31:
1331:
1343:
664:, an acute phase reactant with a half-life of approximately one week. This protein will therefore remain higher for longer despite the removal of the inflammatory stimuli. In contrast, C-reactive protein (with a half-life of 6–8 hours) rises rapidly and can quickly return to within the normal range if treatment is employed. For example, in active
989:
Muta T, Takeshige K (2001). "Essential roles of CD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein for activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)2 as well as TLR4 Reconstitution of TLR2- and TLR4-activation by distinguishable ligands in LPS preparations".
643:
While the production of C3 (a complement factor) increases in the liver, the plasma concentration often lowers because of an increased turn-over, therefore it is often seen as a negative acute-phase protein.
1032:"Reference distributions for the negative acute-phase serum proteins, albumin, transferrin, and transthyretin: a practical, simple and clinically relevant approach in a large cohort"
1186:
636:
for producing "positive" acute-phase proteins more efficiently. Theoretically, a decrease in transferrin could additionally be decreased by an upregulation of
632:. The decrease of such proteins may be used as markers of inflammation. The physiological role of decreased synthesis of such proteins is generally to save
806:
Lippincott's
Illustrated Reviews: Immunology. Paperback: 384 pages. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; (July 1, 2007). Language: English.
834:"Alpha-2-macroglobulin functions as an inhibitor of fibrinolytic, clotting, and neutrophilic proteinases in sepsis: studies using a baboon model"
1120:
Ananian P, Hartvigsen J, Bernard D, Le Treut YP (2005). "Serum acute-phase protein level as indicator for liver failure after liver resection".
819:
1179:
652:
Measurement of acute-phase proteins, especially C-reactive protein, is a useful marker of inflammation in both medical and veterinary
584:
1047:
811:
425:
760:"Acute-phase responsiveness of mannose-binding lectin in community-acquired pneumonia is highly dependent upon MBL2 genotypes"
657:
1363:
1172:
595:
389:
1321:
200:. IL-6 is the major mediator for the hepatocytic secretion of APPs. Synthesis of APP can also be regulated indirectly by
665:
432:
216:
Positive acute-phase proteins serve (as part of the innate immune system) different physiological functions within the
1277:
161:
130:
181:
1211:
329:
1232:
1158:
574:
621:
229:
205:
1081:"Serum transferrin receptor assay in iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease in the elderly"
56:
either increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to
1368:
107:
145:
are, therefore, referred to as "negative" acute-phase reactants. Increased acute-phase proteins from the
1242:
440:
410:
384:
261:
137:
responds by producing many acute-phase reactants. At the same time, the production of a number of other
660:(ESR), however not always directly. This is due to the ESR being largely dependent on the elevation of
758:
Herpers BL, Endeman H, de Jong BA, de Jongh BM, Grutters JC, Biesma DH, van Velzen-Blad H (Jun 2009).
945:
637:
354:
285:
1303:
1237:
561:
415:
265:
1247:
653:
591:
316:
233:
225:
165:
1154:
1149:
668:, one may find a raised ESR but normal C-reactive protein.They may also indicate liver failure.
832:
de Boer JP, Creasey AA, Chang A, Abbink JJ, Roem D, Eerenberg AJ, et al. (December 1993).
1129:
1102:
1061:
1007:
971:
914:
863:
815:
807:
789:
725:
363:
289:
253:
1092:
1051:
1043:
999:
961:
953:
904:
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853:
845:
779:
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705:
447:
169:
1347:
1257:
1216:
339:
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245:
949:
1335:
1056:
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966:
933:
909:
882:
784:
759:
720:
693:
103:
35:
858:
833:
30:
1357:
1252:
1003:
849:
775:
617:
518:
308:
241:
221:
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185:
173:
126:
122:
17:
625:
462:
369:
193:
100:
57:
53:
899:
1308:
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629:
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532:
511:
507:
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451:
405:
401:
269:
249:
177:
119:
89:
1330:
1030:
Ritchie RF, Palomaki GE, Neveux LM, Navolotskaia O, Ledue TB, Craig WY (1999).
1097:
1080:
661:
633:
538:
397:
377:
197:
111:
88:(APR) are often used synonymously, although some APRs are (strictly speaking)
77:
73:
1282:
957:
883:"The battle for iron between bacterial pathogens and their vertebrate hosts"
710:
273:
1133:
1106:
1065:
1011:
975:
918:
793:
729:
608:"Negative" acute-phase proteins decrease in inflammation. Examples include
284:
clots. Also, some products of the coagulation system can contribute to the
867:
1262:
524:
503:
489:
475:
455:
277:
237:
201:
189:
115:
1203:
1164:
1048:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2825(1999)13:6<273::AID-JCLA4>3.0.CO;2-X
609:
553:
466:
321:
142:
138:
49:
1267:
566:
350:
257:
150:
96:
208:
in liver cells and induce IL-6-mediated production of APPs.
172:
are important for the expression of inflammatory mediators such as
1079:
Chua E, Clague JE, Sharma AK, Horan MA, Lombard M (October 1999).
934:"ER stress controls iron metabolism through induction of hepcidin"
373:
281:
146:
134:
69:
747:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 40.
499:
481:
1168:
640:, but the latter does not appear to change with inflammation.
288:
by their ability to increase vascular permeability and act as
1150:
http://eclinpath.com/chemistry/proteins/acute-phase-proteins/
745:
Basic immunology
Functions and Disorders of the Immune System
272:, mainly stimulating it. This pro-coagulant effect may limit
541:, inhibiting microbe iron uptake and prevents kidney damage
932:
Vecchi C, Montosi G, Zhang K, et al. (August 2009).
68:). The acute-phase reaction characteristically involves
431:
Prevents the degradation of blood clots by inhibiting
1319:
118:
into the bloodstream, most notable of which are the
1296:
1225:
1202:
324:on microbes (not an acute-phase reactant in mice)
346:Recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites
196:produce IL-6 in the liver and present it to the
1180:
8:
698:Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences
418:, trapping invading microbes in blood clots.
692:Jain S, Gautam V, Naseem S (January 2011).
220:. Some act to destroy or inhibit growth of
1187:
1173:
1165:
694:"Acute-phase proteins: As diagnostic tool"
204:. Cortisol can enhance expression of IL-6
27:Class of proteins involved in inflammation
1157:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1096:
1055:
1025:
1023:
1021:
965:
908:
898:
857:
783:
719:
709:
188:. After stimulation with proinflammatory
298:
180:, and they also cause the production of
149:may also contribute to the promotion of
29:
1326:
679:
743:Abbas A, Lichtman A, Pillai S (2012).
7:
687:
685:
683:
579:Serpin, downregulates inflammation
256:on the inflammatory response, e.g.
585:Lipopolysaccharide binding protein
494:Stimulates the internalization of
25:
527:, inhibiting microbe iron uptake
484:, inhibiting microbe iron uptake
426:Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
300:"Positive" acute-phase proteins:
1341:
1329:
1004:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02385.x
850:10.1128/iai.61.12.5035-5043.1993
776:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03929.x
549:(Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, AGP)
523:Oxidizes iron, facilitating for
80:and their precursors. The terms
658:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
376:and clumping of target cells.
60:. This response is called the
1:
596:pattern recognition receptors
594:, evoke immune responses via
569:, downregulates inflammation
390:Mannan-binding lectin pathway
72:, acceleration of peripheral
900:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000949
666:systemic lupus erythematosus
433:tissue Plasminogen Activator
1278:Haptoglobin-related protein
1385:
182:platelet-activating factor
656:. It correlates with the
392:of complement activation
330:Serum amyloid P component
1233:Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
1159:Medical Subject Headings
575:Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
498:, preventing release of
52:whose concentrations in
1098:10.1093/qjmed/92.10.587
958:10.1126/science.1176639
711:10.4103/0975-7406.76489
622:retinol-binding protein
230:mannose-binding protein
157:Regulation of synthesis
108:neutrophil granulocytes
34:Inflammatory cells and
1122:Hepatogastroenterology
838:Infection and Immunity
590:Attaches to bacterial
420:Some cause chemotaxis
114:) secrete a number of
92:rather than proteins.
38:
1243:Alpha 2-macroglobulin
648:Clinical significance
638:transferrin receptors
441:Alpha 2-macroglobulin
411:von Willebrand factor
385:Mannan-binding lectin
262:Alpha 2-macroglobulin
33:
1364:Acute-phase proteins
1196:Acute-phase proteins
1155:Acute-Phase+Proteins
355:extracellular matrix
286:innate immune system
86:acute-phase reactant
66:acute-phase response
62:acute-phase reaction
42:Acute-phase proteins
18:Acute phase proteins
1238:Alpha 1-antitrypsin
950:2009Sci...325..877V
562:Alpha 1-antitrypsin
416:Coagulation factors
301:
266:coagulation factors
82:acute-phase protein
1248:C-reactive protein
1036:J. Clin. Lab. Anal
654:clinical pathology
506:within intestinal
317:C-reactive protein
299:
290:chemotactic agents
234:complement factors
226:C-reactive protein
141:is reduced; these
39:
1317:
1316:
881:Skaar EP (2010).
820:978-0-7817-9543-2
601:
600:
254:negative feedback
48:) are a class of
16:(Redirected from
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944:(5942): 877–80.
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829:
823:
804:
798:
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764:Clin Exp Immunol
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294:phagocytic cells
21:
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893:(8): e1000949.
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742:
741:
737:
691:
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681:
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548:
419:
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340:Serum amyloid A
246:serum amyloid A
214:
159:
95:In response to
36:red blood cells
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1226:Other positive
1223:
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1214:
1208:
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1199:
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1192:
1191:
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1144:External links
1142:
1140:
1139:
1128:(63): 857–61.
1112:
1091:(10): 587–94.
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998:(16): 4580–9.
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252:. Others give
213:
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174:prostaglandins
158:
155:
76:, circulating
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1381:
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1369:Immune system
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1361:
1359:
1349:
1339:
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1327:
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1304:Serum albumin
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1253:Ceruloplasmin
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812:0-7817-9543-5
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770:(3): 488–94.
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704:(1): 118–27.
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618:transthyretin
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531:
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519:Ceruloplasmin
517:
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509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
479:
477:
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461:Inhibitor of
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353:that degrade
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349:Induction of
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309:Immune system
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242:ceruloplasmin
239:
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227:
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218:immune system
211:
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194:Kupffer cells
191:
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64:(also called
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55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
1195:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1042:(6): 273–9.
1039:
1035:
995:
991:
984:
941:
937:
927:
890:
886:
876:
841:
837:
827:
802:
767:
763:
753:
744:
738:
701:
697:
670:
651:
642:
626:antithrombin
607:
463:fibrinolysis
370:Opsonization
276:by trapping
215:
178:leukotrienes
160:
120:interleukins
101:inflammatory
94:
90:polypeptides
85:
81:
65:
61:
58:inflammation
54:blood plasma
45:
41:
40:
1309:Transferrin
1288:Orosomucoid
1273:Haptoglobin
887:PLOS Pathog
634:amino acids
630:transcortin
614:transferrin
547:Orosomucoid
533:Haptoglobin
512:macrophages
508:enterocytes
496:ferroportin
452:coagulation
406:factor VIII
402:prothrombin
270:coagulation
250:haptoglobin
198:hepatocytes
112:macrophages
78:neutrophils
1358:Categories
822:. Page 182
675:References
662:fibrinogen
539:hemoglobin
398:Fibrinogen
378:Chemotaxis
364:Complement
74:leukocytes
1283:Hemopexin
502:bound by
448:Inhibitor
311:function
280:in local
278:pathogens
274:infection
206:receptors
190:cytokines
116:cytokines
1348:Medicine
1297:Negative
1263:Ferritin
1134:15966220
1107:10627880
1066:10633294
1012:11502220
976:19679815
919:20711357
794:19438602
730:21430962
604:Negative
556:carrier
525:ferritin
504:ferritin
490:Hepcidin
480:Binding
476:Ferritin
456:thrombin
428:(PAI-1)
366:factors
334:Opsonin
238:ferritin
224:, e.g.,
222:microbes
212:Positive
202:cortisol
143:proteins
139:proteins
99:, local
50:proteins
1336:Biology
1322:Portals
1204:Amyloid
1057:6808097
967:2923557
946:Bibcode
938:Science
910:2920840
868:7693593
785:2691978
721:3053509
610:albumin
554:Steroid
467:plasmin
351:enzymes
322:Opsonin
305:Protein
268:affect
258:serpins
133:. The
1268:Fibrin
1161:(MeSH)
1132:
1105:
1064:
1054:
1010:
974:
964:
917:
907:
866:
859:281280
856:
818:
810:
792:
782:
728:
718:
587:(LBP)
567:Serpin
537:Binds
435:(tPA)
151:sepsis
129:, and
125:, and
97:injury
374:lysis
282:blood
170:IFN-γ
166:IL-1β
162:TNF-α
147:liver
135:liver
131:TNF-α
104:cells
70:fever
1130:PMID
1103:PMID
1062:PMID
1008:PMID
972:PMID
915:PMID
864:PMID
816:ISBN
808:ISBN
790:PMID
726:PMID
510:and
500:iron
482:iron
292:for
264:and
248:and
186:IL-6
184:and
176:and
168:and
110:and
84:and
46:APPs
1217:SAA
1212:SAP
1093:doi
1085:QJM
1052:PMC
1044:doi
1000:doi
996:268
962:PMC
954:doi
942:325
905:PMC
895:doi
854:PMC
846:doi
780:PMC
772:doi
768:156
716:PMC
706:doi
592:LPS
450:of
127:IL6
123:IL1
1360::
1258:C3
1126:52
1124:.
1101:.
1089:92
1087:.
1083:.
1060:.
1050:.
1040:13
1038:.
1034:.
1020:^
1006:.
994:.
970:.
960:.
952:.
940:.
936:.
913:.
903:.
889:.
885:.
862:.
852:.
842:61
840:.
836:.
814:.
788:.
778:.
766:.
762:.
724:.
714:.
700:.
696:.
682:^
628:,
624:,
620:,
616:,
612:,
404:,
400:,
372:,
296:.
260:.
244:,
240:,
236:,
232:,
228:,
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