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617:, or wooden posts. Straw, cement, or manure added to a standard adobe mixture can produce a stronger, more crack-resistant brick. A test is done on the soil content first. To do so, a sample of the soil is mixed into a clear container with some water, creating an almost completely saturated liquid. The container is shaken vigorously for one minute. It is then allowed to settle for a day until the soil has settled into layers. Heavier particles settle out first, sand above, silt above that, and very fine clay and organic matter will stay in suspension for days. After the water has cleared, percentages of the various particles can be determined. Fifty to 60 percent sand and 35 to 40 percent clay will yield strong bricks. The
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739:(UBC) was adopted in the United States. Local ordinances, referencing the UBC added requirements to building with adobe. These included: restriction of building height of adobe structures to 1-story, requirements for adobe mix (compressive and shear strength) and new requirements which stated that every building shall be designed to withstand seismic activity, specifically lateral forces. By the 1980s however, seismic related changes in the California Building Code effectively ended solid wall adobe construction in California; however Post-and-Beam adobe and veneers are still being used.
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456:. Straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly, thereby preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage rates through the brick. Dung offers the same advantage. The most desirable soil texture for producing the mud of adobe is 15% clay, 10–30% silt, and 55–75% fine sand. Another source quotes 15–25% clay and the remainder sand and coarser particles up to cobbles 50 to 250 mm (2 to 10 in), with no deleterious effect. Modern adobe is stabilized with either emulsified asphalt or Portland cement up to 10% by weight.
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for the adobe block. Adobe construction should be designed so as to avoid lateral structural loads that would cause bending loads. The building codes require the building sustain a 1 g lateral acceleration earthquake load. Such an acceleration will cause lateral loads on the walls, resulting in shear and bending and inducing tensile stresses. To withstand such loads, the codes typically call for a tensile modulus of rupture strength of at least 50 lbf/in (0.345 newton/mm) for the finished block.
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and in different regions. In some areas a popular size measured 8 by 4 by 12 inches (20 cm × 10 cm × 30 cm) weighing about 25 pounds (11 kg); in other contexts the size is 10 by 4 by 14 inches (25 cm × 10 cm × 36 cm) weighing about 35 pounds (16 kg). The maximum sizes can reach up to 100 pounds (45 kg); above this weight it becomes difficult to move the pieces, and it is preferred to ram the mud
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516:) before they warm through to the interior. After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time-lag effect. Thus, a well-planned adobe wall of the appropriate thickness is very effective at controlling inside temperature through the wide daily fluctuations typical of desert climates, a factor which has contributed to its longevity as a building material.
537:=4.1 hr ft °F/Btu. Another source provides the following properties: conductivity=0.30 Btu/(hr ft °F) or 0.52 W/(m K); specific heat capacity=0.24 Btu/(lb °F) or 1 kJ/(kg K) and density=106 lb/ft or 1700 kg/m, giving heat capacity=25.4 Btu/(ft °F) or 1700 kJ/(m K). Using the average value of the thermal conductivity as k = 32 Btu/(hr ft °F) or 0.55 W/(m K), the thermal diffusivity is calculated to be 0.013 ft/h or 3.3x10 m/s.
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570:, is made by placing soft adobe in layers, rather than by making individual dried bricks or using a form. "Puddle" is a general term for a clay or clay and sand-based material worked into a dense, plastic state. These are the oldest methods of building with adobe in the Americas until holes in the ground were used as forms, and later wooden forms used to make individual bricks were introduced by the Spanish.
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carry the forces. To protect the interior and exterior adobe walls, finishes such as mud plaster, whitewash or stucco can be applied. These protect the adobe wall from water damage, but need to be reapplied periodically. Alternatively, the walls can be finished with other nontraditional plasters that provide longer protection. Bricks made with stabilized adobe generally do not need protection of plasters.
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Roof design evolved around 1850 in the
American Southwest. Three inches of adobe mud was applied on top of the latillas, then 18 inches of dry adobe dirt applied to the roof. The dirt was contoured into a low slope to a downspout aka a 'canal'. When moisture was applied to the roof the clay particles
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To construct a flat adobe roof, beams of wood were laid to span the building, the ends of which were attached to the tops of the walls. Once the vigas, latillas and brush are laid, adobe bricks are placed. An adobe roof is often laid with bricks slightly larger in width to ensure a greater expanse is
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In addition to being an inexpensive material with a small resource cost, adobe can serve as a significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction. In climates typified by hot days and cool nights, the high thermal mass of adobe mediates
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The traditional adobe roof has been constructed using a mixture of soil/clay, water, sand and organic materials. The mixture was then formed and pressed into wood forms, producing rows of dried earth bricks that would then be laid across a support structure of wood and plastered into place with more
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The ground supporting an adobe structure should be compressed, as the weight of adobe wall is significant and foundation settling may cause cracking of the wall. Footing depth is to be below the ground frost level. The footing and stem wall are commonly 24 and 14 inches thick, respectively. Modern
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Bricks made from adobe are usually made by pressing the mud mixture into an open timber frame. In North
America, the brick is typically about 25 by 36 cm (10 by 14 in) in size. The mixture is molded into the frame, which is removed after initial setting. After drying for a few hours, the
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Thermodynamic material properties have significant variation in the literature. Some experiments suggest that the standard consideration of conductivity is not adequate for this material, as its main thermodynamic property is inertia, and conclude that experimental tests should be performed over a
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Adobe walls are load bearing, i.e. they carry their own weight into the foundation rather than by another structure, hence the adobe must have sufficient compressive strength. In the United States, most building codes call for a minimum compressive strength of 300 lbf/in (2.07 newton/mm)
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Adobe bricks are rectangular prisms small enough that they can quickly air dry individually without cracking. They can be subsequently assembled, with the application of adobe mud to bond the individual bricks into a structure. There is no standard size, with substantial variations over the years
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Depending on the materials available, a roof may be assembled using wood or metal beams to create a framework to begin layering adobe bricks. Depending on the thickness of the adobe bricks, the framework has been preformed using a steel framing and a layering of a metal fencing or wiring over the
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is placed on top of the opening to support the bricks above. Atop the last courses of brick, bond beams made of heavy wood beams or modern reinforced concrete are laid to provide a horizontal bearing plate for the roof beams and to redistribute lateral earthquake loads to shear walls more able to
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covered when placing the bricks onto the roof. Following each individual brick should be a layer of adobe mortar, recommended to be at least 25 mm (1 in) thick to make certain there is ample strength between the brick's edges and also to provide a relative moisture barrier during rain.
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Depending on the materials, adobe roofs can be inherently fire-proof. The construction of a chimney can greatly influence the construction of the roof supports, creating an extra need for care in choosing the materials. The builders can make an adobe chimney by stacking simple adobe bricks in a
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for a north facing 10-in wall of R0=10 hr ft °F/Btu, which corresponds to thermal conductivity k=10 in x 1 ft/12 in /R0=0.33 Btu/(hr ft °F) or 0.57 W/(m K) in agreement with the thermal conductivity reported from another source. To determine the total R-value of a wall, scale
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construction codes call for the use of reinforcing steel in the footing and stem wall. Adobe bricks are laid by course. Adobe walls usually never rise above two stories as they are load bearing and adobe has low structural strength. When creating window and door openings, a
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framework to allow an even load as masses of adobe are spread across the metal fencing like cob and allowed to air dry accordingly. This method was demonstrated with an adobe blend heavily impregnated with cement to allow even drying and prevent cracking.
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Depending on the form into which the mixture is pressed, adobe can encompass nearly any shape or size, provided drying is even and the mixture includes reinforcement for larger bricks. Reinforcement can include manure, straw, cement,
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Buildings made of sun-dried earth are common throughout the world (Middle East, Western Asia, North Africa, West Africa, South
America, Southwestern North America, Southwestern and Eastern Europe.). Adobe had been in use by
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Chávez-Galán, Jesus; Almanza, Rafael; Rodríguez, Neftali (2008). "Experimental
Measurments of Thermal Properties for Mexican Building Materials to Simulate Thermal Behavior to Save Energy".
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In dry climates, adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world. Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater
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the high and low temperatures of the day, moderating the temperature of the living space. The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun (
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built their adobe structures with handsful or basketsful of adobe, until the
Spanish introduced them to making bricks. Adobe bricks were used in Spain from the
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Mauricio, Ana
Cecilia; Grieseler, Rolf; Heller, Andrew R.; Kelley, Alice R.; Rumiche, Francisco; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Viveen, Willem (30 November 2021).
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used cheaper materials and made a specialized adobe brick called "Bitudobe." His first adobe house was built in 1936. In 1948, he published the book
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720:, lie atop the wall. Across the vigas lie smaller members called latillas and upon those brush is then laid. Finally, the adobe layer is applied.
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The more traditional flat adobe roofs are functional only in dry climates that are not exposed to snow loads. The heaviest wooden beams, called
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1102: – Persian archeological site (also known as Ctesiphon Arch) in Iraq is the largest mud brick arch in the world, built beginning in 540 AD
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expanded to create a waterproof membrane. Once a year it was necessary to pull the weeds from the roof and re-slope the dirt as needed.
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1628:. State of New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department Energy Conservation and Management Division (ECMD). p. 9.
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has existed for around 4,000 years with relatively little change in either pronunciation or meaning. The word can be traced from the
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which described his method of construction, including how to make "Bitudobe." In 1938, he served as an adviser to the architects
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271:(eighth century BCE onwards). Its wide use can be attributed to its simplicity of design and manufacture, and economics.
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has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North
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Post-Adobe; Simplified Adobe
Construction Combining A Rugged Timber Frame And Modern Stabilized Adobe,
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Post-adobe; Simplified Adobe
Construction Combining a Rugged Timber Frame and Modern Stabilized Adobe
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longer period of time than usual - preferably with changing thermal jumps. There is an effective
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by the thickness of the wall in inches. The thermal resistance of adobe is also stated as an
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buildings. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world.
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Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo
Shabaka (1999).
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394:. English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century, still referring to
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bricks are turned on edge to finish drying. Slow drying in shade reduces cracking.
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Vargas, J.; J. Bariola; M. Blondet (1986). "Seismic Strength of Adobe Masonry".
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1469:. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. p. 70. Archived from
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2009 New Mexico Energy Conservation Code Residential Applications Manual,v2.0
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This article is about the building material. For the software company, see
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Spanish Word Histories and Mysteries: English Words that Come from Spanish
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1529:"The role of adobes in the thermal performance of vernacular dwellings"
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807:: the world's largest adobe structure, dating to at least 500 BC
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1357:, Second Edition, on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press, 2009
172:. In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as the
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Add Water, Then Stir – How Adobe Construction Works | HowStuffWorks
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Short documentary about adobe preparation and 2010 Chile earthquake
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removed, exposing the adobe bricks at Fort St. Sebastien in France
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340:"mud brick" (with vowels unwritten). Middle Egyptian evolved into
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at New Mexico State University recommends a mix of not more than
47:"Adobes" redirects here. For the place in Castile-La Mancha, see
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made of earth mixed with water and an organic material such as
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Earth Building: Methods and Materials, Repair and Conservation
1318:. Montagnac, France: Éditions Monique Mergoil. pp. 49–57.
609:-based cement for the plaster to protect against rain damage.
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1161:"The earliest adobe monumental architecture in the Americas"
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Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
309:
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1042: – Building or other structure made largely from soil
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Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V)
1090: – Turf house used in early colonial North America
1029:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
195:
Adobe architecture has been dated to before 5,100 BC.
1427:"Adobe-The Material, Its Deterioration, Its Coatings"
141:
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Cliff dwellings of poured or puddled adobe (cob) at
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184:. Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to
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1228:Livingatlaschile.com, FICh. Retrieved 5 March 2014
605:on interior and exterior walls. Some cultures used
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747:The largest structure ever made from adobe is the
1527:Michael, Philokyprou, Thravalou, Ioannou (2016).
597:The same mixture, without straw, is used to make
1027: – Building material made of soil and fiber
1015: – Earth-based stabilized building material
759:in Peru, with 100 million signed bricks and the
566:adobe (puddled clay, piled earth), today called
27:Building material of earth and organic materials
1165:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1054: – 17th-century Spanish mission in Arizona
1760:. Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. p. 114.
1333:. Geological Society of America. p. 299.
1060: – Style of architecture used adobe walls
1915:
1084: – Construction material of damp subsoil
459:No more than half the clay content should be
210:, resulting in a different typology known as
163:
8:
1555:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1316:Les maisons en terre de la Gaule méridionale
359:
1329:Rose, William I.; Julian J. Bommer (2004).
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2008:
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1848:"Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings"
1379:"Adobe Moulding" Auroville Earth Institute
1275:. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press
732:similar fashion as the surrounding walls.
51:. For the place in the United States, see
1314:de Chazelles-Gazzal, Claire-Anne (1997).
1202:
1184:
582:Adobe bricks near a construction site in
409:, regardless of the construction method.
895:Adobe brick house under construction in
864:Adobe brick house under construction in
499:, by adding a new layer of mud rendering
491:Maintenance of historic architecture in
3807:Western (genre) staples and terminology
1800:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1677:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 22.
1247:"Peru rebuilds two years on from quake"
1117:
811:
755:. Other large adobe structures are the
401:In more modern English usage, the term
162:made from earth and organic materials.
1790:
1780:
1548:
1289:World History: Patterns of Interaction
1048: – Egyptian architect (1900–1989)
1021: – Historic torto houses in Aruba
945:tower, the tallest adobe structure in
91:Adobe walls separate urban gardens in
1096: – Form of earthbag construction
1066: – Earth blocks for construction
153:
7:
1545:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1146:participating institution membership
840:Mixing mud and straw in brick frames
674:, which used his Post-adobe system.
1709:from the original on 9 October 2022
1253:from the original on 15 August 2009
360:
251:in the Southwestern United States,
1293:. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell.
358:. This was adopted into Arabic as
249:indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
3046:Megalithic architectural elements
1757:Carmel, A History in Architecture
1467:New Mexico Geology, November 1984
1369:, Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007, p.5
1571:"Mass and insulation with adobe"
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512:) and from the surrounding air (
382:. This was assimilated into the
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64:Adobe wall (detail) in Bahillo,
3665:Evolutionary origin of religion
1432:. pp. 5–16. Archived from
1245:Collyns, Dan (15 August 2009).
444:composition typically contains
3787:Adobe buildings and structures
1874:"How Adobe Construction Works"
1850:. Dawson Lupul. Archived from
1695:Technical Information Online.
1460:"Adobe as a building material"
1331:Natural hazards in El Salvador
1058:Monterey Colonial architecture
546:Poured and puddled adobe walls
1:
3777:Soil-based building materials
3278:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2808:British megalith architecture
1730:"ABCs of Making Adobe Bricks"
1595:. Spriner. pp. 496–501.
345:
328:
3273:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2813:Nordic megalith architecture
1601:10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_89
982:, famous building made from
259:for several thousand years.
1734:New Mexico State University
1624:Hagan, Dan (January 2011).
821:Still in production today,
3823:
3421:British Isles and Brittany
3342:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1815:Comstock, Hugh W. (1948).
1697:"Mud Plasters and Renders"
1052:Mission San Xavier del Bac
670:Associates, who built the
641:sand, and never more than
174:Southwestern United States
46:
35:
29:
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2007:
1994:
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1662:Oxford English Dictionary
1355:Oxford English Dictionary
1271:Marchand, Trevor (2009).
1133:Oxford English Dictionary
1036: – Building material
228:1976 Guatemala earthquake
1673:Keefe, Laurence (2005).
1392:Materials and Structures
351:), where it appeared as
36:Not to be confused with
3797:Vernacular architecture
3653:Evolutionary musicology
3056:Oldest extant buildings
2983:Archaeological features
2502:Prepared-core technique
1702:. Practicalaction.org.
1186:10.1073/pnas.2102941118
1138:Oxford University Press
678:Adobe wall construction
658:, designer and builder
344:and finally to Coptic (
76:Renewal of the surface
3792:Appropriate technology
3615:Unchambered long cairn
3463:Mound Builders culture
2796:Neolithic architecture
1931:Prehistoric technology
1664:2nd. ed. 2009. CD-rom.
1078: – Type of castle
1034:Compressed earth block
980:Great Mosque of Djenné
743:Adobe around the world
691:
590:
559:
500:
484:
477:Great Mosque of Djenné
425:
288:
164:
151:Spanish pronunciation:
96:
84:
69:
3290:List of Stone Age art
2492:Microblade technology
2440:Langdale axe industry
2038:Ard / plough
1754:Seavey, Kent (2007).
1640:"HVAC Systems AE-390"
737:Uniform Building Code
685:
581:
553:
490:
474:
420:
378:attached to the root
282:
236:2010 Chile earthquake
90:
75:
63:
3802:Sustainable building
3697:Prehistoric medicine
3692:Prehistoric counting
3675:Prehistoric religion
3670:Paleolithic religion
3648:Behavioral modernity
3005:Causewayed enclosure
2897:Abri de la Madeleine
2021:Neolithic Revolution
1273:The Masons of Djenne
1232:24 June 2017 at the
966:Santa Fe, New Mexico
631:clay, not less than
533:for a 10-inch wall R
428:An adobe brick is a
423:Santa Fe, New Mexico
384:Old Spanish language
285:San Pedro de Atacama
82:Chamisal, New Mexico
80:of an adobe wall in
3736:Prehistoric warfare
2482:Magdalenian culture
2445:Levallois technique
2376:Earliest toolmaking
1728:Dominguez, Thomas.
1642:. Drexel University
1177:2021PNAS..11802941M
1136:(Online ed.).
1001:showing adobe-ovens
668:Franklin & Kump
467:Material properties
332: 2000 BC
232:2003 Bam earthquake
182:Territorial Revival
3687:Origin of language
3680:Spiritual drug use
3590:Rectangular dolmen
3492:Dartmoor kistvaens
3305:Carved stone balls
3017:Circular enclosure
2976:Other architecture
2919:Alp pile dwellings
2507:Solutrean industry
2418:Gravettian culture
2068:Secondary products
1476:on 2 December 2013
1404:10.1007/BF02472107
962:San Miguel Mission
692:
672:Carmel High School
591:
560:
501:
485:
430:composite material
426:
349: 600 BC
289:
97:
85:
70:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3709:Prehistoric music
3658:music archaeology
3315:Cup and ring mark
3140:Clothing/textiles
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2527:Yubetsu technique
2512:Striking platform
2477:Lithic technology
2362:
2361:
2347:Game drive system
2266:Projectile points
2158:Mortar and pestle
1660:"puddle, n. 4.".
1610:978-3-540-75996-6
1508:on 18 August 2013
1425:Garrison, James.
1340:978-0-8137-2375-4
1300:978-0-395-87274-1
1144:(Subscription or
986:, a type of adobe
926:An adobe wall in
753:Achaemenid Empire
160:building material
16:(Redirected from
3814:
3724:Divje Babe flute
3631:Archaeoastronomy
3374:Petrosomatoglyph
3108:
3091:
2940:Water management
2743:
2730:
2633:Denticulate tool
2455:Lithic reduction
2188:
2009:
1996:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1501:. Archived from
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1458:Austin, George.
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1242:
1236:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1188:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1129:
1122:
1076:Qalat (fortress)
1030:
995:
976:
958:
939:
923:
907:
892:
876:
861:
852:Community effort
849:
837:
818:
780:
771:, both in Peru.
660:Hugh W. Comstock
656:Great Depression
650:
649:
645:
640:
639:
635:
630:
629:
625:
373:definite article
363:
362:
350:
347:
333:
330:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
261:Puebloan peoples
167:
157:
155:[aˈðoβe]
152:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
21:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3752:
3619:
3605:Stone box grave
3575:Megalithic tomb
3480:Cotswold-Severn
3432:
3337:Guardian stones
3265:Prehistoric art
3259:
3102:
3077:
3066:Timber trackway
2971:
2935:
2931:Wattle and daub
2784:
2763:Standing stones
2737:
2716:
2531:
2358:
2335:
2260:
2177:
2087:Food processing
2082:
2031:New World crops
2003:
1990:
1933:
1928:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1880:. 17 April 2012
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1547:
1542:
1536:Terra Lyon 2016
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1439:on 5 March 2016
1436:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1234:Wayback Machine
1224:
1220:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1106:Wattle and daub
1040:Earth structure
1028:
1009:
1002:
996:
987:
977:
968:
959:
950:
940:
931:
924:
915:
908:
899:
893:
884:
877:
868:
862:
853:
850:
841:
838:
829:
819:
810:
809:
808:
801:Kerman Province
786:
781:
745:
706:
688:earthen plaster
680:
647:
643:
642:
637:
633:
632:
627:
623:
622:
576:
548:
543:
536:
528:
469:
461:expansive clays
421:Adobe style in
415:
390:, probably via
348:
331:
325:Middle Egyptian
299:
295:
277:
244:
220:
201:
168:is Spanish for
150:
143:
133:
132:
131:
107:
103:
56:
45:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3820:
3818:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Alligator drum
3706:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3641:lunar calendar
3638:
3627:
3625:
3624:Other cultural
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3428:Venus figurine
3425:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:Megalithic art
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3310:Cave paintings
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3112:Material goods
3104:
3103:
3094:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2828:Cliff dwelling
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:Fire hardening
2410:
2405:
2403:Clovis culture
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2326:Manis Mastodon
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:throwing stick
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1897:
1896:External links
1894:
1892:
1891:
1865:
1854:on 1 July 2017
1839:
1807:
1766:
1746:
1720:
1687:
1683:978-0415323222
1666:
1653:
1631:
1616:
1609:
1583:
1562:
1519:
1487:
1450:
1417:
1398:(4): 253–256.
1382:
1371:
1359:
1346:
1339:
1321:
1306:
1299:
1277:
1264:
1237:
1218:
1151:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:Cob (building)
1022:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
997:
990:
988:
978:
971:
969:
960:
953:
951:
941:
934:
932:
930:, Gansu, China
925:
918:
916:
909:
902:
900:
894:
887:
885:
878:
871:
869:
863:
856:
854:
851:
844:
842:
839:
832:
830:
820:
813:
783:
782:
775:
774:
773:
769:Tambo Colorado
744:
741:
705:
702:
679:
676:
575:
572:
556:Cuarenta Casas
547:
544:
542:
539:
534:
526:
468:
465:
414:
411:
398:construction.
276:
273:
243:
240:
219:
216:
200:
197:
178:Pueblo Revival
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3819:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Simple dolmen
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Passage grave
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3531:Gallery grave
3529:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:Burial mounds
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Statue menhir
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:Stone carving
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Sewing needle
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Timber circle
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:Tor enclosure
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:fulacht fiadh
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2263:
2255:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:spear-thrower
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:Bow and arrow
2210:
2206:
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2198:
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2139:
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2124:
2122:
2121:Grinding slab
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
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2079:
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2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Domestication
2051:
2049:
2048:Digging stick
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Founder crops
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:New Stone Age
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1925:
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1767:9780738547053
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1552:
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1530:
1523:
1520:
1504:
1497:
1496:"14.7.4 NMAC"
1491:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1454:
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1435:
1428:
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1418:
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985:
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867:
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848:
843:
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806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
779:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:Huaca del Sol
754:
751:built by the
750:
742:
740:
738:
735:In 1927, the
733:
729:
725:
721:
719:
714:
710:
703:
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698:
689:
684:
677:
675:
673:
669:
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620:
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408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
366:
357:
354:
343:
342:Late Egyptian
339:
338:
326:
320:
294:
286:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
241:
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217:
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156:
148:
147:
135:
128:
101:
94:
89:
83:
79:
74:
67:
62:
58:
54:
53:Adobes, Texas
50:
49:Adobes, Spain
43:
39:
33:
19:
3541:wedge-shaped
3526:Funeral pyre
3519:Great dolmen
3475:Chamber tomb
3456:Round barrow
3411:Stone circle
3283:Blombos Cave
3211:Grooved ware
3135:Chalcolithic
3039:Thornborough
2957:Flush toilet
2892:Blombos Cave
2887:Rock shelter
2843:Quiggly hole
2735:Architecture
2710:illustration
2352:Buffalo jump
2173:Storage pits
2136:Aşıklı Höyük
2126:Ground stone
1962:Subdivisions
1882:. Retrieved
1877:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1817:
1810:
1771:. Retrieved
1756:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1690:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1619:
1592:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1565:
1551:cite journal
1535:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1466:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1434:the original
1420:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1240:
1221:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1131:
1120:
1082:Rammed earth
1046:Hassan Fathy
1019:Cas di torto
827:Danube Delta
760:
746:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
711:
707:
693:
663:
653:
611:
596:
592:
574:Adobe bricks
567:
561:
518:
506:
502:
458:
427:
402:
400:
387:
379:
375:
368:
364:
355:
335:
292:
290:
245:
242:Distribution
224:thermal mass
221:
212:rammed earth
205:
202:
194:
190:rammed earth
99:
98:
57:
3563:unchambered
3558:Long barrow
3548:Grave goods
3504:Court cairn
3499:Clava cairn
3451:Bowl barrow
3389:Rock cupule
3332:Golden hats
3325:Hill figure
3226:Unstan ware
3206:Cord-marked
3071:Sweet Track
2993:Burnt mound
2914:Stilt house
2902:Sibudu Cave
2695:Tally stick
2663:Quern-stone
2648:Hammerstone
2638:Fire plough
2609:Pesse canoe
2567:Bannerstone
2537:Other tools
2450:Lithic core
2398:Aurignacian
2286:Bare Island
2168:Quern-stone
1832:27 February
1791:|work=
1646:25 November
1576:12 December
1480:27 February
1443:27 February
1127:"adobe, n."
999:Taos Pueblo
943:Poeh Museum
928:Linxia City
654:During the
562:Poured and
413:Composition
371:, with the
265:Late Bronze
253:Mesoamerica
199:Description
18:Adobe house
3771:Categories
3702:trepanning
3595:Ring cairn
3553:Jar burial
3536:transepted
3468:U.S. sites
3369:Petroglyph
3295:Bird stone
3253:wine press
2926:Stone roof
2909:Roundhouse
2801:long house
2778:Stonehenge
2746:Ceremonial
2690:Stone tool
2517:Tool stone
2487:Metallurgy
2391:Mousterian
2368:Toolmaking
2306:Cumberland
2279:Transverse
2249:Schöningen
2141:Qesem cave
2109:Earth oven
2063:Irrigation
1974:Technology
1942:Prehistory
1884:24 October
1858:30 January
1773:16 January
1739:26 October
1713:9 November
1148:required.)
1113:References
1094:Superadobe
947:New Mexico
910:Ukrainian
866:Kyrgyzstan
704:Adobe roof
601:and often
588:Kyrgyzstan
514:convection
407:New Mexico
283:Church at
255:, and the
234:, and the
32:Adobe Inc.
3746:symbolism
3610:Tor cairn
3568:Grønsalen
3509:Cremation
3401:Sculpture
3379:Pictogram
3364:Petroform
3184:amber use
3152:Cosmetics
2962:Reservoir
2947:Check dam
2877:Pueblitos
2872:Pit-house
2855:Longhouse
2789:Dwellings
2658:Microlith
2589:Bow drill
2584:Bone tool
2577:prismatic
2386:Acheulean
2301:Cresswell
2274:Arrowhead
2200:Boomerang
2116:Granaries
2078:Terracing
1957:Stone Age
1793:ignored (
1783:cite book
1412:108826268
1353:"adobe",
1257:24 August
1195:0027-8424
1100:Taq Kasra
1088:Sod house
879:House in
797:Arg-é Bam
793:Bam, Iran
765:Chan Chan
761:ciudellas
749:Arg-é Bam
584:Milyanfan
558:in Mexico
510:radiation
392:Mozarabic
291:The word
275:Etymology
269:Iron Ages
3384:Rock art
3347:painting
3320:Geoglyph
3145:timeline
3125:Beadwork
2865:Mehrgarh
2860:Mudbrick
2768:megalith
2643:Fire-saw
2465:debitage
2460:analysis
2428:Hand axe
2408:Cupstone
1986:Glossary
1947:Timeline
1827:58880807
1704:Archived
1540:Archived
1251:Archived
1230:Archived
1213:34782482
1064:Mudbrick
1007:See also
396:mudbrick
365:aṭ-ṭawbu
218:Strength
170:mudbrick
66:Palencia
3782:Masonry
3741:Symbols
3352:pigment
3238:Weaving
3201:Cardium
3196:Pottery
3191:Mirrors
3179:Jewelry
3120:Baskets
3100:culture
2952:Cistern
2758:Pyramid
2700:Weapons
2678:Scraper
2668:Racloir
2628:Cleaver
2616:Chopper
2522:Uniface
2433:Grooves
2423:Hafting
2381:Oldowan
2340:Systems
2291:Cascade
2254:woomera
2244:harpoon
2217:history
2183:Hunting
2163:Pottery
2104:Cooking
2013:Farming
1979:history
1952:Outline
1512:25 June
1249:. BBC.
1204:8640935
1173:Bibcode
912:Cossack
897:Romania
883:, Yemen
823:Romania
789:citadel
709:adobe.
646:⁄
636:⁄
626:⁄
603:plaster
564:puddled
531:R-value
522:R-value
369:aṭ-ṭūbu
334:) word
287:, Chile
207:in situ
158:) is a
78:coating
68:, Spain
3719:flutes
3514:Dolmen
3438:Burial
3248:winery
3221:Linear
3051:Midden
3029:Cursus
3022:Goseck
2882:Pueblo
2833:Dugout
2818:Burdei
2497:Mining
2321:Lamoka
2316:Folsom
2296:Clovis
2153:Metate
2131:Hearth
2099:Basket
2073:Sickle
1825:
1764:
1681:
1607:
1410:
1337:
1297:
1211:
1201:
1193:
1171:(48).
881:Sa'dah
697:lintel
651:silt.
599:mortar
493:Agadez
440:. The
230:, the
95:, Iran
93:Shiraz
3636:sites
3580:Mummy
3300:Cairn
3216:Jōmon
3167:shoes
3162:Hides
3034:Henge
2988:Broch
2850:Jacal
2705:Wheel
2653:Knife
2599:Canoe
2594:Burin
2572:Blade
2470:flake
2331:Plano
2239:baton
2229:Spear
2195:Arrow
2148:Manos
2001:Tools
1707:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1543:(PDF)
1532:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1463:(PDF)
1437:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1408:S2CID
1142:
1070:Qadad
1013:Alker
984:banco
799:, in
795:, or
718:vigas
615:rebar
497:Niger
434:straw
403:adobe
388:adobe
361:الطوب
293:adobe
257:Andes
165:Adobe
130:
100:Adobe
42:Adobo
38:Abode
3729:gudi
3487:Cist
3416:list
3243:Wine
3172:Ötzi
3157:Glue
3130:Beds
3098:and
3096:Arts
2967:Well
2823:Cave
2753:Kiva
2683:side
2673:Rope
2621:tool
2555:bone
2545:Adze
2311:Eden
2224:Nets
2094:Fire
2058:Goad
2043:Celt
1886:2017
1860:2014
1834:2022
1823:OCLC
1802:link
1795:help
1775:2022
1762:ISBN
1741:2022
1715:2010
1679:ISBN
1648:2014
1605:ISBN
1578:2019
1557:link
1514:2013
1482:2013
1445:2013
1335:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1259:2009
1209:PMID
1191:ISSN
949:, US
805:Iran
787:The
767:and
686:The
607:lime
541:Uses
481:Mali
475:The
454:clay
452:and
450:silt
446:sand
442:soil
438:dung
380:tuba
356:tōbə
353:ⲧⲱⲃⲉ
267:and
188:and
146:-bee
2838:Hut
2773:row
2604:Oar
2562:Axe
2550:Awl
1597:doi
1400:doi
1199:PMC
1181:doi
1169:118
964:in
914:hut
825:'s
791:of
763:of
568:cob
436:or
386:as
376:al-
367:or
337:ḏbt
186:cob
180:or
144:DOH
40:or
3773::
1876:.
1821:.
1787::
1785:}}
1781:{{
1732:.
1603:.
1553:}}
1549:{{
1538:.
1534:.
1465:.
1406:.
1394:.
1207:.
1197:.
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1179:.
1167:.
1163:.
1130:.
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586:,
495:,
479:,
448:,
346:c.
329:c.
316:iː
310:oʊ
238:.
214:.
149:;
142:ə-
118:oʊ
1923:e
1916:t
1909:v
1888:.
1862:.
1836:.
1804:)
1797:)
1777:.
1743:.
1717:.
1685:.
1650:.
1613:.
1599::
1580:.
1559:)
1516:.
1484:.
1447:.
1414:.
1402::
1396:9
1343:.
1303:.
1261:.
1215:.
1183::
1175::
1140:.
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319:/
313:b
307:d
304:ˈ
301:ə
298:/
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112:ˈ
109:ə
106:/
102:(
55:.
44:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
