44:
31:
345:
from being used as a food additive and as a medicinal as a result of lab studies that involved supplementing the diets of lab animals over a prolonged period of time with massive doses of isolated chemicals (β-asarone) from the Indian Jammu strain of
353:. The plant was labeled procarcinogenic. Wichtl says "It is not clear whether the observed carcinogenic effects in rats are relevant to the human organism." However, most sources advise caution in ingesting strains other than the diploid strain.
379:. The information on these two pages came from anecdotal reports from two individuals (a husband and wife) who reported that they had ingested calamus on a few occasions. None of the components in calamus are converted to
200:
that arise directly from the rhizomes and sheath into each other at the base. Additionally the blades have 2-6 raised veins, and a swollen center when viewed in cross section. The foliage has a
364:
diploid strain does not contain the procarcinogenic β-asarone. Research has consistently demonstrated that "β-asarone was not detectable in the North
American spontaneous diploid
1365:
1040:
1089:
1350:
831:
Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya RR, Handa SS, Srimal RC (May 2002). "Protective effect of acorus calamus against acrylamide induced neurotoxicity".
397:
Calamus shows neuroprotective effect against stroke and chemically induced neurodegeneration in rats. Specifically, it has a protective effect against
988:
1273:
1247:
1053:
1001:
1115:
556:
313:
of Europe and Asia is a sterile triploid species, that only spreads asexually. Diploid plants in northern Asia may be representatives of
877:
330:
1225:
1260:
1027:
394:, it has been reported that "the root {was} chewed for the hallucinogenic effects," so perhaps more investigation is needed.
1278:
1058:
572:
Marongiu, B.; Piras, A.; Porcedda, S.; Scorciapino, A. (2005). "Chemical
Composition of the Essential Oil and Supercritical
760:
163:
936:
455:
383:(trimethoxyamphetamine) in the human organism. To date there is no solid evidence of any hallucinogenic substances in
742:
1360:
1299:
1128:
1094:
469:
451:
1304:
1355:
1345:
43:
1133:
790:"Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischaemia in rat"
980:
437:
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889:
941:
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1252:
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380:
147:
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1312:
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819:
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38:
1166:
1120:
220:(a thickened, fleshy axis) and the fertilized flowers produce berries with a jelly inside. This
1045:
629:"Biosystematic investigations with Acorus L., 3. Communication - constituents of essential oil"
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30:
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189:
94:
860:
823:
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549:
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1317:
1239:
1179:
421:
372:
256:
251:, which in turn was derived from 'coreon', meaning 'pupil', because it was used in
232:
954:
1210:
1219:
1156:
1076:
1014:
921:
248:
667:
1068:
806:
789:
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398:
225:
912:
652:
309:. It differs only in being a fertile diploid (2n = 24)], whereas most of the
962:
260:
252:
852:
815:
644:
613:
1146:
666:
Phongpaichit, S.; Pujenjob, N.; Rukachaisirikul, V.; Ongsakul, M. (2005).
628:
1204:
1141:
906:
788:
Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC (April 2006).
696:
Radušienė, J.; Judžentienė, A.; Pečiulytė, D.; Janulis, V. (April 2007).
521:
504:
450:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
993:
318:
228:
182:
1019:
605:
375:
is based on two pages of a book written by Hoffer and Osmund entitled
275:
213:
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124:
114:
104:
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221:
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185:
55:
1032:
391:
279:
209:
197:
887:
371:
It is believed by some that calamus is a hallucinogen. This
270:" simply indicates that this is an American species of this
668:"Antimicrobial activities of the crude methanol extract of
483:
Weisburger, E.K. (1979). "Natural carcinogenic products".
247:" is derived from the Greek word 'acoron', a name used by
706:
Plant
Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization
390:
However, for Native
Americans, specifically the Alberta
360:
in parts of the
Himalayas, Mongolia, and C Siberia, the
698:"Essential oil composition and antimicrobial assay of
196:. This perennial plant has bright green blade-shaped
1190:
896:
436:Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
341:In 1968 the Food and Drug Administration banned
516:
514:
775:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
737:
735:
212:. It is a flowering plant with inconspicuous
8:
470:"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"
447:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1366:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
749:. Archived from the original on 2012-05-07.
551:(3rd ed.). Medpharm: Scientific Publ.
274:, differentiating it from the very similar
884:
880:Information about the plant and a picture.
29:
20:
805:
317:. Also as a diploid it does not produce
702:leaves from different wild populations"
414:
16:American sweet flag, a species of plant
752:
485:Environmental Science & Technology
472:. U.S. Food & Drug Administration.
7:
1351:Flora of the Northern United States
600:(20). ACS Publications: 7939–7943.
329:This plant was used extensively by
208:quality, and can be used to flavor
1305:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60458986-2
14:
491:(3). ACS Publications: 278–281.
42:
1134:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:84002-1
216:that are arranged on a lateral
1226:Acorus calamus var. americanus
679:Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol
627:Rost, L.C.M.; Bos, R. (1979).
1:
333:and early European settlers.
356:Like the diploid strains of
522:"sweet flag / bitterroot –
456:Harvard University Herbaria
422:NRCS: USDA Plants Profile:
299:was formerly classified as
1382:
743:"Calamus (Acorus calamus)"
807:10.1191/0960327106ht613oa
759:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
718:10.1017/S1479262107390928
547:Wichtl, Max, ed. (2004).
452:Missouri Botanical Garden
153:
146:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
534:Jim McDonald ~Herbalist~
224:is protected as a state
747:A1B2C3 Drug Information
188:native to the northern
645:10.1055/s-0028-1097281
454:, St. Louis, MO &
685:(Suppl. 2): 517–523.
588:(Nees) Engl. and of
24:American sweet flag
594:J. Agric. Food Chem
505:10.1021/es60151a002
497:1979EnST...13..278W
266:The species name, "
255:as a treatment for
179:American sweet flag
528:A. americanus
139:A. americanus
1361:Flora of Virginia
1328:
1327:
1103:Open Tree of Life
928:Acorus americanus
898:Acorus americanus
890:Taxon identifiers
606:10.1021/jf051100x
586:Commiphora myrrha
558:978-3-8047-5027-2
440:Acorus americanus
424:Acorus americanus
377:The Hallucinogens
362:Acorus americanus
297:Acorus americanus
181:, is an emergent
174:Acorus americanus
170:
169:
157:Acorus americanus
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33:
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794:Hum Exp Toxicol
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1180:wfo-0000349983
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878:Rook.com entry
873:
872:External links
870:
867:
866:
780:
766:
731:
700:Acorus calamus
688:
670:Acorus calamus
658:
639:(4): 350–361.
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590:Acorus calamus
578:
564:
557:
539:
524:Acorus calamus
510:
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385:Acorus calamus
358:Acorus calamus
343:Acorus calamus
338:
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302:Acorus calamus
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285:Acorus calamus
240:
237:
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839:(3): 256–60.
838:
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800:(4): 187–94.
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315:A. americanus
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190:United States
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148:Binomial name
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69:Tracheophytes
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32:
27:
22:
19:
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769:
746:
712:(1): 37–44.
709:
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373:urban legend
370:
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296:
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278:and western
267:
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257:inflammation
244:
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233:Pennsylvania
204:-like spicy
178:
173:
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156:
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138:
137:
125:
88:
75:
62:
18:
1220:Wikispecies
1077:NatureServe
1015:iNaturalist
922:Wikispecies
584:Extract of
249:Dioscorides
82:Angiosperms
1335:Categories
1287:Plant List
1266:60458988-2
1196:americanus
1164:WisFlora:
409:References
399:acrylamide
311:A. calamus
307:americanus
268:americanus
243:The name "
226:endangered
1211:Q21378521
981:222000002
653:0032-0943
337:Chemistry
319:β-asarone
239:Etymology
133:Species:
115:Acoraceae
52:Kingdom:
1341:Acorales
1292:kew-2305
1205:Wikidata
1154:VASCAN:
1142:Tropicos
1082:2.129040
1046:10251141
907:Wikidata
861:25511486
853:12164272
824:22682932
816:16696294
755:cite web
726:86085313
614:16190653
401:induced
292:Taxonomy
282:species
276:European
206:aromatic
111:Family:
105:Acorales
95:Monocots
1147:2100001
1033:84002-1
994:2873771
913:Q342167
493:Bibcode
351:calamus
259:of the
229:species
214:flowers
183:wetland
121:Genus:
101:Order:
56:Plantae
1279:531975
1253:418735
1116:PLANTS
1108:889466
1095:263995
1059:182561
1020:157984
1007:418734
942:411352
859:
851:
822:
814:
724:
651:
612:
555:
366:Acorus
348:Acorus
245:Acorus
218:spadix
202:citrus
198:leaves
194:Canada
177:, the
126:Acorus
1240:7KXG7
1041:IRMNG
968:ACSAM
857:S2CID
820:S2CID
722:S2CID
675:(PDF)
672:Linn"
592:L.".
305:var.
280:Asian
272:genus
222:plant
186:plant
89:Clade
76:Clade
63:Clade
1300:POWO
1274:ITIS
1261:IPNI
1248:GRIN
1194:var.
1167:2432
1157:2432
1129:POWO
1121:ACAM
1090:NCBI
1054:ITIS
1028:IPNI
1002:GRIN
989:GBIF
963:EPPO
955:9HG7
937:BOLD
849:PMID
812:PMID
761:link
649:ISSN
610:PMID
553:ISBN
392:Cree
325:Uses
210:beer
192:and
164:Raf.
1313:WFO
1235:CoL
1175:WFO
976:FNA
950:CoL
841:doi
802:doi
714:doi
641:doi
602:doi
501:doi
387:.
381:TMA
368:".
261:eye
231:in
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978::
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855:.
847:.
837:16
835:.
818:.
810:.
798:25
796:.
792:.
757:}}
753:{{
745:.
734:^
720:.
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704:.
683:27
681:.
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647:.
637:36
635:.
631:.
608:.
598:53
596:.
574:CO
532:.
526:,
513:^
499:.
489:13
487:.
444:.
405:.
321:.
288:.
263:.
235:.
91::
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843::
828:;
826:.
804::
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763:)
728:.
716::
710:5
655:.
643::
616:.
604::
579:2
561:.
536:.
530:"
507:.
503::
495::
442:"
438:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
