
354:The
332:and
268:Weak
223:Base
209:Weak
164:Acid
85:Base
55:Acid
2296:doi
2292:130
2167:doi
2163:151
1970:494
1900:581
1665:doi
1595:PMC
1587:doi
1163:of
1035:log
1028:6.1
935:of
921:a H
796:log
652:HCO
621:HCO
577:or
514:HCO
469:HCO
444:or
440:by
389:An
3159::
2828::
2357:.
2318:^
2304:.
2290:.
2286:.
2209:.
2187:^
2173:.
2161:.
2119::
2092:^
2062:^
2028:^
2012:.
1988:^
1948:^
1918:^
1882:^
1864:.
1852:^
1844::
1832:^
1811:.
1787:46
1785:.
1712:^
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1659:.
1636:.
1603:.
1593:.
1583:10
1581:.
1577:.
1563:^
1551:.
1523:,
1519:,
1461:.
1440:CO
1391:CO
1302:CO
1278:CO
1249:.
1230:CO
1153:CO
1140:pH
1039:10
1006::
925:CO
906:pH
800:10
670:CO
633:OH
615:CO
594:OH
534:pH
508:CO
432:CO
428:(H
315:pH
120:pH
3062:e
3055:t
3048:v
2993:)
2984:(
2890:)
2886:(
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2298::
2271:.
2242:.
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2181:.
2169::
2146:.
2086:.
2056:.
2022:.
1982:.
1942:.
1912:.
1876:.
1826:.
1797:.
1770:.
1706:.
1681:.
1667::
1644:.
1611:.
1589::
1442:2
1437:P
1420:4
1400:3
1393:3
1389:2
1387:H
1364:3
1354:3
1341:3
1334:2
1320:3
1304:2
1299:P
1280:2
1275:P
1232:2
1227:P
1196:2
1190:O
1187:C
1180:P
1155:2
1150:P
1120:,
1116:)
1106:2
1101:O
1098:C
1092:P
1080:]
1070:3
1065:O
1062:C
1059:H
1054:[
1048:(
1031:+
1025:=
1021:H
1018:p
986:2
980:O
977:C
970:P
927:3
923:2
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886:,
882:)
876:]
871:3
866:O
863:C
856:2
851:H
846:[
841:]
831:3
826:O
823:C
820:H
815:[
809:(
792:+
785:3
780:O
777:C
770:2
765:H
756:a
751:K
746:p
742:=
738:H
735:p
672:3
668:2
657:3
648:2
626:3
617:3
613:2
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519:3
510:3
506:2
474:3
434:3
430:2
421:.
295:e
288:t
281:v
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