825:(CAS) decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers. The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios; the CAS board affirmed in 2001 that "the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."
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death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral ... If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbÄrium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortÄs virÄ«lÄs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.
783:
outlook. Not only has the overall profession ranked highly, but it also is considered one of the best professions for women, and one of the best recession-proof professions. In the United States, the profession was rated as the best profession by CareerCast, which uses five key criteria to rank jobsâenvironment, income, employment outlook, physical demands, and stress, in 2010, 2013, and 2015. In other years, it remained in the top 20.
807:
promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the
Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam. Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures.
299:
contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner that will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis.
767:
effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models. In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory, but is still not completely aligned with modern
747:, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums. In the mid-19th century, professional bodies were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards. Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.
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will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes,
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stated: "Although students find it hard to believe, the Board of
Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass
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Becoming a fully credentialed actuary requires passing a rigorous series of professional examinations, usually taking several years. In some countries, such as
Denmark, most study takes place in a university setting. In others, such as the US, most study takes place during employment through a series
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Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbÄria, or for both ... If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after
429:
for insurance policies covering various risks. On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer
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The
Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums ... can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now ... company employees without
806:
As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams. Also, many companies that employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or
298:
in the United States of
America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension
253:
While the concept of insurance dates to antiquity, the concepts needed to scientifically measure and mitigate risks have their origins in the 17th century studies of probability and annuities. Actuaries of the 21st century require analytical skills, business knowledge, and an understanding of human
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My task is now finished ... those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward
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This danger could only be averted by placing their rates of insurance on a scientific basis, which should be the same and unalterable for all companies. ... After two or three interviews with Elizur Wright the presidents of the companies came to the conclusion that he was exactly the man that
782:
The actuarial profession has been consistently ranked for decades as one of the most desirable. Actuaries work comparatively reasonable hours, in comfortable conditions, without the need for physical exertion that may lead to injury, are well paid, and the profession consistently has a good hiring
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with actuarial science. In the early 20th century, some economists and actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct
750:
Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries. In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical
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valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate
452:
Actuaries also design and maintain products and systems. They are involved in financial reporting of companies' assets and liabilities. They must communicate complex concepts to clients who may not share their language or depth of knowledge. Actuaries work under a code of ethics that covers their
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They were relevant to, and achieved recognition from, short-term derivatives traders and the like, but most actuaries ignored them because they were unsuitable for long-term actuarial calculations; they relied heavily on parameter values that were derived from obsolete economic history and were
562:
procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society.
553:
came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to
742:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums can be burdensome. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using arithmetical short-cuts called
1005:
Actuaries have appeared in works of fiction including literature, theater, television, and film. At times, they have been portrayed as "math-obsessed, socially disconnected individuals with shockingly bad comb-overs", which has resulted in a mixed response amongst actuaries themselves.
626:, where there is record of a 14th-century contract to insure a shipment of wheat. In 1350, Lenardo Cattaneo assumed "all risks from act of God, or of man, and from perils of the sea" that may occur to a shipment of wheat from Sicily to Tunis up to a maximum of 300
575:
of societies. Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity; religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, charitable operations in
290:, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industries, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the
548:
The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After
943:
Morgan was the appointed
Actuary of the Society for Equitable Assurances in 1775. He expanded on Mores's and Dodson's work, and may be considered the father of the actuarial profession in that his title became applied to the field as a
847:
Early
American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation. In 1804, Bowditch became what was probably the United States of America's second insurance actuary as president of the Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company in
361:
Non-life actuaries, also known as "property and casualty" (mainly US) or "general insurance" (mainly UK) actuaries, deal with both physical and legal risks that affect people or their property. Products prominent in their work include
261:
The profession has consistently been ranked as one of the most desirable. In various studies in the United States, being an actuary was ranked first or second multiple times since 2010, and in the top 20 for most of the past decade.
493:
risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk.
815:
Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations. To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former chairman of the Board of
Examiners of the
988:
American actuary and abolitionist, professor of mathematics at
Western Reserve College (Ohio). He campaigned for laws that required life insurance companies to hold sufficient reserves to guarantee that policies would be
883:
While Halley actually predated much of what is now considered the start of the actuarial profession, he was the first to rigorously calculate premiums for a life insurance policy mathematically and statistically
509:. They analyze business prospects with their financial skills in valuing or discounting risky future cash flows, and apply their pricing expertise from insurance to other lines of business. For example, insurance
603:. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of
409:, the formulation of corporate risk policy, and the setting up and running of corporate risk departments. Actuaries are also involved in other areas in the economic and financial field, such as analyzing
702:) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates that were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757,
2792:"An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; With an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives"
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759:. Computers further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to microcomputers, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has grown vastly.
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Actuaries do not always attempt to predict aggregate future events. Often, their work may relate to determining the cost of financial liabilities that have already occurred, called
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Tolley, H. Dennis; Hickman, James C.; Lew, Edward A. (2012). "Actuarial and
Demographic Forecasting Methods". In Manton, Kenneth G.; Singer, Burton; Suzman, Richard M. (eds.).
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needed to become an actuary are usually country-specific; however, almost all processes share a rigorous schooling or examination structure and take many years to complete.
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management, and valuation skills. Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms.
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supported 1,500 suffering people. Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era, but receiving charity is uncertain and often accompanied by
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took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an
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728:. Other companies that did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable.
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558:. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve.
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As there are relatively few actuaries in the world compared to other professions, actuaries are in high demand, and are highly paid for the services they render.
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for both financial and non-financial corporations. Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance. The
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683:. In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity.
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of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side.
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Head of the Royal Mathematical School, and Stone's School, Dodson built on the statistical mortality tables developed by Edmund Halley in 1693
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pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forebears, and to Celtic society.
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Non-life insurance started as a hedge against loss of cargo during sea travel. Anecdotal reports of such guarantees occur in the writings of
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insurance. In addition to these risks, social insurance programs are influenced by public opinion, politics, budget constraints, changing
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which covers rigorous mathematical calculations in areas of life expectancy and life insurance. These risks can affect both sides of the
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In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poorâthese were often not part of the
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in 2005. Actuaries need to estimate long-term levels of such damage in order to accurately price property insurance, set appropriate
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they wanted, and they commissioned him to draw up a revised set of tables and rates which could serve them for a uniform standard.
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by applying their analysis in court trials to estimate the economic value of losses such as lost profits or lost wages.
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3294:"The Technique of Rate Making as Illustrated by the 1920 National Revision of Workmen's Compensations Insurance Rates"
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3419:. Auckland, New Zealand: International Association for Statistical Education. pp. 405â410. Archived from
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led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as
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of examinations. In the UK, and countries based on its process, there is a hybrid university-exam structure.
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622:, who lived in the 4th century BCE. The earliest records of an official non-life insurance policy come from
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As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and
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is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." In 2000, the
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Swedish actuary and probabilist notable for his contributions in mathematical statistics, such as the
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On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and
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is a professional with advanced mathematical skills who deals with the measurement and management of
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quantitative training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table.
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710:. Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or
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extremely uncertain â in effect, arbitrary â in the context of predicting the longer-term future.
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3492:"Catalogue of an exhibition illustrating the history of actuarial science in the United Kingdom"
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3053:. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475â§476.
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Canadian qualified actuary who in the first decade of the 21st century pioneered the use of
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were developed. Actuaries began to forecast losses using models of random events instead of
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showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or
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accord for insurance companies (in force since 2016), require institutions to account for
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Most traditional actuarial disciplines fall into two main categories: life and non-life.
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behavior and information systems to design and manage programs that control risk. The
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4003:. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42.
2218:"The actuary: The role and limitations of the profession since the mid-19th century"
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First person to use the title 'actuary' with respect to a business position
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The Suffering Self; Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era
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International Conference on the Teaching of Statistics 3, Dunedin, New Zealand
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4161:"Robert J. Myers, Actuary Who Shaped Social Security Program, Dies at 97"
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player, he was the youngest person ever to pass four examinations of the
865:. Cramér was an Honorary President of the Swedish Actuarial Society
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17:
4033:. Revised Edition. Actuarial Education and Research Fund. Archived from
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607:, or burial vaults, owned by the fund. Other early examples of mutual
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3230:"Institutional Bases of the Spontaneous Order: Surety and Assurance"
2977:"Actuaries in Risk Management Actuarial Profession Survey 2010/2011"
2651:
Feldblum, Sholom (2001) . "Introduction". In Lowe, Robert F. (ed.).
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risk, and investment risk. Products prominent in their work include
2830:
Actuaries and Product Development: A step beyond Px:n = Ax:n / Àx:n
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1333:
1297:
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4084:"Is Serving as an Expert Witness in Your Future? You be the Judge"
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1345:
953:
American actuary who was instrumental in the creation of the U.S.
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requires both actuarial and finance skills. Actuaries also act as
486:
3558:"CAS Board of Directors Approves New Pass Mark Disclosure Policy"
2711:"U.S. charitable giving estimated to be $ 307.65 billion in 2008"
2487:
4776:
4018:
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British actuary who developed the Redington Immunization Theory.
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accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the
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3593:"Actuaries in action: Why it's rated the number one profession"
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1057:
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4138:. Staple Inn Actuarial Society. pp. 34â35. Archived from
3259:"The Actuary and his Profession: Growth, Development, Promise"
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agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity. Early in the
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3107:
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)
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Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly
3723:"6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality"
3614:"Recipe for Disaster: The Formula That Killed Wall Street"
1285:
4195:
Be an Actuary: The SOA and CAS jointly sponsored web site
2797:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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Social Security: Actuarial Projections of the Trust Funds
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American actuarial educator, researcher, and author
4104:"Dust Off Your Math Skills: Actuary Is Best Job of 2013"
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Another modern development is the convergence of modern
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and uncertainty. The name of the corresponding field is
2928:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 4. Archived from
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2720:. Giving USA Foundation. June 10, 2009. Archived from
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Actuaries are also called upon for their expertise in
2476:"James C. Hickman, former business school dean, dies"
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During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for
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Actuarial Statistics â The European Perspective
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449:, or the development or re-pricing of new products.
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434:are often used to determine frequency and severity
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3979:both of those who have fallen and their survivors.
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3454:(2). Faculty and Institute of Actuaries: 233â246.
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1074:
1072:
4129:"Actuaries' contributions to financial economics"
2827:Heeney, David; Probert, Terry (March 22, 2002).
1357:
3731:Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics
2052:"Actuarial Salaries & Benefits 2022 â Hays"
539:was one of America's first insurance actuaries.
3071:. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003
1985:
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4055:"Actuary one of ten best UK jobs, says study"
4001:Forecasting the Health of Elderly Populations
3892:. International Series on Actuarial Science.
3301:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
3266:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
2691:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
2625:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
2590:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
1381:
8:
3831:(1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
1609:
179:
32:
4028:"Fundamental Concepts of Actuarial Science"
3639:Seltzer, Frederic; Alin, Steven I. (1969).
3505:. Faculty and Institute of Actuaries: 7â8.
2684:"Retrospective Rating: Excess Loss Factors"
2618:"On Becoming An Actuary of the Fourth Kind"
2148:. Vol. 14, no. 2. pp. 1â39.
1997:
1889:
1633:
505:, and can be general business managers and
4243:
4222:
4208:
4200:
4158:Williams Walsh, Mary (February 25, 2010).
3990:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3622:. Vol. 17, no. 3. Archived from
2583:"On Becoming An Actuary of the Third Kind"
1679:
1408:
1266:
1251:
1221:
1206:
1191:
1048:
310:Life actuaries, which includes health and
38:
3861:"Careers: Breaking the actuarial ceiling"
3014:The Official Guide to Becoming an Actuary
2809:
2653:Foundations of Casualty Actuarial Science
2236:
2137:Bader, Lawrence N.; Gold, Jeremy (2003).
1763:
1703:
1495:
1236:
630:. For this he was paid a premium of 18%.
3790:Transactions of the Society of Actuaries
2852:Hennessy, Kathleen (February 16, 2003).
2838:27th International Congress of Actuaries
2558:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
1937:
1865:
1812:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011a
1715:
1691:
1645:
1621:
1573:
1519:
1420:
1334:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011b
1131:
1063:
27:Analyst of business risk and uncertainty
4053:Ugwumadu, Judith (September 12, 2013).
3945:"VI â Funeral Oration of Pericles"
3556:Prevosto, Virginia R. (December 2000).
3384:Needleman, Sarah E. (January 5, 2010).
2876:"Edmond Halley: astronomer and actuary"
2474:Chaptman, Dennis (September 13, 2006).
2139:"Reinventing Pension Actuarial Science"
2033:
2021:
1913:
1850:
1775:
1597:
1483:
1346:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014
1116:
1014:
654:was being developed. In 1662, a London
3983:
3105:(1983). "A Tribute to Harald Cramer".
3086:
3045:"Burial places and funeral ceremonies"
2525:"Was "About Schmidt" about actuaries?"
2312:"The Best Jobs of 2015: No. 1 Actuary"
1973:
1961:
1901:
1835:
1751:
1739:
1657:
1561:
1549:
1534:
1507:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1369:
1161:
31:
3744:from the original on October 10, 2022
3499:Journal of the Institute of Actuaries
3448:Journal of the Institute of Actuaries
3314:from the original on October 10, 2022
3134:Kiviat, Barbara (November 13, 2008).
2883:Journal of the Institute of Actuaries
2750:(Report). pp. 19â85. AIMD-00-53R
2655:(4th ed.). Arlington, Virginia:
2603:from the original on October 10, 2022
2248:from the original on October 10, 2022
2155:from the original on October 10, 2022
1925:
1727:
1176:
1146:
1101:
7:
4174:from the original on January 6, 2022
3951:The History of the Peloponnesian War
3890:Financial Enterprise Risk Management
3672:"The 12 Best Jobs For Women In 2014"
3257:MacGinnitie, James (November 1980).
3136:"Where the Recession-Proof Jobs Are"
3020:. September 26, 2014. Archived from
2904:from the original on October 8, 2015
2616:D'Arcy, Stephen P. (November 2005).
2354:"The Best Jobs of 2019: 10. Actuary"
2333:"The Best Jobs of 2016: 10. Actuary"
2083:"The Greatest British Actuary everÂź"
2009:
1585:
1298:Government Actuary's Department 2015
1080:
732:Development of the modern profession
3800:: 616. October 1984. Archived from
3762:"Admission Requirements to the SOA"
3525:Perkins, Judith (August 25, 1995).
3512:from the original on March 20, 2012
3477:from the original on March 20, 2012
3354:"The Practicing Investment Actuary"
3183:"The best job you never thought of"
3162:Financial Engineering News Magazine
2375:"The Best Jobs of 2021: 9. Actuary"
1949:
1877:
1799:
1787:
1393:
1321:
1309:
975:Founder and first president of the
670:. Combining this idea with that of
4261:Accidental death and dismemberment
4063:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
3869:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
3441:"The Professional Name of Actuary"
3209:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
3018:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
2984:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
2957:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
2555:Mathematical Methods of Statistics
2115:Property-Casualty Insurance Basics
2091:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
2066:Actuarial Standards Board (2022).
818:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
453:communications and work products.
56:and capital management strategies.
25:
3228:Loan, Albert (Winter 1991â1992).
3181:Kurtz, Annalyn (April 25, 2013).
2926:Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science
2919:"History of Actuarial Profession"
2856:. Wage slaves: careers profiled.
901:American actuary best known as a
793:Actuarial credentialing and exams
370:, commercial property insurance,
5224:Mathematical science occupations
4387:Directors and officers liability
3595:. STEM Education. Archived from
3292:Michelbacher, Gustav F. (1920).
2741:Government Accountability Office
2523:Coleman, Lynn G. (Spring 2003).
2216:BĂŒhlmann, Hans (November 1997).
722:, responsible for compiling the
527:Actuarial science § History
477:separately, and in addition to,
330:, pensions, short and long term
4127:Whelan, Shane (December 2002).
4026:Trowbridge, Charles L. (1989).
3820:Stearns, Frank Preston (1905).
3670:Shavin, Naomi (June 13, 2014).
3439:Ogborn, M. E. (December 1956).
2768:Government Actuary's Department
2581:D'Arcy, Stephen P. (May 1989).
2484:University of WisconsinâMadison
2405:. March 2, 2001. Archived from
2395:"Policy For Setting Pass Marks"
2291:"Best Jobs of 2014: 4. Actuary"
1286:Bureau of Labor Statistics 2022
923:collateralized debt obligations
497:Actuaries are also involved in
314:actuaries, primarily deal with
292:Government Actuary's Department
5219:Financial services occupations
3692:Sieger, Richard (March 1998).
3203:Lewin, Chris (June 14, 2007).
3050:The Private Life of the Romans
2631:(177): 745â754. Archived from
2111:American Insurance Association
1358:Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012
296:Social Security Administration
1:
3921:"Be happy: Become an actuary"
3158:"Insurance Linked Securities"
2266:Occupational Outlook Handbook
294:in the United Kingdom or the
5154:Savings and loan association
3641:"The First American Actuary"
3612:Salmon, Felix (March 2009).
3272:(127): 49â56. Archived from
2377:. CareerCast. Archived from
2356:. CareerCast. Archived from
2335:. CareerCast. Archived from
2314:. CareerCast. Archived from
2293:. CareerCast. Archived from
346:, and other factors such as
4587:Insurance-linked securities
3490:Ogborn, M. E. (July 1973).
3352:Mungan, Kenneth P. (2002).
3329:"Q&A: Making the grade"
2682:Gillam, William R. (1991).
1001:List of fictional actuaries
380:product liability insurance
5240:
4276:Total permanent disability
4082:Wagner, Darryl G. (2006).
3894:Cambridge University Press
3569:Casualty Actuarial Society
3041:Johnston, Harold Whetstone
2986:. May 2011. Archived from
2874:Heywood, Geoffrey (1985).
2657:Casualty Actuarial Society
2459:Casualty Actuarial Society
2431:Casualty Actuarial Society
2403:Casualty Actuarial Society
2270:Bureau of Labor Statistics
2050:Actuarial Careers (2022).
998:
977:Casualty Actuarial Society
921:models for the pricing of
832:
823:Casualty Actuarial Society
790:
735:
694:'s pioneering work on the
524:
463:enterprise risk management
457:Non-traditional employment
403:dynamic financial analysis
399:enterprise risk management
5179:
5016:Health insurance coverage
4281:Business overhead expense
3460:10.1017/S0020268100046424
3386:"The Best and Worst Jobs"
3327:Muckart, Richard (2010).
3093:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2895:10.1017/S002026810004213X
1382:Heeney & Probert 2002
811:Pass marks and pass rates
447:retrospective reinsurance
52:, and design appropriate
37:
4417:Protection and indemnity
3859:Stefan, Michael (2010).
3833:J. B. Lippincott Company
3406:Norberg, Ragnar (1990).
2274:U.S. Department of Labor
2117:(Report). Archived from
775:Remuneration and ranking
646:) table, Table 1, Page 1
507:chief financial officers
4874:Explanation of benefits
4346:Variable universal life
4108:The Wall Street Journal
3888:Sweeting, Paul (2011).
3721:Slud, Eric V. (2006) .
3391:The Wall Street Journal
2917:Hickman, James (2004).
2552:Cramér, Harald (1946).
2238:10.2143/ast.27.2.542046
1890:Seltzer & Alin 1969
955:Social Security program
787:Credentialing and exams
336:health savings accounts
280:mathematical statistics
180:Credentialing and exams
127:social welfare programs
5011:Health insurance costs
4412:Professional liability
4102:Weber, Lauren (2013).
3919:Thomas, David (2012).
2959:. 2011. Archived from
2811:10.1098/rstl.1693.0007
2504:"Best Jobs in America"
2455:Exams & Admissions
2433:. 2008. Archived from
2399:Exams & Admissions
2093:. 2003. Archived from
647:
573:cultural consciousness
540:
421:Traditional employment
4867:Out-of-pocket expense
4728:Workers' compensation
4382:Collateral protection
4372:Business interruption
3766:Education & Exams
3708:on September 15, 2015
3694:"What is an Actuary?"
3591:Riley, Cindy (2013).
3578:on September 23, 2015
3234:Humane Studies Review
3156:Krutov, Alex (2006).
3027:on September 24, 2017
2203:. Be an Actuary. 2022
2187:. Be an Actuary. 2022
2171:. Be an Actuary. 2022
1704:Bader & Gold 2003
871:(c. 1705 â 1757)
863:CramĂ©râRao inequality
757:deterministic methods
745:commutation functions
716:ecclesiastical courts
642:2003 U.S. mortality (
641:
634:Development of theory
534:
390:, and other types of
372:workers' compensation
5090:Corpus Juris Civilis
4088:Society of Actuaries
3798:Society of Actuaries
3770:Society of Actuaries
3737:. pp. 149â150.
3656:Society of Actuaries
3599:on February 23, 2014
3369:Society of Actuaries
3164:(48). Archived from
2963:on February 12, 2012
2949:"Our qualifications"
2804:(192â206): 596â610.
2743:(January 14, 2000).
2185:"How we manage risk"
1612:, pp. 224, 230.
907:Society of Actuaries
850:Salem, Massachusetts
753:stochastic processes
696:level premium system
411:securities offerings
368:homeowners insurance
334:, health insurance,
332:disability insurance
199:superannuation funds
5149:Rochdale Principles
5144:Mutual savings bank
5139:Mutual organization
5124:Cooperative banking
5041:Mesopotamian banker
4321:Longevity insurance
3704:(1). Archived from
3529:. London, England:
3240:(1). Archived from
3215:on October 20, 2011
3205:"Actuarial History"
2535:(1). Archived from
2437:on October 30, 2008
2381:on December 5, 2022
2373:CareerCast (2021).
2352:CareerCast (2019).
2339:on January 11, 2018
2331:CareerCast (2016).
2310:CareerCast (2015).
2289:CareerCast (2014).
2276:. September 8, 2022
1986:Williams Walsh 2010
1824:Be an Actuary 2022c
1648:, pp. 169â171.
1037:Be an Actuary 2022b
1025:Be an Actuary 2022a
995:Fictional actuaries
769:financial economics
401:. This can involve
392:liability insurance
388:terrorism insurance
196:Insurance companies
34:
4901:Insurable interest
4402:Payment protection
4303:Payment protection
4167:The New York Times
4069:on October 6, 2015
3829:Cambridge sketches
3807:on October 9, 2016
2539:on August 28, 2006
2529:The Future Actuary
2490:on January 9, 2008
2097:on October 5, 2015
842:Nathaniel Bowditch
648:
601:friendly societies
544:Need for insurance
541:
537:Nathaniel Bowditch
348:medical technology
174:Education required
165:business knowledge
5214:Actuarial science
5201:
5200:
5046:Code of Hammurabi
5021:Vehicle insurance
4916:Replacement value
4808:Actual cash value
4772:Adverse selection
4762:Actuarial science
4736:
4735:
4668:Kidnap and ransom
4641:Extended warranty
4288:Income protection
4114:on April 23, 2013
4010:978-1-4613-9332-0
3966:978-0-525-26035-6
3927:on April 20, 2012
3903:978-0-521-11164-5
3540:978-0-415-11363-2
3060:978-0-8154-0453-8
2993:on March 20, 2012
2935:on August 4, 2004
2666:978-0-9624762-2-8
2638:on August 8, 2007
2565:978-0-691-08004-8
2409:on August 7, 2013
2318:on April 27, 2015
2297:on April 25, 2015
2124:on March 23, 2015
1636:, pp. 50â51.
1610:Michelbacher 1920
1348:, pp. 12â14.
929:Edward Rowe Mores
835:List of actuaries
829:Notable actuaries
738:Actuarial science
704:Edward Rowe Mores
679:these values was
672:compound interest
432:stochastic models
236:actuarial science
224:
223:
162:analytical skills
46:Hurricane Katrina
16:(Redirected from
5231:
5159:Social insurance
5114:Friendly society
5006:Health insurance
4834:Short rate table
4582:Catastrophe bond
4483:Lenders mortgage
4244:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4201:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4163:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4145:on July 24, 2006
4144:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4110:. Archived from
4098:
4096:
4094:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4065:. Archived from
4049:
4047:
4045:
4040:on June 29, 2006
4039:
4032:
4022:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3955:. Translated by
3954:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3923:. Archived from
3915:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3871:. Archived from
3855:
3849:
3847:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3736:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3571:. Archived from
3562:
3552:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3426:on March 9, 2012
3425:
3414:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3335:. Archived from
3323:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3279:on March 5, 2016
3278:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3244:on June 14, 2006
3224:
3222:
3220:
3211:. Archived from
3199:
3197:
3195:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3130:
3098:
3092:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3011:
3007:"Practice areas"
3002:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2823:
2813:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2727:on March 4, 2012
2726:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2678:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2587:
2577:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2486:. Archived from
2470:
2468:
2466:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2360:on June 14, 2020
2348:
2346:
2344:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2169:"What Do We Do?"
2164:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1998:The Actuary 2003
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1634:MacGinnitie 1980
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
970:Isaac M. Rubinow
887:James C. Hickman
751:foundations for
597:burial insurance
515:expert witnesses
503:asset management
475:operational risk
384:marine insurance
358:considerations.
288:computer science
266:Responsibilities
244:asset management
202:consulting firms
104:Activity sectors
42:
35:
21:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5175:
5171:Insurance cycle
5134:Fraternal order
5027:
4958:
4952:
4911:Proximate cause
4906:Insurance fraud
4886:General average
4845:Claims adjuster
4787:Risk management
4782:Risk assessment
4746:
4743:
4732:
4698:Prize indemnity
4565:
4513:
4507:
4436:
4397:Over-redemption
4355:
4307:
4298:National health
4239:
4233:
4228:
4191:
4186:
4177:
4175:
4157:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4131:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4101:
4092:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4052:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4011:
3998:
3982:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3957:Richard Crawley
3939:
3930:
3928:
3918:
3904:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3875:on July 4, 2015
3858:
3845:
3843:
3824:
3822:"Elizur Wright"
3819:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3786:"Oswald Jacoby"
3784:
3775:
3773:
3760:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3725:
3720:
3711:
3709:
3691:
3682:
3680:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3626:on May 16, 2015
3611:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3560:
3555:
3541:
3524:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3494:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3443:
3438:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3356:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:(14): 201â249.
3296:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3261:
3256:
3247:
3245:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3168:on June 9, 2007
3155:
3146:
3144:
3133:
3101:
3085:
3074:
3072:
3061:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2921:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2878:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2786:
2777:
2775:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2686:
2681:
2667:
2650:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2620:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2585:
2580:
2566:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2220:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:, pp. 8â9.
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1273:
1267:CareerCast 2021
1265:
1258:
1252:CareerCast 2019
1250:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1222:CareerCast 2016
1220:
1213:
1207:CareerCast 2014
1205:
1198:
1192:CareerCast 2015
1190:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1104:, pp. 3â4.
1100:
1087:
1079:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1049:Trowbridge 1989
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1003:
997:
992:
961:Frank Redington
948:Robert J. Myers
919:Gaussian copula
903:contract bridge
837:
831:
813:
804:
795:
789:
777:
740:
734:
689:
687:Early actuaries
652:risk management
636:
569:
546:
529:
523:
459:
423:
415:market research
305:
268:
215:
208:
190:
188:
175:
168:
131:
105:
98:
77:
76:Occupation type
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5237:
5235:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5206:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5192:List of topics
5188:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5077:Burial society
5067:
5066:
5065:
5059:§235â238; §240
5051:§100â105; §126
5043:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5001:Climate change
4993:
4991:United Kingdom
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4938:
4936:Underinsurance
4933:
4928:
4926:Self-insurance
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4693:Political risk
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Legal expenses
4670:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4453:Builder's risk
4450:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Business owner
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4341:Universal life
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:Long-term care
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4189:External links
4187:
4185:
4184:
4155:
4124:
4099:
4079:
4050:
4023:
4009:
3996:
3965:
3937:
3916:
3902:
3885:
3856:
3817:
3782:
3758:
3718:
3698:Future Fellows
3689:
3667:
3636:
3619:Wired Magazine
3609:
3588:
3565:Future Fellows
3553:
3539:
3522:
3487:
3436:
3403:
3381:
3349:
3339:on May 5, 2015
3324:
3289:
3254:
3225:
3200:
3178:
3153:
3131:
3113:(3): 211â212.
3103:Kendall, David
3099:
3059:
3037:
3003:
2973:
2945:
2914:
2889:(2): 279â301.
2871:
2849:
2824:
2788:Halley, Edmond
2784:
2760:
2737:
2707:
2679:
2665:
2648:
2613:
2596:(145): 45â76.
2578:
2564:
2549:
2520:
2500:
2471:
2447:
2419:
2391:
2370:
2349:
2328:
2307:
2286:
2258:
2231:(2): 165â171.
2225:ASTIN Bulletin
2213:
2197:
2181:
2165:
2134:
2107:
2079:
2063:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1855:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1778:, p. 407.
1768:
1764:Needleman 2010
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1624:, p. 168.
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1576:, p. 166.
1566:
1564:, p. 233.
1554:
1552:, p. 235.
1539:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1496:GivingUSA 2009
1488:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1271:
1256:
1241:
1237:CNN Money 2017
1226:
1211:
1196:
1181:
1166:
1151:
1136:
1121:
1106:
1085:
1068:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1013:
1011:
1008:
996:
993:
991:
990:
986:
980:
973:
967:
964:
958:
951:
945:
941:
938:William Morgan
935:
932:
926:
915:
910:
899:
893:
890:
884:
881:
875:
872:
866:
859:
853:
845:
838:
830:
827:
812:
809:
803:
800:
791:Main article:
788:
785:
776:
773:
764:finance theory
736:Main article:
733:
730:
700:Equitable Life
688:
685:
635:
632:
568:
567:Early attempts
565:
556:financial risk
545:
542:
535:Mathematician
522:
519:
511:securitization
458:
455:
422:
419:
407:stress testing
364:auto insurance
356:cost of living
340:long-term care
324:life insurance
304:
301:
267:
264:
222:
221:
216:
213:
210:
209:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
193:
191:
186:
183:
182:
176:
173:
170:
169:
167:
166:
163:
160:
155:
150:
144:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
106:
103:
100:
99:
97:
96:
91:
86:
80:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5236:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4996:United States
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4880:Force majeure
4877:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4801:Value of life
4799:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Interest rate
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:Inland marine
4529:
4527:
4526:GAP insurance
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:Communication
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Unitised fund
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:Mortgage life
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3980:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3740:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:September 24,
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3004:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2543:September 24,
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2186:
2182:
2170:
2166:
2159:September 14,
2151:
2147:
2146:Pension Forum
2140:
2135:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2064:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:Chaptman 2006
1934:
1931:
1928:, p. 38.
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:Prevosto 2000
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:Hennessy 2003
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:Feldblum 2001
1688:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1646:BĂŒhlmann 1997
1642:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:BĂŒhlmann 1997
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:BĂŒhlmann 1997
1570:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:, p. 14.
1521:
1520:Sweeting 2011
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:Feldblum 2001
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Feldblum 2001
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:Johnston 1903
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1002:
994:
987:
984:
983:Elizur Wright
981:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
946:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
920:
916:
914:
911:
908:
904:
900:
897:
896:Oswald Jacoby
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
878:Edmond Halley
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
860:
857:
856:Harald Cramér
854:
851:
846:
843:
840:
839:
836:
828:
826:
824:
819:
810:
808:
801:
799:
794:
786:
784:
780:
774:
772:
770:
765:
760:
758:
754:
748:
746:
739:
731:
729:
727:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
684:
682:
681:Edmond Halley
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
645:
640:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
582:social stigma
579:
574:
566:
564:
561:
557:
552:
543:
538:
533:
528:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
456:
454:
450:
448:
443:
441:
437:
436:distributions
433:
428:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
302:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
265:
263:
259:
257:
251:
249:
245:
241:
240:balance sheet
237:
233:
229:
220:
217:
211:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
184:
181:
177:
171:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
139:
134:
128:
125:
123:
122:pension plans
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
107:
101:
95:
94:mathematician
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
79:
73:
69:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5190:
5183:
5129:Credit union
5095:
5088:
5069:
4941:Underwriting
4896:Insurability
4878:
4857:Co-insurance
4827:
4823:Cancellation
4766:
4614:Catastrophic
4599:Climate risk
4427:Trade credit
4176:. Retrieved
4165:
4147:. Retrieved
4140:the original
4135:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:the original
4107:
4091:. Retrieved
4071:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4058:
4042:. Retrieved
4035:the original
4000:
3977:
3970:. Retrieved
3950:
3929:. Retrieved
3925:the original
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3864:
3851:
3844:. Retrieved
3828:
3809:. Retrieved
3802:the original
3793:
3789:
3788:. Obituary.
3774:. Retrieved
3765:
3753:
3746:. Retrieved
3730:
3710:. Retrieved
3706:the original
3701:
3697:
3681:. Retrieved
3675:
3659:. Retrieved
3651:
3647:
3628:. Retrieved
3624:the original
3617:
3601:. Retrieved
3597:the original
3580:. Retrieved
3573:the original
3564:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3502:
3498:
3479:. Retrieved
3451:
3447:
3430:February 27,
3428:. Retrieved
3421:the original
3416:
3408:
3395:. Retrieved
3389:
3373:. Retrieved
3364:
3360:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3332:
3316:. Retrieved
3304:
3300:
3281:. Retrieved
3274:the original
3269:
3265:
3246:. Retrieved
3242:the original
3237:
3233:
3219:February 27,
3217:. Retrieved
3213:the original
3192:. Retrieved
3186:
3172:November 30,
3170:. Retrieved
3166:the original
3161:
3145:. Retrieved
3139:
3110:
3106:
3080:
3073:. Retrieved
3049:
3029:. Retrieved
3022:the original
3013:
2997:February 27,
2995:. Retrieved
2988:the original
2967:February 27,
2965:. Retrieved
2961:the original
2952:
2937:. Retrieved
2930:the original
2925:
2906:. Retrieved
2886:
2882:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:The Guardian
2857:
2841:. Retrieved
2829:
2801:
2795:
2776:. Retrieved
2767:
2752:. Retrieved
2729:. Retrieved
2722:the original
2717:
2699:. Retrieved
2694:
2690:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2633:the original
2628:
2624:
2605:. Retrieved
2593:
2589:
2554:
2541:. Retrieved
2537:the original
2532:
2528:
2512:. Retrieved
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2479:
2463:. Retrieved
2454:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:the original
2427:CAS Overview
2426:
2411:. Retrieved
2407:the original
2398:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:the original
2362:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2320:. Retrieved
2316:the original
2299:. Retrieved
2295:the original
2278:. Retrieved
2265:
2250:. Retrieved
2228:
2224:
2205:. Retrieved
2189:. Retrieved
2173:. Retrieved
2157:. Retrieved
2145:
2126:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2099:. Retrieved
2095:the original
2086:
2071:. Retrieved
2055:. Retrieved
2034:Coleman 2003
2029:
2022:Stearns 1905
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1976:, p. 8.
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1914:Kendall 1983
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1851:Muckart 2010
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1776:Norberg 1990
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1600:, p. 4.
1598:Hickman 2004
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1484:Perkins 1995
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1423:, p. 8.
1416:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1134:, p. 6.
1117:Heywood 1985
1066:, §475â§476.
1051:, p. 7.
1044:
1032:
1004:
944:whole.
925:(CDOs)
869:James Dodson
814:
805:
802:Exam support
796:
781:
778:
761:
749:
741:
725:Acta Senatus
723:
720:Roman senate
711:
707:
692:James Dodson
690:
649:
617:
593:Roman empire
586:
570:
547:
496:
460:
451:
444:
424:
396:
360:
344:demographics
309:
306:
269:
260:
256:actual steps
252:
242:and require
227:
225:
214:Related jobs
141:Competencies
89:statistician
44:Damage from
29:
5164:Trade union
5119:Cooperative
4792:Uncertainty
4651:Index-based
4619:Multi-peril
4577:Reinsurance
4536:Public auto
4441:Residential
4178:December 8,
4136:The Actuary
4059:The Actuary
3972:October 28,
3931:December 8,
3865:The Actuary
3776:January 10,
3648:The Actuary
3333:The Actuary
2854:"Actuaries"
2843:January 10,
2754:December 8,
2701:January 10,
2494:January 11,
2465:December 5,
2385:December 5,
2364:December 5,
2343:January 10,
2280:December 5,
2262:"Actuaries"
2207:December 5,
2201:"Exam FAQs"
2191:December 5,
2175:December 5,
2087:The Actuary
2073:December 7,
2068:"About ASB"
2057:December 8,
2043:Works cited
1974:Ogborn 1973
1962:Salmon 2009
1902:Cramér 1946
1836:Sieger 1998
1752:Kiviat 2008
1740:Shavin 2014
1680:D'Arcy 1989
1658:Whelan 2002
1562:Ogborn 1956
1550:Ogborn 1956
1535:Halley 1693
1469:Wagner 2006
1457:Krutov 2006
1445:Stefan 2010
1433:Mungan 2002
1409:D'Arcy 2005
1370:Gillam 1991
1162:Thomas 2012
985:(1804â1885)
972:(1875â1936)
963:(1906â1984)
950:(1912â2010)
940:(1750â1833)
931:(1731â1778)
913:David X. Li
898:(1902â1984)
889:(1927â2006)
880:(1656â1742)
858:(1893â1985)
844:(1773â1838)
660:John Graunt
620:Demosthenes
587:Elementary
501:advice and
471:Solvency II
378:insurance,
376:malpractice
303:Disciplines
282:, but also
276:probability
219:Underwriter
148:Mathematics
136:Description
117:reinsurance
54:reinsurance
5208:Categories
4959:by country
4957:Insurance
4931:Total loss
4852:Deductible
4813:Cash value
4757:Act of God
4742:Insurance
4656:Parametric
4636:Expatriate
4512:Transport/
4478:Landlords'
4463:Earthquake
4351:Whole life
4271:Disability
3959:. Greece.
3941:Thucydides
3912:2011025050
3397:January 7,
3361:The Record
2764:"About us"
2718:Giving USA
2675:2001088378
2441:August 14,
1926:Lewin 2007
1728:Kurtz 2013
1508:Thucydides
1177:Weber 2013
1147:Riley 2013
1102:Lewin 2007
999:See also:
833:See also:
668:life table
605:columbÄria
589:mutual aid
525:See also:
499:investment
491:insolvency
440:parameters
205:government
189:employment
153:statistics
84:Profession
62:Occupation
5105:Syndicate
5071:Collegium
4966:Australia
4921:Risk pool
4891:Indemnity
4862:Copayment
4796:Knightian
4708:Terrorism
4678:Liability
4546:Satellite
4407:Pollution
4331:Term life
4240:insurance
4238:Types of
4231:Insurance
4118:April 24,
4093:April 26,
3986:cite book
3943:(2009) .
3879:April 27,
3531:Routledge
3516:April 27,
3481:April 27,
3185:. Money.
3119:0035-9238
3089:cite book
3043:(1932) .
2908:April 29,
2820:186214203
2778:April 29,
2731:August 4,
2574:185436716
2514:April 14,
2508:CNN Money
2423:"History"
2322:April 27,
2301:April 26,
2128:April 29,
2010:CASF 2008
1586:Slud 2006
1081:Loan 1992
1010:Citations
613:assurance
352:inflation
328:annuities
320:morbidity
316:mortality
284:economics
248:liability
187:Fields of
112:Insurance
18:Actuaries
5185:Category
5063:§275â277
4981:Pakistan
4829:Pro rata
4718:War risk
4683:No-fault
4594:Casualty
4551:Shipping
4521:Aviation
4498:Renters'
4493:Property
4488:Mortgage
4458:Contents
4432:Umbrella
4392:Fidelity
4360:Business
4256:Accident
4172:Archived
4149:June 28,
4044:June 28,
4019:92048819
3846:June 10,
3841:05011051
3811:March 5,
3748:June 28,
3739:Archived
3712:July 20,
3603:July 20,
3549:94042650
3507:Archived
3472:Archived
3468:41139195
3343:June 13,
3318:June 28,
3309:Archived
3283:July 20,
3248:June 26,
3075:June 26,
3069:32007692
2939:June 28,
2899:Archived
2790:(1693).
2607:June 28,
2598:Archived
2413:June 12,
2252:June 28,
2243:Archived
2150:Archived
2113:(2014).
1950:SOA 1984
1878:CAS 2001
1800:CAS 2022
1788:SOA 2018
1394:ASB 2022
1322:AIA 2014
1310:GAO 2000
467:Basel II
438:and the
427:reserves
272:calculus
50:reserves
5110:Benefit
5097:Digesta
5033:History
4767:Actuary
4723:Weather
4713:Tuition
4703:Takaful
4631:Deposit
4561:Vehicle
4073:May 15,
3683:May 15,
3147:May 15,
3127:2981652
2953:Student
2695:LXXVIII
2642:July 5,
2451:"Exams"
708:actuary
676:annuity
628:florins
521:History
483:reserve
312:pension
274:-based
228:actuary
158:finance
70:Actuary
33:Actuary
4986:Serbia
4946:Profit
4818:Broker
4744:policy
4556:Travel
4541:Marine
4448:Boiler
4422:Surety
4266:Dental
4248:Health
4017:
4007:
3963:
3910:
3900:
3839:
3825:(text)
3772:. 2018
3677:Forbes
3661:May 1,
3630:May 1,
3582:May 4,
3547:
3537:
3466:
3375:May 4,
3371:: 1â27
3194:May 4,
3125:
3117:
3067:
3057:
2865:May 4,
2818:
2774:. 2015
2772:Gov.uk
2697:: 1â40
2673:
2663:
2572:
2562:
2510:. 2017
2461:. 2022
2101:May 1,
957:
909:
852:
664:cohort
658:named
656:draper
624:Sicily
609:surety
560:Credit
551:barter
489:, and
479:credit
354:, and
338:, and
318:risk,
5082:Guild
4976:India
4971:China
4840:Claim
4646:Group
4626:Cyber
4604:Crime
4570:Other
4503:Title
4468:Flood
4143:(PDF)
4132:(PDF)
4038:(PDF)
4031:(PDF)
3805:(PDF)
3742:(PDF)
3735:(PDF)
3726:(PDF)
3654:(8).
3644:(PDF)
3576:(PDF)
3561:(PDF)
3510:(PDF)
3495:(PDF)
3475:(PDF)
3464:JSTOR
3444:(PDF)
3424:(PDF)
3413:(PDF)
3367:(3).
3357:(PDF)
3312:(PDF)
3297:(PDF)
3277:(PDF)
3270:LXVII
3262:(PDF)
3123:JSTOR
3025:(PDF)
3010:(PDF)
2991:(PDF)
2980:(PDF)
2933:(PDF)
2922:(PDF)
2902:(PDF)
2879:(PDF)
2834:(PDF)
2816:S2CID
2748:(PDF)
2725:(PDF)
2714:(PDF)
2687:(PDF)
2636:(PDF)
2621:(PDF)
2601:(PDF)
2594:LXXVI
2586:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2153:(PDF)
2142:(PDF)
2122:(PDF)
989:paid.
714:, of
487:asset
67:Names
5055:§234
4777:Risk
4747:and
4609:Crop
4473:Home
4367:Bond
4313:Life
4180:2022
4151:2006
4120:2013
4095:2015
4075:2015
4046:2006
4015:LCCN
4005:ISBN
3992:link
3974:2014
3961:ISBN
3933:2022
3908:LCCN
3898:ISBN
3881:2015
3848:2015
3837:LCCN
3813:2016
3778:2018
3750:2006
3714:2015
3685:2015
3663:2015
3632:2015
3605:2015
3584:2015
3545:LCCN
3535:ISBN
3518:2011
3483:2011
3432:2012
3399:2010
3377:2015
3345:2013
3320:2006
3285:2015
3250:2006
3221:2012
3196:2015
3174:2006
3149:2015
3141:Time
3115:ISSN
3095:link
3077:2006
3065:LCCN
3055:ISBN
3033:2017
2999:2012
2969:2012
2941:2006
2910:2015
2867:2015
2845:2021
2780:2015
2756:2022
2733:2011
2703:2021
2671:LCCN
2661:ISBN
2644:2007
2629:XCII
2609:2006
2570:OCLC
2560:ISBN
2545:2017
2516:2020
2496:2008
2480:News
2467:2022
2443:2011
2415:2013
2387:2022
2366:2022
2345:2018
2324:2015
2303:2015
2282:2022
2254:2006
2209:2022
2193:2022
2177:2022
2161:2008
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