365:
402:
1445:
as the booing of other countries' anthems by the
Japanese. The legislation also drew condemnation from certain Japanese who were disdainful of their country's actions in World War II. They felt that unless their government issued a formal apology—expressed with "true remorse" for those incidents—they saw no reason to be proud about the flag and anthem. Ozawa saw the passage of this law and a few others in 1999 as heralds of a "bloodless revolution" toward a new future—a revolution that would change Japan's national identity and set up changes to its Constitution.
1505:
be a traitor because he left the LDP in 1993, yet the LDP needed him and his party to form a coalition to govern. Although the CGP had a relatively small number of seats (52) in the lower house and had nothing in common with the LDP in terms of policy, it was tempted by the idea of being part of the ruling cabinet and supported the LDP in passing the bill. The Social
Democratic Party had to abandon key party platforms—such as their earlier opposition to the symbols, security treaties with the United States and the existence of the
1563:
its decisions are either being appealed or have already been overturned by the Tokyo High Court, which ruled that the order does not represent a violation of the
Constitution. Over a dozen lawsuits, ranging from the constitutionality of the Tokyo order to the compensation of the punished teachers, have been filed in Japanese courts. The latest, filed in 2011, was rejected by the Supreme Court; the Court agreed with the Tokyo High Court that requiring teachers to stand for
444:
44:
1501:. Kan voted against the bill. With the exception of the DPJ, each party voted strictly along party lines, and none among them broke party discipline. Ironically, Hatoyama wanted to use his vote for the bill as a call to his fellow DPJ members for unity. Half of the DPJ supported the bill, reducing the numbers that would have opposed it and making it easier for the bill to pass. The split of the DPJ vote showed the lack of unity of its members.
1509:—to join the coalition. Despite the concessions of the SPDJ, the LDP did not advance any of the traditional platforms championed by the SPDJ. Eventually, those policies advocated by the SPDJ were removed from the national policy debate. The only party that stuck to its stance throughout the debate was the Communist Party; the CGP (New Komeito), Liberal Party and SDPJ switched sides to support the bill.
808:(JCP) opposed the bill because of the connotations both symbols have with the war era, and because the public was not given the option to settle the issue by a referendum. The chairman of the CPJ said that the party would prefer new symbols that represent a democratic and peaceful Japan. The SDPJ's opposition was a change from its previous stance toward the symbols; Prime Minister
1456:" (national anthem), given the significance of the flag and the song." Additionally, the ministry's commentary on the 1999 curriculum guideline for elementary schools notes that "given the advance of internationalization, along with fostering patriotism and awareness of being Japanese, it is important to nurture school children's respectful attitude toward the flag of Japan and
792:(also known as the Clean Government Party, or CGP) was initially cautious about the bill. Although some of its leadership conceded that both symbols were accepted by the people, they believed that establishing the idea as a law could be a violation of the Japanese Constitution. The CGP eventually supported the bill in exchange for being allowed into the LDP coalition.
676:, Ishikawa Toshihiro, killed himself the evening before his school's graduation ceremony. The Hiroshima Prefecture School Board had demanded that all principals ensure use of both symbols at every school ceremony, but the teachers at Sera High School vehemently opposed the practice. Ishikawa took his own life after failing to win support of his teachers on this issue.
852:
no special status; an alternative anthem was to be found. On July 16, the DPJ decided to issue its amendment; if it was rejected, the party members would be allowed to vote freely. Other groups issued their own bills against the government's legislation; they were all rejected before the main vote on
502:
for the musical arrangement. However, evidence suggests that
Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi (son of Hiromori) authored the music; the elder Hayashi had put his name on it for serving as their supervisor and Chief Court Musician of the Imperial Court. The melody was eventually put to a Western-style
316:
After a vote in both houses of the
National Diet, the law was passed on August 9, 1999. Promulgated and enforced on August 13, 1999, it was considered one of the most controversial laws passed by the National Diet in the 1990s. The debate surrounding the law also revealed a split in the leadership of
1444:
in 2004 that forcing teachers and students to honor the flag and anthem was not "desirable." The head of a teachers' federation praised the legislation, believing it would help them inculcate people with a proper sense of respect for a country's symbols, thereby reducing international incidents such
1562:
Several lawsuits were filed to challenge the Tokyo regulations on grounds that the order violated
Article 19 of the Japanese Constitution, granting "freedom of thought and conscience." The Tokyo District Court sided with the teachers, ruling that teachers cannot be forced to stand or sing. However,
1504:
Another factor that played into the passage of the bill was the coalition of the LDP, the
Liberal Party and the CGP. In the Diet, the union between the LDP and the Liberal Party gave them a majority in the lower house but not in the House of Councilors. The leadership of the LDP considered Ozawa to
1539:
In Tokyo, regulations were put in place in 2003. As part of that city's regulations, board or school officials are required to record names of teachers who do not stand or sing, and the flag is displayed facing the students during ceremonies. Sanctions ranged from reprimands, re-education courses,
409:
The drawing and construction details of the flag are given in the first appendix. The overall ratio of the flag is two-units length to three-units width (2:3). The red disc is at the exact center of the flag and its diameter is three-fifths of the flag's height. However, the 1999 law allowed the
1518:
to question the rationality of the country's politics over the passage of the bill. The act is one of the most controversial laws passed by the Diet since the 1992 Law
Concerning Cooperation for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and Other Operations, also known as the "International Peace
1467:, where Sera High School is located, the reaction was mostly negative. As one of the two prefectures directly affected by World War II, education in Hiroshima has leaned left with regards to information regarding the symbols and the Emperor due to the power of native groups, such as the
410:
continued use and manufacture of flags with the proportions set down in the Prime
Minister's Proclamation No. 57 of 1870, which stipulated that the flag have a seven-to-ten (7:10) ratio, with the red disc off-center by one-hundredth of the flag's length toward the side of the
916:
as the anthem; 64 percent felt it desirable to have both symbols used at school ceremonies, and percent felt both symbols should be enshrined in law. The poll by the Japan
Research Council on Public Opinion Polls showed similar results; 68 percent felt that both the Hinomaru and
562:
was legally the national flag from 1870 to 1885, but Japanese law did not designate a national flag from 1885 to 1999 because with the modernization of the cabinet, all of the prior Council of States' declarations were abolished. Despite this, several
1519:
Cooperation Law" which committed Japan to United Nations peacekeeping operations, a deviation from Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which calls on the country to renounce the "use of force as means of settling international disputes."
467:
463:
414:. The background of the flag is white, and the disc red, but the exact color shades were not defined in the 1999 law. Further explanations from the government merely stated that the red color is a deep shade. Specifications published by the
328:
The passage of the law was met with mixed reactions. Although some Japanese hailed the passage, others felt that it was a shift toward restoring nationalistic feelings and culture: It was passed in time for the tenth anniversary of the
466:
469:
465:
464:
470:
468:
471:
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was opposed to using the anthem because it "smacked of emperor worship" and was seen as a connection to pre-war militarism. Although the literacy rate in Japan was 99 percent at the time, many students did not know what
1531:
issued by the Ministry of Education after the passage of the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem decrees that "on entrance and graduation ceremonies, schools must raise the flag of Japan and instruct students to sing
1496:
Members of the DPJ were allowed by party leaders to vote based on their own conscience; the party leadership itself was split. Hatoyama overcame his opposition and voted for the bill, along with DPJ Secretary General and
641:
1567:
was not a violation of the Constitution. After this ruling, the Osaka Prefectural Assembly passed an ordinance on June 3, 2011, ordering teachers and other school employees in Osaka to stand and sing when
1479:
However, the spokesperson for the Mainland Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that the bill was an issue for the Japanese to resolve on their own to move their country toward a peaceful future. In
1559:, but Tokyo was the only school board that issued large-scale punishments for not following the regulations. According to the Tokyo Board of Education, more than 400 people have been punished since 2004.
364:
844:
believed that the bill would cause further problems for school officials and unrest among leftist groups that oppose the flag and anthem. The DPJ offered an amendment to the bill that designated the
1471:, and teachers' unions. There the passage of the law was seen as an "annoyance", running counter to the prefecture's educational practices and unlikely to be able to resolve its war-related issues.
352:. Regulations and government orders issued in the wake of this law, especially those issued by the Tokyo Board of Education, were also challenged in court by some Japanese due to conflicts with the
1425:
was enthusiastic over the passage of the law because it established a "clear basis by written law" for use of the symbols. He felt this was a major step for Japan to "move into the 21st century".
887:
as the national anthem. Overall, about 46 percent were in favor of the bill. Respondents thought of the Hinomaru as the flag of Japan and that its history should be taught. Some felt that
387:
agencies and ministries creating their own regulations. If rules about the use of the flag and anthem had been included in the act, it would not have gained enough support in the Diet to pass.
1452:
issued by the Ministry of Education after the passage of the law decrees that "on entrance and graduation ceremonies, schools must raise the flag of Japan and instruct students to sing the "
929:
were directly associated with the emperor. Both polls also showed that older generations had a greater attachment to the symbols, while younger generations exhibited more negative feelings.
732:
hinted in 1974 at the passage of a law that would legalize use of both symbols, a move done partially to increase his popularity with conservative voters. At the time of his suggestion, the
921:
were the symbols of Japan; 71 percent supported the bill in the Diet. Both polls had slightly less than 2,000 respondents. There was 15 percent more support for the Hinomaru than for
1527:
When the law was passed, Prime Minister Obuchi and other officials stated that there was no intention to regulate the use of the flag and the anthem in everyday life. However, the 1999
1488:
government believed that Japan was not going to revert to militarism and that the goal of the law was to formally establish two national symbols, which every state has a right to do.
119:
337:
1437:
3546:
1548:. In 2004, 243 teachers were disciplined and 67 teachers were warned for either not following policies or for instructing their students not to honor both symbols.
1606:
2384:
1436:(December 23), mostly due to the constitutional prohibition for the Emperor to speak on political matters. However, Emperor Akihito expressed displeasure to
379:
as the national anthem. Details about each symbol were provided in appendices, including specifications for the construction of the flag and sheet music for
2890:
1706:
3146:
2124:
418:
in 2008 defined the shades of red for the flag. During deliberations in the Diet about this bill, there was a suggestion to either use a bright red (赤色
2920:
498:
of the anthem are given in the second appendix. The text of the law does not credit a single person for the lyrics or music, but the notation credits
3614:
2643:
1950:
3522:
645:
3700:
2699:
620:
because of Fenton's influence. After selecting the anthem's lyrics, Ōyama then asked Fenton to create the melody. This was the first version of
462:
2436:
368:
3504:
3484:
3464:
3440:
3420:
3400:
3380:
3360:
3340:
3320:
3300:
3274:
3254:
3234:
3214:
2063:
1918:
912:. In the former, taken after the suicide of Toshihiro, 61 percent felt that the symbols of Japan should be the Hinomaru as the flag and
766:
The main conservative parties of Japan, the LDP and the Liberal Party, were the chief supporters of the 1999 bill. LDP General Secretary
2814:
1634:
840:, stated that his party must support the bill because it had already recognized both as symbols of Japan. Then-Deputy Secretary General
2864:
461:
3638:
2948:
1987:
1841:
3224:
1213:
989:
962:
938:
687:
322:
132:
69:
2090:). Finally in 1885 the Council was replaced by a modern cabinet, with the result that the Council's declarations were abolished.
3590:
3566:
1667:
1313:
1115:
801:
2566:
Responding to determine the national flag and anthem bill / "flag legislation only" amendment submitted; free vote if rejected
2197:
746:
2332:
1614:
3552:
883:. Approximately nine out of ten respondents favored having the Hinomaru as the national flag, and six out of ten supported
3723:
3430:
3118:
429:
3204:
575:
was used as a template to design other Japanese flags, and its use was severely restricted during the early years of the
1448:
Within education, a major battleground where the use of the symbols was fought, the reactions were also mixed. The 1999
401:
349:
3494:
3370:
3264:
3310:
3029:
1337:
1065:
908:
and one by the Japan Research Council on Public Opinion Polls in July 1999 yielded different results from the poll by
781:
415:
3390:
3410:
2393:
1729:
2514:
3350:
2589:
2559:
1506:
1433:
1237:
1013:
833:
679:
Ishikawa's suicide, along with the protests by teachers at the graduation ceremony at Sera High School, prompted
625:
318:
2900:
2086:太政官). In 1871, however, the Council was reorganized and the legislative function entrusted to the Left Chamber (
3669:
1468:
1361:
1289:
1139:
1091:
805:
453:
2130:
3244:
2673:
1419:
695:
680:
3330:
2930:
1793:
1581:
605:, a visiting Irish military band leader, realized there was no national anthem in Japan, and suggested to
564:
383:. The law made no provisions for the use or treatment of either symbol, leading to different national and
115:
3624:
668:, who could not resolve a dispute between his school board and his teachers over use of the Hinomaru and
2653:
1963:
813:
353:
3532:
17:
3718:
2899:] (in Japanese), Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education Secretariat, 2001-09-11, archived from
2709:
1528:
1464:
1449:
1186:
949:
880:
862:
733:
665:
585:
is one of the world's shortest national anthems, with a length of 11 measures and 32 characters. Its
384:
310:
294:
87:
2446:
2151:
1927:
602:
576:
298:
139:
214:. Before its ratification on August 13, 1999, there was no official flag or anthem for Japan. The
1552:
721:
694:
the official symbols of Japan. He intended for the legislation to be introduced in 2000, but his
266:
2786:
952:
on 28 July and passed on 9 August 1999 by a 166-to-71 vote. It was enacted as law on August 13.
313:
committed suicide over a dispute regarding the use of the flag and anthem in a school ceremony.
2174:
344:, some felt that the law's passage, along with debates on laws related to military affairs and
3500:
3480:
3460:
3436:
3416:
3396:
3376:
3356:
3336:
3316:
3296:
3270:
3250:
3230:
3210:
2822:
2069:
2059:
1781:
1545:
1541:
809:
617:
551:
547:
3551:, Official Website of the Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, 1946-11-03, archived from
3095:
1644:
753:
in 1890, every morning. Kakuei was unsuccessful in passing the legislation through the Diet.
3288:
3287:, Landscapes: the Arts, Aesthetics, and Education, vol. 9, Springer, pp. 239–250,
2927:
National Curriculum Guide: Elementary social notes, Chapter music Chapter Special Activities
1426:
876:
703:
499:
495:
330:
3652:
3169:
2956:
2619:
2226:
1853:
1698:
824:
as the symbols of Japan in exchange for support from the LDP in the National Diet in 1994.
43:
2764:
2441:
2392:, School of Social Sciences – The University of Adelaide, p. 174, archived from
2254:
2231:
2010:
1514:
904:
867:
725:
673:
345:
2205:
1422:
788:, echoed the same sentiment and believed that the Diet could not conclude otherwise. The
785:
767:
683:
1770:
3091:
1441:
891:
was an inappropriate anthem for modern Japan; one respondent suggested using the song "
841:
543:
520:
375:
The Act on National Flag and Anthem established the Nisshōki as the national flag and
102:
1673:
1643:] (in Japanese), Office of the Prime Minister of Japan, 2009-07-21, archived from
3712:
942:
892:
771:
750:
741:
even was or how to sing it. In addition to instructing the schools to teach and play
729:
702:, wanted it in effect by November 1999, the tenth anniversary of the enthronement of
699:
606:
590:
396:
290:
216:
207:
51:
3600:
3576:
1460:
as they grow up to be respected Japanese citizens in an internationalized society."
2596:
National flag and anthem bill passed in the House of Representatives; DPJ free vote
1498:
656:
was played during official ceremonies following the war; the lyrics were not sung.
610:
594:
555:
504:
411:
341:
270:
3623:] (in Japanese), Police of the Hokkaido Prefecture, 1999-11-18, archived from
3068:"Politicians, Teachers and the Japanese Constitution: Flag, Freedom and the State"
3067:
3474:
3450:
3292:
460:
1485:
789:
516:
405:
A diagram illustrating the placement and size ratio of the elements of the flag.
664:
The proposal for the law was motivated by the suicide of a school principal in
3531:] (in Japanese), Government of Nara Prefecture, 1870-02-27, archived from
1540:
pay cuts, loss of duties to termination; and the sanctions were encouraged by
710:
486:
2826:
2078:
In 1870 the was designated as the national flag by means of a 'declaration (
716:
This is not the first time legislation was proposed to make the Hinomaru and
2073:
1842:"Japan's Neo-Nationalism: The Role of the Hinomaru and Kimigayo Legislation"
1481:
837:
598:
3332:
The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership Through the Generations
3035:
1896:
770:
stated in June of that year that the Japanese people had accepted both the
3283:
Hebert, David G. (2011), "National Identity in the Japanese School Band",
2598:] (in Japanese), Democratic Party of Japan, 1999-07-22, archived from
2568:] (in Japanese), Democratic Party of Japan, 1999-07-16, archived from
2523:] (in Japanese), Democratic Party of Japan, 1999-07-21, archived from
2101:
624:, which was discarded because the melody "lacked solemnity." In 1880, the
2708:] (in Japanese), House of Representatives, 1999-08-13, archived from
1926:(in Japanese), Ministry of Defense, 1973-11-27, p. 6, archived from
1884:
1672:, Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco, 2008-01-01, archived from
1453:
845:
817:
776:
644:. During the Allied-occupation of Japan, there were no directives by the
508:
258:
243:
211:
3651:(in Japanese), Police of Kanagawa Prefecture, 2003-03-29, archived from
2524:
1806:(in Japanese), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, February 2009, pp. 5–10
1484:, older generations still harbored ill feelings toward the symbols. The
640:
was included in public school ceremonies due to the efforts of the then
2599:
2569:
1429:
1265:
1041:
706:
333:
2929:] (in Japanese), Ministry of Education, 1999-09-17, archived from
2652:] (in Japanese), National Diet Library, 1999-07-22, archived from
1962:] (in Japanese), National Diet Library, 1999-08-02, archived from
941:
passed the bill on 22 July 1999 by a 403-to-86 vote during the 145th
586:
507:
and has been in use since 1880. The lyrics on the sheet music are in
3599:] (in Japanese), Government of Japan, 1999-08-13, archived from
3575:] (in Japanese), Government of Japan, 1954-06-30, archived from
2431:
2429:
2427:
579:
after World War II, although these restrictions were later relaxed.
3170:"Anthem ordinance obliges Osaka teachers to stand, sing 'Kimigayo'"
1432:
declined to comment on the law when asked at a press conference on
3147:"Japanese Teachers Fight Flag Salute, National Anthem Enforcement"
2153:
Letter from Shigeru Yoshida to General MacArthur dated May 2, 1947
1782:
Regarding the Treatment of the National and Prefectural Flags 2003
1724:
1722:
1699:"Teachers lose compensation suit over national flag, anthem issue"
872:
512:
400:
281:
as the official symbols of Japan. However, a law to establish the
203:
2788:
Press Conference on the occasion of His Majesty's Birthday (1999)
2176:
Letter from Douglas MacArthur to Prime Minister dated May 2, 1947
1759:
2129:(in Japanese), Communications Museum "Tei Park", archived from
1555:
measured and rated each school on how loudly the students sang
3119:"Teachers in Japan fight being forced to sing national anthem"
2759:
2757:
2386:
Reframing Futoko in Japan – A Social Movement Perspective
613:, that one be created. Ōyama agreed, and selected the lyrics.
3645:
Regarding the Treatment of the National and Prefectural Flags
2227:"Hinomaru, 'Kimigayo' express conflicts both past and future"
550:, on February 27, 1870 (January 27, 3rd year of Meiji in the
2112:
1771:
Regarding the Treatment of the National Flag and Anthem 1999
616:
The lyrics may have been chosen for their similarity to the
442:
2897:
Handling of the flag and anthem in the National Curriculum
2706:
Deliberation Information: Act on National Flag and Anthem
3412:
Japanese Electoral Politics: Creating a New Party System
2815:"Tokyo's Flag Law: Proud Patriotism, or Indoctrination?"
895:" instead. Another suggestion was to keep the melody of
745:, Kakuei wanted students to raise the flag and read the
3621:
Regarding the Treatment of the National Flag and Anthem
3226:
Teachers' Unions and the Politics of Education in Japan
2262:, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2000, p. 2
2018:, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2000, p. 3
652:
by the Japanese government. However, only the score of
546:
period of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the
515:
for the vocal arrangement. The anthem is played in the
120:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
2846:
2844:
2842:
3034:, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, archived from
2682:] (in Japanese), House of Councillors, 1999-08-09
2521:
The DPJ Asks For A Talk About the Flag and Anthem Law
1957:
145th Meeting of the Diet, Discussion about the bill
3285:
Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools
2542:
2540:
1536:, given the significance of the flag and the song."
690:(LDP) to draft legislation to make the Hinomaru and
309:
should be made official after a school principal in
1959:
Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem
157:
149:
138:
130:
125:
111:
101:
93:
83:
75:
65:
57:
50:
34:
242:, had represented Japan unofficially since 1870; "
3597:Act on National Flag and Anthem, Act No. 127
3096:"Japanese Court Rejects Teachers' Suit Over Flag"
3054:
2650:145th Session of the Diet, plenary meeting No. 47
1613:, Ministry of Justice, 2009-04-01, archived from
2885:
2883:
2865:"For Japanese, Flag and Anthem Sometimes Divide"
2744:
2742:
2740:
2727:
2725:
2414:
2412:
597:(794–1185) and sung to a melody composed in the
2198:"Japan searches for Scot who modernised nation"
189:
163:To ratify the national flag and anthem of Japan
3682:(in Japanese), Ministry of Defense, 2008-03-25
2327:
2325:
2323:
2249:
2247:
2102:Self-Defense Forces Law Enforcement Order 1954
2054:Anthem", in Goodman, Roger; Ian Neary (eds.),
421:
249:
235:
222:
197:
183:
3496:The Left in the Shaping of Japanese Democracy
2680:Plenary vote: Act on National Flag and Anthem
2333:"Vote in Japan Backs Flag and Ode as Symbols"
1846:Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper
1693:
1691:
1689:
428:) shade or choose from the color pool of the
8:
3312:Japanese Education Reform: Nakasone's Legacy
3031:International Peace Cooperation Headquarters
2620:"Public favors flag over anthem, poll shows"
1981:
1979:
724:to Japan from American rule in 1972 and the
3140:
3138:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2942:
2940:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2791:, The Imperial Household Agency, 1999-12-23
2046:Cripps, D (1996), "Flags and Fanfares: The
1901:, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, 2006
1641:Prime Minister Aso Cabinet Press Conference
816:(the SDPJ's former name) accepted both the
542:was widely used on military banners in the
3473:Turnbull, Stephen; Howard Gerrard (2001),
3432:Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan
780:as national symbols. The President of the
571:including the sun-rayed Naval Ensign. The
554:), the flag was officially adopted as the
273:, there were suggestions to legislate the
42:
3573:Self-Defense Forces Law Enforcement Order
3529:Prime Minister's Proclamation No. 57
3389:Okano, Kaori; Tsuchiya, Motonori (1999),
2850:
2769:, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1999-08-09
1920:Defense Specification Z 8701C (DSPZ8701C)
1885:Prime Minister's Proclamation No. 57 1870
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
636:as the national anthem in 1888. By 1893,
297:that insists they have a connection with
3493:Williams, David; Kersten, Rikki (2006),
3203:Amyx, Jennifer; Drysdale, Peter (2003),
2980:
2766:Statement of Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi
2501:
2314:
2034:
1872:
1182:
958:
363:
2949:"Flag-anthem law no end to controversy"
2465:
2366:
2364:
2290:
1662:
1660:
1598:
672:. The principal of Sera High School in
646:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
18:Act on National Flag and Anthem (Japan)
3229:, State University of New York Press,
3206:Japanese Governance: Beyond Japan Inc.
2561:国旗国歌法案への対応決める／「国旗だけを法制化」修正案提出・否決なら自由投票
1703:Japan Today: Japan News and Discussion
720:official symbols. After the return of
632:, and the government formally adopted
484:
31:
3352:Education as a Political Tool in Asia
3349:Lall, Marie; Vickers, Edward (2003),
3266:Case Studies on Human Rights in Japan
3243:Boyd, Richard; Ngo, Tak-Wing (2006),
2477:
2058:, London: Routledge, pp. 77–78,
2056:Case Studies on Human Rights in Japan
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1512:Such vote switching led a writer for
948:The legislation was then sent to the
348:, marked a shift in Japan toward the
202:, is a law that formally established
7:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2748:
2731:
2546:
2489:
2418:
2370:
2355:
2302:
2278:
2156:(in Japanese), National Diet Library
1760:Act on National Flag and Anthem 1999
1669:Basic / General Information on Japan
1572:is played during school ceremonies.
191:Kokki Oyobi Kokka ni Kansuru Hōritsu
3459:] (in Japanese), Gifu Shimbun,
3372:The Emptiness of Japanese Affluence
3263:Goodman, Roger; Neary, Ian (1996),
2437:"Education: Tanaka v. the Teachers"
1898:National Flag & National Anthem
902:A March 1999 poll conducted by the
861:In the week before the vote in the
477:A recording of the anthem from 1930
1988:"Briton who gave Japan its anthem"
1730:"National anthem lawsuit rejected"
321:(DPJ) and the unity of the ruling
289:as official in 1974 failed in the
229:flag, commonly referred to as the
25:
2863:Weisman, Steven R. (1990-04-29),
2173:MacArthur, Douglas (1947-05-02),
1607:"Act on National Flag and Anthem"
558:by Proclamation No. 57. The
338:countries that Japan had occupied
301:. It was suggested that both the
2813:Onishi, Norimitsu (2004-12-16).
2113:JMSDF Flag and Emblem Rules 2008
1184:Bill on National Flag and Anthem
960:Bill on National Flag and Anthem
511:, and there is no mention for a
485:Problems playing this file? See
458:
145:Bill on National Flag and Anthem
3392:Education in Contemporary Japan
2150:Yoshida, Shigeru (1947-05-02),
567:are based on the design of the
293:, due to the opposition of the
179:Act on National Flag and Anthem
35:Act on National Flag and Anthem
3395:, Cambridge University Press,
2947:Murakami, Asako (1999-08-09),
848:as the national flag but gave
747:Imperial Rescript on Education
628:adopted the current melody of
325:(LDP) and coalition partners.
1:
828:The Democratic Party of Japan
660:Background of the legislation
430:Japanese Industrial Standards
27:Japanese law ratified in 1999
3449:Takenaka, Yoshiharu (2003),
3293:10.1007/978-94-007-2178-4_16
3223:Aspinall, Robert W. (2001),
2445:, 1974-06-17, archived from
2179:, National Archives of Japan
1705:, 2010-01-28, archived from
3676:JMSDF Flag and Emblem Rules
3457:Flag basics you should know
3145:Akiko Fujita (2011-02-14),
2383:Wong, So Fei (2007-11-01),
2196:Aura Sabadus (2006-03-14),
2082:) by the Council of State (
1986:Joyce, Colin (2005-08-30),
1952:第１４５回国会 国旗及び国歌に関する特別委員会 第４号
397:Flag of Japan § Design
371:published on 13 August 1999
190:
3740:
3309:Hood, Christopher (2001),
1840:Itoh, Mayumi (July 2001),
832:The then-president of the
394:
3369:McCormack, Gavan (2001),
2225:Hongo, Jun (2007-07-17),
1386:
1336:
1312:
1288:
1264:
1236:
1212:
1193:
1162:
1114:
1090:
1064:
1040:
1012:
988:
969:
834:Democratic Party of Japan
726:global oil crisis of 1973
626:Imperial Household Agency
565:military banners of Japan
436:Provisions for the anthem
319:Democratic Party of Japan
256:had been used as Japan's
250:
236:
223:
198:
184:
167:
162:
41:
3670:
3639:
3615:
3591:
3567:
3523:
3451:
3429:Stockwin, James (2003),
2922:小学校学習指導要領解説社会編，音楽編，特別活動編
2921:
2891:
2700:
2674:
2644:
2590:
2560:
2515:
2256:National Flag and Anthem
2125:
2012:National Flag and Anthem
1951:
1794:
1635:
1611:Japanese Law Translation
1523:Enforcement and lawsuits
1469:Buraku Liberation League
963:House of Representatives
939:House of Representatives
899:but replace the lyrics.
688:Liberal Democratic Party
323:Liberal Democratic Party
133:House of Representatives
70:House of Representatives
61:Law No. 127 of Heisei 11
3592:国旗及び国歌に関する法律 (法律第百二十七号)
2701:議案審議経過情報: 国旗及び国歌に関する法律案
1492:Political ramifications
1214:Liberal Democratic
990:Liberal Democratic
802:Social Democratic Party
696:Chief Cabinet Secretary
618:British national anthem
391:Provisions for the flag
3335:, Palgrave Macmillan,
3151:ABC News International
2675:本会議投票結果: 国旗及び国歌に関する法律案
2591:国旗・国歌法案、衆院で可決 民主党は自主投票
1582:List of Japanese flags
728:, then-Prime Minister
601:(1868–1912). In 1869,
447:
422:
406:
372:
3548:Constitution of Japan
3479:, Osprey Publishing,
3409:Reed, Steven (2003),
3329:Itoh, Mayumi (2003),
3055:Constitution of Japan
1438:Tokyo Education Board
814:Japan Socialist Party
642:Ministry of Education
446:
404:
367:
354:Japanese constitution
3724:Japanese legislation
3246:State Making in Asia
2892:学習指導要領における国旗及び国歌の取扱い
2133:on December 19, 2007
1529:curriculum guideline
1465:Hiroshima Prefecture
1450:curriculum guideline
1187:House of Councillors
950:House of Councillors
871:conducted a poll in
863:House of Councillors
749:, pronounced by the
734:Japan Teachers Union
609:, an officer of the
593:poem written in the
295:Japan Teachers Union
112:Administered by
88:House of Councillors
3701:Legislation history
2516:国旗国歌法制化についての民主党の考え方
1992:The Daily Telegraph
1676:on October 11, 2007
1507:Self Defense Forces
1190:
966:
648:to restrict use of
603:John William Fenton
416:Ministry of Defense
299:Japanese militarism
262:anthem since 1880.
171:Current legislation
126:Legislative history
3476:Ashigaru 1467–1649
3100:The New York Times
2869:The New York Times
2819:The New York Times
2337:The New York Times
1553:Fukuoka Prefecture
1183:
959:
722:Okinawa Prefecture
448:
407:
373:
3506:978-0-415-33435-8
3486:978-1-84176-149-7
3466:978-4-87797-054-3
3442:978-0-415-15170-2
3422:978-0-415-31140-3
3402:978-0-521-62686-6
3382:978-0-7656-0768-3
3362:978-0-415-45259-5
3342:978-1-4039-6331-4
3322:978-0-415-23283-8
3302:978-94-007-2178-4
3276:978-1-873410-35-6
3256:978-0-415-34611-5
3236:978-0-7914-5050-5
3216:978-0-415-30469-6
3123:Los Angeles Times
2549:, pp. 209–10
2065:978-1-873410-35-6
1617:on August 2, 2012
1546:Governor of Tokyo
1542:Shintaro Ishihara
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1314:Social Democratic
1179:
1178:
1116:Social Democratic
810:Tomiichi Murayama
577:Allied-occupation
552:Japanese calendar
548:Meiji Restoration
521:common (4/4) time
472:
336:'s reign. In the
196:, abbreviated as
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
3731:
3705:
3689:
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3509:
3489:
3469:
3452:知っておきたい国旗・旗の基礎知識
3445:
3425:
3405:
3385:
3375:, M. E. Sharpe,
3365:
3345:
3325:
3305:
3279:
3259:
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3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2995:, pp. 27–28
2990:
2984:
2978:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2955:, archived from
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2934:
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2887:
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2645:第１４５回国会 本会議 第４７号
2640:
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2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2468:, pp. 82–83
2463:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:on June 23, 2011
2433:
2422:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2373:, pp. 66–67
2368:
2359:
2358:, pp. 44–45
2353:
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2344:
2329:
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2251:
2242:
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2240:
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2222:
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2213:
2204:, archived from
2193:
2187:
2186:
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2000:
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1925:
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1907:
1906:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1875:, pp. 68–69
1870:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1852:, archived from
1837:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1757:
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1741:
1734:The Windsor Star
1726:
1717:
1716:
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1684:
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1664:
1655:
1654:
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1631:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1603:
1191:
967:
955:
954:
925:; the lyrics of
500:Hiromori Hayashi
496:musical notation
474:
473:
445:
427:
425:
369:Official gazette
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3257:
3242:
3237:
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3202:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3177:
3174:The Japan Times
3168:
3167:
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3153:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3102:
3092:Tabuchi, Hiroko
3090:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3066:
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2999:
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2987:
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2953:The Japan Times
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2657:
2646:
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2637:
2629:
2627:
2624:The Japan Times
2618:
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2289:
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2259:
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2237:
2235:
2232:The Japan Times
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2066:
2045:
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2033:
2029:
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2019:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1985:
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1525:
1515:The Japan Times
1494:
1477:
1417:
1412:
1185:
961:
935:
910:The Japan Times
905:Yomiuri Shimbun
868:The Japan Times
859:
830:
806:Communist Party
798:
764:
759:
757:Party positions
662:
589:are based on a
536:
494:The lyrics and
492:
491:
483:
481:
480:
479:
478:
475:
459:
456:
449:
443:
438:
419:
399:
393:
362:
360:Text of the act
350:political right
346:Yasukuni Shrine
317:the opposition
247:
233:
220:
181:
131:First chamber:
118:
84:Enacted by
66:Enacted by
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3695:External links
3693:
3691:
3690:
3666:
3640:国旗及び県旗の取扱いについて
3635:
3616:国旗及び国歌の取扱いについて
3611:
3587:
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3110:
3094:(2009-03-26),
3083:
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3009:
2997:
2985:
2968:
2959:on Jun 6, 2011
2936:
2912:
2879:
2855:
2853:, p. xvii
2851:McCormack 2001
2838:
2800:
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1442:Kunio Yonenaga
1420:Prime Minister
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857:Public opinion
855:
842:Yukio Hatoyama
829:
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681:Prime Minister
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451:
450:
441:
440:
439:
437:
434:
395:Main article:
392:
389:
361:
358:
267:Japan's defeat
173:
172:
165:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
136:
135:
128:
127:
123:
122:
116:Cabinet Office
113:
109:
108:
107:13 August 1999
105:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3704:(in Japanese)
3702:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3658:on 2011-10-04
3654:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3627:on 2008-05-06
3626:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3603:on 2010-05-21
3602:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3579:on 2008-04-07
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3555:on 2011-04-09
3554:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3535:on 2011-06-08
3534:
3530:
3526:
3524:明治3年太政官布告第57号
3520:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3499:, Routledge,
3498:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3435:, Routledge,
3434:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:, Routledge,
3414:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3355:, Routledge,
3354:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3315:, Routledge,
3314:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3269:, Routledge,
3268:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3249:, Routledge,
3248:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3209:, Routledge,
3208:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3038:on 2011-06-17
3037:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3007:, p. 212
3006:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:Williams 2006
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:on 2006-03-19
2932:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2903:on 2011-07-22
2902:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:, p. 211
2750:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:, p. 210
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2712:on 2011-03-23
2711:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2692:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2666:
2656:on 2012-07-14
2655:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2636:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2602:on 2010-01-17
2601:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2572:on 2010-01-17
2571:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2527:on 2010-01-16
2526:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2504:, p. 180
2503:
2502:Stockwin 2003
2498:
2495:
2492:, p. 208
2491:
2486:
2483:
2480:, p. 237
2479:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:, p. 209
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2399:on 2012-03-10
2395:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:, p. 126
2316:
2315:Aspinall 2001
2311:
2308:
2305:, p. 206
2304:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2208:on 2012-12-16
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:Turnbull 2001
2031:
2028:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1966:on 2011-08-19
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1933:on 2012-04-20
1929:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:Takenaka 2003
1869:
1866:
1856:on 2018-10-02
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1709:on 2013-07-11
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1647:on 2014-07-04
1646:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1475:International
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:Votes against
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
991:
986:
985:
981:
978:
976:Votes against
975:
972:
968:
964:
957:
956:
953:
951:
946:
944:
943:National Diet
940:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
906:
900:
898:
894:
893:Sakura Sakura
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
856:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:In opposition
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
782:Liberal Party
779:
778:
773:
769:
761:
756:
754:
752:
751:Emperor Meiji
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:
730:Tanaka Kakuei
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
709:and start of
708:
705:
701:
700:Hiromu Nonaka
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
529:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
490:
488:
455:
435:
433:
431:
424:
417:
413:
403:
398:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
370:
366:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
326:
324:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:National Diet
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
260:
245:
232:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:national flag
205:
192:
180:
170:
166:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
129:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
104:
100:
97:9 August 1999
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
52:National Diet
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3684:, retrieved
3675:
3660:, retrieved
3653:the original
3644:
3629:, retrieved
3625:the original
3620:
3605:, retrieved
3601:the original
3596:
3581:, retrieved
3577:the original
3572:
3557:, retrieved
3553:the original
3547:
3537:, retrieved
3533:the original
3528:
3495:
3475:
3456:
3431:
3411:
3391:
3371:
3351:
3331:
3311:
3284:
3265:
3245:
3225:
3205:
3178:, retrieved
3176:, 2011-06-04
3173:
3164:
3154:, retrieved
3150:
3127:, retrieved
3125:, 2011-02-06
3122:
3113:
3103:, retrieved
3099:
3086:
3076:, retrieved
3071:
3062:
3050:
3040:, retrieved
3036:the original
3030:
3024:
3019:, p. 43
3012:
3000:
2988:
2983:, p. 91
2961:, retrieved
2957:the original
2952:
2931:the original
2926:
2915:
2905:, retrieved
2901:the original
2896:
2872:, retrieved
2868:
2858:
2830:. Retrieved
2818:
2793:, retrieved
2787:
2781:
2771:, retrieved
2765:
2714:, retrieved
2710:the original
2705:
2694:
2684:, retrieved
2679:
2668:
2658:, retrieved
2654:the original
2649:
2638:
2628:, retrieved
2626:, 1999-08-05
2623:
2614:
2604:, retrieved
2600:the original
2595:
2584:
2574:, retrieved
2570:the original
2565:
2554:
2529:, retrieved
2525:the original
2520:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2466:Goodman 1996
2461:
2451:, retrieved
2447:the original
2440:
2401:, retrieved
2394:the original
2385:
2378:
2351:
2341:, retrieved
2339:, 1999-07-23
2336:
2310:
2298:
2293:, p. 81
2291:Goodman 1996
2286:
2281:, p. 36
2274:
2264:, retrieved
2255:
2236:, retrieved
2230:
2220:
2210:, retrieved
2206:the original
2202:The Scotsman
2201:
2191:
2181:, retrieved
2175:
2168:
2158:, retrieved
2152:
2145:
2135:, retrieved
2131:the original
2119:
2108:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2030:
2020:, retrieved
2011:
2005:
1995:, retrieved
1991:
1968:, retrieved
1964:the original
1960:
1956:
1945:
1935:, retrieved
1928:the original
1919:
1913:
1903:, retrieved
1897:
1891:
1880:
1868:
1858:, retrieved
1854:the original
1849:
1845:
1808:, retrieved
1799:
1788:
1777:
1766:
1738:, retrieved
1736:, 2011-02-15
1733:
1711:, retrieved
1707:the original
1702:
1678:, retrieved
1674:the original
1668:
1649:, retrieved
1645:the original
1640:
1636:麻生内閣総理大臣記者会見
1629:
1619:, retrieved
1615:the original
1610:
1601:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1551:One city in
1550:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1499:Tsutomu Hata
1495:
1478:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1434:his birthday
1423:Keizō Obuchi
1418:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1362:Independents
1343:
1322:
1298:
1271:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1219:
1156:
1145:
1140:Independents
1124:
1100:
1082:
1071:
1047:
1032:
1024:
1019:
995:
947:
936:
926:
922:
918:
913:
909:
903:
901:
896:
888:
884:
866:
860:
849:
831:
821:
799:
786:Ichirō Ozawa
775:
768:Yoshirō Mori
765:
742:
738:
717:
715:
691:
684:Keizō Obuchi
678:
669:
663:
653:
649:
637:
633:
629:
621:
615:
611:Satsuma Clan
595:Heian period
582:
581:
572:
568:
559:
556:civil ensign
539:
537:
531:
527:
505:Franz Eckert
493:
408:
380:
376:
374:
342:World War II
327:
315:
306:
302:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:World War II
264:
257:
230:
215:
185:国旗及び国歌に関する法律
178:
176:
168:
153:11 June 1999
79:22 July 1999
37:国旗及び国歌に関する法律
29:
3719:1999 in law
3515:Legislation
3072:Japan Focus
1387:Total (251)
1163:Total (499)
804:(SDPJ) and
790:New Komeito
534:before 1999
517:Dorian mode
503:harmony by
385:prefectural
3713:Categories
3686:2009-09-25
3662:2010-10-22
3631:2010-01-14
3607:2010-02-06
3583:2008-01-25
3559:2010-10-13
3539:2010-02-06
3180:2011-06-04
3156:2011-05-31
3129:2011-05-31
3105:2011-05-31
3078:2011-05-31
3042:2010-10-13
2963:2011-02-13
2907:2009-12-08
2874:2010-01-02
2832:2023-08-28
2795:2010-01-28
2773:2010-01-28
2716:2010-01-17
2686:2010-10-13
2660:2010-01-17
2630:2010-10-14
2606:2010-01-18
2576:2010-01-18
2531:2010-01-17
2478:Okano 1999
2453:2010-10-13
2403:2011-06-04
2343:2010-10-13
2266:2009-12-11
2238:2010-10-28
2212:2007-12-10
2183:2009-12-10
2160:2007-12-03
2137:2010-02-06
2022:2009-12-11
1997:2010-10-21
1970:2010-02-01
1937:2009-07-09
1905:2010-01-02
1860:2010-10-13
1810:2010-01-13
1740:2011-05-31
1713:2011-05-31
1680:2009-11-19
1651:2010-01-14
1621:2011-07-27
1588:References
1486:Philippine
1238:Democratic
1014:Democratic
853:the bill.
762:In support
711:Heisei era
607:Iwao Ōyama
487:media help
150:Introduced
3671:海上自衛隊旗章規則
3057:Article 9
3017:Amyx 2003
3005:Itoh 2003
2993:Reed 2003
2827:0362-4331
2749:Itoh 2003
2732:Itoh 2003
2547:Itoh 2003
2490:Itoh 2003
2419:Itoh 2003
2371:Hood 2001
2356:Lall 2003
2303:Itoh 2003
2279:Boyd 2006
2084:Daijō-kan
2050:Flag and
1593:Citations
1482:Singapore
1410:Reactions
1290:Communist
1203:Abstained
1197:Votes for
1092:Communist
979:Abstained
973:Votes for
881:Hiroshima
838:Naoto Kan
666:Hiroshima
599:Meiji era
569:hinomaru,
311:Hiroshima
103:Effective
2074:35294491
2052:Kimigayo
2048:Hinomaru
1800:Protocol
1576:See also
1570:Kimigayo
1565:Kimigayo
1557:Kimigayo
1534:Kimigayo
1458:Kimigayo
1454:Kimigayo
1415:Domestic
927:Kimigayo
923:Kimigayo
919:Kimigayo
914:Kimigayo
897:Kimigayo
889:Kimigayo
885:Kimigayo
850:Kimigayo
846:Hinomaru
822:Kimigayo
818:Hinomaru
777:Kimigayo
772:Hinomaru
743:Kimigayo
739:Kimigayo
718:Kimigayo
692:Kimigayo
670:Kimigayo
654:Kimigayo
650:Kimigayo
638:Kimigayo
634:Kimigayo
630:Kimigayo
622:Kimigayo
583:Kimigayo
573:hinomaru
560:hinomaru
540:hinomaru
532:Kimigayo
528:Hinomaru
509:hiragana
454:Kimigayo
381:Kimigayo
377:Kimigayo
307:Kimigayo
303:hinomaru
287:Kimigayo
283:hinomaru
279:Kimigayo
275:hinomaru
259:de facto
244:Kimigayo
231:hinomaru
217:nisshōki
58:Citation
3568:自衛隊法施行令
3191:Sources
1440:member
1430:Akihito
1427:Emperor
1338:Liberal
1266:Komeito
1206:Absent
1066:Liberal
1042:Komeito
982:Absent
836:(DPJ),
812:of the
707:Akihito
704:Emperor
686:of the
544:Sengoku
423:aka iro
340:during
334:Akihito
331:Emperor
169:Status:
158:Summary
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76:Enacted
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2080:fukoku
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1544:, the
1216:(101)
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587:lyrics
265:After
212:anthem
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1194:Party
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2070:OCLC
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