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object. As additive manufacturing technology evolved from producing primarily single-material, homogenous shapes to producing multi-material geometries in full color with functionally graded materials and microstructures, there was a growing need for a standard interchange file format that could support these features. A second factor that ushered the development of the standard was the improving resolution of additive manufacturing technologies. As the fidelity of printing processes approached micron scale resolution, the number of triangles required to describe smooth curved surfaces resulted in unacceptably large file sizes.
243:
782:: The file format must describe an object in a general way such that any machine can build it to the best of its ability. It is resolution and layer-thickness independent, and does not contain information specific to any one manufacturing process or technique. This does not negate the inclusion of properties that only certain advanced machines support (for example, color, multiple materials, etc.), but these are defined in such a way as to avoid exclusivity.
702:
order to reduce the number of mesh elements required to describe a curved surface. The curvature information has been shown to reduce the error of a spherical surface by a factor of 1000 as compared to a surface described by the same number of planar triangles. Curvature should not create a deviation from the plane of the flat triangle that exceeds 50% of the largest dimension of the triangle.
794:: The file format should scale well with increase in part complexity and size, and with the improving resolution and accuracy of manufacturing equipment. This includes being able to handle large arrays of identical objects, complex repeated internal features (e.g. meshes), smooth curved surfaces with fine printing resolution, and multiple components arranged in an optimal packing for printing.
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object. An AMF file can also specify the material and the color of each volume, as well as the color of each triangle in the mesh. The AMF file is compressed using the zip compression format, but the ".amf" file extension is retained. A minimal AMF reader implementation must be able to decompress an AMF file and import at least geometry information (ignoring curvature).
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812:: In order to remain useful in a rapidly changing industry, this file format must be easily extensible while remaining compatible with earlier versions and technologies. This allows new features to be added as advances in technology warrant, while still working flawlessly for simple homogenous geometries on the oldest hardware.
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Below is a simple AMF file describing a pyramid made of two materials, adapted from the AMF tutorial (548 bytes compressed). To create this AMF file, copy and paste the text below text into a text editor or an xml editor, and save the file as "pyramid.amf". Then compress the file with ZIP, and rename
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format. Units and buildability issues were a concern lingering from problems with the STL format. Other key requirements were the ability to specify geometry with high fidelity and small file sizes, multiple materials, color, and microstructures. In order to be successful across the field of additive
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When curvature is specified, the triangle is decomposed recursively into four sub-triangles. The recursion must be executed five levels deep, so that the original curved triangle is ultimately replaced by 1024 flat triangles. These 1024 triangles are generated "on the fly" and stored temporarily only
838:
Committee F42 on
Additive Manufacturing Technologies was established, and a design subcommittee was formed to develop a new standard. A survey was conducted in late 2009 leading to over a year of deliberations on the new standard. The resulting first revision of the AMF standard became official on
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An AMF can represent one object, or multiple objects arranged in a constellation. Each object is described as a set of non-overlapping volumes. Each volume is described by a triangular mesh that references a set of points (vertices). These vertices can be shared among volumes belonging to the same
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industry standard for transferring information between design programs and additive manufacturing equipment. The STL format only contained information about a surface mesh, and had no provisions for representing color, texture, material, substructure, and other properties of the fabricated target
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In order to improve geometric fidelity, the format allows curving the triangle patches. By default, all triangles are assumed to be flat and all triangle edges are assumed to be straight lines connecting their two vertices. However, curved triangles and curved edges can optionally be specified in
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During the 1990s and 2000s, a number of proprietary file formats have been in use by various companies to support specific features of their manufacturing equipment, but the lack of an industry-wide agreement prevented widespread adoption of any single format. In 2006, Jonathan D. Hiller and Hod
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element specifies the displacement and rotation an existing object needs to undergo to arrive into its position in the constellation. The displacement and rotation are always defined relatively to the original position and orientation in which the object was defined. A constellation can refer to
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to specify desired surface normal at the location of the vertex. The normal should be unit length and pointing outwards. If this normal is specified, all triangle edges meeting at that vertex are curved so that they are perpendicular to that normal and in the plane defined by the normal and the
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element can be inserted at the material, object, volume, vertex, or triangle levels, and takes priority in reverse order (triangle color is highest priority). The transparency channel specifies to what degree the color from the lower level is blended in. By default, all values are set to zero.
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is used to specify the proportions of the composition, as a constant or as a formula dependent of the x, y, and z coordinates. A constant mixing proportion will lead to a homogenous material. A coordinate-dependent composition can lead to a graded material. More complex coordinate-dependent
806:: Any existing STL file should be convertible directly into a valid AMF file without any loss of information and without requiring any additional information. AMF files are also easily convertible back to STL for use on legacy systems, although advanced features will be lost.
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elements. The order of the vertices must be according to the right-hand rule, such that vertices are listed in counter-clockwise order as viewed from the outside. Each triangle is implicitly assigned a number in the order in which it was declared, starting at zero.
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element can optionally be used to specify additional information about the objects, geometries and materials being defined. For example, this information can specify a name, textual description, authorship, copyright information and special instructions. The
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element must be included. Each volume encapsulates a closed volume of the object, Multiple volumes can be specified in a single object. Volumes may share vertices at interfaces but may not have any overlapping volume. Within each volume, the child element
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If multiple top-level constellations are specified, or if multiple objects without constellations are specified, each of them will be imported with no relative position data. The importing program can then freely determine the relative positioning.
788:: The file format must be easy to implement and understand. The format should be readable and editable in a simple text viewer, in order to encourage understanding and adoption. No identical information should be stored in multiple places.
694:
842:
During the July 2013 meetings of ASTM's F42 and ISO's TC261 in
Nottingham (UK), the Joint Plan for Additive Manufacturing Standards Development was approved. Since then, the AMF standard is managed jointly by ISO and ASTM.
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with particular texture data. The data can be represented as either a 2D or a 3D array, depending on whether the color or material need to be mapped to a surface or a volume. The data is represented as a string of bytes in
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Materials are introduced using the <material> element. Each material is assigned a unique id. Geometric volumes are associated with materials by specifying a material-id within the <volume> element.
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The object element defines a volume or volumes of material, each of which are associated with a material ID for printing. At least one object element must be present in the file. Additional objects are
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element can be used to specify the curvature of a single non-linear edge joining two vertices. The curvature is specified using the tangent direction vectors at the beginning and end of that edge. The
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element lists all vertices that are used in this object. Each vertex is implicitly assigned a number in the order in which it was declared, starting at zero. The required child element
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When the ASTM Design subcommittee began developing the AMF specifications, a survey of stakeholders revealed that the key priority for the new standard was the requirement for a
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The optional material element defines one or more materials for printing with an associated material ID. If no material element is included, a single default material is assumed.
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Usually, however, the coordinates will not be used directly as shown above, but transformed first to bring them from object coordinates to texture coordinates. For example,
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proportions can lead to nonlinear material gradients as well as periodic and non-periodic substructure. The proportion formula can also refer to a texture map using the
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elements, coordinate-dependent formulas can be used instead of constants. These formulas can use various standard algebraic and mathematical operators and expressions.
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element can be included at the top level to specify attributes of the entire file, or within objects, volumes and materials to specify attributes local to that entity.
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extension and it is the responsibility of the parsing program to determine whether or not the file is compressed, and if so to perform decompression during import.
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element. A constellation can specify the position and orientation of objects to increase packing efficiency and to describe large arrays of identical objects. The
411:
element. The unit system can also be specified (millimeter, inch, feet, meter or micrometer). In absence of a units specification, millimeters are assumed.
800:: The file format must enable reasonable duration (interactive time) for read and write operations and reasonable file sizes for a typical large object.
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format. A compressed AMF file is typically about half the size of an equivalent compressed binary STL file. The compression can be done manually using
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The AMF file begins with the XML declaration line specifying the XML version and encoding. The remainder of the file is enclosed between an opening
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Within the AMF brackets, there are five top level elements. Only a single object element is required for a fully functional AMF file.
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The optional texture element defines one or more images or textures for color or texture mapping, each with an associated texture ID.
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The optional constellation element hierarchically combines objects and other constellations into a relative pattern for printing.
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original straight edge. When the curvature of a surface at a vertex is undefined (for example at a cusp, corner or edge), an
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function. Reference to material-id "0" (void) is reserved and may be used to specify porous structures. Reference to the
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Once the texture-id is assigned, the texture data can be referenced in a color formula, such as in the example below.
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The optional metadata element specifies additional information about the object(s) and elements contained in the file.
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A curved triangle patch. Normals at vertices are used to recursively subdivide the triangle into four sub-triangles
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A color can also be specified by referring to a formula that can use a variety of coordinate-dependent functions.
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element will list three vertices from the set of indices of the previously defined vertices given in the
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An AMF can be stored either as plain text or as compressed text. If compressed, the compression is in
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1392:. Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (SFF'09). Austin, TX, USA: Cornell University. Archived from
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Texture maps allow assigning color or material to a surface or a volume, borrowing from the idea of
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element can also optionally specify a material. The entire mesh geometry is contained in a single
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New ASTM Additive
Manufacturing Specification Answers Need for Standard Interchange File Format
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Open standard for describing objects for additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing
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function returns a random number between 0 and 1 that is persistent for that coordinate.
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STL 2.0: A Proposal for a
Universal Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing File Format
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Lipson presented an initial version of AMF dubbed "STL 2.0". In
January 2009, a new
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element. The indices of the three vertices of the triangles are specified using the
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element will take precedence in case of a conflict with the curvature implied by a
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encoding, one byte per pixel specifying the grayscale level in the 0-255 range.
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manufacturing, this file format was designed to address the following concerns
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while layers intersecting that triangle are being processed for manufacturing.
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New materials can be defined as compositions of other materials. The element
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is used to define triangles that tessellate the surface of the volume. Each
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To specify curvature, a vertex can optionally contain a child element
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Specification for Data
Exchange Format for Additive Manufacturing
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869:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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another constellation as long as cyclic references are avoided.
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1464:: A repository of AMF resources, sample files, and source code
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function can be used to specify pseudo-random materials. The
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element by specifying the red, green, blue and alpha (
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gives the position of the point in 3D space using the
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software to describe the shape and composition of any
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elements. After the vertex information, at least one
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Multiple objects can be arranged together using the
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
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1012:</z></coordinates></vertex>
997:</z></coordinates></vertex>
982:</z></coordinates></vertex>
967:</z></coordinates></vertex>
952:</z></coordinates></vertex>
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1423:STL 2.0 May Replace Old, Limited File Format
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626:Mixed, graded, lattice, and random materials
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154:introducing citations to additional sources
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1000:<vertex><coordinates><x>
985:<vertex><coordinates><x>
970:<vertex><coordinates><x>
955:<vertex><coordinates><x>
940:<vertex><coordinates><x>
1383:Hiller, Jonathan D.; Lipson, Hod (2009).
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
94:, without removing the technical details.
144:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1345:
566:as numbers in the range of 0 to 1. The
485:element. The mesh is defined using one
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855:Object produced by the sample AMF code
613:are some functions, typically linear.
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1335:file format for 3D Scenes and models.
590:element is first used to associate a
92:make it understandable to non-experts
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1369:Specification of AMF on ISO web page
607:tex(1,f1(x,y,z),f2(x,y,z),f3(x,y,z))
469:polygon mesh layout. Each top-level
366:-based format designed to allow any
165:"Additive manufacturing file format"
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332:Additive manufacturing file format
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1447:AMF Tutorial: The Basics (Part 1)
382:software. Unlike its predecessor
41:This article has multiple issues.
551:Colors are introduced using the
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137:relies largely or entirely on a
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71:
30:
374:object to be fabricated on any
49:or discuss these issues on the
1:
1735:Creo Elements/Direct Drafting
236:Additive manufacturing format
1194:</v3></triangle>
1179:</v3></triangle>
1164:</v3></triangle>
1149:</v3></triangle>
1103:</v3></triangle>
1088:</v3></triangle>
1073:</v3></triangle>
1058:</v3></triangle>
380:computer-aided manufacturing
864:from ".zip" to ".zip.amf".
473:element specifies a unique
342:for describing objects for
19:For other uses of AMF, see
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1182:<triangle><v1>
1167:<triangle><v1>
1152:<triangle><v1>
1137:<triangle><v1>
1091:<triangle><v1>
1076:<triangle><v1>
1061:<triangle><v1>
1046:<triangle><v1>
18:
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825:file format has been the
821:Since the mid-1980s, the
689:Optional curved triangles
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2307:3D graphics file formats
1296:</a></color>
1246:</b></color>
866:
489:element and one or more
266:Internet media type
2278:History of CAD software
2198:Open Cascade Technology
1548:Open Cascade Technology
1324:3D Manufacturing Format
1319:3D Printing Marketplace
804:Backwards compatibility
780:Technology independence
493:elements. The required
1745:DesignSpark Mechanical
1280:<color><r>
1234:<color><r>
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617:Material specification
461:Geometry specification
407:element and a closing
344:additive manufacturing
2035:SolidWorks Electrical
1468:Jon Hiller's AMF page
1425:Rapid Today, Oct 2009
1190:</v2><v3>
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766:Design considerations
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657:<constellation>
445:<constellation>
368:computer-aided design
294:May 2, 2011
1513:Free and open-source
810:Future compatibility
756:compression software
651:Print constellations
637:tex(textureid,x,y,z)
399:Basic file structure
324:ISO / ASTM52915 - 16
150:improve this article
21:AMF (disambiguation)
2302:XML-based standards
1437:ASTM, July 20, 2011
1292:</b><a>
1288:</g><b>
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1242:</g><b>
1238:</r><g>
1008:</y><z>
1004:</x><y>
993:</y><z>
989:</x><y>
978:</y><z>
974:</x><y>
963:</y><z>
959:</x><y>
948:</y><z>
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547:Color specification
499:<coordinates>
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1900:AutoCAD Electrical
912:"author"
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559:) channels in the
465:The format uses a
346:processes such as
254:Filename extension
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1740:Creo Elements/Pro
1695:Autodesk Inventor
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1299:</material>
1277:</metadata>
1249:</material>
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1134:</metadata>
1043:</metadata>
1015:</vertices>
919:</metadata>
903:</metadata>
740:<composite>
632:<composite>
586:in graphics. The
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277:Developed by
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135:This article
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1945:Delta Design
1920:CircuitMaker
1910:BoardStation
1795:MicroStation
1442:
1430:
1401:. Retrieved
1394:the original
1385:
1364:
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1275:Softmaterial
1264:<metadata
1252:<material
1229:Hardmaterial
1218:<metadata
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43:Please help
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1815:Pro/DESKTOP
1655:Proprietary
1112:materialid=
1021:materialid=
847:Sample file
798:Performance
792:Scalability
752:ZIP archive
746:Compression
645:rand(x,y,z)
641:rand(x,y,z)
564:color space
467:Face-vertex
405:<amf>
358:52915:2016
348:3D printing
2291:Categories
2233:IntelliCAD
1882:Electrical
1857:T-FLEX CAD
1852:SpaceClaim
1847:SolidWorks
1842:Solid Edge
1785:KeyCreator
1770:Fusion 360
1663:Mechanical
1583:Electrical
1573:SolveSpace
1521:Mechanical
1109:<volume
1018:<volume
922:<object
786:Simplicity
592:texture-id
540:<v3>
536:<v2>
532:<v1>
384:STL format
376:3D printer
298:2011-05-02
176:newspapers
46:improve it
2260:Sketchpad
2218:KernelCAD
2203:Parasolid
2065:Xpedition
2055:Ultiboard
1990:Micro-Cap
1975:FreeStyle
1862:Tinkercad
1563:rattleCAD
917:JohnSmith
722:element.
672:Meta-data
511:<z>
507:<y>
503:<x>
424:optional.
390:Structure
206:June 2011
146:talk page
52:talk page
2060:Upverter
2030:Pulsonix
1995:Multisim
1970:Easytrax
1955:DipTrace
1905:Autotrax
1867:TurboCAD
1775:GstarCAD
1725:Cimatron
1710:BricsCAD
1705:AutoTURN
1680:ArchiCAD
1670:ABViewer
1641:XCircuit
1616:kTechLab
1601:Fritzing
1591:Electric
1553:OpenSCAD
1543:LibreCAD
1538:HeeksCAD
1506:software
1462:AMF Wiki
1308:See also
1132:Softside
1041:Hardside
881:version=
827:de facto
730:Formulas
360:standard
338:) is an
319:Standard
247:AMF icon
2266:UNISURF
2213:Romulus
2145:OpenDWG
2025:Proteus
1985:LTspice
1965:EasyEDA
1940:CR-8000
1935:CR-5000
1930:CR-3000
1925:CR-2000
1915:CADSTAR
1890:Allegro
1872:VariCAD
1805:Onshape
1780:IRONCAD
1755:FastCAD
1750:EasyCAD
1685:AutoCAD
1631:Oregano
1626:ngspice
1596:FreePCB
1533:FreeCAD
1528:BRL-CAD
872:<amf
817:History
296: (
190:scholar
86:Please
2268:(1968)
2262:(1963)
2256:(1963)
2228:Teigha
2155:PSpice
2045:TARGET
2020:Protel
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1790:MEDUSA
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1715:CADKEY
1568:Salome
609:where
597:Base64
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2010:P-CAD
2000:OrCAD
1960:EAGLE
1765:FORAN
1720:CATIA
1621:Magic
1611:KiCad
1403:5 May
1397:(PDF)
1390:(PDF)
1340:Notes
1267:type=
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909:type=
893:type=
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197:JSTOR
183:books
2188:ACIS
2165:STEP
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2120:DWFX
2090:ACIS
2005:PADS
1810:PDMS
1760:FINE
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1558:QCAD
1405:2017
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2140:OBJ
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