896:. With custom applications, improper installation may cause the air bags to rub against the vehicle's frame or other surrounding parts, damaging it. The over-extension of an air spring which is not sufficiently constrained by other suspension components, such as a shock absorber, may also lead to the premature failure of an air spring through the tearing of the flexible layers. Failure of an air spring may also result in complete immobilization of the vehicle, since the vehicle will rub against the ground or be too high to move. However, most modern automotive systems have overcome many of these problems.
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trucks, this process is termed "notching" because a portion (notch) of the cargo bed may also be removed, along with the wheel wells, to provide maximum axle clearance. For some, it is desirable to have the vehicle so low that the frame rests on the ground when the air bags are fully deflated. Owners generally choose between having their cars 'tuck' their wheels into the arches when their air suspension is fully lowered or alternatively they can choose to go for 'fitment' which in partnership with stretched tyres sees the arch itself fit in between the tyre and rim.
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and undercarriage sensors, but a manual ride height switch allows control over the suspension by the driver. The "Loading" and "Off-Road" heights are available only at speeds typically less than 35 miles per hour (56 km/h). The "Highway" setting is not available manually; it is set when the vehicle moves at over typically 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) for over 30 seconds. Unlike a mechanical spring system (where deflection is proportional to load), height may be varied independently from the load by altering the pressure in the air springs.
961:. This system aids loading and unloading the coach on and off ferries due to their steep ramps and risk of grounding out, but can also be used on rough ground or on steep crests. Although the ferry lift may be installed on some buses, the Kneel Down facility is more common on public transport buses. This helps reduce the step height for easy passenger ingress. The Kneel Down facility is also used when using the built-in wheelchair ramps. Due to several advantages, air suspension has been extensively used in commercial vehicles since 1980.
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In addition, the basic minimum ground height of 148mm is divided into four stages: high, normal, low, and ultra-low according to the driving mode, driving speed, and driving environment. depending on the driving mode, driving speed, and driving environment. And it informs the driver of the garage control through the infotainment screen. The speed bump control, the hump control, the slope control, and the high-speed driving control functions are activated under the air suspension control.
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developments using this 1901 seal followed. A company called Air
Springs Ltd started producing the A.S.L. motorcycle in 1909. This was unusual in having pneumatic suspension at front and rear - rear suspension being unusual in any form of motorcycle at that time. The suspension units were similar to the normal girder forks with the spring replaced by a telescopic air unit which could be pressurised to suit the rider. Production of the motorcycles ceased in 1914.
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member or a moving suspension component, causing a hole to form. This mode of failure will typically take some time to occur after the initial installation of the system, as the integrity of a section of air line is compromised to the point of failure due to the rubbing and resultant abrasion of the material. An air line failure may also occur if a piece of
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631:, trucks, cars, and even motorcycles may have air springs. They are used in these applications to provide an adjustable suspension which allows vehicles to sit extremely low, yet be able rise to a level high enough to maneuver over obstacles and inconsistencies on paved surfaces. These systems generally employ small, electric or engine-driven
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platform featured an air suspension on the 300SE models. The system used a Bosch main valve with two axle valves on the front and one on the rear. These controlled a cone-shaped air spring on each wheel axle. The system maintained a constant ride height utilizing an air reservoir that was filled by a
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is primarily due to leaking air springs or air struts. The compressor will burn out trying to maintain the correct air pressure in a leaking air system. Compressor burnout may also be caused by moisture from within the air system coming into contact with its electronic parts. This is far more likely
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Often, owners may desire to lower their vehicle to such an extent that they must cut away portions of the frame for more clearance. A reinforcement member commonly referred to as a C-notch is then bolted or welded to the vehicle frame in order to maintain structural integrity. Specifically on pickup
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The installation and configuration of these systems varies for different makes and models but the underlying principle remains the same. The metal spring (coil or leaf) is removed, and an air bag, also referred to as an air spring, is inserted or fabricated to fit in the place of the factory spring.
250:
In 1958, Buick introduced an optional "Air-Poised
Suspension" with four cylinders of air (instead of conventional coil springs) for automatic leveling, as well as a "Bootstrap" control on the dashboard to raise the car 5.5 inches (139.7 millimetres) for use on steep ramps or rutted country roads, as
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usually occurs when they are first fitted or very rarely in use. Cheap low quality components tend to be very unreliable. Air fittings are used to connect components such as bags, valves, and solenoids to the air line that transfers the air. They are screwed into the component and for the most part
813:
Multi-Chamber air suspension applicated on the
Genesis G90 consists of three chambers. Three chambers are used for a smooth ride, and one chamber is used for a dynamic driving feeling. A solenoid valve located between each chamber and a separate electronic control unit oversees the control process.
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Air suspension is also a common suspension upgrade for those who tow or haul heavy loads with their pick-up truck, SUV, van or car. Air springs, also called "air helper springs," are placed on existing suspension components on the rear or front of the vehicle in order to increase the load capacity.
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is a failure of the tubing which connects the air bags or struts to the rest of the air system, and is typically DOT-approved nylon air brake line. This usually occurs when the air lines, which must be routed to the air bags through the chassis of the vehicle, rub against a sharp edge of a chassis
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ECAS provides variable-height suspension for on- and off-road applications. The five suspension heights typically offered by ECAS are (from lowest to highest in terms of height) "Loading," "Highway," "Standard," "Off-Road," and "Off-Road
Extended." Height is controlled automatically based on speed
148:
On 22 January 1901 an
American, William W. Humphreys, patented an idea - a 'Pneumatic Spring for Vehicles'. The design consisted of a left and right air spring longitudinally channeled nearly the length of the vehicle. The channels were concaved to receive two long pneumatic cushions. Each one was
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configuration and the air spring may be situated vertically between a link bar or the axle housing and a point on the vehicle's frame. In other cases, the air bag is situated on the opposite side of the axle from the main link bars on an additional cantilever member. If the main linkage bars are
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The air springs were designed to provide a smooth ride, with the additional ability to raise the body of the vehicle for off-road clearance and lower it for higher-speeds road driving. Mechanical springs, for which deflection is proportional to load, cannot do this; with ECAS height is largely
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for welding) are sometimes used in more radical air suspension setups. Either of these reservoir systems may be fully adjustable, being able to adjust each wheel's air pressure individually. This allows the user to tilt the vehicle side-to-side, front-to-back, in some instances "hit a 3-wheel"
956:
Air springs are used in bus suspensions due to a wide range of advantages over mechanical springs. Compared to a mechanical spring, air suspension can adjust to different vehicle weights by increasing the pressure in the air bag, allowing vehicle height to be maintained at a particular value.
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which sometimes fill an on-board air receiver tank which stores compressed air for use in the future without delay. It is important that the tank is sized for the task and can be calculated using a specific formula involving the compressor output, standard atmospheric pressure and compressed
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Many enthusiasts use diagnostic devices such as laptop and hand computers running specially developed software to clear spurious faults and avoid the need for repair. Some manipulate the sensors to set the vehicle to a particular ride height at all times by adjusting the lever ratio on the
144:
On 7 January 1901 the
British engineer Archibald Sharp patented a method for making a seal allowing pneumatic or hydraulic apparatus described as a "rolling mitten seal", and on 11 January 1901 he applied for a patent for the use of the device to provide air suspension on bicycles. Further
247:. An "Air Dome" assembly at each wheel included sensors to compensate for uneven road surfaces and to automatically maintain the car's height. For 1958 and 1959, the system continued on the Eldorado Brougham, and was offered as an extra cost option on other Cadillacs.
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patented a rubber air spring that is inserted into a car's factory coil spring. The air spring expanded into the spaces in the coil spring, keeping the factory spring from fully compressing, and the vehicle from sagging. The air springs were also commonly used on
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Dunlop
Systems and Components Ltd have continued to develop the products to the point where the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is now able to fit under the vehicle floor. The control valves are much smaller and lighter and they produce their own range of
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the dryer, which functions to remove moisture from the air system, eventually becomes saturated and unable to perform that function. This causes moisture to build up in the system and can result in damaged air springs and/or a burned out compressor.
576:, making it easier to enter the vehicle, clear bumps, or clear rough terrain. Since a car with lower ground clearance has different aerodynamic characteristics, automakers can use active suspension technology to improve efficiency or handling.
362:
is founded, eventually expanding to a 300,000 square foot manufacturing plant in
Merritt Island, Fl., including 65,000 sq. ft Research & Development center dedicated to Air Suspension, assisting in patents for BMW, Mercedes-Benz and more.
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Dunlop
Systems Coventry UK were also pioneers of Electronically Controlled Air Suspension (ECAS) for off-road vehicles - the term ECAS was successfully trade marked. The system was first fitted to the 93MY Land Rover Range Rover.
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is usually caused by wet rust, due to old age, or moisture within the air system that damages it from the inside. Air ride suspension parts may fail because rubber dries out. Punctures to the air bag may be caused from
1207:
652:(contort the vehicle so one wheel lifts up from the ground) or even "hop" the entire vehicle into the air. When a pressure reservoir is present, the flow of air or gas is commonly controlled with pneumatic
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565:
Jaguar and
Porsche have gone to the next level on their XJ and Panamera models, with a system that changes the spring rate and damping settings, among other changes, for their sport/track modes. The
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hits an air line and punctures or tears it, although this is unlikely to occur in normal road use. It does occur in harsh off-road conditions but it still not common if correctly installed.
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One of the advantages of using air suspension as a load support enhancement is the air springs can be deflated when not towing or hauling and therefore maintaining the factory ride quality.
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to occur with low specification compressors with insufficient duty cycle which are often purchased due to low cost. For redundancy in the system two compressors are often a better option.
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274:, reservoir, air bags within the coil springs, and a ride-height control, but the $ 99 optional system was not popular among buyers and American Motors (AMC) discontinued it for 1960.
69:, which offers many similar features, air suspension does not use pressurized liquid, but pressurized air. The air pressure inflates the bellows, and raises the chassis from the axle.
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when the patents on the technology had expired. This design replaced the expensive, complex, and problematic compressed air system that was still used on the 600 models until 1984.
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171:, the U.S. developed the air suspension for heavy aircraft in order to save weight with compact construction. Air systems were also used in heavy trucks and aircraft to attain
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independent of load. The developers of ECAS also designed LoadSafe, a related system to ascertain load and change in load on an LCV type vehicle fitted with air springs.
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incorporated four wheel hydropneumatic suspension. This combined a very soft, comfortable suspension, with controlled movements, for sharp handling, together with a
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height sensors ideally on all 4 vehicle corners based, typically, on resistive contact sensing to give an absolute height reference for each corner of the vehicle.
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255:. For 1959, Buick offered an optional "Air Ride" system on all models that combined "soft-rate" steel coil springs in the front with air springs in the rear.
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The ECAS computer can, using pre-programmed criteria to detect a fault, disable the system into "Hard Fault Mode" which lowers the vehicle to the suspension
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had suspension settings which were linked to the memory seat system, meaning that the car would automatically adjust the suspension to individual drivers.
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built on its World War II experience with air suspension for trucks and airplanes. It introduced air suspension as standard equipment on the new 1957
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112:, but in some cases is used for sports suspension. Modern electronically controlled systems in automobiles and light trucks almost always feature
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a series of 6 mm air pipes which channel air throughout the system (mainly from the storage tank to the air springs via the valve block)
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680:. In some cases, two of the link bars may be combined into a triangular shape which effectively constrains the vehicles axle laterally.
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The Multi-Chamber air suspension is a suspension capable of controlling the spring characteristics of the air suspension step by step.
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such as pickup trucks, the leaf spring is sometimes eliminated and replaced with a multiple-bar linkage. These bars are typically in a
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oriented parallel to the longitudinal (driving) axis of the car, the axle housing may be constrained laterally with either a
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209:, incorporating the advantages of earlier air suspension concepts, but with hydraulic fluid rather than air under pressure.
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Leaks in the system, often due to main seal wear caused by excessive duty cycle, can cause premature compressor failure.
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When air pressure is supplied to the air bag, the suspension can be adjusted either up or down (lifted or lowered).
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In 2005 the GM H2 HUMMER featured an optional rear air suspension system with a dual compressor control system from
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Only Cadillac continued to offer air suspension through the 1960 model year, where it was standard equipment on the
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656:. This allows the user to make adjustments by simply pressing a momentary-contact electric button or switch.
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Air suspension was not included in standard production American-built cars between 1960 and 1983. In 1984,
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http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1721304-1-1710008-1-0-0-1710107-0-1-12759-614216-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html
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storage tank may be included for rapid "kneel", storing air at ~150psi (1000 kPa), note (1psi=6.89kPa)
128:(although these terms are also used to describe just the rubber bellows element with its end plates).
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Air suspension is used in place of conventional steel springs in heavy vehicle applications such as
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Standard coaches also have a system called ferry lift, which raises the vehicle and increases its
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How to Build Tri-Five Chevy Trucks: Performance Modifications and Upgrades for 1955-1957 Classic
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Over the last decade or so air suspension has become popular in the custom automobile culture:
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that featured numerous innovations, including a four-wheel independent air suspension system.
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a valve block which routes air from the storage tank to the four air springs via a series of
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Cut-way of a deflated commercial truck air spring bellows. 'A' is the rubber bellows element
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replaced the conventional steel springs on the rear axle of their top-of-range model, the
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599:. This new system allows the vehicle to lean up to 2.5 degrees into a turn, similar to a
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used larger air springs and the compressed air system also powered the brake servo.
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In 2002 the GMT 360 Trail Blazer SUV featured rear air assist air suspension with
1812:
175:. With adjustable air pressure, the axle height was independent of vehicle load.
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35:
1055:, "An Improved Packing Tube suitable for Pneumatic and Hydraulic Apparatus"
164:
automobiles featured a suspension "to hold the car aloft on four gas bubbles."
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In 1986, Nissan installed an airbag modification to MacPherson Struts on the
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along with raising and lowering functions. Although traditionally called
1288:
1127:
The A.S.L. Spring-Frame Motor Bicycle, The Motor Cycle, 7 Jul 1909, p502
190:
1006:
941:, leaving it usable with radically reduced performance until repaired.
880:
852: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
764:
527:
523:
463:
454:
Vehicle marques that have used air suspension on their models include:
426: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
136:
62:
2007:
2686:
945:
height-sensing devices, or a supplementary ECU to "fool" the system.
769:
an ECAS computer which communicates with the car's main computer the
760:
547:
535:
487:
258:
An optional air suspension system was available on the 1958 and 1959
195:
588:
to lower or raise the vehicle for aerodynamics and increased range.
359:
41:"Air ride" redirects here. For the Nintendo GameCube videogame, see
914:
push-in or push-to-fit DOT line is then inserted into the fitting.
607:
on the occupants and is available only on rear-wheel drive models.
296:
single-cylinder air compressor powered by the engine. In 1964, the
149:
closed at one end and provided with an air valve at the other end.
30:
This article is about vehicle suspension. For the loudspeaker, see
2658:
2544:
879:
707:. It was developed in the early 1990s by the company now known as
614:
511:
459:
135:
98:
90:
86:
76:
1811:
Magazine, Truckin'; Staff, Truckin' Magazine (1 September 1999).
1727:"How the Active Curve Tilting Feature of the S-Class Coupe Works"
699:(ECAS) is the name of the air suspension system installed on the
2662:
2356:
2100:
1267:"1946 Stout Scarab Experimental news, pictures, and information"
499:
455:
2294:
2011:
1956:"Indian bus market fast switching to air suspension technology"
108:
The purpose of air suspension is to provide a smooth, constant
2333:
1112:, "Improvements in or relating to Compressed Air Springs."
821:
742:, which is typically located in the trunk (boot) or under the
467:
395:
288:
was the first German car with self-levelling air suspension.
1365:"Citroen - Going up a Gear | Motoring Special Features"
1716:
Under the microscope: Curve tilting function - Curve artist
619:
Customised VW Polo with fully lowered air suspension, note
1340:"Traction Avant 15cv, 6 cylindres, suspension hydraulique"
1753:"The new Mercedes-Benz S-Class Coupé: The high-end coupé"
1649:(21 July 2010). Retrieved 17 November 2015 (in German).
1391:"1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (press release image)"
1314:
1293:
Air Lift Company - Tow and Haul with Safety and Comfort
1528:
1526:
270:
models. The "Air-Coil Ride" utilized an engine-driven
251:
well as for facilitating tire changes or to clean the
65:, usually made from textile-reinforced rubber. Unlike
1536:. HowStuffWorks.com. 27 November 2007. Archived from
377:
to support tire inflation for off-road applications.
370:
air springs and an integrated Wabco control system.
57:
powered by an electric or engine-driven air pump or
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2543:
2490:
2342:
2215:
2199:
2178:
2168:
2134:
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1588:
American Cars, 1946-1959: Every Model, Year by Year
603:. The leaning is intended to counter the effect of
595:introduced an update to Magic Body Control, called
93:, and in some passenger cars. It is widely used on
1954:Sri Krishna Vignesh, Preetham (3 September 2015).
1507:. Oldcarbrochures.org. p. 14. Archived from
1481:. Oldcarbrochures.org. p. 30. Archived from
1413:"1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (press release)"
1562:. Oldcarbrochures.org. p. 5. Archived from
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
623:of rear wheels coupled with 'fitment' of the rim
160:pneumatic suspension systems. His own 1922-1930
61:. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible
1315:"Paul Magès père de l'hydraulique chez Citroën"
639:High-pressured industrial gas bottles (such as
1093:, "Improvements in Telescopic Air Springs"
336:incorporated a new design as a feature on the
2306:
2023:
2001:"Air suspension – How does it actually work?"
1787:"Air Receiver Tanks - Compressed Air Systems"
8:
2313:
2299:
2291:
2175:
2030:
2016:
2008:
1240:Werminghausen, Martin (11 February 2014).
140:1909 A.S.L. motorcycle with air suspension
868:Learn how and when to remove this message
442:Learn how and when to remove this message
1995:. airliftcompany.com. 11 November 2013.
1987:. airliftperformance.com. 7 March 2014.
1841:. airliftcompany.com. 19 September 2013
1044:
773:and decides where to route air pressure
1939:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1932:
34:. For the frictionless elevation, see
1985:"Air Suspension FAQs and Terminology"
1158:. Machine-History.Com. Archived from
7:
1208:"A Short History of Air Suspensions"
850:adding citations to reliable sources
697:Electronic Controlled Air Suspension
580:uses "Active Air Suspension" on the
424:adding citations to reliable sources
314:, a system built under license from
2003:. luftfjadring24.se. 17 April 2024.
228:In 1956 air suspension was used on
2761:Automotive suspension technologies
2608:Electronic brakeforce distribution
25:
1660:"2022 Acura MDX Type S Press Kit"
1622:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 16
1459:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 15
1437:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 15
1415:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 14
1181:Nicholson, Timothy Robin (1966).
779:an air drier canister containing
709:Dunlop Systems and Components Ltd
182:built a non-production prototype
81:Pneumatic spring on a semitrailer
2735:
2734:
2724:
1889:. Airride.co.uk. 8 February 2009
1393:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 2
826:
572:Most air suspension designs are
400:
386:height adjustable air suspension
205:developed a functioning air/oil
1156:"Pneumatic Spring For Vehicles"
837:needs additional citations for
735:rubber air spring at each wheel
411:needs additional citations for
1763:. 23 June 2014. Archived from
1560:"1959 Rambler Wagons brochure"
1534:"1958-1959 Rambler Ambassador"
1074:, "Improvements in Cycles"
972:Arnott Air Suspension Products
818:Common air suspension problems
360:Arnott Air Suspension Products
1:
215:Traction Avant 15 Hydraulique
2613:Electronic stability control
2071:Electronic Stability Control
1993:"Air Suspension Terminology"
1585:Flory, J. Kelly Jr. (2008).
1022:Height adjustable suspension
992:Automotive suspension design
889:Air bag or air strut failure
794:Multi-Chamber air suspension
338:Lincoln Continental Mark VII
2766:Vehicle safety technologies
2500:Ackermann steering geometry
1344:Les Rendez-vous de La Reine
2792:
2563:Active rollover protection
1642:Der vergessene Meilenstein
1591:. McFarland. p. 930.
1184:The vintage car, 1919-1930
1017:Double wishbone suspension
281:, Biarritz, and Brougham.
245:Cadillac Eldorado Brougham
198:race cars for many years.
40:
29:
27:Type of vehicle suspension
2720:
2329:
1242:"Mercedes Air Suspension"
1002:Hydropneumatic suspension
997:Self-levelling suspension
703:in 1993 and later on the
692:Electronic Air Suspension
327:hydropneumatic suspension
312:Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow
308:self-levelling suspension
223:self-levelling suspension
207:hydropneumatic suspension
173:self-levelling suspension
67:hydropneumatic suspension
2776:Mechanical power control
2558:Anti-lock braking system
2352:Anti-roll bar (sway bar)
1620:"1960 Cadillac brochure"
1457:"1959 Cadillac brochure"
1435:"1958 Cadillac brochure"
1206:Norbye, John P. (1972).
952:Use on coaches and buses
323:Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9
2588:Combined braking system
1887:"What is a Compressor?"
1187:. Batsford. p. 161
18:Adaptive air suspension
2412:Independent suspension
1839:"About Air Suspension"
1791:Compressed Air Systems
1247:. 600airsuspension.com
1212:Special Interest Autos
987:Torsion bar suspension
885:
727:The system comprises:
665:leaf spring suspension
624:
180:William Bushnell Stout
141:
124:, the correct term is
82:
2432:Multi-link suspension
1505:"1959 Buick brochure"
1479:"1958 Buick brochure"
1269:. www.conceptcarz.com
883:
618:
591:In 2014 the new C217
152:From 1920, Frenchman
139:
80:
53:is a type of vehicle
1921:on 18 September 2017
846:improve this article
647:tanks used to store
597:Active Curve Tilting
420:improve this article
262:, as well as on all
2603:Electric park brake
2038:Automotive handling
1767:on 24 December 2014
1371:on 29 November 2014
1295:. 30 September 2013
1162:on 30 December 2013
911:Air fitting failure
701:Range Rover Classic
611:Custom applications
260:Rambler Ambassadors
201:In 1954, Frenchman
32:Acoustic suspension
2643:Regenerative brake
1861:"1993 Range Rover"
1757:Stuttgart, Germany
1733:. 16 February 2014
1712:2016-03-04 at the
1686:"Model S Features"
918:Compressor failure
894:debris on the road
886:
663:For vehicles with
625:
392:Modern automobiles
334:Ford Motor Company
293:Mercedes-Benz W112
178:In 1946, American
142:
83:
2748:
2747:
2553:Automatic braking
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2274:Semi-trailing arm
2250:
2233:
1755:(Press release).
1012:Active suspension
878:
877:
870:
711:in Coventry, UK.
605:centrifugal force
574:height adjustable
567:Lincoln Mark VIII
524:Mercedes--Maybach
452:
451:
444:
298:Mercedes-Benz 600
16:(Redirected from
2783:
2738:
2737:
2728:
2692:Outline of tires
2427:MacPherson strut
2315:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2271:
2244:
2242:MacPherson strut
2227:
2200:Semi-independent
2176:
2121:Vehicle dynamics
2032:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1914:. Archived from
1913:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1863:. Archived from
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1485:on 4 August 2013
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1367:. Archived from
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1224:
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1219:
1203:
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1192:
1178:
1172:
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1152:
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1144:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1049:
900:Air line failure
873:
866:
862:
859:
853:
830:
822:
705:Range Rover P38A
447:
440:
436:
433:
427:
404:
396:
279:Eldorado Seville
266:"Cross Country"
232:'s experimental
191:Air Lift Company
103:passenger trains
21:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2716:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2628:Hydraulic fluid
2623:Hydraulic brake
2539:
2530:Torque steering
2525:Rack and pinion
2486:
2477:Wheel alignment
2392:Double wishbone
2338:
2325:
2319:
2289:
2280:
2225:Double wishbone
2211:
2195:
2164:
2130:
2126:Weight transfer
2039:
2036:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:"Archived copy"
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1731:BenzInsider.com
1725:
1724:
1720:
1714:Wayback Machine
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1511:on 4 March 2016
1503:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
967:
959:breakover angle
954:
935:
874:
863:
857:
854:
843:
831:
820:
811:
804:
796:
725:
694:
654:solenoid valves
649:shielding gases
633:air compressors
613:
448:
437:
431:
428:
417:
405:
394:
384:began offering
325:incorporated a
264:American Motors
253:whitewall tires
217:. In 1955, the
134:
75:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:Whitewall tire
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Engine braking
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Brake bleeding
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Power steering
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Watt's linkage
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Shock absorber
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Hydropneumatic
2404:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:control system
2320:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2261:
2259:Sliding pillar
2256:
2251:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:Center of mass
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1979:
1978:External links
1976:
1973:
1972:
1946:
1900:
1878:
1867:on 6 June 2018
1852:
1830:
1823:
1803:
1778:
1744:
1718:
1699:
1688:. Tesla Motors
1677:
1666:. 8 March 2022
1664:Acura Newsroom
1651:
1633:
1611:
1597:
1577:
1566:on 22 May 2014
1551:
1540:on 7 June 2014
1522:
1496:
1470:
1448:
1426:
1404:
1382:
1356:
1331:
1306:
1280:
1258:
1225:
1198:
1173:
1147:
1129:
1120:
1101:
1082:
1063:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:
963:
953:
950:
934:
931:
876:
875:
834:
832:
825:
819:
816:
810:
805:
803:
800:
795:
792:
791:
790:
786:
783:
777:
774:
767:
753:
750:compressed air
746:
740:air compressor
736:
724:
721:
693:
690:
678:Watt's linkage
645:carbon dioxide
612:
609:
450:
449:
408:
406:
399:
393:
390:
286:Borgward P 100
241:General Motors
154:George Messier
133:
130:
74:
71:
51:Air suspension
43:Kirby Air Ride
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2788:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Rostyle wheel
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:Tires (Tyres)
2660:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Parking brake
2636:
2634:
2633:Inboard brake
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Unsprung mass
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:Chapman strut
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Unsprung mass
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Inboard brake
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1824:9781557882592
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1766:
1762:
1761:Mercedes-Benz
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1600:
1598:9780786452309
1594:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1320:
1319:paulmages.com
1316:
1310:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
964:
962:
960:
951:
949:
946:
942:
940:
933:ECAS problems
932:
930:
927:
926:Dryer failure
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
906:
901:
897:
895:
890:
882:
872:
869:
861:
851:
847:
841:
840:
835:This section
833:
829:
824:
823:
817:
815:
809:
806:
801:
799:
793:
787:
784:
782:
778:
775:
772:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
729:
728:
722:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
670:
666:
661:
657:
655:
650:
646:
642:
637:
634:
630:
622:
617:
610:
608:
606:
602:
601:tilting train
598:
594:
593:S-Class Coupe
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:Mercedes-Benz
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
446:
443:
435:
425:
421:
415:
414:
409:This section
407:
403:
398:
397:
391:
389:
387:
383:
382:Tesla Model S
380:In 2013, the
378:
376:
371:
369:
364:
361:
356:
352:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
321:In 1975, the
319:
317:
313:
309:
306:incorporated
305:
301:
299:
294:
291:In 1962, the
289:
287:
284:In 1960, the
282:
280:
275:
273:
269:
268:station wagon
265:
261:
256:
254:
248:
246:
242:
239:In the U.S.,
237:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
192:
187:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
146:
138:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:self-leveling
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
95:semi trailers
92:
88:
79:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2677:Custom wheel
2648:Vacuum servo
2583:Brake lining
2505:Caster angle
2462:Trailing arm
2387:De Dion tube
2377:Car handling
2372:Camber angle
2332:Part of the
2331:
2269:Trailing arm
2191:De Dion tube
2154:
2051:Car handling
1963:. Retrieved
1959:
1949:
1923:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1903:
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1881:
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1865:the original
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1765:the original
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1110:GB 191411358
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1091:GB 190924504
1085:
1072:GB 190100764
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1053:GB 190100412
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844:Please help
839:verification
836:
812:
797:
789:compressors.
726:
717:
713:
696:
695:
686:
682:
669:trailing arm
662:
658:
638:
626:
596:
590:
578:Tesla Motors
571:
564:
453:
438:
429:
418:Please help
413:verification
410:
379:
372:
365:
357:
353:
342:
331:
320:
310:on the 1965
302:
290:
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227:
200:
188:
184:Stout Scarab
177:
169:World War II
166:
151:
147:
143:
125:
121:
117:
110:ride quality
107:
84:
50:
49:
47:
2712:Wire wheels
2682:Drive wheel
2672:Alloy wheel
2578:Brake fluid
2457:Torsion bar
2437:Panhard rod
2417:Leaf spring
2397:Hydrolastic
2382:Coil spring
2217:Independent
2101:Tire / Tyre
2076:Fishtailing
2044:Main topics
1871:29 November
1845:23 February
1817:. Penguin.
1375:22 November
982:Coil spring
977:Leaf spring
905:road debris
808:Genesis G90
802:Application
674:Panhard rod
629:street rods
540:Rolls-Royce
508:Lamborghini
304:Rolls-Royce
158:aftermarket
122:air bellows
101:(primarily
36:air bearing
2771:Auto parts
2755:Categories
2659:Roadwheels
2598:Drum brake
2593:Disc brake
2573:Brake fade
2535:Understeer
2447:Swing axle
2362:Axle track
2344:Suspension
2334:Automobile
2264:Swing axle
2254:Multi-link
2230:Jaguar IRS
2207:Twist beam
2170:Suspension
2111:Understeer
2096:Suspension
1960:Motorindia
1796:3 February
1771:2 December
1737:2 December
1349:19 January
1324:19 January
1299:3 November
1251:19 January
1039:References
939:bump-stops
733:vulcanised
723:Components
636:pressure.
556:Volkswagen
504:Land Rover
272:compressor
219:Citroën DS
203:Paul Magès
126:air spring
59:compressor
55:suspension
2515:Oversteer
2482:Wheelbase
2452:Toe angle
2422:Live axle
2367:Beam axle
2186:Beam axle
2179:Dependent
2155:Pneumatic
2106:Transaxle
2086:Oversteer
2061:Downforce
1965:9 October
1647:Auto Bild
1138:US 673682
1027:Strut bar
858:June 2018
781:desiccant
763:and many
757:solenoids
432:June 2014
358:In 1989,
234:Aerotrain
189:In 1950,
156:provided
2740:Category
2492:Steering
2401:Hydragas
2237:Dubonnet
2091:Steering
2066:Drifting
1935:cite web
1925:2 August
1710:Archived
1670:25 April
1032:Sway bar
965:See also
641:nitrogen
544:SsanYong
472:Cadillac
118:air bags
73:Overview
2702:Spinner
2510:Kingpin
2322:Chassis
2160:Torsion
1626:16 June
1604:16 June
1570:16 June
1544:16 June
1515:16 June
1489:16 June
1463:16 June
1441:16 June
1419:16 June
1397:16 June
1289:"About"
1218:16 June
1191:16 June
1007:Dashpot
765:o-rings
586:Model X
582:Model S
528:Porsche
516:Lincoln
492:Hyundai
484:Genesis
476:Citroën
464:Bentley
316:Citroën
211:Citroën
167:During
162:Messier
132:History
63:bellows
2730:Portal
2687:Hubcap
2545:Brakes
2336:series
2136:Spring
1893:22 May
1821:
1692:22 May
1595:
1273:22 May
1166:22 May
1143:
1116:
1097:
1078:
1059:
761:valves
744:bonnet
621:camber
558:, and
548:Subaru
536:Rivian
496:Jaguar
488:Hummer
375:Dunlop
368:Dunlop
349:Gloria
345:Cedric
196:NASCAR
99:trains
91:trucks
2172:types
2138:types
1919:(PDF)
1912:(PDF)
1245:(PDF)
560:Volvo
552:Tesla
512:Lexus
460:Acura
87:buses
2357:Axle
2150:Leaf
2145:Coil
1967:2020
1941:link
1927:2017
1895:2014
1873:2018
1847:2015
1819:ISBN
1798:2016
1773:2014
1739:2014
1694:2014
1672:2023
1628:2014
1606:2014
1593:ISBN
1572:2014
1546:2014
1517:2014
1491:2014
1465:2014
1443:2014
1421:2014
1399:2014
1377:2014
1351:2015
1326:2015
1301:2020
1275:2014
1253:2015
1220:2014
1214:: 21
1193:2014
1168:2014
771:BeCM
584:and
500:Jeep
480:Ford
456:Audi
347:and
97:and
89:and
924:In
848:by
738:an
676:or
643:or
532:Ram
468:BMW
422:by
230:EMD
120:or
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