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418:"been read" with an agent "by anyone" and a time adverb "for a while". On the content plane "the book" has the function of topic of the utterance, that which the sentence is about and which links it to the larger discourse, the function of "hasn't" is to state the illocutionary force of the declarative utterance, and the predicate is the message "hasn't been read by anyone for a while" which is intended to be communicated.
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message. Danish functionalists assume that an utterance is not to be analysed from the minimal units and up, but rather from the maximal units and down, because speakers begin the construction of utterances by choosing what to say in a given situation, then by choosing the words to use and finally by building the sentence by means of sounds.
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is best understood and analysed through its communicative function. When analysing linguistic utterances, the content and expression planes are analysed separately, with the expression plane being analysed through traditional structural methods and the content plane being analysed mostly through methods from
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Engberg-Pedersen et al. 1996 p. vii "A functionalist approach implies a conception of language as a matching of content that can be communicated with the expressive means of the language. That is, instead of seeing language metaphorically as horizontal levels, one put on top of the other, we return
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school. Like
Hjelmslev and Saussure, the approach insists on the basic structural division of communication in planes of content and expression. Like Simon Dik and functionalist grammarians, Danish functionalists also insist that language is fundamentally a means of communication between humans and
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dividing utterances into three basic fields: a foundation field, a nexus field and a content field; and the pragmatic structure of utterances that often uses the foundation field for discourse pragmatic functions, the nexus field for illocutionary functions and the content field for the linguistic
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An example of a two planed analysis is given below in the analysis of the utterance "The book hasn't been read by anyone for a while". The
Expression plane consists of "the book" which is a noun phrase with a determiner, a finite verb with a negational adverb "hasn't", and a passive verbal phrase
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Hjelmslev’s objective was to establish a framework for understanding communication as a formal system, and an important part of this was the development of precise terminology to describe the different parts of linguistic systems and their interrelatedness. The basic theoretical framework, called
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However, since
Hjelmslev's death in 1965 left his theories mostly on the programmatic level, the group that had formed around Hjelmslev and his glossematic theory dispersed—while the Copenhagen Linguistic Circle continued to exist, it was not really a "school" united by a common theoretical
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as an attempt to analyse the expression (phonetics and grammar) and the meaning of a language on a coherent basis. He assumed that language was not the only instrument of communication (cf. the communication of deaf), and he was interested in a general theory of the signs of communication,
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Brøndal emphasised that formal properties of a system should be kept apart from its substance. Accordingly, Hjelmslev presented, as the key figure of
Copenhagen School in the 1930s, a formal linguistic fundament, which was later known as
409:. However, it is assumed that structures on the expression plane mirror structures on the content plane. This can be seen in the parallelism between the structure of Danish sentences as described by the structural syntactic model of
330:. It represented in a pure form the idea that language is a form and not a substance. It studied the relational system within the language on a higher level of abstraction.
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founded the School of Danish
Functional Grammar aiming to combine the ideas of Hjelmslev and Brøndal, and other important Danish linguists such as
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Bernd
Kortmann, Johan van der Auwera. 2011. The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide, Volume 2 Walter de Gruyter pp.833-834
260:. In the following the two stages of the Copenhagen School will be described as 1. The glossematic school and 2. Danish functional linguistics.
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with modern functional linguistics. Among the prominent members of this new generation of the
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There are no one-to-one correspondents between content and expression, but the signs may be divided into smaller components.
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to the basic
Saussurean notion that languages have two planes: an expression plane and a content plane."
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An example of a descriptive work within Danish functional linguistics is the 2011 grammar of
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run in collaboration with the
Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen. It was started in 1939 by
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The Copenhagen School of Linguistics evolved around Louis Hjelmslev and his developing
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Official page of the Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen at the University of Copenhagen
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Functional Semantics: A Theory of Meaning, Structure and Tense in English
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Content, expression and structure: studies in Danish functional grammar
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Funktionel lingvistik — eksemplificeret ved dansk funktionel lingvistik
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Even more than Saussure, the Copenhagen School is interested in the
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Predicate: to be read/Specifier: by anyone/Time frame: for a while
530:"Lingvistkredsens 90-års jubilæum og Projekt Infrastrukturalisme"
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approach attracted a group of followers, principal among them
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There are certain relations in the succession and the system.
695:; Lars Heltoft; Lisbeth Falster Jakobsen (eds.). (1996)
672:”. NyS 34/35. 92-130. (Multivers. Det akademiske Forlag.)
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Content and expression are interconnected by commutation.
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in 1931, a group of linguists based on the model of the
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104:is a group of scholars dedicated to the study of
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396:with the best ideas and concepts of the earlier
54:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
612:(in Danish). Københavns Universitet. 2023-01-30
497:Western Linguistics: An Historical Introduction
306:A language consists of content and expression.
204:” was laid out in Hjelmslev’s two main works:
176:. Together with Viggo Brøndal he founded the
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302:The principal ideas of the school are:
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699:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
640:Hansen, Erik; Heltoft, Lars (2011).
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474:by Erik Hansen & Lars Heltoft,
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