Adaptive reuse - Knowledge

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mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems. The in-depth inspection of buildings can be expensive. Nevertheless, building condition assessment is critical to the success of an adaptive reuse project and must not be avoided at any cost because this expense is insignificant relative to the injury or loss of life that a building failure might cause. One logical reason, as explained by the American Society of Civil Engineers, is that even a very well constructed building could undergo serious deterioration and eventually failure, if proper maintenance is not performed in the operational phase of the building. For example, in the year 1984, the New York City Passenger Ship Terminal went through a thorough inspection and was identified with extreme corrosion in its exterior steel columns (100% of web loss and 40% of flange loss). This condition posed a threat to the public safety and had to undergo immediate restriction of live load in spite of additional bracing of critical bents. Such inspections conclude with the preparation of a detailed report summarizing the findings of the investigation. The direct inspection of the structural system is required to a certain degree which is decided by the judgement of an experienced civil engineer.

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algorithm based on a standard decay (negative exponential) curve produces an index of reuse potential (known as the ARP score) and is expressed as a percentage. This decay curve in buildings can be used to establish an ARP score, which is expressed in percentage. Cities can rank their existing buildings as per their adaptive reuse potential and this data can be used by government authorities at any point in time. An adaptive reuse score of 50% or above is considered high. A low ARP score is anything below 20%. Anything between that range is considered moderate. Shen and Langston devised this concept of ARP as "rising from zero to its maximum score at the point of its useful life, and then falling back to zero as it approaches physical life". When the "current building age" is identified to be close to or end of its useful life, is the right time for builders to commence redesign.

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might help stabilize a neighborhood which may be otherwise decaying or be at a threat of vandalism. This upward trend may create lucrative rent opportunities for building owners and dwellers of the neighborhood. This survey can be in the form of a physical inspection of the neighborhood and/or a detailed study of the zoning map of that region. Pedestrian activity, presence of sidewalks, street lights, benches and public parks and the presence of well-occupied shops and buildings can tell us a lot about neighborhoods. After the neighborhood has been established to be stable and safe and free of any infringing decay, the next step is to determine what amenities it has to offer in terms of roadways, public transportation, shopping and eating, hospitals, schools and libraries and so on.

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studied that "a huge focus on economic factors alone has led to the destruction of buildings well short of their physical lives". Shen and Langston developed an integrated model for the assessment of adaptive reuse potential by comparing case studies of one urban and one non-urban setting. The basis of this model lies in that "opportunity rises and falls within the confines of a negative exponential decay function linked to a building’s physical life expectancy". According to their study, a building reaches its maximum potential for adaptive reuse at a point when the building's age and its useful life merge or meet. At this point, the building's adaptive reuse potential is either an upward curve or a downward curve which can determine whether the potential is high, medium or low.

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vs benefits analysis is essential to determine the return on investment of an adaptive reuse project. The most important governing factors of adaptive reuse decision making with respect to asset condition were observed to be the building's structural integrity, its residual service life, its spatial layout, its location and the ease of retrofitting or installing new building components to the existing built form. According to Bullen and Love, the buildings of the 1960s and 1970s in Perth were badly constructed, used ineffective thermal insulation materials and details and have low suitability for adaptive reuse. On the other hand, the built form of the 1980s was deemed to be engineered to specifications and could accommodate an adaptive reuse model.

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charters mandate that when historical buildings with heritage values are being redeveloped, their architectural and heritage character should be maintained and conserved for sustainability. Accordingly, this mandate on heritage preservation has led to the scheduling of several heritage buildings into district plans, thereby protecting them from unsympathetic alterations or demolition through regulations. Built heritage conservation through adaptive reuse could therefore be used to promote sustainable historical and cultural development of urban areas. Parameters to prioritise historical buildings for adaptive reuse and the characterisation of adaptive reuse stakeholders are also noted.

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that have low floor area ratios (FAR) and which may be in some of the cities' prime locations cannot be considered profitable for adaptive reuse. In such scenarios, it would be more profitable for the developers to demolish and replace the existing building with a high-rise that has more space to sell. Often, when building owners cannot find an obvious use for a building, it is left to degenerate and decay and eventually collapse. This may pose as a threat to the safety of the neighborhood. Decaying buildings may even be subject to vandalism and become spaces for anti-social activities and may have a negative impact on the value of the properties in their vicinity.

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climate change. Choosing to demolish an existing built asset and then constructing a brand-new building in its place can lead to high energy requirement for the demolition, building material waste management, new material procurement, construction and operation. On the other hand, sustainably retrofitting an existing built asset only requires a fraction of this energy. It is important to keep in mind that many of the old building may not have the best of operational energy use efficiency. Therefore, to achieve a successful adaptive reuse project, the designers must keep the building's energy use intensity at utmost importance.

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systems have high life-cycle costs and operational energy costs associated with them whereas traditional masonry and stone buildings are more climate responsive. An environmental benefit of reusing built assets is identified to be the retention of the original buildings "embodied energy". According to Schultmann and Sunke, "new buildings have much higher embodied energy than those that are adaptively reused". Reddy and Jagadish support this statement by saying that "the reuse of building materials can provide substantial savings in embodied energy that would otherwise be wasted".

328:"renovation is universally more expensive" due to their own involvement with adaptive reuse projects. Others claim that the return on investment is enhanced when using an older building because of the savings involved. One Canadian developer claims that reusing buildings generally represents a saving of between 10 and 12% over building new. In terms of profitability, there are also assertions that adaptive reuse projects often have an uncertainty to their profitably that newer developments lack. When looking for funding to build, these considerations must be addressed. 401:. One architect thought that "undertaking exemplar adaptive reuse demonstration projects for industry professionals to assess and emulate would display a commitment to sustainability and urban regeneration". However, this solution has several harmful implications and forcing an adaptive reuse directive on to the industry and its clients was deemed to be heavy handed and could be counterproductive. The existing building codes and regulations for fire safety and building access to disabled make it difficult to work around the adaptive reuse of old constructed buildings. 337:

adaptive reuse projects depend on their economic feasibility determined by the building's existing physical configuration and condition. According to Bullen and Love, the adaptive reuse decision making was fundamentally driven by a "desire for short-term profits". However, most of the survey respondents were rarely concerned about the sustainability and environmental concerns associated with adaptive reuse decision making. Nevertheless, many of these developers were aware of the positive impact that building reuse and sustainability can have on their corporate image.

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for the Royal Institution Australia and the Australian Science Media Centre. The Torrens Parade Ground and building were restored for use as a headquarters for veterans' organisations. Nearly $ 50 million was committed to restore and adapt the large Glenside Psychiatric Hospital and precinct as the new Adelaide Studios of the South Australian Film Corporation opened by Premier Rann in October 2011. And the 62 hectare former Mitsubishi Motors plant is being adapted to become a clean manufacturing centre and education and training hub for Flinders University and TAFE.

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without destroying the existing urban form. Adopting the adaptive reuse approach for the redevelopment of older vacant buildings provides added benefits to the regeneration of an urban area in a sustainable way, through transforming these buildings into usable and accessible units. The adaptive reuse strategy would also enable the local authority and owners of older vacant buildings in urban areas to minimize their economic, social and environmental costs, in a quest for a continued urban expansion and development.

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clearly defined contract. Under this contract, the architect and the owner are under the obligation of the contract and must abide by it. Progress of design, site visits and evaluation are some of the basic actions that the architect performs under this contract. There are different types of contracts, ranging from a fixed fee contract, percentage of construction cost contract and fee plus expenses contract. All stakeholders may collectively decide on the most suitable type of contract for the project.

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for private developers as it keeps the cash inflow during while the rest of the project undergoes construction. Keeping in mind the conclusions from structural and architectural survey, neighborhood survey and marketing survey, a budget is prepared. Building owners or developers can approach any of the financing sources such as insurance companies, foundations and funds, savings banks, building loan societies, endowment funds, Real Estate Investment Trusts, etc.

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go high. Therefore, for maximum energy efficiency, building envelopes should be the first layer to block out external weather conditions, then the load on the equipment can be minimized. The U value of walls should not be more than 0.06 when winter design temperatures are less than 10 °F (−12 °C). This can be achieved by using a combination of exterior wall materials to form a high resistance wall assembly.

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and excavation costs by using an adaptive reuse model for their property. Additionally, they thought that "in Central Business District locations, built assets are an attractive investment option for reuse projects, as premium prices and rents can be obtained for an office space". Best rents can be obtained only when these remodeled buildings hold "high-quality finishes" and have high

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engineers may have to scrape off the plaster to reveal the underlying structure. Wooden members of the structural system should be especially checked for rot or termite infestation. Iron or steel must be checked for corrosion and loose bearings or bolting. Additional future dead and live loads must be kept in mind while designing with the structural strength of the existing building.

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of the architects thought that there was a high dependency and credit given to energy and green building rating systems such as the "Green Star Environment Rating System" but not enough credit was given to the improvements carried out during adaptive reuse and its sustainable outcomes such as the recycling of building materials, reduced energy and water consumption and reduced

196:. The most significant challenges of adaptive reuse of existing buildings include structural integrity issues, compliance with building code regulations, government anti-adaptive reuse policies, lack of awareness, high maintenance cost, uncertainties surrounding existing building information, lack of incentives, and lack of decision-making tools and stakeholder participation. 1255: 964: 742: 316: 118:. Not every old building can qualify for adaptive reuse. Architects, developers, builders and entrepreneurs who wish to become involved in rejuvenating and reconstructing a building must first make sure that the finished product will serve the need of the market, that it will be completely useful for its new purpose, and that it will be competitively priced. 1084: 46: 694:

Building owners and developers can take the potential advantage of adaptive reuse by taking away components from unused buildings and then repair, reuse or recycle its constituent parts. Disassembly is a form of recovering target products and plays a key role to maximize the efficiency of an adaptive

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Just as water is needed in every stage of a building's life, so is energy. This energy is conventionally obtained from non-renewable sources and causes high carbon emission. Minimizing fossil fuel depletion and carbon emission can be huge contributing factors to reducing global warming and mitigating

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In a survey conducted by researcher Sheila Conejos, several architects, developers and building stakeholders were asked about their opinion on the social implications of adaptive reuse of existing buildings. It was observed that most respondents thought that adaptive reuse is important to the society

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bonuses and an overall "lack of encouragement" by state and local governments to implement innovative adaptive reuse designs. Suggested solutions from some survey respondents include establishing a mandate to only lease buildings that have undergone adaptive reuse with a high Energy Star rating. Some

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Bullen and Love's survey respondents thought that "the benefits of reusing their existing facility could include avoiding the disruption of relocation, reducing maintenance and running costs". A reuse project should not compromise on satisfying user needs. The survey respondents suggested that a cost

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Availability of Federal, State and local funds: The United States' National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 established matching grants-in-aid, obtained through state historic preservation offices, that can be used for the acquisition and restoration of properties listed in the National Register of

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in Victoria Square, former headquarters of the Registrar-General, was restored and adapted to become the Australian campus for both Carnegie Mellon University and University College London. The former Adelaide Stock Exchange building was purchased, restored and adapted to become the Science Exchange

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The floor system in old buildings is usually strong enough to satisfy present codes. If not, additional supporting members may be necessary. The floor and ceiling height should be able to accommodate additional stairways, vertical plumbing, electrical and HVAC. In some cases, an elevator may have to

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The architect and engineer may look for signs of cracking of masonry wall or the settling of basement floors or upper floors which direct them to a problem in the foundation. These signs can also be detected from window sills and cornices. Appropriate survey instruments such as plumb bobs and spirit

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The adaptive reuse potential calculator establishes a "predicted useful life" of a building by considering a series of physical, economic, functional, technological, social, legal and political characteristics. These characteristics are used to derive an "annual obsolescence rate" and "environmental

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Building materials are generally procured from the Earth's strata or are end products of processed natural components. These resources are limited. Irresponsible extraction of natural compounds for building material manufacture can deplete these natural compounds from the earth. Moreover, extraction

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Old buildings are often found in fully developed neighborhoods where public amenities like sewers, water lines, roads, etc. have already been established. Adaptive reuse means that the stakeholders of the built asset are relieving governments and municipalities off the load of having to supply these

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on building material: Adaptive reuse involves the refurbishment of existing building members, which is labor-intensive process and relies less on purchasing and installing many new building materials. Cost of building materials has risen sharply over the past few decades, while the cost of labor has

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In Europe, the main forms of adaptive reuse have been around former palaces and unused residences of the different European royal families into publicly accessible galleries and museums. Many of the spaces have been restored with period finishes and display different collections of art, and design.

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The only floor that need be considered is the bottom floor. It may be a slab on grade or built over a crawl space. In these cases, insulation should be considered. If the perimeter of a slab on grade is insulated from the weather, this is all that can be hoped for. Over a cold crawl space, a two-in

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protects it from the external weather conditions. To prevent the extreme climate of the exterior from causing discomfort to occupants, buildings use mechanical heating and cooling systems. If the building envelope is not designed well, the heating and cooling loads on the mechanical equipment might

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As discussed previously, adaptive reuse projects have the potential to work in phases or parts. A major advantage of renovating an existing building is that a refurbished portion of the building becomes suitable for occupancy before completion of the whole project. This provides as a huge advantage

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Building stakeholders often marketed their reused built assets centered around "epoch and utility" and "character and ambiance". Some end users were more attracted to modern architecture while others were more into the adaptive reuse style. This varying perception of a building's form, function and

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In a survey conducted by Bullen and Love, it was observed that building owners and operators were most concerned about a multitude of financial considerations, while deciding whether to reuse their built assets. These include development and construction costs, marketing and maintenance costs. Most

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The decision to reuse or demolish built assets is driven by economic considerations such as development costs, project costs, investment returns and market. The economic costs differ from project to project and some professionals go as far as to assert that "new build is always more economical" and

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Cost savings on demolition: Demolition costs can run as high as 5% to 10% of the total cost of new construction. This expense is often overlooked by many building owners. Some urban areas have strict building safety regulations and may not allow the usage of a swinging ball and other more efficient

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In an adaptive reuse decision-making setting, there is usually an occurrence of conflicting beliefs, opinions, interests, and resources among relevant stakeholders. Knowing who these stakeholders are and why, through a collaborative approach, will allow stakeholders with diverse interests regarding

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A majority of historical buildings provide physical links and the progression of cultural evidence to the past. In a fast-growing urbanizing world, these heritage values viewed as public goods could aid the significance of a town's cultural heritage and unique competitiveness. Heritage preservation

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in San Francisco was the first major adaptive reuse project in the United States, opening in 1964. Urban waterfronts, historically used as points for industrial production and transport, became popular as residences and mixed use. The greatest value of the adaptive use movement is characterized by

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As a comparatively young country, adaptive reuse is not the norm in Canada, where redevelopment has typically meant demolition and building anew. Calgary and Edmonton are particularly known for their pro-demolition culture, but they are not unique in this regard. However, since the 1990s, adaptive

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An exposed roof is the greatest source of heat loss during cold months and heat gains during hot months. Therefore, roof insulation becomes very crucial in extreme climate conditions. Another passive technique is to separate living spaces from roof by adding dead buffer spaces such as attics under

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The fenestration in an external wall assembly are the biggest wasters of energy. They waste heat by conduction, radiation and infiltration. This can be controlled to an extent by using multiple layered glazing systems and using low-e coatings on the glass. Additionally, it is important to seal the

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As these heritage settlements have been getting crowded in the past decades, people have been looking for farther lands for development. This rapid urbanization and urban sprawl cause several harms to our planet and the society. Lack of adaptive reuse of existing built assets, on a societal level,

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Sometimes, built assets cannot be considered suitable for adaptive reuse, simply because of the nature of their built form or the condition that they are in. For example, one cannot make the most out of a highly compartmentalized, single use building such as a prison. Mid 1900s low-rise apartments

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Building owners are concerned with the life expectancy of built assets, their energy and environmental performance and the high operating costs which may appear due to poor mechanical equipment, services, building materials and construction. Developers saw a thorough potential in saving groundwork

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Conserves energy: Old buildings represent an investment of energy and labor made at a time when costs were significantly lower. Demolition of these buildings requires new expenditures of energy to generate new building materials and to assemble them on a cleared site. Additionally, modern building

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Decreased public and social costs: As these heritage settlements have been getting crowded in the past decades, people have been looking for farther lands for development. This rapid urbanization and urban sprawl cause several harms to our planet and the society. Lack of adaptive reuse of existing

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Electrical: While the electrical wiring may still be intact, the panel boards, junction boxes and electrical feeders may not be as per the present day fire codes. Additionally, the switch boards may be outdated and have to be replaced. The architect and engineers must also determine of additional

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Saves time; faster than brand new construction: The total time required to renovate an existing building is generally less than the time required to construct a comparable amount of floor space in an entirely new building. A major advantage of renovating an existing building is that a refurbished

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The reuse of older vacant buildings for other purposes forms a very important aspect of any urban regeneration scheme. The adaptation process implies selecting relevant novel technologies and design concepts that will support the older buildings to adjust successfully to contemporary requirements

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Adaptive reuse is defined as the aesthetic process that adapts buildings for new uses while retaining their historic features. Using an adaptive reuse model can prolong a building's life, from cradle-to-grave, by retaining all or most of the building system, including the structure, the shell and

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In most adaptive reuse projects, it is the architect who is the leader with the imagination of how an abandoned warehouse can become an office building or an abandoned hospital a condominium. Since the architect has a deep involvement in the success of a project, he must perform his work under a

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After identifying the stability and soundness of a building, it is important to survey the neighborhood to find the potential use and function of the adaptive reuse project for that segment of the market or region that the building owners wish to attract. In many cases, an adaptive reuse project

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According to Chusid's "urban ore" concept, existing buildings that are fast approaching dilapidation or disuse are a "mine of raw materials for new projects". Shen and Langston built upon this idea and said that "an even more effective solution than raw material recovery is adaptive reuse". They

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Buildings consume high amounts of energy during their life-cycle. New construction requires new building materials and other resources which possess high embodied energy (throughout their extraction, manufacture, transportation, packaging and assembly phases). Additionally, they also cause high

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In this civilized world, buildings have become the core of a society. Cities and communities grow organically around important buildings followed by the commercial development of those neighborhoods. These buildings and the development around them soon become the heart of a community upon which

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The survey respondents expressed several concerns and risks that could arise during and after the adaptive reuse of a building which included finding tenants, the threat of building not meeting the demand of the end users, lack of structural stability and structure and material decay during the

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The current climate change reality requires integrating the global sustainability challenge of conserving natural resources for future generations with improving resilience and adaptive capacity within the built environment. The adaptive reuse of existing buildings can be adopted to facilitate

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Obsolescence is advanced as a suitable concept to objectively reduce the expected physical life of a building to its expected useful life. A discounting philosophy is adopted, whereby the annual obsolescence rate across all criteria is the "discount rate" that performs this transformation. An

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Building owners, architects, developers and other stakeholders undergo an in-depth process of decision making before determining whether a building should be conserved and remodeled for a different use or just demolished for the land it sits on, then develop a new building on that land. These

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Analyzing the structural strength requires expertise and is one of the most crucial in terms of occupant safety. On-site inspection along with a study of existing floor plans can help engineers determine the structural stability. In some case, when the building drawings may not be available,

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Water is an important component in building construction. Water is needed at every stage of a building's life, from building material extraction to manufacture, on-site construction processes such as concrete mixing, cleaning, etc., operational phase in the form of plumbing for human use and

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Before starting an adaptive reuse project and even considering refurbishment, it is important that the condition of the existing building is thoroughly assessed. A condition assessment primarily inspects a building's structural integrity, roofing, masonry, plaster, wood-work, tiling and the

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an existing building for a purpose other than which it was originally built or designed for. It is also known as recycling and conversion. Adaptive reuse is an effective strategy for optimizing the operational and commercial performance of built assets. Adaptive reuse of buildings can be an

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Ventilation: Office and commercial buildings require ventilation. Toilets and kitchens also need ventilation. The floor height must be able to accommodate fan equipment. If the existing building consists some duct work, it should be tested for obstructions, deterioration and air leakage.

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adaptive reuse to come together and participate either directly or indirectly in any stage of the decision-making process. There are four typical categories of stakeholders involved in an adaptive reuse decision-making process: i) investors; ii) producers; iii) regulators; and iv) users.

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Buildings have a high impact on the environment, the economy and our society. Adaptive reuse has several benefits to mitigate those high impacts. Adaptive reuse projects are, in many ways, different from conventional new construction projects and must be planned and managed differently.

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The stairway requirement for a building should be derived from present-day building codes for fire and safety. Strategic placement of new staircases and layout for maximum access should be done in order to maximize space utility and minimize the burden on the structural system.

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Aigwi, I. E., Egbelakin, T., & Ingham, J. (2018). Efficacy of adaptive reuse for the redevelopment of underutilised historical buildings: Towards the regeneration of New Zealand’s provincial town centres. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 36(4),

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According to Yung and Chan, "adaptive reuse is a new kind of maintainable rebirth of city, as it covers the building’s lifetime and evades destruction waste, encourages recycles of the embodied dynamism and also delivers substantial social and economic profits to the world".

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The industrial history of Australia has also been an influencing factor in determining the types of buildings and areas which have gone on to become adaptive reuse sites, especially in the realms of private residences and community based buildings. Some such sites include,

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Older building roofing systems generally comprise the roof, parapets and cornices. Projecting metal cornices are subject to corrosion. Parapets may be subject to cracks and degrading mortar joints. A careful examination of the top-floor ceiling may reveal water leakage.

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can cause harm to the natural habitat and biodiversity of the region where materials are extracted. Therefore, a project that uses minimum new building material and uses more of recycled materials is a more sustainable and responsible choice for a building material.

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Air conditioning: Air conditioning ducting and equipment can be expensive and demand a lot of ceiling space. These economical implications must be considered for the new use of the building before deciding the installation of an air conditioning system.

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portion of the building becomes suitable for occupancy before completion of the whole project. This provides as a huge advantage for private developers as it keeps the cash inflow during while the rest of the project undergoes construction.

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Yakubu, I. E., Egbelakin, T., Dizhur, D., Ingham, J., Sungho Park, K., & Phipps, R. (2017). Why are older inner-city buildings vacant? Implications for town centre regeneration. Journal of Urban Regeneration & Renewal, 11(1),

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levels are recommended for use instead of a naked eye inspection. If the problem seems too severe, a test boring may reveal the cause of the problem. Additionally, the building code should be examined for fireproofing requirements.

170:. The most significant benefits of adaptive reuse of existing buildings include increased economic opportunities, urban regeneration, preserved cultural and historical heritage values, reduced landfill demolition waste, increased 853:

the hundreds of abandoned schools, factories, hotels, warehouses and military posts that have been adapted for use as affordable housing, office buildings, as well as commercial, civic, educational and recreational centers.

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In Bullen and Love's survey, many respondents thought that there was not enough support and incentives from the government for carrying out adaptive reuse of built assets. They felt that there is limited flexibility in the

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The building envelope should be examined thoroughly for cracks, watertightness (infiltration or leaks) and mortar joints. It is important to examine these exterior walls for future fenestration and air conditioning ducts.

1123:, which involved the refurbishment of the old, abandoned power station. The wide industrial space has proven to be a worthy backdrop to modern art, with the famous turbine hall hosting artworks by artists including 262:; they should be preserved because of their "architectural beauty" and the "character and scale they add to the built environment". Retention and rehabilitation of existing buildings also reduces the consumption of 959:

has created student housing by converting the Villa Park Orchards Association Packing House, which was built in 1918 for the Santiago Orange Growers Association. The student housing complex opened in August 2018.

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Historic Places. Similarly, community development block grants provided to municipalities by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development are a major source of funds for neighborhood preservation projects.

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landscaping and fire safety, and at the end of its life for recycling building materials or disposing them. Selecting adaptive reuse over brand new construction can help relieve the planet of such water loads.

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and environmental impact. Revitalizing the existing built fabric by finding a new use or purpose for obsolete buildings can be a wonderful resource to a community by "keeping neighborhoods occupied and vital".

772:, an upscale neighbourhood established in the 1990s, features warehouses and other small-industrial structures and spaces converted into apartments and offices for the gentrification of the area. Vancouver's 243:

identified parameters for the development of a performance-based framework, to prioritise the most suitable historical building options for adaptive reuse intervention from a list of underutilised buildings.

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rating appliances. Building owners also considered the commercial performance of buildings in terms of "tenant needs, investment returns, maintenance, repair costs, operational costs, productivity levels,

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Plumbing: Old buildings used galvanized iron pipes for plumbing which may be subject to serious deterioration over the years. Proper connection to municipal sewers must be evaluated and fixed if broken.

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strategies. Some of the most important methods of energy conservation are, reducing heating and cooling loads through building envelopes, maximizing natural ventilation potential, using daylighting and

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built assets, on a societal level, has caused disturbance due to dislocation of residents, economic decline and disruption of community life, eventually leading to abandoned and obsolete neighborhoods.

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Heating: Determining the capacity of the heating plant for the new building use and occupancy. Existing heating systems involving boilers and burners and metal piping could be salvaged for recycling.

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reuse project. This disassembly planning sequence aims to reduce the environmental impacts caused due to demolition using a "rule-base recursive analysis system" with practical and viable solutions.

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In Australia, there have been a number of adaptive reuse projects as the main cities have turned from industrial areas into areas of high value and business areas. In Sydney, sites such as the old

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in Baltimore, Maryland was a typical candidate for adaptive reuse, but it was razed to accommodate parking for a new athletic facility when the cost of conversion was found to be too great

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because old buildings are critical to the image and history of a society. They agreed that historical buildings add to the aesthetics of a townscape and should be preserved and reused.

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Yung, Esther H.K.; Chan, Edwin H.W. (1 July 2012). "Implementation challenges to the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings: Towards the goals of sustainable, low carbon cities".

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people's life depends. Therefore, regular maintenance and reuse of existing structures can help communities avoid the trauma caused by dilapidation, abandonment and clearance.

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In Adelaide four prominent, heritage listed 19th Century buildings in poor repair were restored, refurbished and given new roles by the South Australian Government during the

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even the interior materials. This type of revitalization is not restricted to buildings of historic significance and can be a strategy adopted in case of obsolete buildings.

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Before the architect and engineer begin the final designing for the building, they make a thorough structural, mechanical and architectural survey of the existing building.

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which in turn harms human health and quality of life. From this standpoint, there are several environmental benefits associated with building recycling or adaptive reuse.

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has caused disturbance due to dislocation of residents, economic decline and disruption of community life, eventually leading to abandoned and obsolete neighborhoods.

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window and door systems to avoid infiltration. Similarly, in hot and sunny climates, it is important to shade windows to avoid heat gain due to solar radiation.

174:, extended building usefulness, and cost-effectiveness, enhanced property value, improved life quality, reduced carbon emissions, and lesser energy consumption. 2061:

Aigwi, Itohan Esther; Nwadike, Amarachukwu Nnadozie; Le, An Thi Hoan; Rotimi, Funmilayo Ebun; Sorrell, Tanya; Jafarzadeh, Reza; Rotimi, James (1 January 2022).

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Bullen, P., Love, P. 2011, 'Factors influencing the adaptive re-use of buildings', Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 32–46

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A number of former military bases in Canada, declared surplus in the 1990s, have also proven to be opportune for adaptive reuse. An example is the former

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Tax advantages: Tax provisions in several states and municipalities across the United States, provide incentives for rehabilitating historic structures.

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climate change mitigation progressively. explored the applicability of the adaptive reuse concept as a sustainable tool for climate change mitigation.

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building has also been transformed from an old jail into a museum which documents and records the history of Australia's first settlers and convicts.

1961:"Identifying parameters for a performance-based framework: Towards prioritising underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand" 1792:"Identifying parameters for a performance-based framework: Towards prioritising underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand" 2063:"Prioritising optimal underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse: a performance-based MCDA framework validation in Auckland, New Zealand" 1024: 923: 274:

increased only marginally compared to that of building materials. Therefore, it is economically viable to renovate and reuse an existing building.

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chain in the Netherlands. This project received 2007 Lensvelt de Architect interior design award for its innovative reuse and is number one on

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demolition techniques. Under these circumstances, buildings must be demolished piece by piece, which can be quite expensive and time-consuming.

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in San Francisco are being transformed into residential neighborhoods through this process. This transformation is sometimes associated with

1914:"Characterisation of Adaptive Reuse Stakeholders and the Effectiveness of Collaborative Rationality Towards Building Resilient Urban Areas" 1839:"Characterisation of Adaptive Reuse Stakeholders and the Effectiveness of Collaborative Rationality Towards Building Resilient Urban Areas" 727: 686:

blanket under the floor will cut the heat loss by at least 50%. A concrete floor slab can be insulated by sprayed-on insulating material.

2245:

Venkatarama Reddy, B.V; Jagadish, K.S (February 2003). "Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies".

799:, which is incorporating several historic buildings in the city's downtown core into its new campus, similar to the downtown campus of 2807: 2479: 1560: 1481: 2460: 2442: 1411:

Sanchez, Benjamin; Haas, Carl (May 2018). "A novel selective disassembly sequence planning method for adaptive reuse of buildings".

904: 792: 85: 67: 927: 2671: 2008:"A performance-based framework to prioritise underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse interventions in New Zealand" 1737:"A performance-based framework to prioritise underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse interventions in New Zealand" 873: 776:

also demonstrates a successful mix of adaptive reuse as well as retention of traditional uses in the same district. Montreal's

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obsolescence". These outcomes are necessary to determine an optimum point at which adaptive reuse intervention should occur.

2649:

Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage 2004, "Adaptive reuse – Preserving our past", DEH, Canberra

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in Baltimore was converted to offices, retail, and restaurants. An example of adaptive reuse conversion to office space are

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Pettinari, J. 1980, 'Adaptive Reuse: A Case Study', Journal of Interior Design and Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 33–42

2515:"Midtown Equities to Redevelop Empire Stores and St. Ann's Warehouse to Develop Tobacco Warehouse at Brooklyn Bridge Park" 991:

in the 1980s and 1990s was common while still selling fuel. Many others stopped selling fuel and became shops or offices.

941:, the historic brick structure of the Western Metal Supply Co. building was preserved and incorporated into the design of 1040: 2006:

Aigwi, Itohan Esther; Egbelakin, Temitope; Ingham, Jason; Phipps, Robyn; Rotimi, James; Filippova, Olga (1 July 2019).

1735:

Aigwi, Itohan Esther; Egbelakin, Temitope; Ingham, Jason; Phipps, Robyn; Rotimi, James; Filippova, Olga (1 July 2019).

1662:"Adaptive reuse of existing buildings as a sustainable tool for climate change mitigation within the built environment" 2348: 1553:

Building change-of-use : renovating, adapting and altering commercial, institutional, and industrial properties

1529: 2288:

Conejos, Sheila (2013). "Optimisation of future building adaptive reuse design criteria for urban sustainability".

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Bullen, Peter; Love, Peter (8 July 2011). "A new future for the past: a model for adaptive reuse decision-making".

1268: 1028: 2522: 2500: 804: 643: 1109: 908: 834: 394: 2595: 2852: 861: 760:. Other prominent re-uses include the Candy Factory on Queen Street West and the Toy Factory, in the city's 114:. It has prevented thousands of buildings' demolition and has allowed them to become critical components of 765: 258:

According to Zaitzevsky and Bunnell, old buildings physically link us to our past and become a part of our

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Schultmann, Frank; Sunke, Nicole (November 2007). "Energy-oriented deconstruction and recovery planning".

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areas all feature ex-industrial areas that have been reused or will do so in the future on current plans.

2825: 2626:"Student housing development on Chapman University campus includes adaptive reuse of 1918 packing house" 1283: 1224: 1168: 938: 390: 592:

Buildings undergoing adaptive reuse often lack modern and energy efficient MEP systems and appliances.

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A blog, mostly architectural, but it also treats adaptive reuse as an approach to a wide range issues.

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terminal and headquarters being converted into a retail, office, hotel, and tourist destination. The

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Zaitzevsky, Cynthia; Bunnell, Gene (1979). "Built to Last: A Handbook on Recycling Old Buildings".

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housing is one prominent result of adaptive reuse projects. Formerly-industrial areas such as the

270: 250:

balanced the diverse interests of all stakeholders in the adaptive reuse decision-making process.

60:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Sydney Morning Herald,28 May 2011. Gary Hitchens, "Rann vision shows the way in economic renewal"

2227: 2176: 2108: 2043: 1988: 1941: 1866: 1819: 1772: 1697: 1633: 1578: 1499: 1454: 1004: 956: 952: 931: 912: 849: 715: 347: 115: 2722: 1101: 2847: 2730: 2438: 2368: 2305: 2270: 2219: 2168: 2100: 2035: 1980: 1933: 1858: 1811: 1764: 1689: 1625: 1566: 1556: 1487: 1477: 1446: 1390: 988: 976: 968: 735: 723: 655: 263: 259: 2360: 2297: 2262: 2211: 2160: 2090: 2082: 2027: 1972: 1925: 1850: 1803: 1756: 1681: 1615: 1607: 1436: 1428: 1382: 1128: 1105: 1063: 1051: 1036: 1012: 946: 800: 773: 385: 111: 2476: 2483: 2464: 1533: 1288: 1124: 1047: 857: 841: 796: 761: 448: 444: 398: 2457: 1215:, Dawn Cake bought the former ophthalmology hospital and converted it into a restaurant. 915:. The adaptive reuse of Empire Stores will transform seven abandoned coffee warehouse in 2258: 2207: 2078: 2023: 1752: 1677: 1424: 972: 893: 889: 837:

in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, converted into retail, restaurants, and offices.

815: 436: 432: 107: 2266: 2841: 2231: 2112: 2047: 1992: 1945: 1870: 1823: 1776: 1701: 1637: 1611: 1458: 975:

in 2020. The building, which formerly housed a service station, was converted into a

856:

A large number of brick mill buildings in the Northeast United States have undergone

819: 785: 381: 131: 1912:

Aigwi, Itohan Esther; Phipps, Robyn; Ingham, Jason; Filippova, Olga (1 April 2021).

1837:

Aigwi, Itohan Esther; Phipps, Robyn; Ingham, Jason; Filippova, Olga (1 April 2021).

1660:

Aigwi, Itohan Esther; Duberia, Ahmed; Nwadike, Amarachukwu Nnadozie (1 March 2023).

1157: 1092: 27: 1959:

Aigwi, Itohan Esther; Ingham, Jason; Phipps, Robyn; Filippova, Olga (1 July 2020).

1790:

Aigwi, Itohan Esther; Ingham, Jason; Phipps, Robyn; Filippova, Olga (1 July 2020).

1525:, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 Oct. 2011 < 1200: 1188: 1148: 1076: 984: 900: 881: 830: 135: 31:

An abandoned building in Washington, D.C. being converted into luxury condominiums.

1432: 1203:, which was converted to a hostel managed by Hong Kong Youth Hostels Association. 999: 753:, a neighbourhood in the city's southeast side, was entirely adapted from the old 2755: 1976: 1807: 17: 1165: 1116: 1088: 1072: 1020: 777: 342: 2086: 1929: 1854: 1685: 768:, a firm specializing in adaptive re-use in Toronto and elsewhere. Vancouver's 2364: 2215: 2031: 1760: 1386: 1250: 1229: 1139: 942: 897: 818:

in rural Nova Scotia which was largely converted, without demolitions, into a

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in New York City into office, retail, restaurant and a rooftop public park.

2571:"Chapman's New Student Housing Will Celebrate The Orange's Packing History" 1491: 2546:"Another Pass at Revitalizing Abandoned Warehouse Space on the Waterfront" 741: 315: 1526: 1278: 1212: 769: 1254: 2180: 2095: 1620: 1441: 1143: 1083: 865: 2828:

Adaptive reuse building example and photo gallery (Evanston, Illinois)

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in 2008. One of the buildings in this scheme is former public housing

1234: 1108:, a former royal residence built around 1614, has become part of the 1023:

have been renovated and adapted into inner-city headquarters for the

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In Paris, France, the most famous example of adaptive reuse is the

983:

Throughout the United States until the 1970s, the vast majority of

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Other noted adaptive reuse projects in the 2010s have included the

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use has gained traction. The conversion of former railway-centred

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also offered mechanical work. Converting the service bays into a

922:

Other museums adapted from old factories include "MassMOCA", the

2820:"Adaptive Re-Use of Brownfields: A Challenge for the Valuation," 2813: 869: 2692:

Cabinet Documents, Department of Premier and Cabinet, July 2002

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Redesigning the existing building for new use must accommodate

2672:"Iconic buildings of Adelaide: Come inside the Stock Exchange" 39: 1171:, including a mall, 3 museums, multi-cinema and restaurants. 745:

Toronto's Distillery District was a former whiskey distillery

2467:. Willferguson.ca (7 October 2002). Retrieved on 2013-12-06. 2701: 2391:

Rehabilitation, Renovation, and Reconstruction of Buildings

266:, resources, energy and water needed for new construction. 57:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

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Revitalising Historic Buildings Through Partnership Scheme

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Chapman Grand apartment complex welcomes first residents

1138:

Other famous adaptive reuse sites in Europe include the

2153:

Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology

236:

Adaptive Reuse Decision-Making Framework and Validation

106:

attractive alternative to new construction in terms of

63: 1164:

mills have been turned into the 69-hectare (170-acre)

1011:, Australia is a conversion of a former grain silo by 1892: 1890: 350:

rates, aesthetics of building and its market value".

718:to residential and commercial uses has occurred in 611:transformer vaults and feeder lines are necessary. 134:see adaptive reuse as an effective way of reducing 1406: 1404: 860:projects. In the United States, especially in the 307:decisions are governed by the following criteria: 2496:"Designers hired for Sault redevelopment project" 2347:Shen, Li-yin; Langston, Craig (2 February 2010). 845:The Western Metal Building as seen during a game. 811:mill into a mixed-use cultural and tourism hub. 1666:Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 182:building regulatory requirements and governance 35:Reuse of an existing building for a new purpose 2760:Conservation and Revitalise Hong Kong Heritage 1375:Built Environment Project and Asset Management 200:Adaptive Reuse and Built Heritage Preservation 1274:Conservation-restoration of cultural heritage 1112:and houses the museum's fine art collection. 807:, an ongoing project to convert the derelict 8: 1583:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1504:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2477:Photo Collections | Edmonton Public Library 2596:"Packing House of Santiago Orange Growers" 2323:Chusid, M (1993). "Once is never enough". 1907: 1905: 1903: 354:style depended on the occupant age group. 2094: 1619: 1440: 194:complexities and uncertainties challenges 147:Benefits and Challenges of Adaptive Reuse 86:Learn how and when to remove this message 1025:Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales 924:Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art 2067:Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 1312: 1071:in London was converted for use as the 1043:and the Design Institute of Australia. 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2146: 2144: 2142: 1576: 1527:http://www.archinode.com/lcaadapt.html 1497: 1195:The Hong Kong government launched the 2810:– graduate program on adaptive reuse 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2384: 2382: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 1918:Systemic Practice and Action Research 1843:Systemic Practice and Action Research 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1219:Types of adaptive reuse interventions 1153:s worldwide top ten bookstores list. 371:reconstruction phase of the project. 209:Adaptive Reuse and Urban Regeneration 7: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1517: 1515: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 903:is an example of a mile-long former 397:, lake eutrophication potential and 2544:Dunlap, David (25 September 2013). 2196:Building Research & Information 588:Mechanical and electrical equipment 418:public amenities on distant plots. 2802:External links and further reading 2766:from the original on 6 March 2008. 2702:South Australian Film Corporation 2670:Williamson, Brett (14 June 2016). 2521:. 4 September 2013. Archived from 2486:. Epl.ca. Retrieved on 2013-12-06. 930:in Long Island, New York, and The 25: 905:Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad 793:Laurentian School of Architecture 218:Adaptive Reuse and Climate Change 2624:Malone, David (4 January 2018). 1612:10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.11.001 1253: 302:Factors affecting adaptive reuse 44: 2779:"〈獨家〉「眼科」吃冰喝珍奶日治建物新景點│TVBS新聞網" 2393:. Workshop: Papers and Reports. 803:in Halifax, and Mill Square in 2630:Building Design + Construction 2458:Will Ferguson – Sandstone City 2012:Sustainable Cities and Society 1741:Sustainable Cities and Society 1: 2808:Rhode Island School of Design 2267:10.1016/s0378-7788(01)00141-4 1551:A., Henehan, Dorothy (2004). 1472:E., Reiner, Laurence (1979). 1433:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.201 1413:Journal of Cleaner Production 690:Disassembly sequence planning 508:Building condition assessment 499:Methodology of adaptive reuse 431:environmental damage such as 241:Identification of Parameters: 2826:Adaptive Reuse Photo Gallery 2433:Reiner, Laurence E. (1979). 1977:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102756 1808:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102756 1041:Housing Industry Association 1003:The Malthouse apartments in 934:Museum in upstate New York. 426:Environmental considerations 254:Advantages of adaptive reuse 180:Typically categorised under 154:Typically categorised under 764:district, both designed by 544:Detailed study of structure 227:Adaptive Reuse Stakeholders 2874: 2659:Carnegie Mellon University 2349:"Adaptive reuse potential" 2290:Journal of Design Research 2087:10.1108/SASBE-08-2021-0139 1930:10.1007/s11213-020-09521-0 1855:10.1007/s11213-020-09521-0 1686:10.1016/j.seta.2022.102945 1269:Architectural conservation 2501:Northern Ontario Business 2365:10.1108/02632771011011369 2216:10.1080/09613210701431210 2032:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101547 1761:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101547 1387:10.1108/20441241111143768 1079:, used to house exhibits. 644:energy efficient lighting 101:refers to the process of 2463:10 December 2013 at the 2435:How to Recycle Buildings 1474:How to recycle buildings 1329:Encyclopedia of the City 1110:National Maritime Museum 1087:One of the entrances to 909:Pratt Street Power Plant 835:Pratt Street Power Plant 633:Designing to save energy 526:Financial considerations 482:Adaptive reuse potential 395:global warming potential 2302:10.1504/jdr.2013.056589 1532:24 January 2017 at the 1331:. Routledge. p. 6. 552:Foundation and basement 517:Survey of neighborhoods 473:Materials and resources 311:Economic considerations 164:cultural and historical 2600:City of Orange Library 1192: 1121:Bankside Power Station 1096: 1080: 1075:. Shown is the former 1069:Bankside Power Station 1016: 980: 945:, the ballpark of the 846: 838: 746: 615:Roof and waterproofing 324: 168:environmental benefits 66:by rewriting it in an 32: 2785:(in Chinese (Taiwan)) 2519:www.mikebloomberg.com 1600:Habitat International 1327:Caves, R. W. (2004). 1284:Historic preservation 1225:Historic preservation 1187: 1169:mixed-use development 1086: 1066: 1002: 966: 939:San Diego, California 844: 833: 766:Quadrangle Architects 755:Gooderham & Worts 744: 445:ozone layer depletion 405:Social considerations 399:ozone layer depletion 391:environmental impacts 318: 248:Framework Validation: 30: 2247:Energy and Buildings 1294:World Heritage Sites 1242:Infrastructure reuse 1050:(2002 to 2011). The 917:Brooklyn Bridge Park 874:Meatpacking District 646:fixtures and so on. 535:Architect’s contract 321:Kelso Home for Girls 2729:. 11 January 2008. 2525:on 11 December 2013 2482:2 July 2013 at the 2325:Building Renovation 2259:2003EneBu..35..129V 2208:2007BuRI...35..602S 2079:2022SSBE...11..181A 2024:2019SusCS..4801547A 1753:2019SusCS..4801547A 1678:2023SETA...5602945A 1425:2018JCPro.183..998S 1300:How Buildings Learn 1261:Architecture portal 751:Distillery District 716:warehouse districts 656:building's envelope 639:energy conservation 624:Stairways and exits 464:Energy conservation 441:ocean acidification 2822:John A. Kilpatrick 2756:"About the Scheme" 2674:. 891 ABC Adelaide 2550:The New York Times 1521:Joachim, M. 2002, 1193: 1097: 1081: 1029:Hyde Park Barracks 1017: 981: 957:Orange, California 953:Chapman University 932:Dia Art Foundation 913:The Hilliard Mills 876:in New York City, 850:Ghirardelli Square 847: 839: 747: 348:employee retention 332:Capital investment 325: 264:building materials 116:urban regeneration 68:encyclopedic style 55:is written like a 33: 2814:On Adaptive Reuse 989:convenience store 977:convenience store 663:Windows and doors 650:Building envelope 561:Structural system 260:cultural heritage 172:energy efficiency 96: 95: 88: 18:Adaptively reused 16:(Redirected from 2865: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2667: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2621: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2511: 2505: 2493: 2487: 2474: 2468: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2430: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2344: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2148: 2117: 2116: 2098: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1909: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1732: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1657: 1642: 1641: 1623: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1582: 1574: 1548: 1537: 1519: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1495: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1444: 1408: 1399: 1398: 1370: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1162:Izrael Poznański 1129:Rachel Whiteread 1052:Torrens Building 1037:Nonda Katsalidis 1013:Nonda Katsalidis 947:San Diego Padres 928:Watermill Center 809:St. Mary's Paper 805:Sault Ste. Marie 801:NSCAD University 774:Granville Island 749:In Toronto, the 455:Water efficiency 112:circular economy 91: 84: 80: 77: 71: 48: 47: 40: 21: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2838: 2837: 2804: 2799: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2494: 2490: 2484:Wayback Machine 2475: 2471: 2465:Wayback Machine 2456: 2452: 2445: 2437:. 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McGraw-Hill. 1471: 1470: 1466: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1372: 1371: 1336: 1326: 1325: 1314: 1309: 1289:Mill conversion 1259: 1252: 1249: 1221: 1209: 1182: 1177: 1125:Olafur Eliasson 1102:Musée du Louvre 1061: 1048:Rann government 997: 955:in the city of 858:mill conversion 828: 762:Liberty Village 711: 706: 701: 692: 683: 674: 665: 652: 635: 626: 617: 590: 581: 572: 563: 554: 546: 537: 528: 519: 510: 501: 484: 475: 466: 457: 449:carbon emission 428: 407: 377: 360: 358:Asset condition 334: 313: 304: 256: 238: 229: 220: 211: 202: 149: 124: 92: 81: 75: 72: 64:help improve it 61: 49: 45: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2853:Urban planning 2850: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2769: 2747: 2714: 2705: 2694: 2685: 2662: 2651: 2642: 2616: 2605: 2587: 2562: 2536: 2506: 2504:, 15 May 2014. 2488: 2469: 2450: 2443: 2396: 2378: 2330: 2315: 2280: 2253:(2): 129–137. 2237: 2202:(6): 602–615. 2186: 2118: 2073:(2): 181–204. 2053: 1998: 1951: 1924:(2): 141–151. 1899: 1886: 1876: 1849:(2): 141–151. 1829: 1782: 1727: 1717: 1707: 1643: 1606:(3): 352–361. 1590: 1562:978-0071384810 1561: 1538: 1523:Adaptive reuse 1511: 1483:978-0070518407 1482: 1464: 1400: 1334: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1160:, Poland, the 1142:branch of the 1060: 1057: 996: 993: 973:Columbus, Ohio 894:Station Square 890:gentrification 827: 824: 816:CFB Cornwallis 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 691: 688: 682: 679: 673: 670: 664: 661: 651: 648: 634: 631: 625: 622: 616: 613: 589: 586: 580: 579:Exterior walls 577: 575:be installed. 571: 568: 562: 559: 553: 550: 545: 542: 536: 533: 527: 524: 518: 515: 509: 506: 500: 497: 483: 480: 474: 471: 465: 462: 456: 453: 437:eutrophication 433:global warming 427: 424: 406: 403: 382:building codes 376: 373: 359: 356: 333: 330: 312: 309: 303: 300: 299: 298: 294: 290: 286: 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