33:
53:
1234:
523:, which has a tuft of polar flagella and a glycocalyx. Nitrogen fixation also is an important ecological function carried out by some species in this genus, as is growth using molecular hydrogen as a source of energy - neither property is found in every species. Ferric iron can be used by some species as a terminal electron acceptor.
293:
can also grow mixotrophically. Currently, the genus comprises ten species which are capable of obtaining energy by oxidizing sulfur compounds, with certain species also utilizing both ferrous and ferric iron. Some species have also evolved to use hydrogen and nitrogen from the environment. They
1204:
213:
Acidithiobacillus albertensis, Acidithiobacillus caldus, Acidithiobacillus cuprithermicus, Acidithiobacillus ferrianus, Acidithiobacillus ferridurans, Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus, Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus
468:
has been proven as a potent leaching organism, for dissolution of metals from low-grade sulfide ores. Recently, the attention has been focused upon the treatment of mineral concentrates, as well as complex sulfide ores using batch or continuous-flow reactors.
483:. The oxidation of ferrous iron and reduced sulfur oxyanions, metal sulfides and elementary sulfur results in the production of ferric sulfate in sulfuric acid, this in turn causes the solubilization of metals and other compounds. As a result,
1208:
518:
spp. occur as single cells or occasionally in pairs or chains, depending on growth conditions. Highly motile species have been described, as well as nonmotile ones. Motile strains have a single flagellum with the exception of
636:
class include the presence of enzymes which aid in the use of hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and tetrathionate in sulfur metabolism. Species capable of iron oxidation also possess genes that are coded for
563:
and can flourish in environments where high concentrations of these metals are present. To obtain energy, they have evolved to couple sulfur oxidation to molecular oxygen but can also use other resources around them as
1232:, Курашов, Виктор Михайлович & Сахно, Тамара Владимировна, "Microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements and conversion of isotopes of chemical elements", published 2015-09-20
554:
are sometimes present. Optimum pH conditions for these bacteria vary among species, but some have been observed at the genus level in pH conditions as high as 8.94 and temperatures as high as 97.6°C. All species of
446:. Biomining uses radioactive waste as an ore with the bacteria to obtain gold, platinum, polonium, radon, radium, uranium, neptunium, americium, nickel, manganese, bromine, mercury, and their isotopes.
700:
Moya-Beltrán, Ana; Beard, Simón; Rojas-Villalobos, Camila; Issotta, Francisco; Gallardo, Yasna; Ulloa, Ricardo; Giaveno, Alejandra; Degli
Esposti, Mauro; Johnson, D. Barrie; Quatrini, Raquel (2021).
618:
is a significantly diverse genus, species have adapted to survive in differing environments under varying limitations such as acidity, temperature, and nutrient availability. For example
1723:
1009:
1294:
Li, X., Kappler, U., Jiang, G., & Bond, P. L. (2017). The
Ecology of Acidophilic Microorganisms in the Corroding Concrete Sewer Environment. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, 683.
1377:
Li, Liangzhi; Liu, Zhenghua; Meng, Delong; Liu, Xueduan; Li, Xing; Zhang, Ming; Tao, Jiemeng; Gu, Yabing; Zhong, Shuiping; Yin, Huaqun (2019). Liu, Shuang-Jiang (ed.).
302:. The genus comprises motile, rod-shaped cells that can be isolated from low pH environments including low pH microenvironments on otherwise neutral mineral grains.
1697:
1047:
Williams, K. P.; Kelly, D. P. (2013). "Proposal for a new Class within the
Proteobacteria, the Acidithiobacillia, with the Acidithiobacillales as the type Order".
1736:
1144:"Microorganisms Concerned in the Oxidation of Sulfur in the Soil II. Thiobacillus Thiooxidans, a New Sulfur-oxidizing Organism Isolated from the Soil"
1671:
1710:
1501:
Valdés, Jorge; Pedroso, Inti; Quatrini, Raquel; Dodson, Robert J.; Tettelin, Herve; Blake, Robert; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Holmes, David S. (2008).
550:
are currently an important research focus as they can provide known limiting conditions for the genus, but host microbial communities in which
1379:"Comparative Genomic Analysis Reveals the Distribution, Organization, and Evolution of Metal Resistance Genes in the Genus Acidithiobacillus"
784:
641:
and hydrogen utilization. The diversity in genomic composition allows these same species to inhabit both aerobic and anaerobic environments.
573:
1563:
669:
1571:
263:. A portion of the genes that support the survival of these bacteria in acidic environments are presumed to have been obtained by
1762:
464:”, which deals with all aspects of microbial mediated extraction of metals from minerals or solid wastes and acid mine drainage.
588:, possibly thermophilic, and throughout their evolutionary history further acid resistance genes were obtained from neighboring
600:
spp. has occurred over hundred of millions of years involving events of gene gain and gene loss. Some evidence points to the
172:
52:
1715:
332:, but the situation was resolved by whole-genome alignment studies and both genera have been reclassified to the new class
184:
1193:
Sand, W.; Bock, E. (1987). "Biotest System For Rapid
Evaluation Of Concrete Resistance To Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria".
1014:
Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020).
601:
299:
142:
702:"Genomic evolution of the class Acidithiobacillia: deep-branching Proteobacteria living in extreme acidic conditions"
178:
1790:
1741:
882:"Integrative Genomics Sheds Light on Evolutionary Forces Shaping the Acidithiobacillia Class Acidophilic Lifestyle"
403:
166:
160:
154:
130:
1312:"Genomic adaptations enabling Acidithiobacillus distribution across wide-ranging hot spring temperatures and pHs"
941:"Genomic adaptations enabling Acidithiobacillus distribution across wide-ranging hot spring temperatures and pHs"
148:
832:"Genomic insights into the iron uptake mechanisms of the biomining microorganism Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans"
1795:
264:
136:
559:
can grow under pH and temperature conditions between 0.5 to 6.0, and 5°C to 52°C. They are highly tolerant of
456:, in the leaching of sulfide ores since its discovery in 1950 by Colmer, Temple and Hinkle. The discovery of
539:
1598:
577:
211:". This genus includes ten species of acidophilic microorganisms capable of sulfur and/or iron oxidation:
1636:
1257:
1767:
1658:
1390:
1269:
713:
1005:
766:
1442:
Zhang, Xian; Liu, Xueduan; Li, Liangzhi; Wei, Guanyun; Zhang, Danli; Liang, Yili; Miao, Bo (2019).
880:
González-Rosales, Carolina; Vergara, Eva; Dopson, Mark; Valdés, Jorge H.; Holmes, David S. (2022).
592:. While the trait of sulfur oxidation is ubiquitous among the genus, iron oxidation is specific to
317:
94:
1444:"Phylogeny, Divergent Evolution, and Speciation of Sulfur-Oxidizing Acidithiobacillus Populations"
32:
1359:
988:
859:
790:
663:
535:
476:
461:
453:
431:
244:
47:
1579:
1310:
Sriaporn, Chanenath; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Van
Kranendonk, Martin J.; Handley, Kim M. (2021).
939:
Sriaporn, Chanenath; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Van
Kranendonk, Martin J.; Handley, Kim M. (2021).
1749:
1702:
1645:
1542:
1524:
1483:
1465:
1424:
1406:
1351:
1333:
1173:
1124:
1064:
980:
962:
921:
903:
851:
780:
747:
729:
638:
632:
569:
201:
84:
328:, with considerable debate regarding their position and that they could also fall within the
1754:
1532:
1514:
1503:"Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans metabolism: from genome sequence to industrial applications"
1473:
1455:
1414:
1398:
1341:
1323:
1277:
1163:
1155:
1114:
1056:
1027:
970:
952:
911:
893:
843:
772:
737:
721:
623:
414:
650:
1394:
1273:
717:
576:, but the basis by which they can survive in low pH environments likely evolved through
1537:
1502:
1478:
1443:
1419:
1378:
1346:
1311:
1182:
975:
940:
916:
881:
776:
742:
701:
565:
500:
496:
488:
410:
311:
207:
74:
1168:
1143:
507:
as the usual species present, although it is occasionally absent from such locations.
1784:
1363:
992:
817:
794:
630:
can survive under extremely acidic conditions with pH <1. Metabolic traits of the
399:
377:
295:
240:
1260:(2004). "Microbial influence on metal mobility and application for bioremediation".
863:
1281:
1229:
656:
560:
341:
1016:"List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ"
594:
A. ferrooxidans, A. ferridurans, A. ferriphilus, A. ferrivorans, and A. ferrianus.
1728:
1650:
1684:
1630:
1159:
585:
435:
369:
256:
1328:
957:
725:
1460:
1119:
1086:
898:
847:
589:
547:
282:
243:
and non-spore forming. They also play a significant role in the generation of
1621:
1528:
1469:
1410:
1337:
966:
907:
733:
1519:
831:
626:
of the genus, is adept to survive in extreme temperatures up to 52°C, while
443:
439:
286:
260:
1546:
1487:
1428:
1355:
1295:
1177:
1128:
1068:
1060:
1032:
1015:
984:
925:
855:
751:
1615:
1402:
543:
480:
407:
64:
1676:
1689:
452:
has emerged as an economically significant bacterium in the field of
395:
373:
365:
357:
248:
1592:
534:
spp. are known to inhabit diverse environments such as hot springs,
580:. It is probable that the foundational genes of acid resistance in
765:
Kumar, Pankaj; Jyoti, Bhim; Kumar, Ajay; Paliwal, Arunima (2019),
402:; first isolated from the soil, it has also been observed causing
1049:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1020:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
442:, whereby metals are extracted from their ores through bacterial
361:
1596:
1663:
830:
Quatrini, Raquel; Jedlicki, Eugenia; Holmes, David S. (2005).
572:
They have adapted to living in these environments through
356:) can be isolated from iron-sulfur minerals such as
836:
Journal of
Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
768:
247:; a major global environmental challenge within the
1605:
495:is also commonly abundant upon inner surfaces of
546:, acidic soils, and sulfidic caves. Terrestrial
294:assimilate carbon from carbon dioxide using the
339:Some members of this genus were classified as
345:spp., before they were reclassified in 2000.
223:is the most widely studied of the genus, but
8:
812:International Network for Acid Prevention,
281:are chemolithoautotrophs that can occur as
231:are also significant in research. Like all
1593:
31:
20:
1565:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270
1536:
1518:
1477:
1459:
1418:
1345:
1327:
1167:
1118:
1031:
974:
956:
915:
897:
741:
1296:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00683
1588:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
1080:
1078:
681:
1383:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1305:
1303:
1142:Selman A. Waksman; J.S. Joffe (1922).
1087:"Reclassification of some species of
7:
875:
873:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
777:10.1016/b978-0-12-818307-6.00008-1
608:appearing around the same time as
14:
670:Acidophiles in acid mine drainage
417:in sewage gas into sulfuric acid.
1085:Kelly, D.P.; Wood, A.P. (2000).
143:Acidithiobacillus cuprithermicus
51:
1091:to the newly designated genera
499:in areas exhibiting corrosion;
324:) were formerly members of the
179:Acidithiobacillus sulfuriphilus
1582:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
1282:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.002
771:, Elsevier, pp. 137–158,
473:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
450:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
350:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
312:Pseudomonadota § taxonomy
218:Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.
173:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
41:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
1:
1107:Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol
596:The transition to modern day
505:Acidothiobacillus thiooxidans
384:Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans
368:as energy sources to support
185:Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans
167:Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans
161:Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus
155:Acidithiobacillus ferridurans
131:Acidithiobacillus albertensis
866:– via Oxford Academic.
584:were first inherited from a
460:led to the development of “
1160:10.1128/jb.7.2.239-256.1922
602:most recent common ancestor
434:industry in methods called
300:Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle
149:Acidithiobacillus ferrianus
1812:
1329:10.1186/s40168-021-01090-1
958:10.1186/s40168-021-01090-1
820: Accessed July 2018.
726:10.1038/s41396-021-00995-x
404:biogenic sulfide corrosion
392:Thiobacillus concretivorus
309:
251:industry. Some species of
1461:10.1186/s12864-019-5827-6
1120:10.1099/00207713-50-2-511
899:10.3389/fmicb.2021.822229
886:Frontiers in Microbiology
848:10.1007/s10295-005-0233-2
612:, 800 million years ago.
354:Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
127:
122:
48:Scientific classification
46:
39:
30:
23:
622:which is the only known
574:horizontal gene transfer
388:Thiobacillus thiooxidans
291:Acidithiobacillus caldus
265:horizontal gene transfer
137:Acidithiobacillus caldus
1520:10.1186/1471-2164-9-597
540:abandoned mine drainage
487:may be of interest for
289:, or mesothermophilic.
1729:acidithiobacillus.html
1061:10.1099/ijs.0.049270-0
1033:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332
578:vertical gene transfer
1195:Materials Performance
475:is commonly found in
372:growth and producing
1403:10.1128/AEM.02153-18
360:deposits, oxidising
105:Acidithiobacillaceae
1395:2019ApEnM..85E2153L
1274:2004Geode.122..109G
1006:Acidithiobacillales
718:2021ISMEJ..15.3221M
326:Gammaproteobacteria
318:Acidithiobacillales
95:Acidithiobacillales
1101:Thermithiobacillus
842:(11–12): 606–614.
664:Thermithiobacillus
536:acid mine drainage
501:genetic sequencing
477:acid mine drainage
462:biohydrometallurgy
454:biohydrometallurgy
432:biohydrometallurgy
413:pipes by altering
330:Betaproteobacteria
322:Thermithiobacillus
245:acid mine drainage
199:is a genus of the
1791:Acidithiobacillia
1778:
1777:
1750:Open Tree of Life
1637:Acidithiobacillus
1607:Acidithiobacillus
1599:Taxon identifiers
1093:Acidithiobacillus
1026:(11): 5607–5612.
786:978-0-12-818307-6
712:(11): 3221–3238.
639:nitrogen fixation
633:Acidithiobacillia
616:Acidithiobacillus
606:Acidithiobacillus
598:Acidithiobacillus
582:Acidithiobacillus
557:Acidithiobacillus
552:Acidithiobacillus
532:Acidithiobacillus
516:Acidithiobacillus
493:Acidithiobacillus
428:Acidothiobacillus
334:Acidithiobacillia
279:Acidithiobacillus
273:Acidithiobacillus
253:Acidithiobacillus
237:Acidithiobacillus
202:Acidithiobacillia
196:Acidithiobacillus
192:
191:
116:Acidithiobacillus
85:Acidithiobacillia
25:Acidithiobacillus
16:Genus of bacteria
1803:
1771:
1770:
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1745:
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1732:
1731:
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1706:
1705:
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1522:
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1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1389:(2): e02153–18.
1374:
1368:
1367:
1349:
1331:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1254:
1248:
1245:
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1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1207:. Archived from
1202:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1171:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1097:Halothiobacillus
1082:
1073:
1072:
1055:(Pt 8): 2901–6.
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1003:
997:
996:
978:
960:
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930:
929:
919:
901:
877:
868:
867:
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821:
810:
804:
803:
802:
801:
762:
756:
755:
745:
706:The ISME Journal
697:
624:thermoacidophile
430:are used in the
415:hydrogen sulfide
255:are utilized in
233:"Pseudomonadota"
56:
55:
35:
21:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1796:Bacteria genera
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
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1662:
1657:
1649:
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1614:
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1580:Type strain of
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1371:
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824:
811:
807:
799:
797:
787:
764:
763:
759:
699:
698:
683:
678:
651:Talvivaara mine
647:
628:A. ferrooxidans
566:electron donors
529:
513:
485:A. ferrooxidans
466:A. ferrooxidans
458:A. ferrooxidans
426:Species within
424:
314:
308:
298:variant of the
276:
205:in the phylum "
182:
176:
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
140:
134:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1559:
1558:External links
1556:
1553:
1552:
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1434:
1369:
1299:
1287:
1268:(2): 109–119.
1249:
1240:
1230:RU RU2563511C2
1221:
1185:
1154:(2): 239–256.
1134:
1099:gen. nov. and
1074:
1039:
998:
931:
869:
822:
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757:
680:
679:
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674:
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528:
525:
521:A. albertensis
512:
509:
489:bioremediation
423:
420:
419:
418:
381:
310:Main article:
307:
304:
275:
269:
229:A. thiooxidans
221:A. ferooxidans
214:sulfuriphilus,
208:Pseudomonadota
190:
189:
125:
124:
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
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75:Pseudomonadota
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1211:on 2011-05-20
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241:Gram-negative
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26:
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19:
1606:
1585:
1581:
1573:Thiobacillus
1572:
1564:
1510:
1507:BMC Genomics
1506:
1496:
1451:
1448:BMC Genomics
1447:
1437:
1386:
1382:
1372:
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1315:
1290:
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1243:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1198:
1194:
1188:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1113:(2): 511–6.
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:Thiobacillus
1088:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1023:
1019:
1001:
948:
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934:
889:
885:
839:
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798:, retrieved
767:
760:
709:
705:
662:
657:Thiobacillus
655:
631:
627:
619:
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614:
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561:heavy metals
556:
551:
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457:
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353:
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342:Thiobacillus
340:
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290:
278:
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104:
40:
24:
18:
1685:iNaturalist
1631:Wikispecies
1567:Genome Page
1258:Gadd, G. M.
1247:Torma, 1980
1201:(3): 14–17.
1148:J Bacteriol
1095:gen. nov.,
590:acidophiles
586:neutrophile
548:hot springs
503:identifies
491:processes.
436:bioleaching
422:Bioleaching
394:) oxidises
370:autotrophic
283:acidophilic
257:bioleaching
1785:Categories
1513:(1): 597.
1454:(1): 438.
1322:(1): 135.
1316:Microbiome
1215:2008-02-13
951:(1): 135.
945:Microbiome
892:: 822229.
814:GARD Guide
800:2023-04-23
676:References
620:A. caldus,
570:acceptors.
511:Morphology
316:The order
287:mesophilic
1529:1471-2164
1470:1471-2164
1411:0099-2240
1364:256332390
1338:2049-2618
1103:gen. nov"
993:256332390
967:2049-2618
908:1664-302X
818:Chapter 2
795:199107288
734:1751-7362
610:A. caldus
527:Evolution
479:and mine
444:oxidation
440:biomining
386:(basonym
376:iron and
352:(basonym
306:Phylogeny
261:biomining
239:spp. are
225:A. caldus
1616:Wikidata
1547:19077236
1488:31146680
1429:30389769
1356:34116726
1262:Geoderma
1178:16558952
1129:10758854
1069:23334881
985:34116726
926:35242113
864:35943141
856:15895264
752:34007059
645:See also
481:tailings
408:concrete
123:Species
101:Family:
71:Phylum:
65:Bacteria
61:Domain:
1703:1042148
1677:3222916
1622:Q142671
1538:2621215
1479:6543593
1420:6328783
1391:Bibcode
1347:8196465
1270:Bibcode
976:8196465
917:8886135
743:8528912
714:Bibcode
111:Genus:
91:Order:
81:Class:
1768:570914
1755:950845
1742:119977
1716:956608
1690:553397
1584:at Bac
1545:
1535:
1527:
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973:
965:
924:
914:
906:
862:
854:
793:
783:
750:
740:
732:
497:sewers
396:sulfur
374:ferric
366:sulfur
358:pyrite
320:(i.e.
271:Genus
249:mining
1763:WoRMS
1698:IRMNG
1664:97352
1360:S2CID
1205:"CSA"
989:S2CID
860:S2CID
791:S2CID
542:) or
411:sewer
1737:NCBI
1724:LPSN
1711:ITIS
1672:GBIF
1586:Dive
1543:PMID
1525:ISSN
1484:PMID
1466:ISSN
1425:PMID
1407:ISSN
1352:PMID
1334:ISSN
1174:PMID
1125:PMID
1065:PMID
1010:LPSN
981:PMID
963:ISSN
922:PMID
904:ISSN
852:PMID
781:ISBN
748:PMID
730:ISSN
438:and
364:and
362:iron
259:and
227:and
216:and
1659:EoL
1651:MWS
1646:CoL
1575:sp.
1533:PMC
1515:doi
1474:PMC
1456:doi
1415:PMC
1399:doi
1342:PMC
1324:doi
1278:doi
1266:122
1164:PMC
1156:doi
1115:doi
1057:doi
1028:doi
1008:in
971:PMC
953:doi
912:PMC
894:doi
844:doi
773:doi
738:PMC
722:doi
604:of
568:or
406:of
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