334:, and attracted untouchables from a variety of backgrounds including the first-generation educated, village headmen, and rich businessmen. His closest followers were the Dalit elites, such as the Chamar merchants, who had become prosperous through involvement in British leather trade. Most of his close associates came from the Chamar caste: Gauri Shankar Aherwar, Jhamlal Aherwar, Girdhari Lal Kuril, and Chaudhari Ram Dayal Kuril. His other close associates included Shivprasad Bareta (a
257:
After facing caste-based discrimination within the Arya Samaj movement, Achootanand left Arya Samaj. He gave up his Arya Samaj name "Harihar", and adopted the name "Achutanand", literally "somebody whose bliss is untouched" or "somebody who rejoices with the untouched/untouchables". The word "Achut"
248:
After a few years of working with the Arya Samaj, he became disillusioned with the organization. He came to believe that the Hindu social reformers were only concerned about the declining strength of the Hindus in the colonial census: they had no intention of working towards actual social equality.
287:
He started campaigning against the Arya Samaj through his writings and protests. He was invited to Delhi and successfully debated with Arya Samaji leader, Swami
Akhilanand over scriptures. He then laid the foundation of "Jati Sudhar Achhoot Sabha'" and was conferred the title of "Shri 108" by
185:
As a teenager, Achootanand became a follower of the religious leader Swami
Sacchidananda, who taught him Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, and Sanskrit languages. During the age 14-24, he traveled across north India with mendicant saints. According to his biographer,
176:
military cantonment in present-day
Maharashtra, where his father was employed. For a Dalit at the time, he received relatively good education: the Christian missionaries at the cantonment school taught him to read Urdu, English, Hindi, and Gurumukhi.
411:. While the Congress opposed the Simon Commission, the Adi Hindus welcomed it, because it recognized the Dalits on a national political platform. On 30 November 1928, Achootanand met Ambedkar in Lucknow, during the Simon Commission hearing. During
323:
as the original religious tradition of India, encouraging direct interaction between the devotee and the god, and discouraging the use of
Brahmin priests and Vedic rituals as intermediaries.
295:
In 1922, Achootanand led
Chamars out of Arya Samaj to establish the Adi Hindu movement. He thus pioneered the first social reform movement for Dalits in the Hindi belt. He portrayed the
349:
at Delhi (1923), Nagpur (1924), Hyderabad (1925), Madras (1926), Allahabad (1927), Bombay (1928), Amravati (1929), and again, Allahabad (1930). He also organized three special
528:
He was buried in a graveyard near the
Nazirabad Police Station in Kanpur. In 1974, Rajendranath Aherwar, the eldest son of his associate Gauri Shankar Aherwar, set up the
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language, in the 1920s. To raise awareness among the
Depressed Classes, he started his own publication, and composed poetry under the pen name
1021:
1000:
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705:
258:
was used as a deorgatory term, and was commonly thought to mean "untouchable"; Achutanand interpreted it as "untouched", implying purity.
1076:
360:
By 1930, Achootanand's Adi Hindu conferences attracted participation from members of several lower castes, including
Chamars, Dhobis,
415:
held in London in 1931, he supported
Ambedkar through telegrams and created awareness on the issue among the untouchables of Kanpur.
532:("Honorable 108 Swami Achutanand Memorial Committee"). The Committee held celebrations on his birth anniversary, annually on 6 May.
331:
299:
as "Adi Hindus" ("original Hindus"), the original, peace-loving, and cultured inhabitants of India, who had been enslaved after the
598:
1061:
245:(re-conversion to Hinduism) ritual campaigns, that sought to prevent the lower castes from converting to Islam or Christianity.
412:
429:
In 1932, when Gandhi declared a fast-unto-death to oppose the separate electorates granted to untouchable Hindus through the
433:, Achootanand advised Ambedkar to compromise with Gandhi, fearing reprisals against untouchables in case of Gandhi's death.
165:. His father and uncles, Kalu Ram and Subedar Mathura Prasad and elder brother, Subedar Bant Lal, all of them were in the
1071:
819:
923:
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at Delhi, Meerut, and
Allahabad. In addition, he held 15 state-level conferences at various places in present-day
535:
262:
187:
870:
1086:
312:
142:
1081:
330:, where several Dalit entrepreneurs and businessmen lived. The Adi Hindu movement became popular in the
300:
1046:
1041:
59:
979:
307:, he portrayed the upper castes as foreign invaders, who exploited the lower castes. Following the
288:
proposal of Arya preacher, Pandit Ramchandra & Naubat Singh, the minister of Shahdara Samaj in
223:
166:
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71:
265:(whose leaders in Kanpur included Arya Samajis) using sharp rhetoric. In 1919, he launched the
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468:, but that too closed within a year. He then established the Adi Hindu Press and published
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278:
207:
269:("All India Untouchable Caste Reform Assembly"). In the 1920s, he labeled the Congress a
137:
was a 20th century Indian anti-caste intellectual, writer, and social reformer. A former
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389:
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Achootanand was a philosopher-poet and also a playwright. His Hindi books include::
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to India. By 1922, he had become widely popular among the local untouchables.
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social reform campaigns. He adopted the name "Harihar", and worked on the
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as a central figure of the movement. The Adi Hindu ideology considered
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141:, he became disillusioned with the Arya Samaj and established the Adi
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377:
373:
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219:
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On 22 February 1928, Achootanand shared stage with the Dalit leader
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Achootanand initiated a new stream of Dalit pamphlet literature in
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198:
513:
His health worsened after the Virat Adi Hindu Conference held at
638:
636:
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632:
580:
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190:, he read a variety of religious literature, including the
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Hindi Dalit Literature and the Politics of Representation
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403:, the Prince of Wales and even demanded proposals for
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Achootanand became an enthusiastic participant in the
978:
Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp (2011). Peter Schalf (ed.).
145:. He was a poet, critic, dramatist, and historian.
124:
116:
108:
83:
41:
34:
925:Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956
821:Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956
418:Achootanand strongly opposed the use of the term "
161:. His parents Moti Ram and Ram Piari followed the
464:, but it closed down in 1923. Later, he started
981:Neuer Buddhismus als gesellschaftlicher Entwurf
960:
906:
790:
737:
706:"The Bahujan movement needs to reinvent itself"
666:
642:
623:
584:
120:Social Reformer, Founder of Adi Hindu Movement
917:
915:
153:Swami Achhootanand was born on 6 May 1879 in
8:
517:in 1932. He died in 1933 at Zhabar Idgah in
456:In 1922, he started his first monthly paper
261:Achootanand opposed the Arya Samaj and the
31:
871:"Swami Achhootanand 'Harihar': A profile"
449:. Achootanand was one of the pioneers of
538:wrote a biography of Achutanand, titled
315:, he chose the medieval low-caste saint
551:
407:which was going to be submitted before
1052:Indian male dramatists and playwrights
530:Sri 108 Swami Achutanand Smarak Samiti
7:
267:All India Achhut Caste Reform Sabha
25:
922:KshÄ«rasÄgara, RÄmacandra (1994).
869:Kanwal Bharti (8 February 2019).
818:KshÄ«rasÄgara, RÄmacandra (1994).
422:", coined by the Congress leader
597:Narayan, Badri (18 April 2014).
426:, to refer to the untouchables.
326:In 1925, Achootanand settled at
600:Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits
347:All India Adi Hindu Conferences
157:family in the Umari village of
27:Indian poet and social reformer
1067:People from Firozabad district
824:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.
704:Narayan, Badri (15 May 2019).
472:from Kanpur during 1924ā1932.
226:'s Bengali translation of the
1:
949:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
895:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
857:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
845:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
806:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
779:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
767:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
755:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
655:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
568:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp 2011
277:, and supported the visit of
232:; and several history books.
206:; the works of various other
680:"Saga of Dalits' assertion"
303:. Apparently influenced by
1108:
540:Swami Achutanand 'Harihar'
273:organization, opposed the
1077:People from British India
394:All India Adi Hindu Sabha
1010:Sarah Beth Hunt (2014).
536:Chandrika Prasad Jigyasu
275:non-cooperation movement
263:Indian National Congress
188:Chandrika Prasad Jigyasu
1062:Indian social reformers
345:Achootanand held eight
993:10.1515/olzg-2015-0120
987:. Uppsala University.
413:Round Table Conference
470:The Adi-Hindu Journal
399:Achootanand welcomed
351:Adi Hindu Conferences
172:He was raised at the
961:Sarah Beth Hunt 2014
907:Sarah Beth Hunt 2014
791:Sarah Beth Hunt 2014
738:Sarah Beth Hunt 2014
667:Sarah Beth Hunt 2014
643:Sarah Beth Hunt 2014
624:Sarah Beth Hunt 2014
585:Sarah Beth Hunt 2014
384:Support for Ambedkar
859:, pp. 114ā115.
847:, pp. 112ā114.
224:Romesh Chunder Dutt
167:British Indian Army
1072:People from Kanpur
963:, p. 35, 252.
503:Adi-Vansh Ka Danka
338:) and Maikulal (a
253:Adi Hindu movement
135:Swami Achhootanand
72:Firozabad district
18:Adi Hindu movement
1057:Indian male poets
1023:978-0-415-73629-9
1002:978-91-554-8076-9
935:978-81-85880-43-3
831:978-81-85880-43-3
610:978-93-5118-670-0
488:, religious songs
405:Depressed Classes
193:Guru Granth Sahib
159:Mainpuri district
132:
131:
125:Years active
36:Swami Achootanand
16:(Redirected from
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451:Dalit literature
409:Simon Commission
332:United Provinces
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480:Shambuk Balidan
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437:Literary career
401:King Edward VII
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279:Prince of Wales
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603:. Penguin UK.
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431:Communal Award
424:Mahatma Gandhi
390:B. R. Ambedkar
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305:Jyotirao Phule
301:Aryan conquest
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143:Hindu movement
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1016:. Routledge.
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102:Uttar Pradesh
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76:Uttar Pradesh
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33:
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1082:Arya Samajis
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971:Bibliography
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902:
890:
878:. Retrieved
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721:. Retrieved
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208:Bhakti poets
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94:20 July 1933
29:
1047:1933 deaths
1042:1879 births
684:The Tribune
494:(biography)
392:during the
380:and Koris.
271:Brahmanical
210:(including
163:Kabir panth
109:Nationality
1036:Categories
546:References
453:in Hindi.
237:Arya Samaj
212:Dadu Dayal
181:Arya Samaj
149:Early life
90:1933-07-20
56:6 May 1879
52:1879-05-06
718:0971-751X
710:The Hindu
396:meeting.
128:1923ā1933
64:Sirsaganj
542:(1968).
370:Valmikis
309:Ad Dharm
229:Rig Veda
68:Mainpuri
46:Hira Lal
928:. M.D.
515:Gwalior
482:, drama
447:Harihar
420:Harijan
378:Dhusias
374:Kureels
366:Bhangis
317:Ravidas
216:Ravidas
174:Devlali
1020:
999:
932:
880:26 May
828:
723:26 May
716:
689:26 May
607:
519:Kanpur
328:Kanpur
321:Bhakti
313:Punjab
282:Edward
242:Shuddi
220:Namdev
196:; the
155:Chamar
112:Indian
98:Kanpur
1092:Dalit
985:(PDF)
509:Death
462:Delhi
460:from
458:Achut
443:Hindi
362:Pasis
336:Dhobi
290:Delhi
204:Kabir
199:Bijak
70:(now
1018:ISBN
997:ISBN
930:ISBN
882:2020
826:ISBN
725:2020
714:ISSN
691:2020
605:ISBN
340:Kori
218:and
84:Died
60:Umri
42:Born
989:doi
372:),
342:).
222:);
202:of
1038::
995:.
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