65:
264:
234:
138:
550:
4783:, but instead of using closed party lists, it proposed that seats be filled by the "best runner-up" basis used by the German state of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg, where the compensatory seats are filled by the party's defeated candidates who were the "best near-winner" in each of the state's four regions. It was the way that compensatory seats were allocated that made their report the origin of the additional member system, the term which the report also invented, which was then applied along with the much older "mixed system" by English-speaking writers on voting systems to West Germany's system and similar models until the term
4150:
163:
4609:
3474:
422:
4136:
452:
4157:
2479:
2609:
390:
3897:
3449:
3617:
2512:
4143:
3904:
4732:, with the stated aim of winning list seats for pro-independence candidates. At the party's public launch, Salmond quoted polling suggesting the SNP would receive a million votes in the forthcoming election but win no regional seats. He said that having Alba candidates on the regional lists would end the "wasted votes", and the number of independence supporting MSPs could reach 90 or more.
2525:
4129:
3737:
2494:
3461:
4787:(MMP) was coined for the adoption of the German system proposed for New Zealand in a royal commission report in 1986, which would explain why "AMS" and "MMP" have been used as synonyms. The system the Hansard Society proposed was eventually adopted but with closed lists instead of the "best runner-up" (popularly known in Britain as "best losers") provision for elections to the
3666:. However, the number of seats already won in the local constituencies is taken into account in the calculations for the list seats, and the first average taken in account for each party follows the number of FPTP seats won. For example, if a party won 5 constituency seats, then the first D'Hondt divisor taken for that party would be 6 (5 seats + 1), not 1. In
4741:
4542:(MMP) in New Zealand. As the term additional member system is used here, AMS is unlike some MMP systems more true to their name, because it does not compensate for the disproportionate results caused by a party taking so many district seats that the fixed number of top-up seats cannot compensate. Such is the case where the leading party takes
4492:
representation, in order to be eligible for list seats in some AMS models, a party must earn at least a certain percentage of the total party vote, or no candidates will be elected from the party list. Candidates having won a constituency will still have won their seat. In almost all elections in the
4677:
Although a theoretical possibility, decoy lists are not used in
Scotland, Wales, or other places using AMS in the UK, where most voters vote for candidates from parties with long-standing names. In the run up to the 2007 Scottish election, the Labour party had considered not fielding list candidates
3682:
In a 100 seat assembly 70 members are elected in single-member constituencies. Because the system generally favours the largest party and those parties/candidate that are strong in a particular region, the total result of the constituency (FPP) elections can be very disproportional. In this example,
4978:
To deal with the misunderstanding between "first" and "second" votes, the ballot for the 2007 Scottish
Parliament election was changed as recommended by the Arbuthnott Commission. The British government announced on 22 November 2006 that the two separate ballot papers used in the previous Scottish
4072:
when there are no overhang seats that would need to be compensated; in this case it would have the same outcome as other 'MMP' systems, if the results of the FPTP elections were completely proportional (which is almost never the case in reality). If decoy lists and tactical voting were used (see
3687:
in the popular vote (party A) won a majority of all seats (54), while the second largest party (B) only won 11 districts. One of the two smaller parties (party C) won no districts, despite having 13% support nationwide, but a smaller (regional) party with only 3% nationally did get 5 of their
4967:
In the first election for
Scotland's new Parliament, the majority of voters surveyed misunderstood some key aspects of the difference there between the "first" (constituency) vote and the "second" (regional list) vote; indeed in some ways the understanding worsened in the second election.
3658:
The second vote is used to determine how many additional seats a party may get, which is based on how many seats a party should get in total. Parties receive additional seats to match the vote shares they received as close as possible, making the legislature more representative of voters'
3833:
In the example, additional seats are assigned on a nationwide level. Parties A and D are already overrepresented, so they are not entitled to additional seats. Parties B and C receive top-up seats, as there are only 30, this is not enough to make the results proportional.
4064:
In this example, the assembly size would be increased by 13 seats to compensate for parties B and C's seat deficits under the New
Zealand type 'MMP', and by 65 (which allows parties A, B and C to receive more seats) under a flexible amount of additional leveling seats.
4638:) in a four-region model, where the regional members are the local candidates of the under-represented party in that region who received the most votes in their local constituency without being elected in it, but this model has not been copied in the United Kingdom.
3588:
electoral system. In practice, the proportionality of AMS depends on the number of additional ("top-up") seats and the votes cast in a specific election. In parts of the UK where it is or was used, it produced results closer to mixed-member proportional rather than
4595:. AMS has also been used to mean any system with additional members (both parallel voting and compensatory systems), therefore any two-tiered mixed system with first-past-the-post and additional list members. This is also why some unconventional systems, such as
4955:
The system implemented for the
Scottish Parliament is known to make it more difficult for any one party to win an outright majority, compared to the first-past-the-post system used for general elections to the UK Parliament in Westminster. However, in
4630:, where the second vote is not simply for the party but for one of the candidates on the party's regional list and both votes count for party and candidates so that every vote counts twice (Bavaria uses seven regions for this purpose). In
3643:. In the regional vote, the voter votes for a specific party, but has no control over which candidates from the party are elected. On the other hand, in the constituency vote, the voter votes for a specific candidate rather than a party.
4599:
have also occasionally been descibed as 'additional member systems', although with compensatory systems this was also reinforced by the conflation of compensatory mixed systems and mixed-member proportional representation in general.
4979:
Parliament elections would be replaced for the elections in May 2007 by a single paper, with the left side listing the parties standing for election as regional MSPs and the right side the candidates standing as constituency MSPs.
4060:
were adding to the
Bundestag, to get fully proportional results, but as per the latest reform, parties simply may not keep overhang seats, meaning they might not be able to keep all constituency seats they "won" in.
4713:) stand as independents, to attempt to gain list seats they would not be entitled to if Forward Wales candidates were elected to constituencies in the given region. However the ruse failed: Marek lost his seat in
506:
491:
1256:
4553:
Due to the problem of district contests electing too many members for leading parties (overhang), the AMS systems discussed here, instead of producing fully proportional results, often produce only
3674:, constituency seats are taken into account by subtracting the number of constituency seats that the party won from the number of seats initially won by the party proportionally (over all seats).
2403:
1427:
1413:
3639:
Voters are not required to vote for the same party in the constituency and regional votes. If a voter votes for different parties at the constituency and regional levels this is referred to as
2065:
571:
2567:
2443:
1266:
717:
4687:
4683:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
2127:
692:
2083:
1665:
707:
5370:
557:
2165:
1929:
3502:
344:
4714:
4641:
To produce more proportional results without increasing the number of seats in the chamber, reforms might include changing the way district members are elected. If STV or
696:
585:
349:
2140:
2136:
1287:
1406:
459:
5050:
5488:
2392:
1261:
702:
103:
3620:
The AMS uses two votes and compensation is done by taking into account seats won in FPTP districts. This makes the AMS a seat linkage based mixed electoral system.
4679:
1627:
712:
2368:
4838:
3605:
2070:
1450:
966:
886:
302:
4975:
found references to first and second votes fueled a misconception that the constituency vote should be a first preference and the regional vote a second one.
5478:
4694:
candidates. Before this the Co-operative party had chosen not to field candidates of its own but merely to endorse particular Labour candidates. However the
2560:
2423:
2118:
2045:
2014:
971:
881:
3193:
2388:
2175:
1797:
722:
323:
2340:
1603:
651:
113:
4698:
ruled that as membership of the Co-operative party is dependent on membership of the Labour party they could not be considered distinct legal entities.
4690:
regions, as their constituency strength in the previous two elections had resulted in no list MSPs; instead they proposed to support a list composed of
2315:
2300:
263:
233:
64:
4702:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
472:
5080:
2285:
2280:
4988:
4784:
4584:
4539:
4100:
4094:
4041:
4034:
3624:
In an election using the additional member system, each voter casts two votes: a vote for a candidate standing in their local constituency (with or
3590:
3577:
3225:
3087:
3082:
1327:
732:
38:
5421:
3495:
3188:
2553:
2111:
1778:
1691:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
194:
48:
4550:(extra additional members) are filled in such a way as to ensure parties have proportional representation, but not in the AMS as used in the UK.
2320:
2305:
2218:
2183:
4800:
2870:
2160:
2088:
1659:
1641:
741:
644:
496:
443:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2270:
2188:
4695:
2503:
2433:
2078:
1586:
501:
434:
5340:
3394:
2353:
2240:
2230:
2193:
4827:
2645:
2153:
2123:
2098:
2060:
1822:
1749:
1742:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
564:
297:
2330:
2295:
2290:
2250:
2235:
2225:
2208:
2203:
2198:
1475:
541:
204:
4052:
as well, by adding back that many seats to the assembly if needed, but this is not a perfect correction for the disproportionality. In
2310:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2213:
5365:
3488:
1802:
1379:
532:
367:
118:
74:
4510:
4957:
4721:
2170:
1728:
1337:
1332:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
685:
594:
521:
108:
3389:
4557:. However, even semi-proportional representation is a considered by some a great advance on a electoral system that uses only the
137:
5483:
5004:
4554:
4076:
In all other cases the AMS is more proportional than parallel voting, but sometimes less proportional than 'MMP' in New
Zealand.
3585:
3561:
3379:
3129:
3100:
3040:
1754:
1554:
1549:
1280:
375:
255:
189:
170:
5219:
4753:
3111:
2636:
2438:
681:
663:
630:
5315:
4493:
UK there are no thresholds except the "effective threshold" inherent in the regional structure. However the elections for the
4037:
system (MMM), under which even party A received additional seats, even though it is overrepresented even without getting any.
5402:
4834:
3174:
1974:
1687:
1655:
1519:
1317:
1297:
398:
225:
144:
131:
56:
5058:
3559:
system) in that the "additional member" seats are awarded to parties taking into account seats won in SMDs (referred to as
4904:
Regional party list seats are allocated to try to make sure each party has as fair a share of seats as is possible (True)
4620:
recommended that
Scotland change to a model where the voter can vote for a specific regional candidate as well (called an
4522:
4514:
4502:
2816:
2801:
2786:
2516:
1763:
1524:
549:
271:
4642:
3432:
3052:
2975:
2896:
2540:
2498:
2358:
1942:
1841:
1771:
1758:
1734:
1565:
1560:
4561:
voting system, where the number of seats a party takes only vaguely reflects the number of votes that party receives.
4069:
3655:
first-preference plurality (FPP) system (i.e. in the constituency, the candidate with the most votes takes the seat).
3544:
2864:
2846:
2687:
2408:
1968:
1827:
1634:
668:
599:
276:
3417:
5028:
4780:
4649:(FPP), and thus the available top-up seats could be used to produce more proportional overall chamber composition.
4646:
4498:
4087:
3652:
3308:
3291:
3258:
3238:
3022:
3010:
2980:
2781:
2739:
2672:
2529:
1847:
1496:
1440:
1292:
658:
609:
3116:
2378:
5253:
5190:
4518:
3632:
standing in a wider region made up of multiple constituencies (or a single nationwide constituency). In
Scotland
3164:
3157:
2641:
2373:
1832:
1815:
1792:
1712:
1701:
1445:
1401:
578:
4926:
Unless a party wins at least 5% of the second vote, it is unlikely to win any regional party lists seats (True)
4149:
3671:
3218:
3146:
3135:
2998:
2985:
2968:
2945:
2923:
2886:
2876:
2051:
1783:
1322:
177:
149:
4645:
is used, the district elections are likely to be more proportional than if districts seats are filled through
4025:
If the 30 additional seats in the example were allocated independently by list-PR the system would be called
4961:
4811:
4807:
4710:
4666:" are a trick to unhinge the compensation mechanisms contained into the proportional part of the AMS, so to
3344:
3198:
2881:
2418:
1675:
1646:
1580:
1455:
481:
5155:
4608:
5084:
4999:
4506:
3536:
3524:
3373:
3253:
3183:
2990:
1980:
1359:
637:
217:
37:
For the general term for seat linkage based mixed compensatory electoral systems used outside the UK, see
4893:
No candidate who stands in a constituency contest can be elected as a regional party list member (False)
4972:
4815:
4617:
3625:
3281:
3121:
3005:
2811:
2790:
2722:
2700:
2483:
2363:
1951:
1867:
1312:
5425:
3636:("top-up" seats) are elected by region; in London there is a single London-wide pooling of list votes.
3473:
3339:
162:
4631:
3412:
3399:
3367:
2631:
1707:
1697:
1433:
1238:
1233:
184:
5106:
4135:
5120:
4788:
4763:
4558:
3640:
3597:
3318:
3152:
2805:
2093:
1900:
1670:
1609:
1514:
1509:
1470:
1419:
199:
86:
5270:
5054:
4691:
4483:
3684:
3478:
3349:
2960:
2744:
1924:
1860:
1807:
1650:
1374:
604:
383:
96:
3427:
4915:
The number of seats won by each party is decided by the number of first votes they get (False)
5398:
5392:
5163:
5128:
4823:
4156:
3663:
3662:
In the model of the AMS as used in the United
Kingdom, the regional seats are divided using a
3384:
3354:
3276:
3213:
3047:
2774:
2749:
2732:
2600:
1837:
1489:
1485:
1480:
335:
314:
288:
5409:
Proportion of respondents giving correct answers to knowledge quiz about the electoral system
5262:
4882:
People are given two votes so that they can show their first and second preferences (False)
3465:
3422:
3313:
3301:
3015:
2891:
2717:
2711:
2693:
2682:
2677:
2665:
2626:
2588:
2148:
2036:
2028:
2007:
1991:
1593:
1544:
1394:
1384:
421:
354:
284:
5023:
4748:(Welsh Parliament) is one of the legislative bodies that used the additional member system.
5378:
5374:
5176:
5141:
4993:
4796:
4779:
recommended that a mixed electoral system in a form different from the German be used for
4776:
4769:
4671:
4588:
4569:
4494:
4405:
4108:
4026:
3601:
3552:
3453:
3286:
3141:
3106:
3027:
2938:
2841:
2764:
2706:
2584:
1919:
1717:
1364:
1346:
622:
245:
91:
31:
4833:
The AMS system in use in the London Assembly would have been used for the other proposed
2608:
17:
4547:
4049:
3548:
3528:
3323:
3263:
3248:
3059:
2928:
2903:
2754:
2465:
1985:
1680:
1573:
1569:
413:
3616:
3448:
5472:
5422:"Parliament in depth: Electoral System: Electoral system for the Scottish Parliament"
5274:
5266:
4706:
4543:
4057:
3581:
3332:
3032:
2820:
2658:
2621:
2596:
464:
331:
5246:"Electoral System Reviews in New Zealand, Britain and Canada: A Critical Comparison"
3896:
5288:
4725:
4591:, which is not a compensatory system and in New Zealand was offered under the name
4538:
AMS is used by some as another term to mean the broadly same type of system called
3596:
This article focuses on the use of the AMS in the UK. The AMS is used to elect the
3580:(MMP), however, when failing to reach proportionality (as it cannot compensate for
3072:
2836:
2829:
2759:
2021:
1724:
1502:
451:
429:
310:
5447:
4850:
Scottish Parliament Election Study 1999 and Scottish Social Attitudes Survey 2003
389:
3576:
AMS is the name given to a particular system used in the UK that aims to provide
4635:
4580:
4045:
3667:
3540:
2950:
2908:
2851:
2796:
1910:
1369:
526:
477:
405:
239:
156:
81:
4871:
You are allowed to vote for the same party on the first and second vote (True)
3688:
candidates elected, as their voters were concentrated in those constituencies.
5245:
4729:
4663:
4489:
4142:
4073:
below), the results under the AMS would be the same as under parallel voting.
3903:
3629:
3532:
2002:
1787:
1352:
4819:
4622:
4128:
3736:
3539:(SMDs), and a fixed number of other "additional members" are elected from a
2918:
2913:
1996:
1614:
1529:
5391:
Catherine Bromley; John Curtice; David McCrone; Alison Park (4 July 2006).
3651:
The first vote is used to elect a member from their constituency under the
3460:
4759:
4596:
3169:
2511:
1957:
1882:
1877:
1463:
5156:
https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/voting-systems/
4546:
and the legislature has a fixed number of seats. In 'true' MMP systems,
5341:"Alex Salmond to lead new Alba Party into Scottish Parliament election"
5316:"A gameable electoral system? The Additional Member System in Scotland"
4740:
4627:
4053:
3633:
2955:
2493:
1963:
1305:
4841:, the Government abolished all the regional assemblies in 2008-2010.
4818:
for electing members from single-member constituencies, and regional
4792:
4745:
2398:
1598:
4739:
4626:), but this has not been implemented. A similar system is used in
4607:
3615:
2524:
1537:
4826:'s earlier manifesto promises, no referendum was held before the
5121:
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn04458/
2455:
1888:
4044:(MMP), like the ones used for electing the national parliament
5107:"Historic Act strengthens democracy in Wales | GOV.WALES"
4497:
have a threshold of 5% which has at times denied seats to the
2460:
5367:
Report of the Hansard Society Commission on Electoral Reform
4634:
there are no lists; they use the "best near-winner" method (
2607:
2404:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
4717:
and Forward Wales failed to qualify for any top-up seats.
718:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
4587:(1984–1986). The term AMS has been conflated also with
4837:
of England, but after the overwhelming No vote in the
708:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
4572:, has been confused in the literature with the term
3604:(with at-large top-up seats) and formerly the Welsh
5191:"How Does South Korea's New Election System Work?"
4612:The Scottish elections are divided into two tiers.
3543:to make the seat distribution in the chamber more
697:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
5448:"Scottish election: SNP majority for second term"
4799:, but not for that proposed for elections to the
1288:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
4814:(AV+). This would have involved the use of the
3569:) – these are ignored under parallel voting (a
713:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
4839:2004 North East England devolution referendum
4728:announced his leadership of the newly formed
4709:had its candidates (including sitting leader
3496:
2561:
8:
4488:As in many systems containing or based upon
2119:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2046:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2015:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
27:Mixed voting method used Scotland and London
5397:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 126.
5314:Society, The Constitution (21 April 2021).
4068:The additional member system might provide
723:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
4653:Strategic manipulation and tactical voting
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
3902:
3895:
3735:
3503:
3489:
2579:
2568:
2554:
1666:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1604:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
43:
4996:(non-compensatory equivalents of the AMS)
1042:European Parliament elections (1979–2019)
4989:Mixed-member proportional representation
4848:
4585:Royal Commission on the Electoral System
4540:mixed-member proportional representation
4078:
3836:
3690:
3591:mixed-member majoritarian representation
3578:mixed-member proportional representation
39:Mixed-member proportional representation
5015:
3628:an affiliated party), and a vote for a
3600:(in a regionalized top-up system), the
2595:
55:
5489:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom
5172:
5161:
5137:
5126:
3555:for the list seats (also known as the
3523:) or is a two vote seat-linkage-based
2089:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
5424:. Scottish Parliament. Archived from
5081:"Electoral Reform and Voting Systems"
4083:
4081:
2434:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2079:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
7:
5214:
5212:
5024:"Additional-member system: Politics"
4830:and the statement was not repeated.
4048:, at least partially compensate for
2154:British National (Overseas) passport
2099:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2061:British Overseas Territories citizen
1555:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1451:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
5479:Semi-proportional electoral systems
5195:Korea Economic Institute of America
4443:Number of (extra) leveling seats =
4440:Fixed number of compensatory seats
4418:10.25 (moderately disproportional)
3647:Counting votes and allocating seats
1148:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
205:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
4964:won 69 seats, a majority of four.
25:
4722:2021 Scottish Parliament election
4579:(in the broader sense) coined by
4529:Definitions and variations of AMS
4449:As many leveling seats as needed
4042:mixed-member proportional systems
1333:Greater London Authority Act 1999
5267:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00232.x
5083:. Politics.co.uk. Archived from
5005:Semi-proportional representation
4860:Question (and correct response)
4806:This system was proposed by the
4555:semi-proportional representation
3472:
3459:
3447:
3395:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
3041:Semi-proportional representation
2673:First preference plurality (FPP)
2523:
2510:
2492:
2477:
548:
450:
420:
388:
262:
232:
161:
136:
63:
4754:elections in the United Kingdom
4421:4.97 (considered proportional)
4412:31.55 (highly disproportional)
4122:True MMP (with leveling seats)
4116:Additional member system (AMS)
2439:United Nations Security Council
119:Other constitutional principles
5244:Lundberg, Thomas Carl (2007).
4112:(supplementary member system)
3433:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
3390:Moulin's impossibility theorem
3355:Conflicting majorities paradox
1975:British Indian Ocean Territory
1520:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1318:English votes for English laws
1298:Council of Nations and Regions
57:Politics of the United Kingdom
1:
4511:Respect – The Unity Coalition
4459:United Kingdom, among others
3259:Frustrated majorities paradox
2094:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1525:Scottish statutory instrument
1100:Scottish Parliament elections
586:Justices of the Supreme Court
4703:2007 Welsh Assembly election
4402:Index of disproportionality
3551:. It is distinct from using
3428:Condorcet dominance theorems
3368:Social and collective choice
2359:politics of Northern Ireland
1561:Government of Wales Act 1998
693:UK Parliament constituencies
5289:"Mixed-member proportional"
4822:. However, contrary to the
4593:supplementary member system
4455:This type of system used in
4424:0.25 (highly proportional)
4070:proportional representation
4021:Compared to similar systems
3094:By mechanism of combination
2865:Proportional representation
1969:British Antarctic Territory
1293:Legislative consent motions
435:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
32:Supplementary member system
5505:
4869:
4781:UK parliamentary elections
4647:first-preference plurality
4499:Christian Peoples Alliance
4481:
3292:Multiple districts paradox
3023:Fractional approval voting
3011:Interactive representation
2409:UK–EU withdrawal agreement
36:
29:
5394:Has Devolution Delivered?
5254:Government and Opposition
4854:
4785:mixed member proportional
4574:mixed member proportional
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4445:number of overhang seats
4442:
4439:
4436:
4434:Only first-past-the-post
4433:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4401:
4163:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4107:
4101:mixed-member proportional
4098:
4095:Mixed-member majoritarian
4093:
4035:mixed-member majoritarian
3901:
3894:
3839:
3734:
3693:
3239:Paradoxes and pathologies
3088:Mixed-member proportional
3083:Mixed-member majoritarian
3078:By results of combination
2969:Approval-based committees
2484:United Kingdom portal
2374:Northern Ireland Protocol
1713:Non-metropolitan District
1402:Northern Ireland Act 1998
652:Monetary Policy Committee
104:Parliamentary sovereignty
5320:The Constitution Society
5224:The Constitution Society
4752:The AMS is used in some
4566:additional member system
4415:22.01 (disproportional)
4119:Overhang seats re-added
4084:Constituency seats only
4033:system. This would be a
3672:largest remainder method
3517:additional member system
3418:Condorcet's jury theorem
3219:Double simultaneous vote
3194:Rural–urban proportional
3189:Dual-member proportional
3151:
3140:
3107:Parallel (superposition)
2999:Fractional social choice
2986:Expanding approvals rule
2815:
2800:
2785:
2716:
2705:
2681:
2052:Turks and Caicos Islands
1323:Greater London Authority
473:Leader of the Opposition
178:William, Prince of Wales
47:This article is part of
30:Not to be confused with
18:Additional-member system
5484:Mixed electoral systems
5373:31 October 2015 at the
5029:Encyclopædia Britannica
4962:Scottish National Party
4812:Alternative vote top-up
4568:, as introduced by the
3537:single-member districts
3345:Tyranny of the majority
3122:Fusion (majority bonus)
2939:Quota-remainder methods
1798:Community council areas
1676:Non-metropolitan county
1456:Law of Northern Ireland
5000:Mixed electoral system
4855:% answering correctly
4808:Independent Commission
4749:
4613:
4519:Women's Equality Party
4507:British National Party
3621:
3584:) it is classified as
3547:to the votes cast for
3525:mixed electoral system
3479:Mathematics portal
3385:Majority impossibility
3374:Impossibility theorems
3170:Negative vote transfer
2991:Method of equal shares
2612:
2137:Diplomatic missions of
1981:British Virgin Islands
4973:Arbuthnott Commission
4828:2001 general election
4743:
4724:, former SNP leader,
4618:Arbuthnott Commission
4611:
4462:Russia, among others
4103:type of system (MMP)
3653:"first-past-the-post"
3619:
3282:Best-is-worst paradox
3271:Pathological response
3006:Direct representation
2659:Single-winner methods
2611:
2379:British–Irish Council
2364:Good Friday Agreement
2176:Free trade agreements
2141:in the United Kingdom
1952:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1868:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1428:deputy First Minister
1313:Governance of England
324:Deputy Prime Minister
5051:"Elections in Wales"
4701:In contrast, in the
4696:Electoral Commission
4471:formerly in Germany
4437:Independent PR tier
4040:Some systems called
4031:supplementary member
3557:supplementary member
3466:Economics portal
3413:Median voter theorem
2632:Comparative politics
1943:Overseas Territories
1708:Metropolitan Borough
1434:Emma Little-Pengelly
1375:Combined authorities
733:UK general elections
200:Counsellors of State
114:Separation of powers
5428:on 29 November 2014
5220:"Electoral systems"
4851:
4835:regional assemblies
4789:Scottish Parliament
4764:Scottish Parliament
4559:first-past-the-post
3846:Constituency seats
3709:Constituency seats
3700:Constituency seats
3641:split-ticket voting
3598:Scottish Parliament
3454:Politics portal
3165:Vote linkage system
3136:Seat linkage system
2723:Ranked-choice (RCV)
2166:UK–CD Customs Union
1930:UK-CD Customs Union
1901:Bailiwick of Jersey
1688:Unitary authorities
1671:Metropolitan county
1656:Ceremonial counties
1610:Act of Senedd Cymru
1515:Scottish Parliament
1471:Scottish devolution
5295:. 28 November 2020
5055:Cardiff University
4849:
4810:in 1999, known as
4750:
4692:Co-operative Party
4614:
4484:Election threshold
3622:
3350:Discursive dilemma
3309:Lesser evil voting
3184:Supermixed systems
2887:Largest remainders
2745:Round-robin voting
2613:
1925:Common Travel Area
1861:Crown Dependencies
1828:Preserved counties
1808:Shires of Scotland
384:King-in-Parliament
5171:Missing or empty
5136:Missing or empty
4953:
4952:
4632:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
4604:Variations of AMS
4523:the 2016 election
4515:the 2004 election
4503:the 2000 election
4475:
4474:
4465:Scotland, London
4167:Popular vote (%)
4018:
4017:
3861:Additional seats
3849:Additional seats
3843:Popular vote (%)
3831:
3830:
3703:Additional seats
3697:Popular vote (%)
3683:the party with a
3670:, which uses the
3586:semi-proportional
3513:
3512:
3400:Gibbard's theorem
3340:Dominance paradox
3277:Perverse response
2981:Phragmen's method
2847:Majority judgment
2775:Positional voting
2733:Condorcet methods
2601:electoral systems
2578:
2577:
2369:UK–Ireland border
2161:Visa requirements
2112:Foreign relations
2066:Visa requirements
2040:
2031:
2024:
1848:Historic counties
1735:Historic counties
1481:Scotland Act 1998
703:Political parties
600:England and Wales
533:King-on-the-Bench
465:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
100:
16:(Redirected from
5496:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5388:
5382:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5250:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5159:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5124:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5061:on 30 March 2016
5057:. Archived from
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5020:
4852:
4820:open party lists
4816:Alternative Vote
4801:House of Commons
4688:Central Scotland
4684:West of Scotland
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4079:
3906:
3899:
3837:
3739:
3691:
3571:non-compensatory
3505:
3498:
3491:
3477:
3476:
3464:
3463:
3452:
3451:
3407:Positive results
3302:Strategic voting
3199:Majority jackpot
3156:
3145:
3016:Liquid democracy
2892:National remnant
2882:Highest averages
2819:
2804:
2789:
2721:
2712:Alternative vote
2710:
2694:Partisan primary
2686:
2627:Mechanism design
2580:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2504:Northern Ireland
2497:
2496:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2419:The Commonwealth
2048:
2037:Tristan da Cunha
2035:
2029:Ascension Island
2027:
2019:
2017:
2008:Pitcairn Islands
1992:Falkland Islands
1954:
1891:
1743:Northern Ireland
1545:Welsh devolution
1420:Michelle O'Neill
1395:Northern Ireland
1385:Cornwall Council
1201:Senedd elections
645:Deputy governors
610:Northern Ireland
572:Deputy President
552:
454:
444:House of Commons
424:
392:
285:Starmer ministry
266:
236:
165:
140:
94:
67:
44:
21:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5379:Hansard Society
5375:Wayback Machine
5364:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5347:. 26 March 2021
5339:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5226:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5200:
5198:
5197:. 15 April 2020
5189:
5188:
5184:
5170:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5135:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5109:. 24 June 2024.
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5087:on 8 April 2020
5079:
5078:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5034:
5032:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5013:
4994:Parallel voting
4985:
4847:
4797:London Assembly
4777:Hansard Society
4770:London Assembly
4738:
4672:parallel voting
4660:
4655:
4606:
4589:parallel voting
4570:Hansard Society
4536:
4531:
4495:London Assembly
4486:
4480:
4109:Parallel voting
4027:parallel voting
4023:
3855:Overhang seats
3680:
3649:
3614:
3602:London Assembly
3553:parallel voting
3535:are elected in
3533:representatives
3509:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3404:
3380:Arrow's theorem
3370:
3360:
3359:
3328:
3298:
3287:No-show paradox
3268:
3254:Cloning paradox
3244:Spoiler effects
3241:
3231:
3230:
3205:
3092:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3037:
3028:Maximal lottery
2995:
2976:Thiele's method
2965:
2935:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2842:Approval voting
2830:Cardinal voting
2826:
2771:
2765:Maximal lottery
2729:
2661:
2651:
2574:
2545:
2541:Other countries
2536:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2491:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2452:
2430:
2415:
2385:
2350:
2180:
2145:
2133:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2075:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1962:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1920:British Islands
1916:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1870:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1833:Principal areas
1819:
1812:
1775:
1768:
1746:
1739:
1638:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1563:
1552:
1550:1997 referendum
1541:
1534:
1483:
1476:1997 referendum
1467:
1460:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1365:London Assembly
1360:Mayoral cabinet
1347:Mayor of London
1335:
1328:1998 referendum
1309:
1302:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1036:
737:
736:
728:
688:
674:
673:
655:
625:
623:Bank of England
615:
614:
591:
537:
529:
524:
514:
513:
492:59th Parliament
488:
485:
476:
463:
439:
433:
409:
394:
387:
370:
360:
359:
341:
339:
327:
318:
306:
292:
280:
251:
246:King-in-Council
242:
220:
210:
209:
181:
134:
124:
123:
92:Treaty of Union
77:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5502:
5500:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5439:
5413:
5403:
5383:
5358:
5332:
5306:
5280:
5261:(4): 471–490.
5236:
5208:
5182:
5147:
5112:
5098:
5072:
5042:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4984:
4981:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4846:
4843:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4737:
4734:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4605:
4602:
4577:representation
4548:leveling seats
4544:overhang seats
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:68 (11+23+34)
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4082:
4056:formerly even
4050:overhang seats
4022:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3858:Seats deficit
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3679:
3676:
3664:D'Hondt method
3648:
3645:
3613:
3610:
3582:overhang seats
3529:United Kingdom
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3327:
3326:
3324:Turkey-raising
3321:
3316:
3311:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3264:Center squeeze
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Spoiler effect
3242:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3208:By ballot type
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:Limited voting
3057:
3056:
3055:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2929:Localized list
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2897:Biproportional
2894:
2889:
2884:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2825:
2824:
2809:
2794:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2714:
2701:Instant-runoff
2698:
2697:
2696:
2688:Jungle primary
2675:
2664:Single vote -
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2506:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2389:European Union
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2124:Foreign policy
2121:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2032:
2025:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:Cayman Islands
1983:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1803:Civil parishes
1800:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1752:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1725:Civil parishes
1722:
1721:
1720:
1718:London Borough
1715:
1710:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1681:Greater London
1678:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1628:Administration
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1581:First Minister
1577:
1574:Wales Act 2017
1570:Wales Act 2014
1558:
1547:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1497:First Minister
1493:
1478:
1473:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1414:First Minister
1410:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1249:UK referendums
1247:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
882:1910 (Jan–Feb)
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
742:1801 co-option
738:
730:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
689:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
649:
648:
635:
634:
626:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
595:United Kingdom
590:
589:
579:The Lord Hodge
576:
575:
562:
561:
546:
545:
525:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
510:
509:
499:
494:
487:
486:
468:
467:
448:
447:
438:
437:
418:
417:
414:House of Lords
403:
402:
380:
379:
371:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
347:
329:
328:
308:
307:
298:Prime Minister
282:
281:
260:
259:
230:
229:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
175:
174:
154:
153:
135:
130:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
89:
87:Bill of Rights
84:
78:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5501:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5307:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5240:
5237:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5178:
5165:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5143:
5130:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:In 1976, the
4771:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4707:Forward Wales
4704:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4610:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4477:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4431:
4427:
4409:
4407:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4268:41 (11+23+7)
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:71 (54+0+17)
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3659:preferences.
3656:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3612:How AMS works
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:May's theorem
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:majority rule
3331:Paradoxes of
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:Mixed systems
3069:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3033:Random ballot
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:Apportionment
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2812:Antiplurality
2810:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Condorcet-IRV
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Social choice
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:Social choice
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2424:member states
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:United States
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:Visa policies
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
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1793:Council areas
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1587:Eluned Morgan
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638:Andrew Bailey
633:
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560:
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542:Supreme Court
539:
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396:
395:
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391:
385:
378:
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376:UK Parliament
373:
372:
369:
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
340:
337:
333:
332:Angela Rayner
326:
325:
321:
320:
319:
316:
312:
304:
300:
299:
295:
294:
293:
290:
286:
278:
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269:
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267:
265:
258:
257:
256:HM Government
253:
252:
250:
249:
247:
241:
237:
235:
228:
227:
226:Privy Council
223:
222:
219:
214:
213:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
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188:
186:
183:
182:
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173:
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171:Heir apparent
168:
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159:
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147:
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142:
141:
139:
133:
128:
127:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
98:
97:Acts of Union
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
76:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
5456:. Retrieved
5454:. 7 May 2011
5451:
5442:
5430:. Retrieved
5426:the original
5416:
5408:
5393:
5386:
5366:
5361:
5349:. Retrieved
5345:The National
5344:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5319:
5309:
5297:. Retrieved
5292:
5283:
5258:
5252:
5239:
5227:. Retrieved
5223:
5199:. Retrieved
5194:
5185:
5173:|title=
5150:
5138:|title=
5115:
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5085:the original
5075:
5063:. Retrieved
5059:the original
5045:
5033:. Retrieved
5027:
5018:
4977:
4970:
4966:
4954:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4832:
4824:Labour Party
4805:
4774:
4768:London: the
4751:
4726:Alex Salmond
4719:
4700:
4676:
4670:establish a
4667:
4661:
4640:
4621:
4615:
4592:
4576:
4573:
4565:
4563:
4552:
4537:
4487:
4468:New Zealand
4454:
4444:
4429:
4403:
4314:21 (0+7+14)
4228:54 (54+0+0)
4111:
4085:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4039:
4030:
4024:
3983:
3978:
3955:
3950:
3927:
3922:
3885:
3880:
3864:Total seats
3852:Total seats
3832:
3800:
3795:
3777:
3772:
3754:
3749:
3724:
3719:
3706:Total seats
3681:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3638:
3634:list members
3623:
3595:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:compensation
3560:
3556:
3545:proportional
3527:used in the
3520:
3516:
3514:
3406:
3405:
3372:
3330:
3329:
3314:Exaggeration
3300:
3299:
3270:
3269:
3243:
3207:
3206:
3175:Mixed ballot
3130:Compensatory
3128:
3101:compensatory
3098:
3093:
3077:
3039:
3038:
2997:
2996:
2967:
2966:
2937:
2936:
2924:List-free PR
2869:
2837:Score voting
2828:
2827:
2773:
2772:
2760:Ranked pairs
2731:
2730:
2663:
2316:South Africa
2301:Saudi Arabia
2022:Saint Helena
1814:
1784:Subdivisions
1770:
1755:Subdivisions
1741:
1647:Subdivisions
1633:
1579:
1536:
1503:John Swinney
1495:
1462:
1426:
1412:
1393:
1380:Metro mayors
1345:
1304:
1248:
1244:
1200:
1196:
1147:
1143:
1099:
1095:
1041:
1037:
731:
727:
650:
643:
636:
629:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
547:
540:
530:
471:
458:
449:
442:
430:Lord Speaker
428:
419:
412:
404:
397:
381:
374:
330:
322:
311:Keir Starmer
309:
296:
283:
270:
261:
254:
243:
238:
231:
224:
185:Royal family
176:
169:
160:
155:
143:
75:Constitution
5432:23 November
5325:4 September
5299:9 September
5229:4 September
5201:20 November
4664:decoy lists
4662:So-called "
4658:Decoy lists
4636:Zweitmandat
4581:New Zealand
4534:AMS vs. MMP
4517:), and the
4430:Method used
4308:13 (0+7+6)
4262:34 (11+23)
4256:24 (11+13)
4216:67 (54+13)
4046:New Zealand
3668:South Korea
3549:party lists
3541:closed list
3531:where most
3214:Single vote
3117:Conditional
3112:Coexistence
2961:Quota Borda
2951:Schulze STV
2909:Closed list
2852:STAR voting
2797:Borda count
2286:New Zealand
2281:Netherlands
2171:Visa policy
2149:UK passport
1911:Isle of Man
1838:Communities
1788:Sheriffdoms
1606:(1999–2011)
1370:London Plan
686:referendums
527:Charles III
507:List of MPs
478:Rishi Sunak
406:Charles III
368:Legislature
345:Departments
240:Charles III
195:Prerogative
157:Charles III
145:The Monarch
109:Rule of law
82:Magna Carta
5473:Categories
5404:0748627014
5293:electowiki
5011:References
4730:Alba Party
4711:John Marek
4490:party-list
4482:See also:
4354:5 (5+0+0)
4348:5 (5+0+0)
4222:54 (54+0)
4197:Share (%)
4191:Share (%)
4185:Share (%)
4179:Share (%)
4173:Share (%)
4058:more seats
3630:party list
3319:Truncation
3048:Cumulative
2871:Party-list
2646:By country
2637:Comparison
2003:Montserrat
1594:Government
1510:Government
1353:Sadiq Khan
1281:Devolution
972:1974 (Oct)
967:1974 (Feb)
887:1910 (Dec)
659:Currencies
497:Opposition
190:Succession
5275:153862834
4623:open list
4564:The term
4513:(both in
4478:Threshold
4406:Gallagher
4394:70+30+65
4388:70+30+13
3685:plurality
3573:method).
3226:Dual-vote
2919:Panachage
2914:Open list
2904:List type
2782:Plurality
2678:Two-round
2666:plurality
2589:Economics
2321:Palestine
2306:Singapore
2219:Hong Kong
2184:Australia
2084:UK-OT JMC
1997:Gibraltar
1764:Districts
1698:Districts
1615:Welsh law
1530:Scots law
1441:Executive
682:Elections
664:Banknotes
558:President
522:Judiciary
350:Ministers
218:Executive
132:The Crown
5452:BBC News
5371:Archived
5351:26 March
5164:cite web
5129:cite web
5091:25 March
5065:25 March
5035:24 March
4983:See also
4845:Scotland
4760:Scotland
4674:system.
4668:de facto
4597:scorporo
4342:5 (5+0)
4336:5 (5+0)
4324:Party D
4302:7 (0+7)
4296:3 (0+3)
4284:Party C
4244:Party B
4204:Party A
4099:Broadly
3969:Party D
3941:Party C
3913:Party B
3871:Party A
3792:Party D
3769:Party C
3746:Party B
3716:Party A
3567:"top-up"
2946:Hare STV
2585:Politics
2583:A joint
2517:Scotland
2346:Zimbabwe
2336:Portugal
2326:Pakistan
2271:Malaysia
2189:Barbados
1958:Anguilla
1883:Alderney
1878:Guernsey
1772:Scotland
1759:Counties
1566:2006 Act
1490:2016 Act
1486:2012 Act
1464:Scotland
1446:Assembly
1407:2006 Act
1338:2007 Act
631:Governor
605:Scotland
355:Agencies
49:a series
5458:5 April
4938:Average
4720:In the
4715:Wrexham
4680:Glasgow
4678:in the
4628:Bavaria
4505:), the
4054:Germany
3678:Example
3626:without
2956:CPO-STV
2806:Baldwin
2755:Schulze
2750:Minimax
2668:methods
2499:England
2393:history
2354:Ireland
2241:Germany
2231:Denmark
2194:Belgium
2128:history
1964:Bermuda
1823:History
1779:History
1750:History
1651:Regions
1642:History
1635:England
1306:England
792:1832–33
460:Speaker
272:Cabinet
5401:
5381:, 1976
5273:
4960:, the
4793:Senedd
4762:: the
4746:Senedd
4686:, and
4382:70+30
4376:70+30
4364:TOTAL
4194:Seats
4188:Seats
4182:Seats
4176:Seats
4170:Seats
4164:Party
3997:TOTAL
3840:Party
3815:TOTAL
3694:Party
3606:Senedd
2821:Coombs
2591:series
2399:Brexit
2331:Poland
2296:Russia
2291:Norway
2251:Israel
2236:France
2226:Cyprus
2209:Canada
2204:Brunei
2199:Belize
1599:Senedd
5271:S2CID
5249:(PDF)
4866:2003
4863:1999
4397:100%
4391:100%
4385:100%
4379:100%
4373:100%
4367:100%
4029:or a
4000:100%
3818:100%
3158:'MMP'
3147:'AMS'
2530:Wales
2311:Spain
2276:Malta
2266:Kenya
2261:Japan
2256:Italy
2246:India
2214:China
1816:Wales
1538:Wales
669:Coins
5460:2017
5434:2014
5399:ISBN
5353:2021
5327:2024
5301:2024
5231:2024
5203:2021
5177:help
5142:help
5093:2016
5067:2016
5037:2016
4971:The
4958:2011
4932:25%
4929:26%
4921:26%
4918:30%
4910:24%
4907:31%
4899:33%
4896:43%
4888:48%
4885:63%
4877:64%
4874:78%
4795:and
4744:The
4643:SNTV
4616:The
4521:(in
4501:(in
4317:13%
4311:12%
4287:13%
4277:41%
4271:36%
4265:34%
4259:24%
4253:16%
4247:41%
4237:43%
4231:48%
4225:54%
4219:67%
4213:77%
4207:43%
4088:FPTP
4009:100
3944:13%
3916:41%
3890:+11
3874:43%
3827:100
3515:The
3099:Non-
3053:SNTV
2642:List
2599:and
2587:and
2456:NATO
1889:Sark
1842:list
1729:list
1702:list
1692:list
1660:list
1267:2016
1262:2011
1257:1975
1239:Next
1234:2021
1229:2016
1224:2011
1219:2007
1214:2003
1209:1999
1191:Next
1186:2022
1181:2017
1176:2016
1171:2011
1166:2007
1161:2003
1156:1998
1138:Next
1133:2021
1128:2016
1123:2011
1118:2007
1113:2003
1108:1999
1090:2019
1085:2014
1080:2009
1075:2004
1070:1999
1065:1994
1060:1989
1055:1984
1050:1979
1032:2024
1027:2019
1022:2017
1017:2015
1012:2010
1007:2005
1002:2001
997:1997
992:1992
987:1987
982:1983
977:1979
962:1970
957:1966
952:1964
947:1959
942:1955
937:1951
932:1950
927:1945
922:1935
917:1931
912:1929
907:1924
902:1923
897:1922
892:1918
877:1906
872:1900
867:1895
862:1892
857:1886
852:1885
847:1880
842:1874
837:1868
832:1865
827:1859
822:1857
817:1852
812:1847
807:1841
802:1837
797:1835
787:1831
782:1830
777:1826
772:1820
767:1818
762:1812
757:1807
752:1806
747:1802
684:and
399:King
303:list
277:list
150:list
5263:doi
4948:37%
4943:45%
4736:Use
4583:'s
4525:).
4370:70
4357:3%
4351:4%
4345:5%
4339:5%
4333:7%
4327:3%
4305:7%
4299:3%
4293:0%
4250:11
4210:54
4012:13
4006:30
4003:70
3988:+2
3972:3%
3919:11
3877:54
3824:30
3821:70
3773:13%
3750:41%
3720:43%
3608:.
3593:.
3565:or
3521:AMS
2817:el.
2802:el.
2791:IRV
2787:el.
2461:G20
502:MPs
5475::
5450:.
5407:.
5377:,
5343:.
5318:.
5291:.
5269:.
5259:42
5257:.
5251:.
5222:.
5211:^
5193:.
5168::
5166:}}
5162:{{
5133::
5131:}}
5127:{{
5053:.
5026:.
4803:.
4791:,
4705:,
4682:,
4509:,
4408:)
4330:5
4290:0
4090:)
3975:5
3962:6
3947:0
3934:7
3928:34
3923:23
3886:54
3808:?
3805:?
3796:3%
3785:?
3782:?
3762:?
3759:?
3755:11
3732:?
3729:?
3725:54
3153:NZ
3142:UK
2718:US
2707:UK
2690:)
2683:US
2466:G7
2444:P5
2395:)
2139:/
1786::
1757::
1704:)
1649::
1572:,
1568:,
1488:,
51:on
5462:.
5436:.
5355:.
5329:.
5303:.
5277:.
5265::
5233:.
5205:.
5179:)
5175:(
5158:.
5144:)
5140:(
5123:.
5095:.
5069:.
5039:.
4404:(
4086:(
3984:5
3979:0
3956:7
3951:7
3881:0
3801:5
3778:0
3519:(
3504:e
3497:t
3490:v
3155::
3144::
2823:)
2814:(
2808:)
2799:(
2793:)
2784:(
2720::
2709::
2685::
2680:(
2648:)
2644:(
2569:e
2562:t
2555:v
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