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largely non-existent there by the 1890s. In contrast, the North Island population was able to breed more successfully and large portions of the North Island are now populated. However, in the southern reaches of the North Island, the cooler summer temperatures, like those of the South Island, have prevented the establishment of large myna populations. Since the 1950s, mynas have spread northwards and presently inhabit beyond the
Waikato region, leading to a majority of its successful population thriving upon lower latitude regions due to the warmer climate. At present, mynas have become especially common in regions of lower latitude, particularly the Northland region, but rarely found south of Whanganui.
1577:
950:
1231:
1629:
1592:
962:
1722:
1680:
260:
1614:
120:
1741:
1707:
1653:
1091:
1665:
1487:
53:
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939:
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1474:, which has been classed as a Weed of National Significance because of its invasiveness. Common mynas are regularly observed to usurp nests and hollows, destroy the eggs and kill the young of native bird species, including seabirds and parrots. There is evidence that common mynas have killed small land mammals such as mice, squirrels and possums, but further research on these occurrences is under consideration.
1242:
95:
860:
1310:. Self-sustaining populations have been found in regions with a mean monthly highest temperature no less than 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) and a mean monthly lowest temperature no less than −0.4 °C (31.3 °F), implying that the common myna could spread from Sydney northwards along the eastern coast to Cairns, and westwards along the southern coast to
1416:
simultaneously; a temporary summer roost close to a breeding site (where the entire local male community sleeps during the summer, the period of highest aggression), and a permanent all-year roost where the female broods and incubates overnight. Both male and female common mynas will fiercely protect
1465:
Common mynas can cause considerable damage to ripening fruit, particularly grapes, but also figs, apples, pears, strawberries, blueberries, guava, mangoes and breadfruit. Cereal crops such as maize, wheat and rice are susceptible where they occur near urban areas. Roosting and nesting commensal with
1359:
in South Africa. Dispersal-relevant traits are significantly correlated with distance from the range core, with strong sexual dimorphism, indicative of sex-biased dispersal. Morphological variations are significant in wing and head traits of females, suggesting females as the primary dispersing sex.
1351:
In South Africa where it escaped into the wild in 1902, it has become very common and its distribution is greater where human populations are greater or where there is more human disturbance. The bird is also notorious for being a pest, kicking other birds out of their nests and killing their young
1130:
and other birds. The roost population can range from less than one hundred to thousands. The time of arrival of mynas at the roost starts before and ends just after sunset. The mynas depart before sunrise. The time and timespan of arrival and departure, time taken for final settlement at the roost,
3483:
No introduced species in Hawaii has elicited so much opinion as the Common Myna, perhaps in part due to its intelligence and amusing anthropomorphic qualities. Although they were thought to be of "great value to the aviculturist" in Hawaii for controlling pests (Bryan 1937b), it was also generally
568:
includes croaks, squawks, chirps, clicks, whistles and 'growls', and the bird often fluffs its feathers and bobs its head in singing. The common myna screeches warnings to its mate or other birds in cases of predators in proximity or when it is about to take off flying. Common mynas are popular as
551:
The common myna is readily identified by the brown body, black hooded head and the bare yellow patch behind the eye. The bill and legs are bright yellow. There is a white patch on the outer primaries and the wing lining on the underside is white. The sexes are similar and birds are usually seen in
3484:
vilified for its noisy habits, "quarrelsome" and opportunistic nature, disturbance to domestic pigeons, fruit-eating and nest-robbing habits, and the possibility of its adversely affecting native bird populations (e.g., Finsch 1880; Wilson 1890a; Rothschild 1900; Perkins 1901, in
Evenhuis 2007:75)
1024:
The common myna uses the nests of woodpeckers, parakeets, etc. and easily takes to nest boxes; it has been recorded evicting the chicks of previously nesting pairs by holding them in the beak and later sometimes not even using the emptied nest boxes. This aggressive behaviour contributes to its
1342:
The common myna was introduced to both the North Island and South Island of New
Zealand in the 1870s. However, the cooler summer temperatures in the South Island appear to have impeded the breeding success rate of the southern populations, preventing the proliferation of the species, which was
1396:
The common myna is a hollow-nesting species; that is, it nests and breeds in protected hollows found either naturally in trees or artificially on buildings (for example, recessed windowsills or low eaves). Compared to native hollow-nesting species, the common myna is extremely aggressive, and
1020:
During the breeding season, the daytime activity-time budget of the common myna in Pune in April to June 1978 has been recorded to comprise the following: nesting activity (42%), scanning the environment (28%), locomotion (12%), feeding (4%), vocalisation (7%) and preening-related activities,
893:, for instance, 110 common mynas were released between 1968 and 1971. By 1991, common myna population density in Canberra averaged 15 birds per square kilometer. Only three years later, a second study found an average population density of 75 birds per square kilometer in the same area.
1517:
The common myna, being a major agricultural pest and posing a threat to native species in non-native countries, is controlled by various factors. Mynas are either killed or chased away as control. Poison, shooting, cage traps, and bird-scaring devices are currently used for control.
1221:
The common myna is regarded as a pest in South Africa, North
America, the Middle East, Australia, New Zealand and many Pacific islands. It is particularly problematic in Australia. Several methods have been tried to control the bird's numbers and protect native species.
1691:
3496:
Berthouly-Salazar, C.; Cassey, P.; van Vuuren, B.J.; van
Rensburg, B.J.; Hui, C.; le Roux, J.J. (2012). "Development and characterization of 13 new, and cross amplification of 3, polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci in the Common myna
1404:
This aggressiveness has enabled the common myna to displace many breeding pairs of native hollow-nesters, thereby reducing their reproductive success. In
Australia, their aggressiveness has enabled them to chase native birds as large as
1352:
due to the myna's strong territorial instinct. In South Africa it is considered somewhat of a major pest and disturbance of the natural habitat; as a result, it has been declared an invasive species, requiring it to be controlled.
1360:
In contrast, traits not related to dispersal such as those associated with foraging show no signs of spatial sorting but are significantly affected by environmental variables such as vegetation and intensity of urbanisation.
973:
Common mynas are believed to pair for life. They breed through much of the year depending on the location, building their nest in a hole in a tree or wall. They breed at elevations of 0–3,000 m (0–9,843 ft) in the
3081:
Grarock et al (2013) Are invasive species drivers of native species decline or passengers of habitat modification? A case study of the impact of the common myna (Acridotheres tristis) on
Australian bird species. Austral
1264:. In a 2008 popular vote, the bird was named "The Most Important Pest/Problem" in Australia. They have earned the nickname "flying rats", due to their numbers and their scavenging behaviour. They are also known as "the
1141:
Communal displays (pre-roosting and post-roosting) consist of aerial maneuvers which are exhibited in the pre-breeding season (November to March). It is assumed that this behaviour is related to pair formation.
3197:
1028:
There is also some evidence that shows that in introduced environments, the species chooses to nest in more modified and artificial structures than in natural tree cavities when compared to native species.
1079:. It walks on the ground with occasional hops and is an opportunistic feeder on the insects disturbed by grazing cattle as well as fired grass fields. They prey on eggs and young of other birds, such as
904:
of India, the common myna is pre-adapted to habitats with tall vertical structures and little to no vegetative ground cover, features characteristic of city streets and urban nature preserves.
1462:. It also has been recorded as the fourth-ranking avian pest in the fruit industry by a 2004 survey of the Hawaiian Farm Bureau and the sixth in number of complaints of avian pests overall.
3841:"Eradication and control programmes for invasive mynas (Acridotheres spp.) and bulbuls (Pycnonotus spp.): defining best practice in managing invasive bird populations on oceanic islands"
3380:
1017:
on this species. Nesting material used by common mynas includes twigs, roots, tow and rubbish. Common mynas have been known to use tissue paper, tin foil and sloughed off snake-skin.
1061:, small mammals, seeds, grain, fruits, flower nectar and petals, and discarded waste from human habitation. It forages on the ground among grass for insects, and especially for
1087:). They sometimes even wade in shallow waters to catch fish. Living in close proximity to human-made habitats, common mynas may also appear near roadsides to feed on roadkill.
874:
It is typically found in open woodland, cultivation and around habitation. Although it is an adaptable species, its population is abnormal and very much considered a pest in
377:
337:
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with the aim of controlling insects, even levying a fine on anyone persecuting the bird. It has since been introduced widely elsewhere, including adjacent areas in
3205:
4527:
569:
cage birds for their singing and "speaking" abilities. Before sleeping in communal roosts, common mynas vocalise in unison, which is known as "communal noise".
4637:
1909:. The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), Auckland.
3639:
1283:(where it is currently most populous) at around the same time, but documentation is uncertain. The bird was later introduced to Queensland as a predator of
3286:
Dubois P.J. & J.M. Cugnasse (2015).- Les populations d'oiseaux allochtones en France en 2014 (3e enquête nationale). Ornithos : 22-2 : 72–91.
4020:
397:, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of them was the common myna. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the
2587:
Lowe, Katie A.; Taylor, Charlotte E.; Major, Richard E. (2011-10-01). "Do Common Mynas significantly compete with native birds in urban environments?".
2655:
Mathew, DN; Narendran, TC; Zacharias, VJ (1978). "A comparative study of the feeding habits of certain species of Indian birds affecting agriculture".
4400:
1576:
4475:
4111:
1069:, "grasshopper hunter". It, however, feeds on a wide range of insects, mostly picked from the ground. It is a cross-pollinator of flowers such as
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930:
75:
4009:
3988:
3701:
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2206:
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2118:
Kannan, Ragupathy; James, Douglas A. (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.),
1902:
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4097:
2007:
Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
3321:
3031:
Sol, D.; Bartomeus, I.; Griffin, A. S. (2012). "The paradox of invasion in birds: Competitive superiority or ecological opportunism?".
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74:
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mite, which can cause dermatitis in humans. The common myna can help spread agricultural weeds: for example, it spreads the seeds of
321:, native to Asia. An omnivorous open woodland bird with a strong territorial instinct, the common myna has adapted extremely well to
4672:
4652:
3731:
3678:
1151:
3895:
Pell, A.S.; Tidemann, C.R. (1997a). "The
Ecology of the Common Myna in Urban Nature Reserves in the Australian Capital Territory".
1530:
literature, the common myna has a number of names, most are descriptive of the appearance or behaviour of the bird. In addition to
1922:
4687:
4662:
4413:
2954:"Is It Benign or Is It a Pariah? Empirical Evidence for the Impact of the Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) on Australian Birds"
1628:
1613:
849:
329:
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1299:. During 2009 several municipal councils in New South Wales began trials of catching myna birds in an effort to reduce numbers.
340:" that pose a threat to biodiversity, agriculture and human interests. In particular, the species poses a serious threat to the
4361:
4134:
394:
3359:"The distribution and spread of the invasive alien Common Myna, Acridotheres tristis L. (Aves: Sturnidae), in southern Africa"
3339:
1958:
The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that
Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
1401:
in size (though males in densely populated urban settings tend to only defend the area immediately surrounding their nests).
4480:
4103:
1466:
humans create aesthetic and health concerns. Common mynas are known to carry avian malaria and exotic parasites such as the
4514:
1652:
3934:"A survey of recent introduction events, spread and mitigation efforts of mynas (Acridotheres sp.) in Spain and Portugal"
3246:"A survey of recent introduction events, spread and mitigation efforts of mynas (Acridotheres sp.) in Spain and Portugal"
4657:
4197:
4125:
919:) is a nuisance to city buildings; its nests block gutters and drainpipes, causing water damage to building exteriors.
119:
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4286:
4221:
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928:
821:
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1953:
Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés
4532:
4379:
4021:"The impact of two exotic hollow-nesting birds on two native parrots in savannah and woodland in eastern Australia"
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1380:
1319:
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of the sky". However, there is little scientific consensus concerning the extent of its impact on native species.
4059:
3654:
4392:
2952:
Grarock, Kate; Tidemann, Christopher R.; Wood, Jeffrey; Lindenmayer, David B. (2012-07-11). Sueur, Cédric (ed.).
364:, based on a specimen that he mistakenly believed had been collected in the Philippines. He used the French name
3623:
1740:
1706:
1230:
4677:
4239:
4188:
2942:
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural
Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
1947:
949:
357:
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in that the birds from northwestern India tend to be paler than their darker counterparts in southern India.
413:
405:
3726:; Sutherland Goldman, Sally J.; Nooten, Barend A. van, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 712, n29,
1334:. They have established in Spain and Portugal and were introduced to France, where they occasionally bred.
4682:
4260:
4150:
3226:
1664:
373:
3839:
Cruz, S.S.; Reynolds, S.J. (2019). C.R. Veitch; M.N. Clout; A.R. Martin; J.C. Russell; C.J. West (eds.).
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2068:
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214:
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is to synchronise various social activities, avoid predators, exchange information about food sources.
961:
500:. Populations from the northwest of its range have sometimes been separated as a distinct subspecies, A
1900:
100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species: A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database
1899:
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1080:
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Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
1355:
Morphological studies show that the process of spatial sorting is at work on the range expansion of
1295:
and its surrounding suburbs, with sparser populations in Victoria and a few isolated communities in
3754:
3340:"Myna information: study tracks history of pesky birds in New Zealand – The University of Auckland"
2434:
1640:
84:
4506:
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2895:
2119:
1956:(in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 278–280, Plate 26 fig 1.
896:
The bird likely owes its success in the urban and suburban settings of Sydney and Canberra to its
4273:
3827:
3536:
3163:
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2612:
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1210:
and various oceanic islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including prominent populations in
272:
114:
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1302:
The myna can live and breed in a wide range of temperatures, ranging from the frosty winters of
259:
4454:
2375:
Evans, Thomas; Angulo, Elena; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Turbelin, Anna; Courchamp, Franck (2023).
1538:, which means "one who is fond of arguments" referring to the quarrelsome nature of this bird;
4573:
4493:
4309:
4051:
4005:
3984:
3920:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3697:
3446:
3056:
3001:
2983:
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2567:
2416:
2202:
2174:
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1558:
1441:
1379:, scientists have recently developed 16 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers using the
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2635:
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3296:
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2891:
The Mauritius Register: Historical, official and Commercial, corrected to the 30th June 1859
2596:
2406:
2396:
2296:
2250:
2127:
2010:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 167.
1983:
1971:
1842:
1254:
1014:
1009: in). The incubation period is 17 to 18 days and fledging period is 22 to 24 days. The
853:
833:
553:
333:
315:
4586:
4578:
4265:
3407:"Spatial sorting drives morphological variation in the invasive bird, Acridotheres tristis"
2566:. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society & Oxford University Press. pp. 312, 377.
2072:
1291:. Common myna populations in Australia are now concentrated along the eastern coast around
1090:
4560:
4138:
2030:. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 112–113.
1906:
1873:
1728:
1280:
1159:
908:
485:
389:
3245:
2201:. Smithsonian Institution, Washington & Lynx edicions, Barcelona. pp. 584, 683.
1824:
848:
February 2022. The range of the common myna is increasing to the extent that in 2000 the
4039:
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3879:
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3112:
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3750:
3441:
3406:
2996:
2953:
2353:
1926:
1454:
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Common mynas roost communally throughout the year, either in pure or mixed flocks with
966:
829:
739:
735:
434:
398:
52:
4614:
4047:
1486:
938:
543:
4631:
4488:
3227:"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern – Environment – European Commission"
3068:
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2001:
1833:
1257:
1187:
1111:
982:
912:
841:
778:
774:
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about mynas as an invasive species in Australia and what can be done to control them
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17:
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and has half-black and half-white primary coverts and a larger yellow cheek-patch.
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191:
31:
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4366:
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2734:
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The range of the common myna is increasing at such a rapid rate that in 2000 the
73:
4519:
4501:
4436:
4182:
4001:
Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives
3607:"Environmental and Economic Costs of Nonindigenous Species in the United States"
2025:
2005:
1951:
1433:
and, in urban areas, discarded human food) poses a serious threat to Australian
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1207:
1179:
1163:
1119:
1107:
1062:
825:
762:
695:
409:
60:
35:
4091:
3696:(revised ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Private Ltd. pp. 468, 516.
2699:
2281:"Diurnal rhythms and seasonal changes in the roosting behaviour of Indian Myna
882:, literally 'buffalo shepherd') due to competition with the related introduced
4609:
3952:
3522:
3262:
3134:
Old, Julie M.; Spencer, Ricky-John; Wolfenden, Jack (2014). "The Common Myna (
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2800:
2600:
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2021:
1620:
1601:
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465:
449:
322:
4353:
4173:
4055:
3924:
3797:"Australian research on bird pests: impact, management and future directions"
3640:"Crop diversification leads to diverse bird problems in Hawaiian agriculture"
3405:
Berthouly-Salazar, C.; van Rensburg, B.J.; van Vuuren, B.J.; Hui, C. (2012).
3357:
Peacock, Derick S.; van Rensburg, Berndt J. & Robertson, Mark P. (2007).
3138:) in urban, rural and semi-rural areas in Greater Sydney and its surrounds".
2987:
2608:
1368:
In Hawaii, it is out-competing many native birds for food and nesting areas.
749:
The common myna has been introduced to many other parts of the world such as
4335:
1605:
1459:
1449:
1434:
1276:
1271:
The common myna was first introduced to Australia between 1863 and 1872, in
1265:
1250:
1203:
1191:
1167:
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size is 4–6 eggs. The average size of the egg is 30.8 by 21.99 millimetres (
975:
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868:
805:
754:
727:
719:
691:
481:
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131:
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3005:
2528:
2420:
2093:"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers"
4467:
3759:
A catalogue of the birds in the Museum of the Honorable East India Company
3531:
2280:
2131:
4167:
2562:
Pande, Satish; Tambe, Saleel; Clement, Francis M; Sant, Niranjan (2003).
1974:(1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus".
1898:
Lowe S., Browne M., Boudjelas S. and de Poorter M. (2000, updated 2004).
1713:
1527:
1315:
1311:
1303:
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890:
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671:
181:
151:
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3961:
3272:
1565:) seems to refer to the common myna, though there are other candidates.
1417:
both roosts at all times, leading to further exclusion of native birds.
419:
is Latin for "sad" or "gloomy". This species is now placed in the genus
4405:
4247:
3605:
Pimentel, D.; Lori Lach; Rodolfo Zuniga; Doug Morrison (January 2000).
2765:
2300:
2173:(2 (paperback) ed.). India: Oxford University Press. p. 278.
1732:
1671:
1582:
1445:
1398:
1195:
1150:
The IUCN declared the common myna as one of only three birds among the
1131:
duration of communal sleep, flock size and population vary seasonally.
1058:
864:
711:
4441:
3887:
3120:
1870:"Yarra Indian Myna Action Group Inc | Indian Myna Identification"
948:
4234:
1746:
1597:
1426:
1307:
1292:
1260:. They are often the predominant bird in urban areas along the whole
1235:
1215:
1038:
943:
845:
758:
750:
683:
493:
141:
4144:
3916:
3823:
3159:
2766:"Spatial and temporal fluctuations in the population of Common Myna
1987:
4340:
4327:
2911:"Composition and characteristics of bird communities in Madagascar"
2836:"Communal roosting in Common Mynas and its functional significance"
4322:
2564:
Birds of Western Ghats, Kokan and Malabar (including birds of Goa)
1750:
1698:
1430:
1406:
1240:
1229:
1089:
960:
937:
926:
858:
743:
731:
679:
675:
542:
504:, while populations from Nepal and Myanmar have been described as
489:
477:
372:. Although Brisson coined Latin names, they do not conform to the
64:
3850:. Occasional Paper SSC no. 62. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN: 302–308.
3297:"9. – Introduced land birds – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
2865:
Mahabal, Anil (1993). "Communal display behaviour of Indian Myna
2679:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
1440:
In Hawaii, where the common myna was introduced to control pest
1413:
1211:
1037:
Like most starlings, the common myna is omnivorous. It feeds on
770:
667:
663:
473:
348:, where it was named "The Most Important Pest/Problem" in 2008.
311:
161:
4148:
3564:
3562:
3358:
3198:"Councils assessing backyard traps to catch Indian Mynah birds"
3094:"Introduction and Spread of the Common Myna in New South Wales"
2735:"Diurnal intra- and inter-specific assemblages of Indian Mynas"
889:
The common myna thrives in urban and suburban environments; in
3761:, vol. 2, East India Company. Museum., pp. 532–534,
2237:
Griffin, Andrea S. (2008). "Social learning in Indian mynahs,
1481:
804:– from which it was subsequently eradicated at great expense,
2674:
2672:
2670:
2508:
Choudhury A. (1998). "Common Myna feeding a fledgling koel".
1397:
breeding males will actively defend areas ranging up to 0.83
3179:
3177:
3857:"The Current and Potential Distribution of the Common Myna
3624:
10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0053:EAECON]2.3.CO;2
2801:"Seasonal changes in the flocking behaviour of Indian Myna
2226:. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 584.
2930:
2289:
Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Science)
2274:
2272:
1437:
crops, though its main threat is to native bird species.
3998:
Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim (2012).
3947:(1). Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona: 121–127.
3932:
Saavedra, S; Maraver, A; Anadón, JD; Tella, JL (2015).
1498:
1425:
The common myna (which feeds mostly on ground-dwelling
2764:
Mahabal, Anil; Bastawade, D.B.; Vaidya, V.G. (1990).
2171:
Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan, Volume 5
1162:). The French introduced it in the 18th century from
2439:
Bird Ecology Study Group, Nature Society (Singapore)
1412:
The common myna is also known to maintain up to two
4157:
4092:
Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
378:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
3848:Island Invasives: Scaling up to Meet the Challenge
1976:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1848:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22710921A111063735.en
3719:The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India
2199:Birds of South Asia - The Ripley Guide (volume 2)
1429:, tropical fruits such as grapes, plums and some
360:included a description of the common myna in his
2197:Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2005).
2192:
2190:
2077:(in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 42.
1917:
1915:
1452:crops, the bird has helped to spread the robust
425:that was introduced by the French ornithologist
3592:
3553:
3322:"Pest control hub – Northland Regional Council"
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
2495:
2074:Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire
1332:List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern
464:) (Linnaeus, 1766) – It is found from southern
267:Native distribution in blue, introduced in red
1275:, to control insects in the market gardens of
3580:
3568:
2840:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2774:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2537:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2510:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2483:
2471:
2459:
8:
3018:
2224:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol 2
1894:
1892:
1890:
3722:, vol. VI: Yuddhakāṇḍa, translated by
852:declared it among 100 of the world's worst
4145:
2700:"Mixed roosting associates of Indian Myna
2327:
2325:
1794:is actually not a thrush but a synonym of
336:and one of only three birds listed among "
258:
93:
71:
51:
42:
3960:
3622:
3530:
3440:
3430:
3271:
3261:
2995:
2977:
2410:
2400:
1846:
581:Body length: 23 centimetres (9.1 in)
338:100 of the World's Worst Invasive Species
3381:"National List of Invasive Bird Species"
2770:(Linnaeus) in and around an Indian City"
2222:Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005).
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2047:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
2043:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
1534:, the names for the common myna include
1330:In 2019, common mynas were added to the
1021:interactions and other activities (7%).
828:archipelago) and also in islands of the
584:
4112:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
4085:Common Myna videos, photos & sounds
2698:Mahabal, Anil; Bastawade, D.B. (1991).
1966:
1964:
1815:
1763:
1572:
1279:. The bird is likely to have spread to
666:, with its initial home range spanning
3755:"806. Acridotheres Tristis, Linn. Sp."
3183:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2533:(Linnaeus) during the breeding season"
2377:"Global economic costs of alien birds"
2169:Ali, Salim; Ripley, S. Dillon (2001).
2024:; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962).
1065:, from which it gets the generic name
2529:"Activity-time budget of Indian Myna
2099:. International Ornithologists' Union
796:, the Cayman Islands, islands in the
531:is darker than the Indian subspecies
7:
4553:19c7edfa-9ef8-443d-afcd-60926519bbfa
4393:9ed9ff0b-ed07-43cd-bb05-123178bd419d
4019:Pell, A.S.; Tidemann, C.R. (1997b).
3979:Feare, Chris; Craig, Adrian (1999).
3941:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
3250:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
2636:"Acridotheres tristis (Common myna)"
2279:Mahabal, Anil; Vaidya, V.G. (1989).
2120:"Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis)"
900:origins; having evolved in the open
332:declared it one of the world's most
4638:IUCN Red List least concern species
3795:Bomford, M.; Sinclair, Ron (2002).
3638:Koopman, ME & W C Pitt (2007).
2354:"Common Myna – Audubon Field Guide"
1834:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3465:"COMMON MYNA Acridotheres tristis"
3386:. Government Gazette. 29 July 2016
2894:. Mauritius: L. Channell. p.
1245:Nesting in a shop awning in Sydney
1152:world's 100 worst invasive species
247:Acridotheres tristis melanosternus
25:
492:. It has also been introduced to
3779:Latham. / The Common Hill Mynah.
3363:South African Journal of Science
2027:Check-list of birds of the world
1739:
1727:Perching among the foliage of a
1720:
1705:
1690:
1678:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1612:
1590:
1575:
1485:
1375:and landscape-scale dynamics of
1025:success as an invasive species.
850:IUCN Species Survival Commission
330:IUCN Species Survival Commission
118:
4087:on the Internet Bird Collection
3503:Conservation Genetics Resources
2888:Palmer; Bradshaw, eds. (1859).
2241:: the role of distress calls".
2091:; Donsker, David, eds. (2018).
1823:BirdLife International (2017).
1685:A juvenile bathing in Australia
1387:Effect on ecosystems and humans
878:(where it is locally called as
4090:(Indian Myna =) Common Myna –
4004:. Princeton University Press.
3983:. Princeton University Press.
2126:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology,
1658:Bathing in a rain water puddle
1542:, meaning "picturesque eyes";
1458:weed across the islands' open
441:), meaning locust, and θηρας (
408:was subsequently corrected to
404:and cited Brisson's work. The
376:and are not recognised by the
356:In 1760, the French zoologist
1:
4048:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00112-7
3196:Campion, Vikki (2009-05-12).
2255:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.04.008
1322:or the arid outback regions.
662:The common myna is native to
552:pairs. The common myna obeys
383:When the Swedish naturalist,
4098:Indian Myna Control Handbook
3694:Birds in Sanskrit Literature
3653:(2): 235–243. Archived from
3432:10.1371/journal.pone.0038145
2979:10.1371/journal.pone.0040622
2402:10.1371/journal.pone.0292854
1925:. Abc.net.au. Archived from
907:The common myna (along with
251:Acridotheres tristis tristis
27:Bird of the family Sturnidae
4693:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4132:ANU Indian Common Myna page
3593:Bomford & Sinclair 2002
3554:Bomford & Sinclair 2002
3204:. Australia. Archived from
2918:Biogéographie de Madagascar
2496:Bomford & Sinclair 2002
2097:World Bird List Version 8.1
1546:(one with yellow eyes) and
1421:Threat to crops and pasture
1306:to the tropical climate of
822:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
4709:
3777:p. 12 / Paradise Grackle,
3244:Saavedra, Serguei (2015).
1381:next generation sequencing
1198:, Spain and Portugal, the
863:Visiting a home garden in
527:The Sri Lankan subspecies
429:in 1816. The generic name
29:
4668:Birds of the Indian Ocean
3953:10.32800/abc.2015.38.0121
3897:Emu – Austral Ornithology
3581:Pell & Tidemann 1997a
3569:Pell & Tidemann 1997a
3523:10.1007/s12686-012-9607-8
3263:10.32800/abc.2015.38.0121
3140:Emu - Austral Ornithology
3053:10.1007/s00442-011-2203-x
2601:10.1007/s10336-011-0674-5
2484:Pell & Tidemann 1997a
2472:Pell & Tidemann 1997a
2460:Pell & Tidemann 1997a
1948:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
1841:: e.T22710921A111063735.
1779:
1562:
1154:(the other two being the
278:
271:
266:
257:
244:
239:
220:
213:
115:Scientific classification
113:
91:
82:
70:
59:
50:
45:
4673:Birds of the Middle East
4653:Birds of Southern Africa
3647:Human–Wildlife Conflicts
3019:Cruz & Reynolds 2019
2909:Wilme, Lucienne (1996).
2657:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1619:A captive housed with a
1550:(one with yellow legs).
1253:, the common myna is an
658:Distribution and habitat
366:Le merle des Philippines
358:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
30:Not to be confused with
4688:Birds described in 1766
4663:Birds of Southeast Asia
4028:Biological Conservation
2441:. Besgroup.blogspot.com
2435:"Ubiquitous Javan Myna"
412:in southern India. The
2834:Mahabal, Anil (1997).
2799:Mahabal, Anil (1993).
2733:Mahabal, Anil (1992).
2589:Journal of Ornithology
2527:Mahabal, Anil (1991).
2069:Vieillot, Louis Pierre
1392:Threat to native birds
1246:
1238:
1098:
970:
969:by breaking their eggs
953:
946:
935:
871:
548:
3855:Martin, W.K. (1996).
2681:"Starlings and mynas"
2356:. Audubon. 2014-11-13
2132:10.2173/bow.commyn.01
1244:
1233:
1128:rose-ringed parakeets
1093:
964:
952:
941:
933:
862:
547:a Common myna in cage
546:
427:Louis Pierre Vieillot
306:), sometimes spelled
4615:Acridotheres-tristis
4388:Fauna Europaea (new)
4240:acridotheres-tristis
4227:Acridotheres_tristis
4214:Acridotheres_tristis
4189:Acridotheres tristis
4159:Acridotheres tristis
4106:Acridotheres tristis
3859:Acridotheres tristis
3692:Dave, K. N. (2005).
3499:Acridotheres tristis
3472:Hbs.bishopmuseum.org
2931:Saavedra et al. 2015
2867:Acridotheres tristis
2803:Acridotheres tristis
2768:Acridotheres tristis
2704:in Pune city, India"
2702:Acridotheres tristis
2641:Animal Diversity Web
2531:Acridotheres tristis
2283:Acridotheres tristis
2239:Acridotheres tristis
1827:Acridotheres tristis
1796:Acridotheres tristis
1468:Ornithonyssus bursia
1409:out of their nests.
303:Acridotheres tristis
224:Acridotheres tristis
18:Acridotheres tristis
4658:Birds of South Asia
4040:1997BCons..79..145P
3981:Starlings and Mynas
3909:1997EmuAO..97..141P
3880:1996EmuAO..96..166M
3816:2002EmuAO.102...29B
3515:2012ConGR...4..621B
3423:2012PLoSO...738145B
3233:. 19 December 2023.
3202:The Daily Telegraph
3186:, pp. 169–170.
3152:2014EmuAO.114..241O
3113:1978EmuAO..78..227H
3045:2012Oecol.169..553S
3021:, pp. 302–308.
2970:2012PLoSO...740622G
2933:, pp. 121–127.
2462:, pp. 141–149.
2393:2023PLoSO..1892854E
965:Evicting a nest of
586:
517:A. t. melanosternus
445:), meaning hunter.
370:Merula Philippensis
284:Linnaeus, 1766
85:Conservation status
4274:BirdLife-Australia
4137:2010-02-17 at the
3763:..Thurdus Salica,
3724:Goldman, Robert P.
3344:www.auckland.ac.nz
2815:(1 & 2): 55–64
2714:(1 & 2): 23–32
2301:10.1007/BF03179646
2124:Birds of the World
1905:2017-03-16 at the
1798:, the common myna.
1497:. You can help by
1247:
1239:
1102:Roosting behaviour
1099:
971:
954:
947:
936:
872:
601:Average weight (g)
585:
549:
523:, 1879 – Sri Lanka
281:Paradisaea tristis
4625:
4624:
4574:Open Tree of Life
4151:Taxon identifiers
4128:on Wild Sri Lanka
4126:Common Myna video
4011:978-0-691-15349-0
3990:978-0-7136-3961-2
3888:10.1071/MU9960166
3747:Horsfield, Thomas
3703:978-81-208-1842-2
3121:10.1071/MU9780227
3092:Hone, J. (1978).
2877:(1&2): 45–54.
2573:978-0-19-566878-0
2208:978-84-87334-66-5
2180:978-0-19-565938-2
1758:Explanatory notes
1515:
1514:
1373:invasion genetics
1364:The United States
1156:red-vented bulbul
1136:communal roosting
931:
655:
654:
402:Paradisea tristis
393:in 1766, for the
290:
289:
108:
76:
16:(Redirected from
4700:
4618:
4617:
4605:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4582:
4581:
4569:
4568:
4556:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4523:
4522:
4520:NHMSYS0020789004
4510:
4509:
4497:
4496:
4484:
4483:
4471:
4470:
4458:
4457:
4445:
4444:
4432:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4409:
4408:
4396:
4395:
4383:
4382:
4370:
4369:
4357:
4356:
4344:
4343:
4331:
4330:
4318:
4317:
4305:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4268:
4256:
4255:
4253:F23A2F3807A8145F
4243:
4242:
4230:
4229:
4217:
4216:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4146:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4058:. Archived from
4034:(2–3): 145–153.
4025:
4015:
3994:
3966:
3964:
3938:
3928:
3891:
3865:
3851:
3845:
3835:
3801:
3782:
3781:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3434:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3318:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3265:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3098:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2981:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2632:
2621:
2620:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2387:(10): e0292854.
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2243:Animal Behaviour
2234:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1919:
1910:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1872:. Archived from
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1820:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1768:
1743:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1682:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1616:
1594:
1579:
1564:
1553:The bird called
1510:
1507:
1489:
1482:
1383:(NGS) approach.
1146:Invasive species
1134:The function of
1085:Loxops coccineus
1033:Food and feeding
1008:
1007:
1003:
999: in ×
998:
997:
993:
990:
932:
909:common starlings
854:invasive species
587:
506:A. t. tristoides
452:are recognised:
374:binominal system
334:invasive species
285:
262:
226:
123:
122:
102:
97:
96:
78:
77:
55:
43:
21:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4678:Birds of Hawaii
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4598:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4572:
4564:
4561:Observation.org
4559:
4551:
4549:
4541:
4539:
4531:
4526:
4518:
4513:
4505:
4500:
4492:
4487:
4479:
4474:
4466:
4461:
4453:
4448:
4440:
4435:
4427:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4391:
4386:
4378:
4373:
4365:
4360:
4352:
4347:
4339:
4334:
4326:
4321:
4313:
4308:
4300:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4277:
4272:
4264:
4259:
4251:
4246:
4238:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4153:
4139:Wayback Machine
4116:
4114:
4102:
4081:
4076:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4023:
4018:
4012:
3997:
3991:
3978:
3974:
3972:Further reading
3969:
3936:
3931:
3917:10.1071/MU97018
3894:
3863:
3854:
3843:
3838:
3824:10.1071/MU01028
3799:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3751:Moore, Frederic
3745:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3476:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3326:www.nrc.govt.nz
3320:
3319:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3175:
3160:10.1071/MU13029
3136:Sturnus tristis
3133:
3132:
3128:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2678:
2677:
2668:
2663:(4): 1178–1197.
2654:
2653:
2649:
2634:
2633:
2624:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2049:. Lynx Edicions
2040:
2039:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1923:"ABC Wildwatch"
1921:
1920:
1913:
1907:Wayback Machine
1897:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1635:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1524:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1495:needs expansion
1480:
1423:
1394:
1389:
1366:
1349:
1340:
1328:
1281:New South Wales
1228:
1160:common starling
1148:
1104:
1081:Hawaiʻi ʻakepas
1035:
1015:brood parasitic
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
991:
988:
986:
967:jungle babblers
959:
927:
925:
660:
612:Wing chord (mm)
575:
562:
541:
513:Sri Lankan myna
486:Malay Peninsula
390:Systema Naturae
354:
283:
249:
235:
228:
222:
209:
206:A. tristis
117:
109:
98:
94:
87:
72:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4706:
4704:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4606:
4596:
4583:
4570:
4557:
4547:
4537:
4524:
4511:
4498:
4485:
4472:
4459:
4446:
4433:
4423:
4410:
4397:
4384:
4375:Fauna Europaea
4371:
4358:
4345:
4332:
4319:
4306:
4296:
4283:
4270:
4257:
4244:
4231:
4218:
4205:
4194:
4179:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4129:
4123:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4079:External links
4077:
4075:
4074:
4016:
4010:
3995:
3989:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3929:
3903:(2): 141–149.
3892:
3874:(3): 169–170.
3852:
3836:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3738:
3732:
3709:
3702:
3684:
3670:
3630:
3597:
3585:
3583:, p. 147.
3573:
3571:, p. 148.
3558:
3546:
3532:10019.1/113194
3509:(3): 621–624.
3488:
3456:
3397:
3372:
3349:
3331:
3302:
3288:
3279:
3236:
3218:
3188:
3173:
3146:(3): 241–248.
3126:
3084:
3074:
3039:(2): 553–564.
3023:
3011:
2944:
2935:
2923:
2901:
2880:
2857:
2826:
2791:
2756:
2725:
2690:
2666:
2647:
2622:
2595:(4): 909–921.
2579:
2572:
2554:
2519:
2500:
2488:
2486:, p. 141.
2476:
2474:, p. 146.
2464:
2452:
2426:
2367:
2345:
2321:
2295:(3): 199–209.
2268:
2229:
2214:
2207:
2186:
2179:
2142:
2110:
2080:
2060:
2033:
2013:
2002:Linnaeus, Carl
1993:
1960:
1939:
1911:
1886:
1861:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1784:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1472:Lantana camara
1455:Lantana camara
1422:
1419:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1365:
1362:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1327:
1324:
1227:
1224:
1200:United Kingdom
1172:Southeast Asia
1147:
1144:
1112:rosy starlings
1103:
1100:
1034:
1031:
958:
955:
924:
921:
913:house sparrows
880:gembala kerbau
740:Ryukyu Islands
736:mainland Japan
659:
656:
653:
652:
649:
646:
642:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
591:
583:
582:
574:
571:
561:
558:
540:
537:
525:
524:
509:
399:binominal name
387:, updated his
368:and the Latin
353:
350:
325:environments.
288:
287:
276:
275:
269:
268:
264:
263:
255:
254:
242:
241:
237:
236:
229:
218:
217:
211:
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201:
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189:
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179:
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169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
111:
110:
92:
89:
88:
83:
80:
79:
68:
67:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4705:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Talking birds
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4065:on 2015-02-28
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3861:in Australia"
3860:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:Hamilton, MS.
3770:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3753:(1856–1858),
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3733:9781400833269
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3660:on 2009-01-10
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3595:, p. 30.
3594:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3556:, p. 34.
3555:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3473:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:(5): e38145.
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3208:on 2012-10-01
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:(7): e40622.
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2869:(Linnaeus)".
2868:
2861:
2858:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2792:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2685:teara.govt.nz
2682:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2498:, p. 35.
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2334:
2333:"Common Myna"
2328:
2326:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1929:on 2012-11-09
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1876:on 2015-02-28
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1792:Turdus salica
1788:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1634:In Bangladesh
1630:
1625:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1493:This section
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:To study the
1369:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:, but not to
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:United States
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:cattle egrets
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1013:is sometimes
1012:
984:
979:
977:
968:
963:
956:
951:
945:
944:Guntur, India
940:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
870:
866:
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:Pacific Ocean
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:South Florida
776:
775:United States
772:
768:
767:New Caledonia
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:, peninsular
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
657:
650:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
590:Parameter/sex
589:
588:
580:
579:
578:
577:Morphometry.
572:
570:
567:
559:
557:
555:
554:Gloger's rule
545:
538:
536:
534:
530:
529:melanosternus
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:
503:
502:. t. neumanni
499:
498:North America
495:
491:
488:and southern
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:A. t. tristis
459:
455:
454:
453:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
415:
414:specific name
411:
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406:type location
403:
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392:
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386:
385:Carl Linnaeus
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172:Passeriformes
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116:
112:
106:
101:
100:Least Concern
90:
86:
81:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4643:Acridotheres
4158:
4115:. Retrieved
4105:
4067:. Retrieved
4060:the original
4031:
4027:
4000:
3980:
3962:10261/120917
3944:
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3896:
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3867:
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3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3741:
3718:
3712:
3693:
3687:
3679:"Myna birds"
3673:
3662:. Retrieved
3655:the original
3650:
3646:
3633:
3617:(1): 53–56.
3614:
3610:
3600:
3588:
3576:
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3506:
3502:
3498:
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3471:
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3273:10261/120917
3253:
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3230:
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3206:the original
3201:
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2846:(2): 342–349
2843:
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2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2780:(3): 392–398
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2745:(2): 116–118
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2438:
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2358:. Retrieved
2348:
2338:December 23,
2336:. Retrieved
2312:. Retrieved
2292:
2288:
2282:
2249:(1): 79–89.
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2198:
2170:
2135:, retrieved
2123:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2096:
2083:
2073:
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2051:. Retrieved
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1979:
1975:
1952:
1942:
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1927:the original
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
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1838:
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1787:
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1766:
1554:
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1506:January 2022
1503:
1499:adding to it
1494:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1453:
1439:
1424:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1347:South Africa
1341:
1329:
1301:
1289:cane beetles
1285:grasshoppers
1270:
1248:
1220:
1184:South Africa
1149:
1140:
1133:
1120:jungle crows
1108:jungle mynas
1105:
1084:
1074:
1070:
1067:Acridotheres
1066:
1063:grasshoppers
1036:
1027:
1023:
1019:
980:
972:
915:, and feral
906:
898:evolutionary
895:
888:
879:
873:
838:Saint Helena
798:Indian Ocean
783:South Africa
748:
708:Turkmenistan
661:
576:
563:
560:Vocalization
550:
532:
528:
526:
516:
512:
505:
501:
476:to southern
472:and eastern
470:Turkmenistan
461:
457:
447:
442:
438:
433:is from the
431:Acridotheres
430:
422:Acridotheres
420:
416:
401:
395:12th edition
388:
382:
369:
365:
362:Ornithologie
361:
355:
327:
307:
302:
301:
297:
293:
291:
280:
279:
250:
246:
245:
223:
221:
205:
204:
193:Acridotheres
192:
46:Common myna
40:
32:Common miner
4543:common-myna
4502:NatureServe
4437:iNaturalist
4429:common-myna
4279:common-myna
4183:Wikispecies
4117:23 February
3390:11 February
3256:: 121–127.
3184:Martin 1996
2809:Biovigyanam
2805:(Linnaeus)"
2739:Biovigyanam
2445:October 25,
2285:(Linnaeus)"
2089:Gill, Frank
2022:Mayr, Ernst
1982:: 317–335.
1972:Allen, J.A.
1854:12 November
1585:, WB, India
1540:chitranetra
1536:kalahapriya
1338:New Zealand
1208:New Zealand
1180:Middle East
1164:Pondicherry
1116:house crows
1055:crustaceans
981:The normal
826:Lakshadweep
763:New Zealand
696:Afghanistan
634:Tarsus (mm)
573:Morphometry
539:Description
458:Indian myna
410:Pondicherry
298:Indian myna
294:common myna
240:Subspecies
61:Kokrebellur
36:Noisy miner
4632:Categories
4610:Xeno-canto
4069:2021-02-28
3664:2011-01-26
3611:BioScience
3369:: 465–473.
3212:2012-08-07
3107:(4): 227.
2920:: 349–362.
2850:22 January
2819:22 January
2784:22 January
2749:22 January
2718:22 January
2547:22 January
2543:(1): 96–97
2314:22 January
2137:2021-08-23
1933:2012-08-07
1880:2014-04-27
1806:References
1621:Javan myna
1602:Queensland
1544:peetanetra
1522:In culture
1460:grasslands
1377:A. tristis
1357:A. tristis
1297:Queensland
1262:east coast
1176:Madagascar
1096:Chandigarh
1047:earthworms
1011:Asian koel
917:rock doves
884:Javan myna
814:Madagascar
802:Seychelles
794:Uzbekistan
791:Kyrgyzstan
787:Kazakhstan
704:Tajikistan
700:Uzbekistan
688:Bangladesh
466:Kazakhstan
450:subspecies
342:ecosystems
4056:0006-3207
3925:0158-4197
3810:(1): 35.
3069:253972110
3033:Oecologia
2988:1932-6203
2609:0021-8375
2516:(1): 115.
2309:129156314
1811:Citations
1606:Australia
1548:peetapaad
1450:sugarcane
1442:armyworms
1435:blueberry
1277:Melbourne
1266:cane toad
1251:Australia
1226:Australia
1204:Australia
1192:Argentina
1168:Mauritius
1076:Erythrina
1051:arachnids
976:Himalayas
923:Behaviour
902:woodlands
876:Singapore
869:Sri Lanka
834:Ascension
832:(such as
806:Mauritius
755:Australia
728:Indochina
720:Singapore
692:Sri Lanka
645:Tail (mm)
623:Bill (mm)
482:Indochina
437:ακριδος (
346:Australia
319:Sturnidae
200:Species:
182:Sturnidae
138:Kingdom:
132:Eukaryota
4507:2.105264
4494:22710921
4455:11370321
4266:22710921
4261:BirdLife
4168:Wikidata
4135:Archived
3832:83464835
3541:16022159
3477:18 March
3451:22693591
3411:PLOS ONE
3168:84731024
3082:Ecology.
3061:22139450
3006:22808210
2958:PLOS ONE
2421:37851652
2412:10584179
2381:PLOS ONE
2263:53184596
2071:(1816).
2004:(1766).
1988:2246/678
1950:(1760).
1903:Archived
1776:Sanskrit
1714:Srinagar
1559:Sanskrit
1528:Sanskrit
1446:cutworms
1399:hectares
1316:Tasmania
1312:Adelaide
1304:Canberra
1273:Victoria
1255:invasive
1158:and the
1071:Salmalia
1059:reptiles
957:Breeding
891:Canberra
830:Atlantic
824:and the
818:Maldives
738:and the
724:Thailand
716:Malaysia
672:Pakistan
618:138–147
607:120–138
352:Taxonomy
273:Synonyms
232:Linnaeus
178:Family:
152:Chordata
148:Phylum:
142:Animalia
128:Domain:
105:IUCN 3.1
4602:2332984
4406:2489005
4248:Avibase
4174:Q116667
4036:Bibcode
3905:Bibcode
3876:Bibcode
3812:Bibcode
3788:Sources
3681:. 2018.
3511:Bibcode
3442:3364963
3419:Bibcode
3148:Bibcode
3109:Bibcode
3041:Bibcode
2997:3394764
2966:Bibcode
2617:3153551
2389:Bibcode
2360:2 March
1733:Kolkata
1712:Two in
1672:Patiala
1646:Basking
1583:Raiganj
1569:Gallery
1532:saarika
1478:Control
1431:berries
1427:insects
1196:Germany
1039:insects
1004:⁄
994:⁄
865:Colombo
810:Réunion
781:only),
712:Myanmar
615:138–153
596:Female
533:tristis
439:akridos
417:tristis
314:in the
310:, is a
234:, 1766)
188:Genus:
168:Order:
158:Class:
103: (
4599:uBio:
4550:NZOR:
4540:NZBO:
4533:279927
4481:554025
4442:204454
4426:GNAB:
4362:EURING
4354:101135
4341:ACRHTR
4328:commyn
4302:commyn
4235:ARKive
4202:commyn
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2103:11 May
2053:11 May
1747:Mumbai
1598:Cairns
1555:śārikā
1414:roosts
1407:galahs
1326:Europe
1320:Darwin
1308:Cairns
1293:Sydney
1236:Sydney
1216:Hawaii
1186:, the
1178:, the
983:clutch
846:Cyprus
820:, the
816:, the
773:, the
759:Israel
751:Canada
742:) and
734:(both
684:Bhutan
651:79–96
640:35–41
629:25–28
494:Hawaii
484:, the
443:theras
316:family
4648:Mynas
4579:80701
4450:IRMNG
4380:97249
4367:15870
4349:EUNIS
4323:eBird
4299:BOW:
4063:(PDF)
4024:(PDF)
3937:(PDF)
3864:(PDF)
3844:(PDF)
3828:S2CID
3800:(PDF)
3658:(PDF)
3643:(PDF)
3537:S2CID
3468:(PDF)
3384:(PDF)
3164:S2CID
3097:(PDF)
3065:S2CID
2914:(PDF)
2613:S2CID
2305:S2CID
2259:S2CID
1770:Also
1751:India
1729:Kapok
1699:Nepal
1563:सारिक
1043:grubs
934:Calls
800:(the
744:China
732:Japan
680:Nepal
676:India
648:81–95
637:34–42
626:25–30
604:109.8
566:calls
521:Legge
490:India
478:China
435:Greek
323:urban
308:mynah
65:India
4592:1103
4566:2268
4528:NCBI
4489:IUCN
4476:ITIS
4468:2994
4414:GISD
4401:GBIF
4336:EPPO
4315:9KHT
4292:9648
4287:BOLD
4119:2009
4052:ISSN
4006:ISBN
3985:ISBN
3921:ISSN
3775:I.,
3728:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3501:)".
3479:2022
3447:PMID
3392:2021
3057:PMID
3002:PMID
2984:ISSN
2871:Pavo
2852:2011
2821:2011
2786:2011
2751:2011
2720:2011
2708:Pavo
2605:ISSN
2568:ISBN
2549:2011
2447:2007
2417:PMID
2362:2016
2340:2007
2316:2011
2203:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2105:2018
2055:2018
1856:2021
1839:2017
1780:शारि
1772:śāri
1444:and
1287:and
1258:pest
1214:and
1212:Fiji
1126:and
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690:and
668:Iran
664:Asia
593:Male
564:The
511:the
496:and
474:Iran
456:the
448:Two
312:bird
292:The
162:Aves
4587:TSA
4515:NBN
4463:ISC
4419:108
4310:CoL
4222:AFD
4209:ADW
4198:ABA
4044:doi
3957:hdl
3949:doi
3913:doi
3884:doi
3868:Emu
3820:doi
3808:102
3804:Emu
3619:doi
3527:hdl
3519:doi
3437:PMC
3427:doi
3367:103
3268:hdl
3258:doi
3156:doi
3144:114
3117:doi
3101:Emu
3049:doi
3037:169
2992:PMC
2974:doi
2597:doi
2593:152
2407:PMC
2397:doi
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2128:doi
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