Ad orientem - Knowledge (XXG)

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also speak of the practice of facing east. In the 3rd century, the Didascalia, a treatise on church order from northern Syria, set down the rule of facing east during the Eucharist. ... Before Christianity was legal in the Roman Empire, Christians worshipped in their homes. One of the oldest known house churches has been discovered on the far eastern edge of the Roman Empire, in present day Syria, at Dura-Europos. This house church dates from 233 A.D. Archaeologists have uncovered an assembly room in the house where as many as 60 people would gather for prayer. The room was designed with an altar against the east wall. In this way, the priest and all the faithful would together be facing east when celebrating the Eucharist. Writing in the 7th century, St. John of Damascus gives three explanations for the eastward stance of Christians at prayer. First, Christ is "the Sun of Righteousness" (Mal 4:2) and "the Dayspring from on high" (Lk 1:78). Facing the light dawning from the east, Christians affirm their faith in Christ as the Light of the world. Second, God planted the Garden of Eden in the east (cf. Gn 2:8). But, when our first parents sinned, they were exiled from the garden and moved westward. Facing east, therefore, reminds Christians of their need to long for and strive for the paradise that God intended for them. And, third, when speaking of his Second Coming at the end of history, Jesus said, "For just as lightning comes from the east and is seen as far as the west, so will the coming of the Son of Man be" (Mt. 24:27). Thus, facing the east at prayer visibly expresses the hope for the coming of Jesus (cf. St. John Damascene, An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, Book IV, Chapter 12). Holding fast to this ancient tradition of facing eastward at prayer, the 12th century builders of the first St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna oriented this church to be in line with sunrise on the feast of St. Stephen. ... In celebration of the ancient Coptic Rite of Egypt, a deacon exhorts the faithful with the words "Look towards the East!" His age-old exhortation, found also in Greek and Ethiopian liturgies, stands as a strong reminder of the spiritual direction of our prayer.

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bodily lips, and are baptized with both water and Spirit, and are united with the Lord in a twofold manner, being sharers in the Mysteries and in the grace of the Spirit. Since, therefore, God is spiritual light, and Christ is called in the Scriptures Sun of Righteousness and Dayspring, the East is the direction that must be assigned to His worship. For everything good must be assigned to Him from Whom every good thing arises. Indeed the divine David also says, Sing unto God, ye kingdoms of the earth: O sing praises unto the Lord: to Him that rideth upon the Heavens of heavens towards the East. Moreover the Scripture also says, And God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there He put the man whom He had formed: and when he had transgressed His command He expelled him and made him to dwell over against the delights of Paradise, which clearly is the West. So, then, we worship God seeking and striving after our old fatherland. Moreover the tent of Moses had its veil and mercy seat towards the East. Also the tribe of Judah as the most precious pitched their camp on the East. Also in the celebrated temple of Solomon, the Gate of the Lord was placed eastward. Moreover Christ, when He hung on the Cross, had His face turned towards the West, and so we worship, striving after Him. And when He was received again into Heaven He was borne towards the East, and thus His apostles worship Him, and thus He will come again in the way in which they beheld Him going towards Heaven; as the Lord Himself said, As the lightning cometh out of the East and shineth even unto the West, so also shall the coming of the Son of Man be. So, then, in expectation of His coming we worship towards the East. But this tradition of the apostles is unwritten. For much that has been handed down to us by tradition is unwritten.

2061:: "In Hipparchus's house there was a specially decorated room and a cross was painted on the east wall of it. There before the image of the cross, they used to pray seven times a day ... with their faces turned to the east." It is easy to see the importance of this passage when you compare it with what Origen says. The custom of turning towards the rising sun when praying had been replaced by the habit of turning towards the east wall. This we find in Origen. From the other passage we see that a cross had been painted on the wall to show which was the east. Hence the origin of the practice of hanging crucifixes on the walls of the private rooms in Christian houses. We know too that signs were put up in the Jewish synagogues to show the direction of Jerusalem, because the Jews turned that way when they said their prayers. The question of the proper way to face for prayer has always been of great importance in the East. It is worth remembering that Mohammedans pray with their faces turned towards Mecca and that one reason for the condemnation of Al Hallaj, the Mohammedan martyr, was that he refused to conform to this practice. 658: 1700:, the direction the Christians faced when they prayed, and the Jews, who faced Jerusalem, Christians customarily faced east to pray. This distinctive, Christian behavior came up for discussion in virtually every apologetic tract in Syriac or Arabic written by a Christian in the early Islamic period. In their answers to the queries of the Muslims on the subject, Christian writers never failed to mention that the reason they prayed facing east was due to the fact that the Garden of Eden was planted in the east (Genesis 2:8) and that at the end of time, at the second coming, the Messiah would approach Jerusalem from the east. Consequently, they insisted all Christians face this direction when they pray. 33: 1103: 2653:"When Christians in fourth-century Rome could first freely begin to build churches, they customarily located the sanctuary towards the west end of the building in imitation of the sanctuary of the Jerusalem Temple. Although in the days of the Jerusalem Temple the high priest indeed faced east when sacrificing on Yom Kippur, the sanctuary within which he stood was located at the west end of the Temple. The Christian replication of the layout and the orientation of the Jerusalem Temple helped to dramatize the eschatological meaning attached to the sacrificial death of Jesus the High Priest in the Epistle to the Hebrews" ( 226: 3511:

consecration of the bread and wine. Over the course of the last forty years or so, a great many of those altars have either been removed and pulled out away from the wall or replaced by the kind of freestanding table-like altar we now use at St. Paul's, Ivy. This was a response to the popular sentiment that the priest ought not turn his back to the people during the service; the perception was that this represented an insult to the laity and their centrality in worship. Thus developed today's widespread practice in which the clergy stand behind the altar facing the people.

761: 1057: 1225:"Over the course of the last forty years or so, a great many of those altars have either been removed and pulled out away from the wall or replaced by the kind of freestanding table-like altar", in "response to the popular sentiment that the priest ought not turn his back to the people during the service; the perception was that this represented an insult to the laity and their centrality in worship. Thus developed today’s widespread practice in which the clergy stand behind the altar facing the people." 1775:

other times. This expression of their undying belief in the coming again of Jesus was united to their conviction that the cross, "the sign of the Son of Man," would appear in the eastern heavens on his return (see Matthew 24:30). Building on that ancient custom, devout Catholics often have a home altar, shrine, or prayer corner containing a crucifix, religious pictures (icons), a Bible, holy water, lights, and flowers as a part of the essential furniture of a Christian home.

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Adaptations may be necessary to facilitate gracious leadership. While architectural integrity should be respected, it is important for churches to carefully adapt or renovate their worship spaces more fully to invite the people to participate in the Holy Meal. If altars are for all practical purposes immovable, then congregations should make provisions for creating a table suitable to the space so that the presiding minister may face the people and be closer to them.

1211:. In their pastoral letter of 1 March 1875, the Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England lamented "the growing tendency to associate doctrinal significance with rites and ceremonies which do not necessarily involve it. For example, the position to be occupied by the minister during the prayer of consecration in the Holy Communion' We, the clergy, are bound by every consideration to obey the law when thus clearly interpreted ". 49: 2446:

afore from cover to cover and always concluded my prayer with the Lord's Prayer followed with the Hallow Thee Mary. Usually I did not sit down until I had said all my prayers, my face always facing toward the east because I had been told that east symbolizes Mary, and the light that comes out from the east symbolizes Jesus. Also, I was told that when Jesus comes for the second time, he would appear in his glory from the east.

885: 476: 1122:", which reflects the continuance in England of the traditional orientation abandoned elsewhere in the West, normally means not only "east-facing" but also unambiguously "the position of the celebrant of the Eucharist standing on the same side of the altar as the people, with his back to them". The opposite arrangement is likewise unambiguously called the "westward position". Those who use the phrase " 7396: 1255: 351:, was oblong, with the people facing the eastern wall, where there was a platform where the table-altar of the Eucharist was offered by the presbyter/priest, who also apparently faced east. Images of biblical scenes and figures, including that of Christ, adorned the walls, including the eastern wall. In the 2nd century, Syrian Christians indicated the direction in which to pray by placing a 551: 780:, not only the priest but also the congregation faced east at prayer. Michel Remery critiques Bouyer's view on the grounds of the unlikelihood that, in churches where the altar was to the west, Christians would turn their backs on the altar (and the priest) at the celebration of the Eucharist. According to Remery, the view prevails that the priest, facing east, would celebrate 869:

was moved to be fixed against the east wall, and the president stood before it, facing east, with his back to the people." This change, according to Buchanan, "was possibly precipitated by the coming of tabernacles for reservation, which were ideally both to occupy a central position and also to be fixed to the east wall without the president turning his back to them."

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also associated with the Resurrection, as it is written in the Gospels that Christ rose from the dead at dawn. Christians for many centuries prayed facing east (ad orientem), both for the Eucharistic liturgy of the Mass and at daily prayers. Today, only Holy Orthodoxy perpetuates the practice of the Apostles in offering Mass and prayers "ad orientem".

411:–253) says: "The fact that of all the quarters of the heavens, the east is the only direction we turn to when we pour out prayer, the reasons for this, I think, are not easily discovered by anyone." Origen "firmly rejects the argument that if a house has a fine view in a different direction, one should face that way rather than towards the east." 400:) says: "Since the dawn is an image of the day of birth, and from that point the light which has shone forth at first from the darkness increases, there has also dawned on those involved in darkness a day of the knowledge of truth. In correspondence with the manner of the sun's rising, prayers are made looking towards the sunrise in the east." 2445:

That had been my understanding for many years, and for that matter I had never prayed a small portion of the prayers in most of my entire life as a student at my Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church. As it had been a common practice in my church, I had prayed every morning the whole prayers I bentioned

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The Christians faced east to pray for several reasons. Jesus was expected to come again to judge the world "as lightning flashes from the east to the west" (Matthew 24:27). Jesus was the Dawn that enlightened the world. Basil the Great wrote that facing the east to pray was among the oldest unwritten

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in the Roman Catholic Church treats the phrase "which is desirable wherever possible" as referring to the requirement that altars be built separate from the wall, not to the celebration of Mass facing the people, while "it reaffirms that the position toward the assembly seems more convenient inasmuch

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Despite all the variations in practice that have taken place far into the second millennium, one thing has remained clear for the whole of Christendom: praying toward the east is a tradition that goes back to the beginning. Moreover, it is a fundamental expression of the Christian synthesis of cosmos

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It is not without reason or by chance that we worship towards the East. But seeing that we are composed of a visible and an invisible nature, that is to say, of a nature partly of spirit and partly of sense, we render also a twofold worship to the Creator; just as we sing both with our spirit and our

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of the Temple, but also toward the east, although to what extent this practice was widespread is disputed. After the Temple was destroyed, synagogical liturgy continued the practice of praying in that direction, "inseparably bound up with the messianic expectation of Israel." Some rabbinic traditions

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In Chamula, ancient Mayan beliefs mingle with Roman Catholicism—the "syncretism" we've been observing in various forms since we arrived in Mexico—to form the costumbres of these descendants of the Maya. A cross is placed on the eastern wall of every Mayan home to commemorate the risen Christ and the

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means literally "to turn toward the east"), they painted or hung a cross on the east wall of their main room. This practice was in keeping with ancient Jewish tradition ("Look toward the east, O Jerusalem," Baruch 4:36); Christians turned in that direction when they prayed morning and evening and at

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In our churches, the Communion table is to be placed in such a way that the presider is able to stand behind it, facing the people, and the people can visually if not physically gather around it. The table should be high enough so that the presider does not need to stoop to handle the bread and cup.

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on a freestanding altar. In reality, earlier that year the chapel had been remodeled, with "the previous altar back in its place, although still a short distance from the tabernacle, restoring the celebration of all 'facing the Lord'." On 15 April 2010 he again celebrated Mass in the same way in the

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In the 8th or 9th century, the position whereby the priest faced the apse, not the people, when celebrating Mass was adopted in some basilicas of Rome. The Ordo Romanus I, dating to the early 700s, mentions the Pope turning to face the people to intone the Gloria and then immediately turning back to

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A Prayer Corner can be as simple as a Crucifix hung where it is visible, or an image of the Blessed Mother with our Rosary near by. It can be an elaborate arrangement of icons or sacred images on an eastern wall of our home (the direction of the Sun's rising), or even a room set aside, almost as a

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From the earliest days of Church, Christians also faced east when at prayer. In fact, Tertullian (160–220 AD) actually had to defend Christians against the pagans who accused them of facing east to worship the sun. Many Church Fathers, such as St. Clement of Alexandria, St. Basil and St. Augustine,

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age and the Essene prayer towards the sun 'as though beseeching him to rise' being a petition for the coming of the priestly Messiah." Eventually, a "process of mutual stimulus and disaffection" between Jews and early Christians seems to have brought about the end of Jewish prayer towards the east,

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On the other hand, the general practices of prayer that have been formalized in the Coptic Church are included in the personal prayers of the Liturgy of the Hours, which is called the Agpeya, and the communal liturgical prayers in the church. ...Standing facing the East is the most frequent prayer

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Facing a specific geographic location while praying was also an important part of prayer practice. At first, early Muslims prayed toward Jerusalem, as the Jewish communities in Syria-Palestine, Yemen and Yathrib did. A shift occurred when Muhammad was in Yathrib, as shown in the Qur'an. The reason

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For 2,000 years Christians have prayed facing towards the Orient, the East. East is the direction of the sunrise and was naturally associated with various Christian imagery. East was first seen as a symbol of Christ, the "light of the world," and the direction of his Second Coming. The sunrise was

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argues that there "is reason to think that in the first millennium of the church in Western Europe, the president of the eucharist regularly faced across the eucharistic table toward the ecclesiastical west. Somewhere between the 10th and 12th centuries, a change occurred in which the table itself

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In subsequent centuries the practice was clearly understood as rooted in Scripture and tradition and survived the Reformation in the Church of England. According to Dearmer: The ancient custom of turning to the East, or rather to the altar, for the Gloria Patri and the Gloria in Excelsis survived

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Many Episcopalians remember a time when the altars in most Episcopal churches were attached to the wall beyond the altar rail. The Celebrant at the Eucharist would turn to the altar and have his back – his back, never hers in those days – to the congregation during the Eucharistic Prayer and the

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Lang and Gamber argue that in churches with a westward apse, the people did not face either towards or away from the altar, but rather stood in the side aisles facing the opposite side aisle, which allowed them to see both the altar and the East. The central aisle would have been left empty for

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only requires that in new or renovated churches the facing-the-people orientation be made possible: "The altar should be built separate from the wall, in such a way that it is possible to walk around it easily and that Mass can be celebrated at it facing the people, which is desirable wherever

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directed that the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist be celebrated at a communion table placed lengthwise in the chancel or in the body of the church, with the priest standing on the north side of the holy table, facing south. Turning to the east continued to be observed at certain points of the

876:, it is said, Latin Catholic churches were built so that on the very feast day of the saint in whose honor they were named, Mass could be offered on an altar while directly facing the rising sun. However, various surveys of old English churches found no evidence of any such general practice. 276:

encouraged Jews to construct synagogues with their entrances facing east, in imitation of the Temple of Jerusalem following its destruction, although this guideline was only sporadically implemented in practice. It was the practice, Paul F. Bradshaw says, of the Jewish sects of the

853:" (facing the people), and in several churches in Rome, it was physically impossible, even before the twentieth-century liturgical reforms, for the priest to celebrate Mass facing away from the people because of the presence, immediately in front of the altar, of the "confession" ( 2416:

Why is it that we stand in prayer facing east? The holy Basil tells us in his book on the Holy Spirit: 'So this is the reason why our gaze is directed eastwards when we stand in prayer: it is so that our eyes may gaze in the direction of Paradise, in this way we may seek for our

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orientation in which the priest faces the congregation. In this use, the phrase is not necessarily related to the geographical direction in which the priest is looking and is employed even if he is not facing to the east or even has his back to the east.

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We are commanded to pray standing, with faces towards the East, for at the last Messiah is manifested in the East. 2. All Christians, on rising from sleep early in the morning, should wash the face and pray. 3. We are commanded to pray seven times,

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position. ... This is further emphasized in the fact that Copts pray facing the East, waiting for the return of Jesus in glory; his return as the enthroned Pantocrator is portrayed in the iconography that is placed before the worshippers.

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He has taught us all the economy of the Christian religion: baptism, laws, ordinances, prayers, worship in the direction of the east, and the sacrifice that we offer. All these things He practiced in His person and taught us to practise

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The seven hours of prayer create a cycle that provides us with a foretaste of the eternal life we will spend in the presence of God worshipping Him. ... We pray standing upright while facing East as we collect our thoughts on

941:("is desirable wherever possible"), but must refer to the entirety of the preceding phrase about building the altar separate from the wall so to facilitate walking around it and celebrating Mass at it while facing the people. 1830:

Jews, wherever they were, always said their prayers turning toward Jerusalem, but Christians, from very early on, prayed toward the east, the direction of the rising sun, which for them was the symbol of the Second Coming of

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Inside their homes, a cross is placed on the eastern wall of the first room. If one sees a cross in a house and do not find a crucifix or pictures, it is almost certain that the particular family belongs to the Church of the

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processions. This thesis is supported by indications that early Christians conventionally prayed both eastward and towards open doors or windows, and churches were segregated with women on one side and men on the other.

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Outside of Rome, it was an ancient custom for most churches to be built with the entrance at the west end and for priest and people to face eastward to the place of the rising sun. Among the exceptions was the original

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as it makes communication easier ... without excluding, however, the other possibility." This is also what is stated in the original text (in Latin) of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal (2002), which reads, "

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and later became almost universal in the West. Some new churches in Francia such as St. Gall, influenced by Roman basilicas, also adopted the westward-facing apse, although this tendency was shortlived. However, the

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taught that believers pray facing east because it "reminds Christians of their need to long for and strive for the paradise that God intended for them" and because "Christians affirm their faith in Christ as the

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Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the

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The Indian Christians of St. Thomas: Otherwise Called the Syrian Christians of Malabar: a Sketch of Their History and an Account of Their Present Condition as Well as a Discussion of the Legend of St. Thomas

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Clerical Address to the Prelates against legalising the Eastward Position and a distinctive Eucharistic Dress: with the names of 5376 clergymen by whom it was signed; and an appendix ... Edited by W. A. S.

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did liturgical norms impose either orientation, the distinction became so linked with traditionalist discussion that it was considered journalistically worthy of remark that Pope Francis celebrated Mass

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on the eastern wall of their house or church, a direction that symbolized "their souls facing God, talking with him, and sharing their spirituality with the Lord." Believers turned towards it to pray at

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Identify a wall or corner in a main living area of your house. Preferably, your icons will be on an east wall so your family can be facing east–just like at Divine Liturgy–whenever you say your prayers

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The earliest churches in Rome had a façade to the east and an apse with the altar to the west; the priest celebrating Mass stood behind the altar, facing east and so towards the people. According to

610:; when a priest visits a home, he asks the family where the east is before leading them in prayer. Indian Christians and Coptic Christians in these traditions, for example, pray daily in private the 418:

declared that one of the many beliefs and practices that Christians derived not from written teaching but by the tradition of the apostles was to turn to the East when praying. Using the phrase

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for this shift is not relevant to the present argument. Rather, Muhammad's salāt incorporates facing a geographic location, clearly an influence from the Jewish communities discussed above.

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At first, the prayers were said facing Jerusalem, as the Jews did--Christians faced toward the East--but later the direction of prayer, the qibla, was changed toward the Kaaba at Mecca.

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same chapel and with the same group. The practice of saying Mass at the altar attached to the west wall of the Sistine Chapel on the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord was continued by

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In spite of the legal prohibition, adoption of the eastward position became normal in the succeeding decades in most provinces of the Anglican Church with the exception of the

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tracts published in the 7th century in the Syriac and Arabic languages explained that Christians prayed facing the east because "the Garden of Eden was planted in the east (

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position was physically impossible, so today there are churches and chapels in which it is physically impossible for the priest to face the people throughout the Mass.

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chapel, really anywhere where we feel comfortable, calm, collected, and free of distraction from household duties - free to offer our heart to God, and speak with him.

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also commented in its May 1993 issue on the unlikelihood that the people would turn their backs on the altar so as to face east; and it recalled the reproaches of

532:, described the eastward orientation as linked with the "cosmic sign of the rising sun which symbolizes the universality of God." He also states in the same book ( 752:, or about to give the blessing ...). The wording remained unchanged in all later editions of the Tridentine Missal, even the last, which is still in use today. 7202: 6886: 4925: 3411:

through the slovenly times, and is now common amongst us. (The choir also turned to the altar for the intonation of the Te Deum, and again for its last verse.)

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on the eastern wall of their house, symbolizing "their souls facing God, talking with him, and sharing their spirituality with the Lord". Two centuries later,

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soon clarified that this was a personal view of the cardinal and that no official directives would be issued to change the prevailing practice of celebrating

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Additionally, the Christian custom of praying towards the east may have roots in the practice of the earliest Christians in Jerusalem of praying towards the

973:, when he celebrated the feast for the first time as Supreme Pontiff on 12 January 2014. Although neither before nor after the 20th-century revision of the 2489: 1234: 1715: 6876: 4915: 1856: 927:

Altare maius exstruatur a pariete seiunctum, ut facile circumiri et in eo celebratio versus populum peragi possit, quod expedit ubicumque possibile sit

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among early Christians is a custom inherited from the Jews. At the time of the formation of Christianity, Jews commonly prayed not only towards the

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largely replaced both eastward position and north side and, in the view of Colin Buchanan, "has proved a reconciling force within Anglican usage".

6713: 5189: 4781: 909: 640: 657: 5395: 3497: 3074: 992:, Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments in the Catholic Church, encouraged priests to adopt the 3483: 3376: 2901: 2856: 2836: 2809: 2641: 2559: 2438: 2409: 2050: 1958: 1885: 1823: 1763: 1689: 1653: 1583: 32: 7233: 6265: 5313: 4380: 2775: 2678: 2205: 3058: 2826: 7287: 7126: 5471: 5375: 5248: 4112: 4102: 2799: 2463: 2107: 7421: 7312: 6397: 4611: 3281: 2378: 2019: 1208: 587: 2668: 2145: 7361: 6106: 5405: 4327: 3434: 2946: 2881: 2748: 2589: 2342: 1931: 1409: 1770:

Long before Christians built churches for public prayer, they worshipped daily in their homes. In order to orient their prayer (to

2765: 2654: 7426: 7075: 5913: 5174: 4174: 1204: 765: 245:, the eastward direction of Christian prayer was the standard and carried a strong significance, attested by the writings of the 3251: 2700: 2269: 2261:"quod ex omnibus coeli plagis ad solam orientis partem conversi orationem fundimus, non facile cuiquam puto ratione compertum" ( 1102: 7431: 5570: 3317: 829:

legitimized the building of Christian churches, the practice of praying towards the east did not result in uniformity in their

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Sol salutis: Gebet und Gesang im christlichen Altertum : mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Ostung in Gebet und Liturgie

225: 155:, a posture facing the people, in the aftermath of the council the change was nevertheless widespread and became the norm. 7250: 7196: 5343: 5285: 2975: 1268: 1432: 6926: 5087: 4989: 815: 595: 491: 837:

face east, implying that the rubric was written for a church with an eastward apse. This usage was introduced from the

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continue to pray facing east, believing that it "is the direction from which Jesus Christ will come when he returns".

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of the 7th century explained that Christians prayed facing east because "the Garden of Eden was planted in the east (

861:), an area sunk below floor level to enable people to come close to the tomb of the saint buried beneath the altar. 7260: 7212: 6881: 6627: 6406: 5358: 4920: 4651: 4624: 4117: 1877: 1558: 986: 575: 479: 317: 110: 1079:"is oriented to the East from which the Sun of Righteousness will return". Though some parishes now celebrate the 312:, to the east of the city, which they saw as the locus of key eschatological events and especially of the awaited 7035: 7030: 5116: 5111: 1076: 800: 533: 434: 336: 195: 1874:

The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II: The Words and Will of God

178:, the eastward direction of Christian prayer has carried a strong significance, attested by the writings of the 7271: 7135: 6338: 5925: 5853: 5364: 5273: 4552: 4186: 4096: 3303: 1723: 1196: 37: 7243: 3341:"The Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, used by the Ukrainian Lutheran Church, and its missing elements" 2124:

In Orthodox homes, the eastern corner of a centrally located room is always dedicated to the display of icons.

734:, towards the people, the celebrant, facing the people, does not turn his back to the altar when about to say 301:, is derived from the Jewish practice, which was ubiquitous among the Jewish communities of Syria, Palestine, 1948: 1044:

normally celebrates the Divine Liturgy facing eastward. Only in very exceptional circumstances does it do so

1020:, the liturgy of the Coptic and Ethiopian rites exhort believers with the words “Look towards the East!” All 7292: 7114: 7014: 6963: 6901: 6826: 6250: 6121: 5739: 5663: 5303: 5220: 5184: 5095: 5034: 4945: 4375: 4347: 3981: 3831: 1321: 1192: 1041: 1029: 865: 830: 786:

in some churches, in others not, in accordance with the churches' architecture. The official journal of the

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In the West, the tradition is first witnessed by Augustine: 'When we stand at prayer, we turn to the east (

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Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, "Pregare «ad orientem versus»", in

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versus populum, the traditional liturgical posture of ad orientem is retained by many Lutheran churches.

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in the Apostolic Palace on 1 December 2009 was reported to be the first time he publicly celebrated Mass

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of Christ. Although the localization of the Second Coming on the Mount of Olives was abandoned after the

7338: 7229: 6980: 6687: 6067: 5309: 5131: 5046: 4502: 4280: 4014: 2204:); translation: "The idea has no doubt originated from our being known to turn to the east in prayer" ( 1696:

Prominent among them was what in the context of life in the world of Islam one might call the Christian

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Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East – Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon

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declared that "facing the east to pray was among the oldest unwritten laws of the Church". Nearly all

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wall. He later celebrated Mass at the same altar in the Sistine Chapel annually for the Feast of the

666: 463: 68: 3505: 7367: 7332: 7282: 6975: 6703: 6498: 5937: 5908: 5859: 5425: 5370: 5331: 4984: 4771: 4629: 4196: 4169: 4091: 3621: 1554: 1278: 1260: 1140: 957: 603: 258: 98: 1950:

Daily Prayer in the Early Church: A Study of the Origin and Early Development of the Divine Office

685:

or wall behind the altar, with priest and people looking in the same direction, as opposed to the

7172: 7052: 7009: 6991: 6916: 6821: 6788: 6737: 6355: 6224: 5949: 5878: 5516: 5169: 5126: 5075: 5057: 4965: 4935: 4569: 4409: 4205: 4136: 4068: 3052:

Peter G. Hoare and Caroline S. Sweet, "The orientation of early medieval churches in England" in

3034: 2505: 1316: 633: 623: 607: 567: 502: 447: 423: 357: 4007: 3568: 3187:"Sandro Magister, "The Pauline Chapel Reopened for Worship. With Two New Features", 6 July 2009" 2074: 1985:

The Origins of Muslim Prayer: Sixth and Seventh Century Religious Influences on the Salat Ritual

3532: 3526: 3051: 2938: 233:

hanging on the eastern wall of a modern house, indicating the eastward direction towards which

7351: 6949: 6921: 6637: 6503: 6365: 6186: 5918: 5830: 5802: 5656: 5527: 5348: 5263: 5258: 4970: 4711: 4579: 4454: 4179: 4072: 4048: 3967: 3905: 3887: 3536: 3479: 3474: 3430: 3372: 3366: 3186: 3103: 3026: 2942: 2897: 2877: 2852: 2832: 2805: 2771: 2744: 2674: 2637: 2585: 2555: 2434: 2405: 2338: 2095:

rising sun; on the patio another cross faces west to salute the sun's passage below the earth.

2046: 1954: 1927: 1881: 1819: 1759: 1685: 1649: 1579: 1573: 1405: 1367: 1215: 1161: 1144: 1021: 674: 529: 262: 76: 7224: 7190: 7108: 7104: 7026: 6984: 6911: 6906: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6803: 6548: 6493: 6420: 6377: 6091: 5980: 5972: 5900: 5872: 5795: 5745: 5558: 5297: 5280: 5268: 5208: 5107: 5050: 4974: 4955: 4950: 4898: 4893: 4731: 4667: 4640: 4591: 4233: 4162: 4131: 4107: 4041: 3988: 3941: 3667: 3458: 3018: 2930: 2111: 1615: 1087: 1065: 961: 736: 525: 234: 126: 122: 72: 2566:

When at prayer, Christians should put on a belt and face east, where the lost paradise lay.

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was never exposed to non-Christians. The church-hall, according to the evidence found at

213:, are designed to face east and efforts are made to remodel churches obtained from other 2379:"Stand, Bow, Prostrate: The Prayerful Body of Coptic Christianity : Clarion Review" 2171: 1481:; translation: "When we stand at prayer, we turn to the east, whence the heaven rises" ( 320:, the eastward direction of Christian prayer was retained and became general throughout 48: 7141: 7085: 6954: 6798: 6543: 6260: 6255: 6156: 6134: 6086: 5943: 5253: 5163: 5025: 4888: 4434: 4414: 4392: 4387: 4355: 4305: 4201: 3687: 3672: 3599: 2082: 1333: 1326: 1219: 1180:

the priest stood at the north end of the altar. In the middle of the 19th century, the

1172:, encouraged a return to the use of the altar at the east end, but in obedience to the 1132: 1091: 1080: 1028:

are designed to face east and efforts are made to remodel churches obtained from other

949: 884: 854: 850: 826: 782: 769: 748: 687: 475: 288:

dimension, the 'fine bright day' for which the Therapeutae prayed being apparently the

272: 246: 179: 164: 151: 1756:

A Prayer Book of Catholic Devotions: Praying the Seasons and Feasts of the Church Year

1478: 7415: 7179: 7119: 7100: 6732: 6654: 6621: 6597: 6553: 6009: 5931: 5886: 5789: 5548: 5535: 5522: 5225: 5204: 4995: 4818: 4813: 4634: 4477: 4191: 4152: 4147: 4037: 3756: 3718: 3038: 2931: 742: 438: 313: 199: 159:

was never forbidden, however: the Pauline Missal, indeed, presumes that Mass is said

1682:

The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam

7356: 6896: 6743: 6632: 6583: 6513: 6427: 6413: 6050: 6021: 5808: 5769: 5438: 5400: 5381: 4940: 4824: 4716: 4656: 4646: 4399: 4337: 4258: 4053: 4003: 3784: 3649: 2983: 2525: 2304: 2217: 1289: 1150: 989: 970: 945: 846: 777: 724:, celebrans versa facie ad populum, non vertit humeros ad altare, cum dicturus est 699: 381: 348: 340: 242: 175: 137:; some Lutheran and Anglican churches continue to offer their respective liturgies 130: 1611: 3136: 2332: 7320: 7255: 7159: 7019: 6754: 6538: 6533: 6323: 6288: 6234: 6229: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6196: 6150: 6129: 5957: 5603: 5597: 5577: 5542: 5243: 5100: 4835: 4619: 4537: 4522: 4482: 4444: 4370: 4212: 3746: 3740: 3724: 1788: 1111: 889: 483: 365: 321: 285: 281: 7395: 2721: 900:

The present Roman Missal of the Catholic Church (revised in 1969 following the

171:

with his back to the congregants, so that they all face in the same direction.

7345: 7307: 7165: 7041: 6771: 6667: 6448: 6328: 6283: 6171: 6139: 5649: 5644: 5587: 5214: 4960: 4852: 4660: 4542: 4472: 4429: 4360: 3880: 3876: 3843: 3811: 3734: 3603: 3278:"Catholic News Service, "Vatican rejects Cardinal Sarah's ad orientem appeal"" 3022: 1250: 974: 796: 550: 372: 361: 3558: 3030: 2281: 2237: 1482: 7238: 7185: 6969: 6869: 6864: 6816: 6781: 6759: 6649: 6345: 6318: 6303: 6111: 6101: 6028: 6002: 5986: 5893: 5841: 5776: 5683: 5676: 5337: 5324: 5040: 4908: 4903: 4882: 4840: 4559: 4532: 4507: 4332: 4322: 4157: 4082: 4032: 3925: 3794: 3779: 3764: 3644: 2896:

The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005

2851:

The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005

2825:

Cunningham, Lawrence S.; Reich, John J.; Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2013-03-05).

2708: 2636:

The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005

2225: 1254: 819: 344: 297:

practice of praying initially towards Jerusalem, as well as the concept of

17: 7003: 6931: 6660: 6591: 6563: 6488: 6473: 6468: 6438: 6387: 6181: 6076: 6062: 5993: 5835: 5728: 5669: 5637: 5608: 5510: 5150: 5069: 5004: 4736: 4706: 4701: 4682: 4601: 4290: 4275: 4077: 3972: 3910: 3871: 3789: 3712: 3151:"La Croix – Actualité en direct, informations France, Monde, Economie..." 1203:, was the object of violent controversy, leading to its outlawing by the 1001: 791: 559: 487: 267: 7131: 6644: 6614: 6568: 6528: 6483: 6333: 6293: 6176: 6161: 6045: 5822: 5815: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5692: 5565: 4741: 4721: 4547: 4492: 4439: 4419: 4253: 4061: 4057: 3962: 3946: 3915: 3799: 2494:

A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

873: 682: 673:

is commonly used today to describe a particular posture of a priest in

615: 289: 277: 2110:. Resurrection Greek Orthodox Church. 19 December 2016. Archived from 1184:

gave rise to a return to the eastward-facing position, and use of the

7326: 7302: 7277: 7207: 6727: 6682: 6166: 6144: 6081: 5782: 5750: 4808: 4672: 4487: 4424: 4365: 4317: 4295: 3993: 3958: 3951: 3210:"Holy Father Celebrates Mass with the Pontifical Biblical Commission" 1505:

Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church

1304: 1298: 1284: 1173: 997: 619: 555: 401: 302: 2581:

Christian Worship Worldwide: Expanding Horizons, Deepening Practices

922:

Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments

788:

Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments

521:

called praying towards the east one of the mysteries of the Church.

3006: 1575:

Churches in Early Medieval Ireland: Architecture, Ritual and Memory

803:

would turn round to face the rising sun and bow their heads to it.

6831: 6573: 6523: 6508: 6463: 6370: 6350: 6308: 6071: 5763: 5699: 4746: 4696: 4584: 4564: 4517: 4285: 3998: 3929: 2460:"Stand, Bow, Prostrate: The Prayerful Body of Coptic Christianity" 1294: 1101: 883: 759: 656: 549: 298: 294: 224: 168: 31: 3115: 6749: 6478: 6381: 4978: 4830: 4595: 4449: 3345:

Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia

678: 5460: 3572: 714:(facing the people), but even in this case it is assumed to be 6458: 6360: 4691: 4574: 3304:"The Divine Liturgy of Serapion Celebrated For the First Time" 3116:

Letter of protocol number 2036/00/L and date 25 September 2000

2961:

Andrew Louth, "The Body in Western Catholic Christianity," in

541:

and history, of being rooted in the once-for-all events again.

1483:

Augustine, On the Sermon on the Mount, Book II, Chapter 5, 18

1451:"Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, ŏrĭor" 3157: 849:

continued to recognize the possibility of celebrating Mass "

1816:

Living the Catechism of the Catholic Church: The Sacraments

71:, is a phrase used to describe the eastward orientation of 2627:, V, 3 (page LVII in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal) 2334:

Turning Towards the Lord: Orientation in Liturgical Prayer

1859:

Turning Towards the Lord: Orientation in Liturgical Prayer

1433:"Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, ad" 1188:

position appeared in the second half of the 20th century.

933:

is a neuter pronoun, it cannot refer back to the feminine

163:

in its rubrics, indicating that in the celebration of the

2874:

Turning Towards the Lord Orientation in Liturgical Prayer

2741:

Turning Towards the Lord Orientation in Liturgical Prayer

982:

at an altar at which only this orientation was possible.

426:

mentioned the practice at the end of the fourth century.

3256:, 3 May 2011: "First images of John Paul II's new tomb"" 2828:

Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities, Volume I

1642:

The Early Eastern Orthodox Church: A History, AD 60–1453

3365:

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005).

948:

of the Catholic Church publicly celebrated Mass in the

441:, the Messiah would approach Jerusalem from the east." 202:, the Messiah would approach Jerusalem from the east." 2804:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 134. 2238:"CHURCH FATHERS: The Stromata (Clement of Alexandria)" 1199:(1868–1882), the eastward position, introduced by the 626:

seven instances a day) facing the eastward direction.

105:

faced when praying, a practice that continues in the

1126:" refrain from using the correspondingly ambiguous " 710:

are not mutually exclusive. The altar may indeed be

7152: 7061: 6940: 6840: 6698: 6582: 6437: 6396: 6274: 6243: 6195: 6120: 6038: 5619: 5498: 5236: 5140: 5014: 4870: 4801: 4764: 4755: 4681: 4610: 4463: 4346: 4246: 4221: 4023: 3896: 3859: 3852: 3824: 3755: 3705: 3658: 3614: 3531:. United Methodist Publishing House. 1992. p. 3173:"Pope Celebrates Ad Orientem in the Pauline Chapel" 2402:

The Syriac Fathers on Prayer and the Spiritual Life

1130:" phrase and speak of that arrangement instead as " 896:(not necessarily in the geographical sense) in 2009 562:used in Oriental Orthodox Christianity to pray the 2976:"Ian Hinton, "Churches face East, don't they?" in 2705:, issue 325 (vol. 9, No. 5), May 1993, pp. 346–347 1094:, the eastward position is universally practiced. 5064:Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology 2965:, ed. by Sarah Coakley, (Cambridge, 2007) p. 120. 2367:, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, Ad Solem, 2006 p. 64 2020:"Did the Presider Face East in the Early Church?" 570:during the day, usually in an eastward direction. 6251:Altar (Catholic Church)#Candles and candlesticks 3108:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3007:"The Orientation of Churches: Some New Evidence" 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1337:, orientation of priests facing the congregation 726:Dóminus vobiscum, Oráte, fratres, Ite, missa est 284:, for whom "the eastward prayer had acquired an 2924: 2922: 2013: 2011: 1675: 1673: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1479:Augustini De Sermone Domini in Monte, II, 5, 18 1239: 768:of Rome, at which popes have always celebrated 538: 507: 468: 182:. In the 2nd century, Syrian Christians hung a 3478:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2015. 2611:Manlio Sodi, Achille Maria Triacca (editors), 1924:The Ancient Synagogue The First Thousand Years 1522: 1520: 1518: 1329:, spatial orientation relevant to an utterance 1148:Anglican liturgy, including the saying of the 661:Catholic priest at an altar attached to a wall 265:, where the presence of the transcendent God ( 27:Eastward orientation of some Christian worship 5472: 3584: 3429:. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–115. 3426:The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer 3396:. The Diocese of Saskatchewan. Archived from 3368:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2337:. Ignatius Press. pp. 37–38, 45, 57–58. 1749: 1747: 1745: 1635: 1633: 8: 937:and mean that celebration facing the people 293:and Christian prayer towards Jerusalem. The 44:, facing in the same direction as the people 3423:Heflig, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (2006). 3394:"Gestures of Reverence in Anglican Worship" 3189:(in Italian). Chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it 3129:"INSTITUTIO GENERALIS MISSALIS ROMANI 2000" 2722:"Church Fathers: Sermon 27 (Leo the Great)" 2550:Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). 2510:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2490:Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney 2326: 2324: 2322: 2282:"CHURCH FATHERS: De Spiritu Sancto (Basil)" 1684:. Princeton University Press. p. 145. 1404:. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. 1393: 1391: 1389: 913:possible." As in some ancient churches the 6877:Communion and the developmentally disabled 5479: 5465: 5457: 4916:Communion and the developmentally disabled 4761: 3856: 3752: 3655: 3591: 3577: 3569: 3521: 3519: 3091:. Archived from the original on 2016-10-21 2584:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 58. 2144:. Ancient Faith Ministries. Archived from 1710: 1708: 1544: 1542: 1495: 1493: 1491: 985:In a conference in London on 5 July 2016, 677:: facing away from the people towards the 450:" by praying in the direction of sunrise. 3075:"General Instruction of the Roman Missal" 2867: 2865: 2552:The Church of the East: A Concise History 2299: 2297: 2295: 2045:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 29. 6998:History of Catholic eucharistic theology 4301:Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion 3371:. Oxford University Press. p. 525. 2655:The Biblical Roots of Church Orientation 2615:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1998), p. 12 2138:"Little Church Foundations: Icon Corner" 1855:(Aschendorff 1925), pp. 28−88, cited in 1060:Lutheran Church of the Redeemer with an 1055: 908:position of the priest saying Mass: its 474: 47: 5190:General Instruction of the Roman Missal 4782:General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII 3320:. Christ Lutheran Church. 30 April 2016 3227:. Blogs.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from 2613:Missale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1570) 1814:Schönborn, Christoph (1 January 2000). 1346: 952:at its altar, which is attached to the 920:A letter of 25 September 2000 from the 822:, which had the altar in the west end. 602:, pray privately in their homes in the 133:until the 1960s, and remains so in the 97:has been used to describe the eastward 87:(rising, sunrise, east), participle of 3504:. The Episcopal Church. Archived from 3225:"Pope Francis says Mass "ad orientem"" 3171:Kollmorgen, Gregor (15 January 2008). 3101: 2914:Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae 2831:. Cengage Learning. pp. 208–210. 2801:On Location: Heritage Cities and Sites 2625:Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae 2578:Farhadian, Charles E. (16 July 2007). 2503: 1926:. Yale University Press. p. 199. 1618:: St Mary and Archangel Michael Church 1401:The Apse Mosaic in Early Medieval Rome 1000:at the end of that year. However, the 772:facing east and also facing the people 437:) and that at the end of time, at the 7203:Communities using the Tridentine Mass 3565:services, compiled by Richard Mammana 3005:Ali, Jason R.; Cunich, Peter (2001). 2196:"Inde suspicio , quod innotuerit nos 501:, an eighth-century patriarch of the 368:on the east wall of their dwellings. 198:) and ... at the end of time, at the 7: 3528:The United Methodist Book of Worship 3475:Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism 3392:Russell, Bruce (24 September 2006). 3318:"The Direction of Christian Worship" 3208:Kollmorgen, Gregor (15 April 2010). 2933:Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism 2798:Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2011-11-19). 2462:. The Clarion Review. Archived from 2136:Shoemaker, Caleb (5 December 2016). 1947:Bradshaw, Paul F. (1 October 2008). 1032:that are not built in this fashion. 217:that are not built in this fashion. 7288:Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII 7127:Text and rubrics of the Roman Canon 5376:Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII 5249:Anaphora of the Apostolic Tradition 3456:William Archibald Scott ROBERTSON. 2057:Peterson quotes a passage from the 1551:"The Worst Reasons for Ad Orientem" 1218:. Then, from the 1960s onward, the 622:, respectively (a practice done at 379:(to the region of the east) in his 3561:– List of Episcopal churches with 3339:Bebis, Vassilios (30 March 2013). 2876:. Ignatius Press. pp. 92–93. 2743:. Ignatius Press. pp. 82–88. 2458:Dawood, Bishoy (8 December 2013). 2377:Dawood, Bishoy (8 December 2013). 1680:Griffith, Sidney Harrison (2008). 1477:convertimur, unde caelum surgit" ( 1235:post-1992 United Methodist rubrics 1209:Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 996:position from the first Sunday in 588:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 129:churches. It was normative in the 25: 7362:Sacraments of the Catholic Church 5406:Sacraments of the Catholic Church 2059:Acts of Hipparchus and Philotheus 2018:Bradshaw, Paul (6 October 2016). 1527:Richards, William Joseph (1908). 1288:, the direction of prayer in the 960:. His celebration of Mass in the 578:, such as those belonging to the 318:destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70 167:the priestly celebrant faces the 7394: 3632:After the Second Vatican Council 3223:Stanley, Tim (1 November 2013). 2206:Tertullian, Apology, chapter XVI 2202:Tertulliani Apologeticum, XVI, 9 2073:Charles, Steve (24 March 2002). 1861:(Ignatius Press 2009), pp. 35−36 1549:Ruff, Anthony (11 August 2016). 1253: 1205:Parliament of the United Kingdom 517:, a ninth-century bishop of the 371:Among the early Church Fathers, 5770:Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed 4004:Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed 3054:Journal of Historical Geography 728:, vel daturus benedictionem ... 636:, also face east when praying. 4787:General Roman Calendar of 1960 4777:General Roman Calendar of 1954 2904:), article "eastward position" 2859:), article "westward position" 1501:Shehimo: Book of Common Prayer 1018:Oriental Orthodox Christianity 939:expedit ubicumque possible sit 799:against those who on entering 299:praying in a certain direction 211:Oriental Orthodox Christianity 145:never ordered any change from 1: 7251:Fourth Council of the Lateran 7197:Coetus Internationalis Patrum 5344:Fourth Council of the Lateran 2429:Gettu, Assta Bereket (2017). 2174:. Nativity of Our Lord Parish 1953:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 1269:Christian influences in Islam 405: 390: 79:, comprising the preposition 7220:Dicastery for Divine Worship 6927:Thanksgiving after Communion 5293:Dicastery for Divine Worship 4990:Thanksgiving after Communion 2770:. Taylor Trade. p. 25. 2400:Brock, Sebastian P. (1987). 2264:Origenis in Numeros homiliae 1420:), whence the heaven rises.' 1090:churches that celebrate the 816:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 702:published in 1570, however, 632:, as well as members of the 604:eastward direction of prayer 596:Oriental Protestant Churches 492:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 259:eastward direction of prayer 221:Christian prayer facing east 3770:Chapter and Conventual Mass 3502:St. Paul's Episcopal Church 2937:. Scarecrow Press. p. 2431:Fear Not, for I Am with You 2404:. Cistercian Publications. 1983:Heinz, Justin Paul (2008). 1791:. St. Finian Orthodox Abbey 1754:Storey, William G. (2004). 1572:Carragáin, Tomás Ó (2010). 722:ad orientem, versus populum 639:Members of the Pentecostal 630:Eastern Orthodox Christians 375:used the equivalent phrase 119:Assyrian Church of the East 67:, meaning "to the east" in 7448: 7401:Catholic Church portal 7261:History of the Roman Canon 6882:Communion under both kinds 6812:Ranking of liturgical days 6628:Music for the Requiem Mass 5359:History of the Roman Canon 4921:Communion under both kinds 4652:Divine Worship: The Missal 3212:. New Liturgical Movement. 3175:. New Liturgical Movement. 2331:Lang, Uwe Michael (2009). 1878:Princeton University Press 1787:Kennedy, Brian J. (2020). 1473:"Cum ad orationem stamus, 650: 576:Oriental Orthodox Churches 480:Eastern Orthodox Christian 111:Oriental Orthodox churches 7422:Catholic liturgical rites 7389: 7036:Priesthood of Melchizedek 5117:Priesthood of Melchizedek 3077:. Usccb.org. p. 299. 3023:10.1017/S0003581500072188 2872:Uwe Michael Lang (2009). 2764:Porteous, Julian (2010). 2739:Uwe Michael Lang (2009). 2365:The Spirit of the Liturgy 2305:"Why We Pray Facing East" 1578:. Yale University Press. 1012:Oriental Orthodox liturgy 944:On 13 January 2008, Pope 534:The Spirit of the Liturgy 7272:Lex orandi, lex credendi 5391:(apostolic constitution) 5365:Lex orandi, lex credendi 5274:Eastern Catholic liturgy 4376:Candles and candlesticks 2929:Buchanan, Colin (2006). 2644:), article "orientation" 2496:. Methuen. p. 399. 2172:"Making a Prayer Corner" 1640:Morris, Stephen (2018). 1197:Archbishop of Canterbury 1118:The English expression " 1036:Eastern Orthodox liturgy 608:seven fixed prayer times 339:, usually worshipped in 7427:Latin words and phrases 7293:Liturgical use of Latin 7015:Origin of the Eucharist 6407:Cæremoniale Episcoporum 5664:Mass of the Catechumens 5304:Ecclesia de Eucharistia 5096:Origin of the Eucharist 3832:Liturgical use of Latin 3496:Liles, Eric J. (2014). 3250:West, Ed (3 May 2011). 3011:The Antiquaries Journal 2667:Remery, Michel (2010). 2433:. Dorrance Publishing. 2075:"Among the Living Maya" 2041:Danielou, Jean (2016). 1646:McFarland & Company 1531:. Bemrose. p. 98. 1322:Orientation of churches 1193:Archibald Campbell Tait 1168:, under direction from 1042:Eastern Orthodox Church 1030:Christian denominations 653:Orientation of churches 641:Apostolic Faith Mission 600:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 458:In the eighth century, 414:In the fourth century, 253:Origins of the practice 215:Christian denominations 115:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 107:Eastern Orthodox Church 55:, celebrated regularly 7432:Orientation (geometry) 7381:Western Rite Orthodoxy 7313:Pontifical Commission 7266:Latin liturgical rites 7096:Intercession of saints 6794:Holy day of obligation 6016:Absolution of the dead 5707:Gloria in excelsis Deo 5506:Chapter and conventual 5417:Sacrosanctum concilium 5411:Second Vatican Council 5200:Intercession of saints 5195:Holy day of obligation 4792:General Roman Calendar 3559:Oriented Episcopalians 3258:. Catholicherald.co.uk 2767:After the Heart of God 2673:. Brill. p. 179. 2530:www.orthodoxprayer.org 2005:Lang (2009), pp. 37−41 1989:University of Missouri 1922:Lee I. Levine (2000). 1903:Lang (2009), pp. 42−45 1872:Peters, F. E. (2005). 1789:"For Effective Prayer" 1612:"Why We Face the EAST" 1244: 1157:Gloria in excelsis Deo 1115: 1071:Traditionally, in the 1068: 1026:Coptic Orthodox Church 904:) does not forbid the 902:Second Vatican Council 897: 880:Roman Catholic liturgy 858: 801:Saint Peter's Basilica 773: 662: 647:Liturgical orientation 592:Coptic Orthodox Church 584:Syriac Orthodox Church 580:Indian Orthodox Church 571: 543: 519:Syriac Orthodox Church 512: 495: 473: 460:Saint John of Damascus 443:Saint John of Damascus 238: 174:Since the time of the 143:Second Vatican Council 59: 45: 7339:Quattuor abhinc annos 7244:Forty Hours' Devotion 7230:Eucharistic adoration 6688:Gregorian Antiphonary 5310:Eucharistic adoration 5132:Year of the Eucharist 4625:Ceremonial of Bishops 4042:prayer over the gifts 3089:"English translation" 2963:Religion and the Body 2526:"Facing East to Pray" 2108:"Icons in the Church" 1851:Franz Joseph Dölger, 1455:www.perseus.tufts.edu 1437:www.perseus.tufts.edu 1372:"Praying Ad Orientem" 1178:Book of Common Prayer 1105: 1059: 887: 763: 718:(towards the East): " 660: 651:Further information: 553: 478: 431:Christian apologetics 416:Saint Basil the Great 387:Clement of Alexandria 228: 188:Saint Basil the Great 131:Roman Catholic Church 51: 35: 7375:Traditionis custodes 7091:Ecclesiastical Latin 6677:Tra le sollecitudini 6097:Master of ceremonies 5848:Words of Institution 5758:Mass of the Faithful 5445:Tra le sollecitudini 5433:Traditionis custodes 4311:Eucharistic Congress 4127:Memorial Acclamation 4088:Words of Institution 3837:Ecclesiastical Latin 3730:Pontifical High Mass 3302:Sanidopoulos, John. 3061:4 March 2016 at the 3056:26, 2 (2000) 162–173 2198:ad orientis regionem 1661:laws of the Church ( 1398:Thunø, Erik (2017). 1376:Catholic News Agency 1370:(28 February 2017). 1170:Charles I of England 892:Low Mass celebrated 667:Ecclesiastical Latin 546:Present-day practice 464:Doctor of the Church 377:ad orientis regionem 192:Christian apologetic 69:Ecclesiastical Latin 7368:Summorum Pontificum 7333:Pre-Tridentine Mass 7283:Liturgical Movement 6976:Eucharistic miracle 6499:Ecclesiastical ring 6421:Pontificale Romanum 6010:Requiescant in pace 5426:Summorum Pontificum 5371:Liturgical Movement 5332:Eucharistic miracle 4985:Spiritual communion 4772:Tridentine calendar 3622:Pre-Tridentine Mass 3160:on October 7, 2008. 2978:British Archaeology 2709:English translation 1912:Lang (2009), pp. 37 1716:"Sign of the Cross" 1555:The Catholic Herald 1507:. 2016. p. 5. 1311:direction of prayer 1301:direction of prayer 1279:Direction of prayer 1261:Christianity portal 1164:in that direction. 1141:English Reformation 958:Baptism of the Lord 910:General Instruction 730:" (If the altar is 528:, who later became 454:Later ecclesiastics 335:, who were largely 241:In the time of the 99:direction of prayer 7308:Plenary indulgence 7053:Transubstantiation 7010:Liturgical colours 6992:In persona Christi 6917:Reserved sacrament 6789:Calendar of saints 6356:Processional cross 6266:Triple candlestick 5950:Benedicamus Domino 5919:Communion antiphon 5517:Deutsche Singmesse 5170:Calendar of saints 5127:Transubstantiation 5076:Liturgical colours 5058:In persona Christi 4966:Reserved sacrament 4936:Frequent Communion 4570:Processional cross 4381:Triple candlestick 4206:Benedicamus Domino 4180:Communion antiphon 4069:Eucharistic Prayer 3959:Responsorial Psalm 3231:on 3 November 2013 2670:Mystery and Matter 1973:Lang (2009), p. 44 1857:Uwe Michael Lang, 1818:. Ignatius Press. 1663:On the Holy Spirit 1561:on 25 August 2016. 1317:Fixed prayer times 1116: 1069: 898: 774: 663: 634:Church of the East 624:fixed prayer times 572: 568:fixed prayer times 503:Church of the East 496: 448:Light of the world 429:Syriac and Arabic 424:Augustine of Hippo 358:fixed prayer times 328:Early Christianity 239: 60: 46: 7409: 7408: 7352:Catholic theology 6950:Blessed Sacrament 6922:Sign of the Cross 6721: 6504:Episcopal sandals 6452: 6366:Sacramental bread 6304:Collection basket 5657:Processional hymn 5454: 5453: 5349:Gelineau psalmody 5286:effects of prayer 5264:Christian liturgy 5259:Catholic theology 4971:Sacramental bread 4866: 4865: 4712:Episcopal sandals 4580:Sacramental bread 4508:Collection basket 4242: 4241: 4103:texts and rubrics 4073:Canon of the Mass 3916:Entrance Antiphon 3906:Sign of the Cross 3888:Processional hymn 3820: 3819: 3701: 3700: 3508:on 4 March 2016. 3484:978-1-4422-5016-1 3378:978-0-19-280290-3 2902:978-0-19-280290-3 2857:978-0-19-280290-3 2838:978-1-133-95244-2 2811:978-1-4614-1108-6 2726:www.newadvent.org 2642:978-0-19-280290-3 2561:978-1-134-43019-2 2466:on 10 August 2020 2440:978-1-4809-3707-9 2411:978-0-87907-601-6 2307:. Orthodox Prayer 2286:www.newadvent.org 2242:www.newadvent.org 2148:on 12 August 2020 2142:Behind the Scenes 2052:978-1-4982-9023-4 1960:978-1-60608-105-1 1887:978-0-691-12373-8 1825:978-1-68149-304-6 1765:978-0-8294-2030-2 1691:978-0-691-13015-6 1655:978-1-4766-7481-0 1585:978-0-300-15444-3 1368:Arthur Serratelli 1229:Methodist liturgy 1220:westward position 1216:Church of Ireland 1191:In the time when 1162:ecumenical creeds 1145:Church of England 1120:eastward position 1073:Lutheran Churches 764:The altar of the 675:Christian liturgy 614:contained in the 530:Pope Benedict XVI 263:Temple of Solomon 121:, as well as the 77:Christian worship 16:(Redirected from 7439: 7399: 7398: 7225:Council of Trent 7191:Catholic liturgy 7136:Sixto-Clementine 7027:Passion of Jesus 6985:ex opere operato 6912:Infant communion 6907:Host desecration 6887:Eucharistic fast 6860:Closed communion 6855:Church etiquette 6850:Canonical digits 6707: 6598:Graduale Romanum 6494:Episcopal gloves 6442: 6378:Sacramental wine 5973:Recessional hymn 5901:Dona nobis pacem 5481: 5474: 5467: 5458: 5298:Council of Trent 5281:Christian prayer 5269:Catholic liturgy 5108:Passion of Jesus 5051:ex opere operato 4956:Infant communion 4951:Host desecration 4926:Eucharistic fast 4899:Closed communion 4894:Church etiquette 4762: 4668:Roman Pontifical 4641:Graduale Simplex 4612:Liturgical books 4592:Sacramental wine 4234:Recessional hymn 4163:Dona nobis pacem 4108:Canonical digits 4015:Universal Prayer 3942:Dominus vobiscum 3857: 3753: 3668:Benedictine Rite 3656: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3570: 3547: 3546: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3493: 3487: 3472:Colin Buchanan. 3470: 3464: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3280:. 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Although the 135:Tridentine Mass 53:Tridentine Mass 36:A 15th-century 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7445: 7443: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7414: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7213:Traditionalist 7210: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7142:Latin Psalters 7129: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7112: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7086:Concelebration 7083: 7078: 7073: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7038: 7033: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6988: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6964:Corpus Christi 6961: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6799:Moveable feast 6796: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6724: 6722: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6680: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6664: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6544:Pectoral cross 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6261:Sanctuary lamp 6258: 6256:Paschal candle 6253: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6157:Credence table 6154: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6135:Altar crucifix 6132: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5983: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5944:Ite, missa est 5935: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5914:Holy Communion 5911: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5890: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5673: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5307: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5254:Ambrosian Rite 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5211: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5164:versus populum 5154: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5044: 5037: 5035:Corpus Christi 5032: 5022: 5020: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4987: 4982: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4896: 4891: 4889:Concelebration 4886: 4878: 4876: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4654: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415:Credence table 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4393:Sanctuary lamp 4390: 4388:Paschal candle 4385: 4384: 4383: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4356:Altar crucifix 4352: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4202:Ite, missa est 4194: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4175:Holy Communion 4172: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4029: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4010: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3970: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3688:Dominican Rite 3685: 3680: 3675: 3673:Carmelite Rite 3670: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3624: 3618: 3616: 3615:Forms and uses 3612: 3611: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3554: 3553:External links 3551: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3515: 3488: 3465: 3463:. 1875. p. 73. 3449: 3435: 3415: 3384: 3377: 3357: 3331: 3309: 3294: 3269: 3242: 3215: 3200: 3178: 3163: 3142: 3139:on 2005-04-07. 3120: 3080: 3066: 3044: 2997: 2967: 2954: 2947: 2918: 2906: 2889: 2882: 2861: 2844: 2837: 2817: 2810: 2790: 2776: 2756: 2749: 2731: 2713: 2693: 2679: 2659: 2646: 2629: 2617: 2604: 2590: 2570: 2560: 2542: 2517: 2481: 2450: 2439: 2421: 2410: 2392: 2369: 2357: 2343: 2318: 2291: 2273: 2266:, Homilia V, 1 2254: 2229: 2210: 2189: 2163: 2128: 2099: 2083:Wabash College 2065: 2051: 2033: 2022:. PrayTellBlog 2007: 1998: 1991:. p. 78. 1975: 1966: 1959: 1939: 1932: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1886: 1880:. p. 36. 1864: 1844: 1835: 1824: 1806: 1779: 1764: 1741: 1704: 1690: 1669: 1654: 1648:. p. 28. 1629: 1591: 1584: 1564: 1538: 1514: 1487: 1466: 1442: 1424: 1410: 1385: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1334:Versus populum 1330: 1327:Spatial deixis 1324: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1302: 1292: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1248: 1245: 1230: 1227: 1186:versus populum 1133:versus populum 1099: 1096: 1092:Byzantine Rite 1077:Divine Service 1064:high altar in 1053: 1050: 1046:versus populum 1037: 1034: 1013: 1010: 1006:versus populum 962:Pauline Chapel 950:Sistine Chapel 881: 878: 866:Colin Buchanan 851:versus populum 827:Edict of Milan 757: 754: 749:Ite, missa est 743:Orate, fratres 720:Si altare sit 712:versus populum 708:versus populum 688:versus populum 648: 645: 547: 544: 455: 452: 341:house churches 329: 326: 286:eschatological 273:Holy of Holies 254: 251: 247:Church Fathers 222: 219: 209:, a church of 180:Church Fathers 152:versus populum 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7444: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7180:Anima Christi 7177: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7048:Real presence 7046: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6827:Commemoration 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6777:Ascensiontide 6775: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733:Christmastide 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6655:Reciting tone 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6622:Liber Usualis 6619: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:Superhumerale 6557: 6555: 6554:Subcinctorium 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5790:Orate fratres 5787: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5536:Missa cantata 5533: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5185:Commemoration 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122:Real presence 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4996:Anima Christi 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4859: 4858:Ascensiontide 4856: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4820: 4819:Ordinary Time 4817: 4815: 4814:Christmastide 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4635:Roman Gradual 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4192:Postcommunion 4190: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4153:Sign of peace 4151: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4132:Lord's Prayer 4130: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038:Orate fratres 4036: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026:the Eucharist 4022: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3853:Order of Mass 3851: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3757:Ritual Masses 3754: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3719:Missa Cantata 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3450: 3438: 3436:9780199723898 3432: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3361: 3358: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3284:on 2018-05-19 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3201: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2998: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2948:9780810865068 2944: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2883:9781586173418 2879: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2794: 2791: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2750:9781586173418 2746: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2593: 2591:9780802828538 2587: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2554:. 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