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Whilst traditional sporting judgment criteria may be adopted when assessing performance (distance, time, score, etc.), extreme sports performers are often evaluated on more subjective and aesthetic criteria. This results in a tendency to reject unified judging methods, with different sports employing
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Extreme sports is a sub-category of sports that are described as any kind of sport "of a character or kind farthest removed from the ordinary or average". These kinds of sports often carry out the potential risk of serious and permanent physical injury and even death. However, these sports also have
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Extreme sports may be perceived as extremely dangerous, conducive to fatalities, near-fatalities and other serious injuries. The perceived risk in an extreme sport has been considered a somewhat necessary part of its appeal, which is partially a result of pressure for athletes to make more money and
544:
Disabled people participate in extreme sports. Nonprofit organizations such as
Adaptive Action Sports seek to increase awareness of the participation in action sports by members of the disabled community, as well as increase access to the adaptive technologies that make participation possible and to
486:
because of the high level of physical exertion. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the link to adrenaline and 'true' extreme sports is tentative. Brymer and Gray's study defined 'true' extreme sports as a leisure or recreation activity where the most likely outcome of a mismanaged accident or
210:
In a traditional sporting event, athletes compete against each other under controlled circumstances. While it is possible to create a controlled sporting event such as X Games, there are environmental variables that cannot be held constant for all athletes. Examples include changing snow conditions
190:
and
Extreme International launched. More recently, the commonly used definition from research is "a competitive (comparison or self-evaluative) activity within which the participant is subjected to natural or unusual physical and mental challenges such as speed, height, depth or natural forces and
457:
Some contend that the distinction between an extreme sport and a conventional one has as much to do with marketing as with the level of danger involved or the adrenaline generated. For example, rugby union is both dangerous and adrenaline-inducing but is not considered an extreme sport due to its
194:
While the use of the term "extreme sport" has spread everywhere to describe a multitude of different activities, exactly which sports are considered 'extreme' is debatable. There are, however, several characteristics common to most extreme sports. While they are not the exclusive domain of youth,
590:
In outdoor adventure sports, participants get to experience the emotion of intense thrill, usually associated with the extreme sports. Even though some extreme sports present a higher level of risk, people still choose to embark in the experience of extreme sports for the sake of the adrenaline.
206:
due to the higher number of inherently uncontrollable variables. These environmental variables are frequently weather and terrain-related, including wind, snow, water and mountains. Because these natural phenomena cannot be controlled, they inevitably affect the outcome of the given activity or
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Eric Brymer also found that the potential of various extraordinary human experiences, many of which parallel those found in activities such as meditation, was an important part of the extreme sport experience. Those experiences put the participants outside their
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rush in participants. However, the medical view is that the rush or high associated with the activity is not due to adrenaline being released as a response to fear, but due to increased levels of
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The implication of the phrase was that the word "sport" defined an activity in which one might be killed, other activities being termed "games." The phrase may have been invented by either writer
587:, which can facilitate performance of stunts. It is believed that the implementation of extreme sports on mental health patients improves their perspective and recognition of aspects of life.
182:
There is no precise definition of an 'extreme sport' and the origin of the term is unclear but it gained popularity in the 1990s when it was picked up by marketing companies to promote the
340:, in which competitors were required to devise a sculpture mounted on skis and ride it down a mountain. The event reached its limits when the Club arrived in St. Moritz with a London
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595:, we have an instinctual 'death wish', which is a subconscious inbuilt desire to destroy ourselves, proving that in the seek for the thrill, danger is considered pleasurable.
199:
curriculum. Extreme sports tend to be more solitary than many of the popular traditional sports (rafting and paintballing are notable exceptions, as they are done in teams).
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perceived as involving a high degree of risk of injury or death. These activities often involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion and highly specialized gear.
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The origin of the divergence of the term "extreme sports" from "sports" may date to the 1950s in the appearance of a phrase usually, but wrongly, attributed to
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The relationship between personality, sensation seeking, reaction time and sport participation: evidence from drag racers, sport science students and archers
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Some of the sports have existed for decades and their proponents span generations, some going on to become well known personalities. Rock climbing and
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Denoting or relating to a sport performed in a hazardous environment and involving great physical risk, such as parachuting or white-water rafting.
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the potential to produce drastic benefits on mental and physical health and provide opportunity for individuals to engage fully with life.
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was treated as a novelty for a few years, then became a craze for young people, and is now an established industry for thrill seekers.
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extreme sports tend to have a younger-than-average target demographic. Extreme sports are also rarely sanctioned by schools for their
2460:"Experiences leading elite motorcycle road racers to participate at the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy (TT): an existential perspective"
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2326:"Experiences leading elite motorcycle road racers to participate at the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy (TT): an existential perspective"
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1631:"Experiences leading elite motorcycle road racers to participate at the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy (TT): an existential perspective"
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their own ideals and indeed having the ability to evolve their assessment standards with new trends or developments in the sports.
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where fast and accurate cognitive perceptual processing may be required for a successful outcome" by Dr. Rhonda Cohen (2012).
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1164:
The Nathan Kramer
Heritage Dictionary of the Japanese Language, thirtieth Edition by Houghton Mifflin Company. (2006).
462:(the aesthetic criteria mentioned above) and also it does not have changing environmental variables for the athletes.
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1884:"Extreme sports are good for your health: A phenomenological understanding of fear and anxiety in extreme sport"
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378:, Extremesportscompany.com launched and then the X Games, a multi-sport event was created and developed by
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There are only three sports: bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering; all the rest are merely games.
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Certain extreme sports clearly trace back to other extreme sports, or combinations thereof. For example,
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mistake was death. This definition was designed to separate the marketing hype from the activity.
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1467:"Generation Ex – the Extreme Games, a competition for people with exceptional athletic talents"
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traditional image, and because it does not involve high speed or an intention to perform
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A feature of such activities in the view of some is their alleged capacity to induce an
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2515:"A Phenomenological Investigation of the Experience of Taking Part in 'Extreme Sports'"
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1834:"A Phenomenological Investigation of the Experience of Taking Part in 'Extreme Sports'"
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Extreme sports feature a combination of speed, height, danger and spectacular stunts.
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Extreme Sports
Evaluation: Evidence from Judging Figure Skating, Econometric Society
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Globus, S (1997). "X-games: Are you equipped for the extreme? (high-risk sports)".
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While attempting a forward loop in overpowered storm conditions off the coast of
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This article is about
Extreme sport. For other physical exercise cultures, see
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Extreme Dude: A Phenomenological
Perspective on the Extreme sports experience
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The Club also pioneered a surrealist form of skiing, holding three events at
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533:. Another example is surfing, invented centuries ago by the inhabitants of
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Activities categorized by media as extreme sports differ from traditional
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on the other hand was conceived by combining the propulsion system of
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overlaps with extreme sport. The two share the same main attraction, "
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288:. They first came to wide public attention by inventing modern day
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382:. The first X Games (known as 1995 Extreme Games) were held in
300:. They followed the Clifton Bridge effort with a jump from the
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2007:"Most dangerous extreme sports: Risk your life for a thrill?"
1498:. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2008. Archived from
1256:
Cohen, Rhonda; Baluch, Bahman; Duffy, Linda J. (2018-10-18).
292:, by making the first modern jumps on 1 April 1979, from the
2312:
Ultimate list of adventure sports with 100+ extreme sports
2458:
Sille, R. A.; Ronkainen, N. J.; Tod, D. A. (2019-05-26).
2324:
Sille, R. A.; Ronkainen, N. J.; Tod, D. A. (2019-05-26).
1629:
Sille, R. A.; Ronkainen, N. J.; Tod, D. A. (2019-05-26).
1258:"Defining Extreme Sport: Conceptions and Misconceptions"
1207:
The Oxford Pocket
Dictionary of Current English (2008).
2136:"EXTREME – Iconic Global Action Sports Lifestyle Brand"
284:
was founded by David Kirke, Chris Baker, Ed Hulton and
1564:
AmericanSportsData.com. August 1, 2002. Archived from
1356:
AmericanSportsData.com. August 1, 2002. Archived from
575:
jumping waves gets catapulted into a high double flip.
30:"Lifestyle sport" redirects here. For other uses, see
2204:"List of 100 Extreme Sports (Ultimate List for 2021)"
1738:
Ability
Magazine: Adaptive Action Sports - Amy Purdy"
170:, and differ mostly in the degree of engagement and
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2467:Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health
2333:Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health
1638:Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health
583:Extreme sports trigger the release of the hormone
517:have spawned publicly recognizable names such as
1812:"Recent deaths draw attention to extreme sports"
405:was conceived as a result of efforts to equip a
1562:"'Generation Y' Drives Increasingly Popular..."
1354:"'Generation Y' drives increasingly popular..."
1330:"Colleges for Students Who Like Extreme Sports"
1523:. ESPN Internet Ventures. 2002. Archived from
2590:
2373:
2371:
8:
1762:Ability Magazine: X Games - Adaptive Sports"
1682:. University of Wollongong, Australia, 2005
1614:Extreme Sports: A Challenge to Phenomenology
316:, sponsored by and televised on the popular
1616:. University of Wollongong, Australia, 2004
1545:"Extreme Sport, Extreme Chic, Extreme Hype"
2597:
2583:
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1957:"To Analyze Thrill, Define Extreme Sports"
1785:"In extreme sports, the X-factor is death"
1142:
1140:
425:) with the bi-directional boards used for
347:Other Club activities included expedition
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1982:
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1882:Brymer, E. & Schweitzer, R. (2013) .
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1390:Wile, Jon; Amato, Sonny (2006-06-21).
1877:
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1624:
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7:
1685:"Library - University of Wollongong"
599:List of extreme and adventure sports
2438:"Volleyball Association of Ireland"
2411:. xtremesport4u.com. Archived from
2409:"Is snowmobiling an extreme sport?"
1246:. PhD thesis, Middlesex University.
537:, it will become national sport of
413:propulsion system (mast and sail).
367:(in the early days of this sport).
2378:Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2008-12-30).
2095:Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2008-12-30).
545:competitions such as The X Games.
25:
1955:Buckley, Ralf C. (29 June 2018).
2560:
453:Snowboarder drops off a cornice.
219:, and wave height and shape for
127:
113:
97:
83:
67:
53:
1441:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
1183:. Very dangerous or difficult:
374:was further promoted after the
2381:Encyclopedia of Extreme Sports
2098:Encyclopedia of Extreme Sports
1612:Brymer, Eric and Gray, Tonia,
1586:Konkel, Lindsey (2009-07-13).
1392:"'Adrenaline': Extreme Sports"
560:provide maximum entertainment.
1:
2565:The dictionary definition of
2479:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1618387
2345:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1618387
1650:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1618387
1521:"About International X Games"
1419:"Ernest Hemingway FAQ part 5"
549:Mortality, health, and thrill
2606:Extreme and adventure sports
2519:Journal of Health Psychology
1888:Journal of Health Psychology
1838:Journal of Health Psychology
32:Athletics (physical culture)
1710:"SURFING IN ANCIENT HAWAII"
1316:"What the Athletes Told Me"
370:In recent decades the term
215:, rock and ice quality for
3282:
1496:"Extreme Sports – Encarta"
1148:extreme sport – definition
552:
166:" caused by an element of
47:Examples of extreme sports
36:
29:
3083:Aggressive inline skating
2384:. Abc-Clio. p. 191.
306:San Francisco, California
294:Clifton Suspension Bridge
2531:10.1177/1359105307082459
1974:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01216
1900:10.1177/1359105312446770
1850:10.1177/1359105307082459
1275:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01974
433:is in turn derived from
2280:Encyclopædia Britannica
1961:Frontiers in Psychology
1465:Josh Krulewitz (1994).
1262:Frontiers in Psychology
2513:Willig, Carla (2008).
1832:Willig, Carla (2008).
1443:. 2007. Archived from
1111:Extreme Sports Channel
576:
498:
454:
398:in the United States.
376:Extreme Sports Channel
269:
245:
188:Extreme Sports Channel
2959:Parachuting/Skydiving
2310:{{cite web: AWE365 -
1594:. New York University
566:
497:is a recent activity.
493:
452:
312:Suspension Bridge in
274:Dangerous Sports Club
261:
251:or automotive author
241:
3073:Freestyle scootering
2899:Traditional climbing
2218:"DISCLOSURE OF RISK"
2206:. 16 September 2022.
1588:"Extreme Psychology"
1425:on February 3, 2012.
1377:Jungmin Lee (2004),
1210:extreme – definition
1167:extreme – definition
666:Freestyle scootering
3000:Powered paragliding
2827:Whitewater kayaking
2822:Whitewater canoeing
1551:, February 8, 1998.
1396:The Washington Post
1334:College Raptor Blog
1098:Whitewater kayaking
866:Whitewater kayaking
320:television program
3131:Ski mountaineering
2894:Free solo climbing
2832:Whitewater rafting
2013:. 30 January 2019.
1242:2016-04-09 at the
1150:. Dictionary.com.
577:
529:and more recently
499:
455:
323:That's Incredible!
302:Golden Gate Bridge
270:
197:physical education
121:Ski mountaineering
61:Free solo climbing
3243:
3242:
2889:Big wall climbing
2637:Kite landboarding
1783:Smallwood, John.
973:Ironman Triathlon
701:Ironman Triathlon
636:Alpine ski racing
445:Commercialisation
342:double-decker bus
278:Oxford University
239:. The phrase is;
16:(Redirected from
3273:
3180:Adventure racing
3154:Extreme sledding
3121:Freestyle skiing
2932:Ski-BASE jumping
2805:Technical diving
2652:Mountainboarding
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2283:. 22 March 2024.
2275:"Extreme sports"
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2223:. Archived from
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1942:Current Health 2
1937:
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1918:. Archived from
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1810:Kennedy, Bruce.
1807:
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1473:. Archived from
1471:American Fitness
1462:
1456:
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1437:"extreme sports"
1433:
1427:
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1421:. Archived from
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1234:
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1215:Encyclopedia.com
1204:
1198:
1197:
1193:an extreme skier
1176:
1175:
1170:. Dictionary.com
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1120:Adventure travel
1078:Volcano Boarding
1073:Technical Diving
1003:Mountainboarding
998:Motorcycle sport
983:Land windsurfing
846:Volcano Boarding
841:Technical Diving
746:Mountainboarding
741:Motorcycle sport
726:Land windsurfing
671:Freestyle skiing
604:Adventure sports
527:Wolfgang Güllich
508:adventure travel
298:Bristol, England
237:Ernest Hemingway
148:adventure sports
131:
117:
101:
87:
71:
57:
39:Physical culture
21:
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3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3210:Obstacle racing
3195:Extreme ironing
3168:
3135:
3099:
3061:
3050:Mountain biking
3021:
3017:Wingsuit flying
2963:
2910:
2877:Alpine climbing
2836:
2761:
2718:
2608:
2603:
2557:
2512:
2509:
2507:Further reading
2504:
2503:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2288:
2273:
2272:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2116:
2109:
2094:
2093:
2018:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1592:ScienceLine.org
1585:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1244:Wayback Machine
1235:
1231:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1185:extreme rafting
1173:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1116:Extreme tourism
1107:
1102:
1013:Mountain biking
938:Freeride biking
884:
756:Mountain biking
706:Extreme ironing
651:Freeride biking
606:
601:
557:
551:
523:Chris Bonington
495:Wingsuit flying
468:
447:
267:Mount Tamalpais
265:launching from
233:
180:
172:professionalism
164:adrenaline rush
160:Extreme tourism
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
124:
123:
118:
109:
108:
107:
102:
94:
93:
88:
79:
78:
77:
72:
64:
63:
58:
49:
48:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:Sports by type
3258:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Cheese rolling
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:Extreme skiing
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3095:Roller skating
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3078:Inline skating
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Bungee jumping
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2872:Mountaineering
2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:Mixed climbing
2857:
2855:Crane climbing
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2556:
2555:External links
2553:
2552:
2551:
2525:(5): 690–702.
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2473:(3): 431–445.
2450:
2426:
2397:
2390:
2367:
2339:(3): 431–445.
2316:
2286:
2241:
2230:on 6 July 2019
2209:
2152:
2114:
2107:
2016:
1998:
1947:
1932:
1894:(4): 477–487.
1871:
1844:(5): 690–702.
1824:
1802:
1775:
1751:
1727:
1716:on 7 July 2019
1701:
1678:Brymer, Eric,
1671:
1644:(3): 431–445.
1618:
1605:
1578:
1553:
1549:New York Times
1537:
1512:
1487:
1457:
1428:
1407:
1382:
1370:
1345:
1321:
1307:
1248:
1229:
1199:
1156:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Mountaineering
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
968:Inline skating
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
933:Extreme skiing
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
883:
882:Extreme sports
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:Mountaineering
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
696:Inline skating
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
631:Extreme skiing
628:
623:
618:
613:
611:Bungee jumping
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
550:
547:
519:Edmund Hillary
467:
464:
446:
443:
411:sailing boat's
327:Bungee jumping
290:bungee jumping
249:Barnaby Conrad
232:
229:
179:
176:
152:extreme sports
133:
126:
125:
119:
112:
111:
110:
103:
96:
95:
89:
82:
81:
80:
73:
66:
65:
59:
52:
51:
50:
46:
45:
44:
43:
27:Class of sport
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3278:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Ultramarathon
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:Freestyle BMX
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Cliff jumping
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:Rock climbing
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:River surfing
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Street luging
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Skateboarding
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Riverboarding
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Bellyboarding
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2571:at Wiktionary
2570:
2569:
2568:extreme sport
2563:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2415:on 2017-01-25
2414:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2391:9780313344732
2387:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2142:on 2019-07-06
2141:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:9780313344732
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1922:on 2017-08-30
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1791:on 2016-03-04
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1691:on 2008-07-21
1690:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1568:on 2008-05-17
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1527:on 2008-08-29
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1502:on 2009-10-28
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1477:on 2016-09-10
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1447:on 2008-10-23
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1360:on 2008-05-17
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1303:
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1294:
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1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
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1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1125:Extreme Games
1123:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Skateboarding
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:Rock climbing
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
913:Cliff jumping
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
826:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:Skateboarding
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:Rock climbing
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
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669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
596:
594:
593:Sigmund Freud
591:According to
588:
586:
581:
574:
570:
565:
561:
556:
548:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
461:
451:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:kite buggying
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:extreme sport
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
325:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
268:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
244:
240:
238:
230:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
208:
205:
200:
198:
192:
189:
186:and when the
185:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:Action sports
136:
130:
122:
116:
106:
100:
92:
86:
76:
70:
62:
56:
40:
33:
19:
3220:Powerbocking
3215:Orienteering
3205:Fell running
3200:Extreme Pogo
3126:Speed skiing
3088:Vert skating
3012:Speed flying
2990:Hang gliding
2944:Cliff-diving
2922:BASE jumping
2860:Ice climbing
2817:Water skiing
2795:Scuba diving
2767:Water sports
2709:Wakeboarding
2682:Snowboarding
2672:Skimboarding
2662:Sandboarding
2647:Longboarding
2642:Kiteboarding
2627:Bodyboarding
2605:
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2101:. Abc-Clio.
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1166:
1159:
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1147:
1083:Wakeboarding
1058:Snowmobiling
1033:Sandboarding
988:Longboarding
963:Ice yachting
953:Ice climbing
948:Hang gliding
928:Extreme pogo
908:Bodyboarding
893:BASE jumping
856:Water skiing
851:Wakeboarding
821:Snowmobiling
816:Snowboarding
781:Scuba diving
731:Longboarding
691:Ice yachting
681:Ice climbing
676:Hang gliding
626:Extreme pogo
589:
582:
578:
558:
543:
515:ice climbing
512:
504:comfort zone
500:
469:
456:
435:snowboarding
431:Wakeboarding
427:wakeboarding
400:
371:
369:
365:BASE jumping
363:flying; and
351:from active
349:hang gliding
346:
331:
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271:
246:
242:
234:
225:
213:snowboarders
209:
201:
193:
181:
151:
147:
143:
142:
91:Base jumping
75:Ice climbing
18:Action sport
3225:Slacklining
3007:Parasailing
2995:Paragliding
2954:Tombstoning
2800:Cave diving
2785:High diving
2775:Coasteering
2724:Motorsports
2714:Windsurfing
2687:Snowskating
2632:Dirtsurfing
2614:Boardsports
1598:10 November
1179:6. Sports:
1093:Wingsuiting
1068:Street luge
1053:Slacklining
1043:Ski jumping
978:Kitesurfing
943:Freerunning
923:Cave diving
871:Windsurfing
831:Street luge
806:Slacklining
791:Ski jumping
761:Paragliding
721:Kitesurfing
656:Freerunning
621:Cave diving
571:, Spain, a
531:Joe Simpson
439:waterskiing
415:Kitesurfing
403:windsurfing
338:Switzerland
310:Royal Gorge
286:Alan Weston
263:Hang glider
135:Paragliding
105:Cave diving
3256:Lifestyles
3250:Categories
3235:Zip-lining
3116:Freeriding
3038:BMX racing
2980:Air racing
2975:Aerobatics
2906:Skyrunning
2812:Snorkeling
2790:Jet Skiing
2780:Freediving
2752:Rally raid
2742:Rallycross
2677:Skysurfing
2419:2018-11-04
2146:2019-07-06
1926:2017-08-30
1769:2012-04-04
1745:2012-04-04
1695:2008-04-07
1572:2008-07-27
1531:2008-06-20
1506:2008-06-20
1481:2008-06-20
1451:2008-06-20
1401:2008-07-11
1364:2008-07-11
1339:2019-10-24
1220:2008-06-20
1174:2008-03-05
1131:References
1048:Skysurfing
958:Ice diving
888:Air racing
811:Snorkeling
801:Skysurfing
686:Ice diving
661:Freeskiing
646:Freediving
641:Flowriding
585:adrenaline
573:windsurfer
553:See also:
480:endorphins
472:adrenaline
466:Motivation
392:Mount Snow
388:Providence
361:microlight
334:St. Moritz
178:Definition
156:activities
3266:Adventure
3149:Bobsleigh
2927:Free BASE
2850:Canyoning
2737:Motocross
2495:191902978
2487:2159-676X
2361:191902978
2353:2159-676X
1666:191902978
1658:2159-676X
1284:1664-1078
993:Motocross
918:Canyoning
903:Bobsleigh
796:Skydiving
736:Motocross
716:Jetskiing
616:Canyoning
569:Cantabria
555:micromort
535:Polynesia
484:serotonin
407:surfboard
353:volcanoes
253:Ken Purdy
3164:Skeleton
3141:Sledding
3055:Downhill
2842:Climbing
2757:Snocross
2747:Rallying
2732:Drifting
2539:18519442
1993:30087633
1967:: 1216.
1916:45943617
1908:22689592
1858:18519442
1302:30405477
1268:: 1974.
1240:Archived
1105:See also
1062:Snocross
1023:Rallying
825:Snocross
771:Rallying
476:dopamine
423:parafoil
318:American
314:Colorado
217:climbers
3066:Rolling
3026:Cycling
2985:Gliding
2915:Falling
2697:Surfing
2547:1533848
1984:6066573
1866:1533848
1764:(2010)"
1740:(2010)"
1293:6200847
1088:Waveski
1018:Parkour
876:Winging
861:Waveski
836:Surfing
766:Parkour
711:Foiling
409:with a
396:Vermont
384:Newport
357:zorbing
282:England
231:History
221:surfers
207:event.
184:X Games
3185:Caving
3173:Others
3104:Skiing
2968:Flying
2545:
2537:
2493:
2485:
2443:3 July
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2351:
2234:6 July
2105:
2011:AWE365
1991:
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1914:
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1856:
1817:11 May
1795:11 May
1720:6 July
1664:
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1300:
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539:Hawaii
460:stunts
394:, and
204:sports
2543:S2CID
2491:S2CID
2463:(PDF)
2357:S2CID
2329:(PDF)
2228:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
1912:S2CID
1862:S2CID
1662:S2CID
1634:(PDF)
3159:Luge
2535:PMID
2483:ISSN
2445:2014
2386:ISBN
2349:ISSN
2236:2019
2103:ISBN
1989:PMID
1904:PMID
1854:PMID
1819:2013
1797:2013
1722:2019
1654:ISSN
1600:2014
1298:PMID
1280:ISSN
1118:and
482:and
437:and
380:ESPN
272:The
211:for
168:risk
154:are
3033:BMX
2527:doi
2475:doi
2341:doi
1979:PMC
1969:doi
1896:doi
1846:doi
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1288:PMC
1270:doi
898:BMX
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