586:
609:
621:
1791:
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672:
493:
708:
40:
720:
696:
477:
52:
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578:
and turtles long before the plastron. In these primitive ancestors, the acromion projected forward to form a strong and flexible articulation between the shoulder girdle and the clavicle. Notwithstanding these changes, the acromion of turtles retains its original function, to support the shoulder
550:
structure, the scapula is a dorsal (directed upwards) process attached to the first rib; the coracoid is a posteroventral (directed backward and down) process; and the acromion is a medioventral (directed inwards and down) process (also known as the prescapular process) located at the base of the
383:
called (from tip to base) pre-acromion, meso-acromion, meta-acromion, and basi-acromion. In most cases, the first three fuse at 15–18 years, whereas the base part fuses to the scapular spine at 12 years. However, in between 1% and 15% of cases, this osseous union fails and the acromion remains
1811:
392:, but rarely causes pain. Earlier estimates of its prevalence were as low as 1.4%, and this higher estimate was made by Sammarco in the year 2000, based on radiographic and anatomical studies.
585:
719:
827:"Scapula revisited: new features identified and denoted by terms using consensus method of Delphi and taxonomy panel to be implemented in radiologic and surgical practice"
476:
1259:
125:
608:
671:
492:
707:
620:
1126:
695:
101:
659:
632:
683:
647:
1166:
1020:
448:
may occasionally produce symptoms from subacromial impingement or instability at the site of non-union. In people with symptoms of
1497:
1252:
213:
process, flattened from behind forward, projecting at first lateralward, and then curving forward and upward, so as to overhang the
1501:
1529:
1399:
1302:
120:
1781:
874:"Uncoverage" of the Humeral Head by the Anterolateral Acromion and Its Relationship to Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears"
1609:
1436:
1403:
1245:
415:
A non-union between the pre- and meso-acromia; between the pre- and meso-acromia; and between the meta- and basi-acromia
1816:
1511:
1204:
Warner, Jon J.P.; Beim, Gloria M.; Higgins, Laurence (September 1998). "The
Treatment of Symptomatic Os Acromiale".
941:
1515:
1478:
1432:
1423:
1573:
1395:
1483:
1136:
Lee, Michael S. Y. (January 22, 1996). "The
Homologies and Early Evolution of the Shoulder Girdle in Turtles".
132:
84:
468:
194:
1790:
277:
There are three morphologically distinct types of acromia and a correlation between these morphologies and
1759:
1731:
1721:
1696:
1601:
1577:
1010:
Kurtz CA, Humble BJ, Rodosky MW, Sekiya JK. Symptomatic os acromiale. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2006; 14:12-9.
457:
108:
96:
551:
scapula. This had led to some controversy regarding the evolutionary origin of turtles, because in both
1736:
1726:
1716:
1624:
1370:
1366:
826:
746:
1019:
Arend CF. Ultrasound of the
Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Chapter on os acromiale available at
725:
The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula. Anterior view.
1581:
1351:
1337:
1333:
1056:
1488:
1347:
380:
265:, and presents about its center a small oval surface for articulation with the acromial end of the
238:
1754:
1472:
1153:
1088:
969:
854:
453:
441:) pulled at the acromion so much that it prevented bony fusion of the acromion with the scapula.
261:. Its medial border, shorter than the lateral, is concave, gives attachment to a portion of the
254:
182:
412:
A non-union between the pre- and meso-acromia; and between the meso- and meta-acromia, atypical
1566:
1329:
1307:
1221:
1122:
1080:
1072:
961:
893:
846:
811:
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751:
278:
170:
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1708:
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838:
780:
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39:
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1812:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
1666:
1617:
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1292:
1280:
592:
535:
217:. It starts from the base of acromion which marks its projecting point emerging from the
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1044:
1795:
1681:
1562:
1297:
638:
385:
258:
234:
51:
1805:
1686:
1671:
1656:
1553:
1467:
1357:
1217:
957:
858:
742:
435:
214:
1157:
973:
1746:
1648:
1613:
1525:
1182:
1092:
547:
438:
89:
1691:
1661:
873:
17:
977:
889:
842:
575:
552:
521:
354:
333:
1076:
897:
792:
113:
1605:
768:
571:
556:
423:
420:
262:
210:
1149:
1084:
965:
850:
784:
403:
A non-union between the meso- and meta-acromia, the most common or typical
312:
1225:
1068:
1284:
567:
539:
517:
266:
206:
190:
230:
1544:
1414:
1317:
543:
483:
431:
427:
174:
253:
Its lateral border is thick and irregular, and presents three or four
138:
563:
531:
229:
Its superior surface, directed upward, backward, and lateralward, is
1237:
773:
Journal of the
American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific ed.)
525:
72:
434:(which needs a pull three times as strong as the modern standard
1639:
1592:
1268:
534:
have an acromion that forms the anterior part of the triradiate
56:
Skeleton, posterior view. Acromion of each scapula shown in red.
1241:
1272:
513:
1117:
Habermeyer, Peter; Magosch, Petra; Lichtenberg, Sven (2006).
942:"Os acromiale: frequency, anatomy, and clinical implications"
444:
Although historically regarded as an incidental finding, the
998:
915:
689:
Left scapula. Anterior view. Acromion labeled at top right.
653:
Left scapula. Posterior view. Acromion labeled at top left.
566:, the acromion projects ventrally and articulates with the
872:
Baechler, Martin
Frederick; Kim, David H. (October 2006).
559:
the acromion is located at the dorsal tip of the scapula.
486:. Posterior side. Acromion visible at upper left, in blue.
419:
This feature was common in skeletons recovered from the
189:, and hooks over anteriorly. It articulates with the
1779:
233:, rough, and gives attachment to some fibers of the
44:
Left scapula, posterior view. Acromion shown in red.
1745:
1707:
1647:
1638:
1591:
1552:
1543:
1413:
1316:
1279:
119:
107:
95:
83:
71:
66:
61:
32:
498:Radiograph of the shoulder showing an os acromiale
927:
524:) is particularly elongated compared to that of
1045:"The evolutionary position of turtles revised"
677:Left scapula. Posterior view. Acromion is "10"
430:practice from childhood on with the mediaeval
1253:
595:. (1) Acromion, (2) scapula, and (3) coracoid
409:A non-union between the pre- and meso-acromia
8:
1031:
911:
909:
907:
806:
804:
802:
701:Left scapula. Anterior view. Acromion is "2"
27:Bony process on the scapula (shoulder blade)
1167:"The Origin and Early Evolution of Turtles"
1165:Rieppel, Olivier; Reisz, Robert R. (1999).
1043:Zardoya, Rafael; Meyer, Axel (2001-05-01).
713:Left scapula. Lateral view. Acromion is "4"
570:(the flat lower part of the shell), but it
1644:
1549:
1260:
1246:
1238:
1119:Classifications and Scores of the Shoulder
999:Habermeyer, Magosch & Lichtenberg 2006
916:Habermeyer, Magosch & Lichtenberg 2006
825:Al-Redouan, Azzat; Kachlik, David (2022).
50:
38:
460:in the area during shoulder movement, or
209:, and is a large, somewhat triangular or
185:. The acromion is a continuation of the
1171:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
426:: it is thought that in those men, much
283:
1786:
760:
604:
581:
472:
741:This article incorporates text in the
241:. Its inferior surface is smooth and
136:
29:
1206:The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
205:The acromion forms the summit of the
7:
614:Left scapula. Acromion shown in red.
177:(shoulder blade). Together with the
1105:
579:girdle and increase stride length.
388:. This condition is referred to as
237:, and in the rest of its extent is
162:
769:"Pharmacology in Medicine. 2nd ed"
25:
626:Animation. Acromion shown in red.
462:graded compression with the probe
257:for the tendinous origins of the
1789:
1218:10.2106/00004623-199809000-00011
958:10.2106/00004623-200003000-00010
735:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
631:
619:
607:
584:
491:
475:
353:
332:
311:
181:, it extends laterally over the
928:Warner, Beim & Higgins 1998
546:). In this highly specialized
1183:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.1
1:
482:Plan of ossification of the
940:Sammarco, VJ (March 2000).
749:of the 20th edition of
1838:
890:10.7205/milmed.171.10.1035
779:(11): 838. November 1958.
665:Left scapula.Lateral view.
466:
193:(collar bone) to form the
843:10.1016/j.jse.2021.07.020
591:The shoulder girdle of a
131:
49:
37:
1121:. Heidelberg: Springer.
1032:Rieppel & Reisz 1999
133:Anatomical terms of bone
469:Ossification of scapula
195:acromioclavicular joint
1150:10.1098/rspb.1996.0018
785:10.1002/jps.3030471148
399:can be distinguished:
379:The acromion has four
149:In human anatomy, the
1138:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
1069:10.1007/s001140100228
831:J Shoulder Elbow Surg
1508:supracondylar ridges
946:J Bone Joint Surg Am
381:ossification centers
1061:2001NW.....88..193Z
1049:Naturwissenschaften
538:(together with the
1817:Vertebrate anatomy
1473:deltoid tuberosity
555:and non-mammalian
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1634:
1633:
1582:Lister's tubercle
1308:subclavian groove
1303:costal tuberosity
1144:(1366): 111–117.
1128:978-3-540-24350-2
884:(10): 1035–1038.
878:Military Medicine
815:1918, see infobox
601:Additional images
574:independently in
370:
369:
279:rotator cuff tear
147:
146:
142:
16:(Redirected from
1829:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1709:Metacarpal bones
1645:
1610:coronoid process
1550:
1457:bicipital groove
1387:coracoid process
1377:spine of scapula
1262:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1229:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1185:. Archived from
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1132:
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1040:
1034:
1029:
1023:
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989:
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976:. Archived from
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919:
913:
902:
901:
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797:
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510:acromion process
504:In other animals
495:
479:
463:
456:sometimes shows
357:
336:
315:
284:
219:spine of scapula
179:coracoid process
164:
139:edit on Wikidata
54:
42:
30:
21:
18:Acromion process
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1769:
1741:
1703:
1630:
1625:styloid process
1618:trochlear notch
1587:
1578:styloid process
1539:
1479:lower extremity
1424:upper extremity
1409:
1312:
1293:conoid tubercle
1281:Shoulder girdle
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596:
593:snapping turtle
589:
536:pectoral girdle
506:
499:
496:
487:
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471:
461:
384:separate as an
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28:
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1389:
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1352:great scapular
1341:
1338:infraspinatous
1334:supraspinatous
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
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1305:
1300:
1298:trapezoid line
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1234:External links
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1111:
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1098:
1055:(5): 193–200.
1035:
1024:
1021:ShoulderUS.com
1012:
1003:
991:
952:(3): 394–400.
932:
930:, Introduction
920:
918:, pp. 1–3
903:
864:
837:(2): e68–e81.
817:
812:Gray's Anatomy
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752:Gray's Anatomy
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1760:intermediate
1649:Carpal bones
1623:near wrist (
1614:radial notch
1600:near elbow (
1572:near wrist (
1561:near elbow (
1521:
1507:
1493:
1477:
1461:
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1391:
1381:
1371:supraglenoid
1367:infraglenoid
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1194:. Retrieved
1187:the original
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1170:
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982:. Retrieved
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561:
548:endoskeletal
530:
509:
507:
450:os acromiale
449:
446:os acromiale
445:
443:
418:
405:os acromiale
404:
397:os acromiale
396:
394:
390:os acromiale
389:
378:
374:Os acromiale
373:
276:
252:
239:subcutaneous
228:
204:
169:) is a bony
166:
158:
154:
150:
148:
102:A02.4.01.009
77:
1574:ulnar notch
1494:epicondyles
1330:subscapular
1001:, p. 4
576:pareiasaurs
553:pareiasaurs
67:Identifiers
1806:Categories
1667:triquetral
1602:tuberosity
1567:tuberosity
1433:anatomical
1196:2020-06-08
1108:, Abstract
562:In modern
557:therapsids
522:Chiroptera
467:See also:
454:ultrasound
452:, dynamic
303:cuff tear
293:Prevalence
290:Appearance
235:deltoideus
1747:Phalanges
1682:trapezoid
1677:trapezium
1606:olecranon
1534:olecranon
1484:capitulum
1443:tubercles
1363:tubercles
1077:0028-1042
898:0026-4075
859:237348158
793:0095-9553
424:shipwreck
421:Mary Rose
273:Variation
263:trapezius
255:tubercles
201:Structure
1755:proximal
1687:capitate
1672:pisiform
1657:scaphoid
1530:coronoid
1489:trochlea
1437:surgical
1400:inferior
1396:superior
1382:acromion
1285:clavicle
1177:: 1–22.
1158:84529868
1106:Lee 1996
1085:11482432
984:March 2,
974:25541990
966:10724231
851:34454038
747:page 203
568:plastron
540:coracoid
518:Mammalia
296:Angle of
267:clavicle
225:Surfaces
207:shoulder
191:clavicle
151:acromion
78:acromion
33:Acromion
1822:Scapula
1796:Anatomy
1697:hamulus
1545:Forearm
1512:lateral
1498:lateral
1447:greater
1415:Humerus
1404:lateral
1344:notches
1318:Scapula
1271:of the
1226:9759817
1093:7836810
1057:Bibcode
572:evolved
564:turtles
544:scapula
532:Turtles
484:scapula
436:Olympic
432:war bow
428:archery
301:Rotator
259:deltoid
249:Borders
243:concave
175:scapula
173:on the
171:process
167:acromia
90:D000174
62:Details
1782:Portal
1765:distal
1692:hamate
1662:lunate
1554:Radius
1526:radial
1522:fossae
1516:medial
1502:medial
1451:lesser
1392:angles
1326:fossae
1224:
1156:
1125:
1091:
1083:
1075:
972:
964:
896:
857:
849:
791:
755:(1918)
526:humans
366:69.8%
350:Hooked
345:24.2%
329:Curved
231:convex
211:oblong
1429:necks
1269:Bones
1190:(PDF)
1154:S2CID
1089:S2CID
970:S2CID
855:S2CID
745:from
731:Notes
363:26.98
360:39.3%
342:29.98
339:42.9%
324:3.0%
321:13.18
318:17.1%
155:akros
137:[
126:23260
73:Latin
1640:Hand
1593:Ulna
1563:head
1463:body
1222:PMID
1123:ISBN
1081:PMID
1073:ISSN
986:2013
962:PMID
894:ISSN
847:PMID
789:ISSN
542:and
514:bats
508:The
308:Flat
287:Type
221:.
159:ōmos
114:1152
97:TA98
85:MeSH
1737:5th
1732:4th
1727:3rd
1722:2nd
1717:1st
1273:arm
1214:doi
1179:doi
1146:doi
1142:263
1065:doi
954:doi
886:doi
882:171
839:doi
781:doi
512:of
439:bow
163:pl.
121:FMA
109:TA2
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1612:,
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