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political conditions, at once wrote to propose Adolf for the place. Word came in August that Adolf had been appointed teacher of gymnastics, singing, writing, and drawing. (In 1835, geography and history was substituted for writing and drawing.) On 5 October he left home with his youngest brother, Hermann, and traveling by way of Basel reached
Burgdorf on the 21st, ready to begin work in the state which was to be his home for the next fifteen (1833–1848).
508:), by means of which the entire class moved as one individual, and in this way discipline and order were improved, since each pupil learned to handle himself as part of the whole, and any desired arrangement of the units could be promptly secured. The next step was a review of all the gymnastic material in the effort to devise a more satisfactory classification than the one adopted in the books of GutsMuths, Jahn's
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further attempts, he received a call from Basel to the position of teacher of gymnastics and history in two higher schools for boys — the
Gymnasium and the Realschule — and at the orphan asylum. He entered upon these duties in May 1844. The following March he was relieved of the work in history in order that he might have time for instruction in gymnastics at the public girls' school (
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346:. In Halle there were opportunities for practice on the horizontal bar, the parallel bars, and the horse, and fencing, too, but the greatest interest was in certain outdoor games — the students, often a hundred or more, gathered twice a week in Passendorf, singing and playing together until nightfall. In late December, Spiess went to Berlin for several months where he frequented
335:(weaponry association). He assiduously practiced fencing, the favorite student exercise, and before the end of the year became proficient. He went on many mountain and castle excursions with friends, and displayed skill in all forms of physical activity — riding, swimming, skating, dancing, and gymnastics. He also pursued music and drawing. He met Jahn during an excursion to the
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404:(1826). Also present were Heinrich Langethal (1792–1879) and Wilhelm Middendorf (1793–1853) who had been associated with Fröbel for fourteen years in his school in the Thuringian village of Keilhau, and after the few years in Burgdorf were again to be his helpers when the first kindergarten was opened at Blankenburg, another Thuringian town. All three had been members of
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physical training for the schools, "Thoughts on the method to be followed in making gymnastics an integral element in popular education." The steps therein advocated were taken, in part at least, by almost every German state, and the author, Adolf Spiess, was dubbed "founder of school gymnastics in
Germany and of gymnastics for girls in particular."
624:, the capital of the Grand Duchy, to undertake the task of introducing gymnastics into the schools of that state, beginning with the higher schools and the common schools of such communities as were prepared to take the step at once. He was also to train the requisite teaching force, and afterwards superintend their work. The salary of the new “
365:, would be admitted to the regular examinations. The July revolution in France, however, exerted a stimulating influence. Early in 1831 the local association allied itself with the general German Burschenschaft, and members were openly displaying signs of their sympathy with the radical element. Under such circumstances any revival of the old
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near the left bank of the Emme, overlooked to the east by wooded sandstone cliffs beyond the stream and on the west by an ancient castle, was now doubled in size and entirely refitted in accordance with the wishes of the new teacher. In the castle itself, where
Pestalozzi had conducted his school for five years (1799–1804) and written
357:, and later to nearly 150 in one of the city parks. He modified the traditional method by gathering the entire number into one band at the commencement of each period for various simple exercises performed in rhythm as they stood or marched, or for running and jumping under the leadership of a single teacher.
674:, in 1851. He also visited many places in Hesse in the interest of physical training, and teachers from all parts of the state came to Darmstadt from time to time during the next few years to become familiar with his method. A list of foreign visitors during the period 1852–1854 listed educators from
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On 10 August, Spiess visited
Prussian minister Eichhorn, who was charged with putting the cabinet order into effect. On the request of Eichhorn, once back in Burgdorf, Spiess followed up the visit on 18 October with a formal statement of his ideas regarding the essential features of a state system of
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Two years earlier, Spiess had married a former pupil, Marie Buri, and the need of finding a larger and more remunerative field of usefulness no doubt had much to do with the journey to Berlin; but the summons of
Massmann to the Prussian capital in 1843 put an end to all hopes in that direction. With
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In the summer of 1842 Spiess returned to
Germany, drawn by the signs of approaching gymnastic revival in Prussia and the desire to discuss his own views with other men of like interests. A Prussian cabinet order of 6 June 1842, had stated physical training was "formally recognized as a necessary and
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were not sufficient for his needs. Little by little he began therefore to develop and test new groups of exercises, first of all what he called "Free
Exercises," or those which require either no apparatus at all, or only such as can be carried in the hands. They were intended to secure ready control
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In 1833, his father read a newspaper notice that the city of
Burgdorf, Switzerland, was in search of someone who could take charge of physical training in its elementary school. The clergyman, recognizing that a sojourn in a neutral country was the only safe course for his son, in view of existing
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Spiess found these colleagues ready to cooperate with him at every step, and all worked together in perfect harmony to give the broadest possible training to the children under their care. The open-air gymnasium, originally laid out after the Jahn plan in 1824, and beautifully situated in a grove
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In the spring of 1834 the boys of the school, including even the youngest, began to receive systematic instruction in gymnastics for two successive hours on three afternoons of each week, and before long the interest of the girls, also, was awakened and special classes were formed and suitable
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A four weeks' normal course was given in 1849 to about 30 teachers in elementary and higher schools, most of them from
Darmstadt, but one from Dresden and ten from Mainz, Offenbach, Worms, and other Hessian towns. Instruction was chiefly by means of model classes, conducted by Spiess in their
756:“Das Turnen in den Gemeinübungen, in einer Lehre von den Ordnungsverhältnissen bei den Gliederungen einer Mehrzahl fur beide Geschlechter” (Group exercise for both sexes, with instructions for the orderly coordination of large numbers; 1846; 2nd ed., Basel: Benno Schwabe, 1885)
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In 1855, failing health compelled Spiess to interrupt his hitherto unceasing activity. Tuberculosis had developed in a lung wounded by a sword thrust during his student days as a second to a duel. Attempts to stop its progress by residence in the Taunus and for two years at
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where he had about 100 pupils and a model school of 80 children. Spiess took on similar tasks at various other schools in the neighborhood, among them a school for girls in Kirchberg. For his own pleasure and further training, he joined a small gymnastic society of men
608:), containing graded series of exercises suitable for boys and girls between the ages of six and ten. The second volume, covering the ages from ten to sixteen, was completed in 1851, after he had left Basel and returned to Germany.
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of his student days to receive with any sympathy the proposed innovations, but Jahn, whose guest he was for two days in Freyburg, and Eiselen, whom he saw at a watering-place near Berlin, were more cordial in their attitude.
369:(Jahn-style gymnastics) was certain to be viewed with apprehension. In the spring of 1831 the former prohibition was renewed, and there could be no more exercising by groups in public. After some months of private study at
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It was not long before the attention of the cantonal school authorities was attracted to the Burgdorf experiment, and as a result Spiess received in 1835 the added appointment of teacher of gymnastics in the normal school
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and was the first building of the kind in Germany. Public exhibitions the next year and again in 1855 acquainted parents, teachers, the grand ducal family, and the state and city authorities with the nature of his work.
711:) was opened for use classes of boys and girls from various schools. It contained a hall one hundred by sixty feet which could be changed into two rooms by means of a movable partition. It was surrounded by a double
261:, jumping, running, climbing, throwing, skating, swimming, etc., and games of all sorts. Every week throughout the year there were also excursions with teachers, and dancing lessons were given in the winter months.
389:, one evening a friendly magistrate informed his father that if Adolf was found in the house on the following morning he would be subject to arrest. Spiess therefore left at once, and reached Assenheim in safety.
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The Hessian authorities were on the lookout for agitation looking toward a united Germany, and had already given notice to the University that no student who was affiliated with forbidden organizations, like the
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and graceful carriage of the body under ordinary conditions, while the pupil was standing or walking on the usual supporting surface, and differed in this particular from the forms commonly practised on the old
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were now added to the equipment. In 1824 some of the boys organized a little society for the purpose of practising gymnastics regularly outside of school hours. They met in the private garden exercise area
256:
and other teachers there, renewed by frequent later visits. It was therefore natural that one feature of the daily program should be gymnastics, as described and practised by GutsMuths — walking the
753:“Das Turnen in den Stemmübungen für beide Geschlechter, mit einem Anhang der Liegeübungen” (Supporting exercises for both sexes with an appendix on exercise while lying on the ground; 1843; 2nd ed., 1874)
770:“Die Uebungen für die Altersstufe vom zehnten bis sechszehnten Jahre bei Knaben und Mädchen” (Exercises for boys and girls aged 10 to 16; 1851; 2nd ed. as above, Basel: Benno Schwabe, 1889)
767:“Die Uebungen für die Altersstufe vom sechsten bis zehnten Jahre bei Knaben und Mädchen” (Exercises for boys and girls aged 6 to 10; 1847; 2nd enlarged and improved ed. by J. C. Lion, 1880)
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presence, and after observing these the teachers themselves were given an opportunity to practice the same exercises. In response to an invitation, he took charge of a similar course in
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In the spring of 1830, Spiess was back in Giessen, and active in the life of its Burschenschaft. He began to give instruction in gymnastics, first to a dozen boys on a garden
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205:, and immediately after passing his examination, in 1807, became teacher and sub-rector at the Latin school in Lauterbach. There he brought his bride Luise Werner, of
164:(3 February 1810 – 9 May 1858) was a German gymnast and educator who contributed to the development of school gymnastics for children of both sexes in
646:). In a large garden lying near the center of the city the hall of a former public house was converted into a gymnasium by setting up along one side rows of
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farmer and master smith, had first prepared himself for a position as teacher in the elementary schools, but after some years of professional experience at
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exercises devised to meet their needs. There were frequent excursions on foot into the surrounding country. Once a year, in the autumn, an exhibition (
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764:(School exercise book for the direction of exercise instruction by teachers). Basel, Schweighauser'sche Buchhandlung. In two volumes:
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In the spring or summer of 1828, Spiess went to the University of Giessen to pursue the study of theology. He at once joined the
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from Frankfurt, and in addition to his clerical duties opened a private school which prepared for the upper classes of the
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The city authorities had erected a new, attractive, and roomy building for the school, and now placed at its head
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Free at last to devote all his thought to the one subject, he finished in 1846 the fourth and final part of his
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628:” was fixed at 2000 gulden. Lessons were immediately begun with classes in two secondary schools for boys (the
750:“Das Turnen in den Hangübungen für beide Geschlechter” (Hanging exercises for both sexes; 1842; 2nd ed., 1871)
516:(1837). The result of this study was Spiess's publication in 1840 of the first part (on free exercise) of his
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To instruct large numbers of pupils at once in these free exercises, he developed marching exercises (
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After graduation, Spiess became private tutor in the family of the Hessian Count Solms-Rödelheim, at
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Adolf Spiess entered his father's school at the age of six or less. A few years later, in 1819,
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school) or for a mercantile career. Ten years before this he had observed the methods in use at
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747:“Das Turnen in den Freiübungen für beide Geschlechter” (Free exercises for both sexes, 1840)
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Turnbuch fĂĽr Schulen als Anleitung fiir den Turnunterricht durch die Lehrer der Schulen
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Spiess's father, Johann Balthasar Spiess (1782–1841) and himself the son of a
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there for the last time in the fall of 1857, and died the following year.
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decided upon further study, and so completed a course in theology at the
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698:(5), Oldenburg (4), Frankfurt am Main (8), and smaller German states.
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427:(left) and the castle, Schloss Bergdorf (on a hill to the far right).
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Original Spiess Turnplatz at Burgdorf in the grove between the river
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318:, a few miles to the east, with whom joint excursions on foot to the
41:, by Fred Eugene Leonard. Lea & Febiger, 1923 (artist uncredited)
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217:, was the oldest of their five children. His younger brother
728:, proved unavailing. He returned to Darmstadt, visiting the
209:, who he had first met in Frankfurt. Adolf Spiess, born in
789:. Philadelphia and New York: Lea & Febiger. pp.
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In 1829, Spiess continued his theological studies at the
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and horizontal bars and ladders, and adding to these a
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In 1811 the father accepted a pastoral position in the
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held in Bern (1839), Basel (1841), and Zurich (1842).
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Spiess found that the material and methods of Jahn's
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indispensable part of male education." Spiess found
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616:In May 1848 Spiess accepted an offer from Minister
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385:. Around this time, on a visit to his family in
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8:
786:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
436:(1801), a hall was equipped for winter use.
124:Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
39:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
314:as a guide. They soon met other turners in
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1687:People associated with physical culture
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184:Adolf Spiess's birthplace in Lauterbach
16:German gymnast and educator (1810–1858)
638:) and in the higher school for girls (
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875:Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths
814:. Texas State Historical Association
578:from a plate in Adolf Spiess's book
400:, already widely known for his book
1712:Sportspeople from Giessen (region)
553:, at Munich, too firmly wedded to
322:Range were made in 1826 and 1827.
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662:, and poles for use in vaulting.
434:How Gertrude Teaches Her Children
221:would become a co-founder of the
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1692:People from Lauterbach, Hesse
1677:19th-century German educators
1697:University of Giessen alumni
952:Edward William Barton-Wright
783:Fred Eugene Leonard (1923).
701:In 1852, a new indoor gym (
230:Evangelical Lutheran Church
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1702:University of Halle alumni
900:Francisco AmorĂłs y Ondeano
69:Confederation of the Rhine
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310:) A. André, using Jahn's
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812:Handbook of Texas Online
654:, parallel bars, bucks,
89:, Grand Duchy of Hesse,
742:Die Lehre der Turnkunst
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1504:Jatindra Charan Guho
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602:System of Gymnastics
580:Turnbuch fĂĽr Schulen
518:System of Gymnastics
464:) ten miles away at
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91:German Confederation
65:Grand Duchy of Hesse
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658:and jumping ropes,
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102:Academic background
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808:"Spiess, Hermann"
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1017:Hermann Görner
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
938:
936:
929:
920:
916:
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869:
865:
864:
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849:
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834:
826:
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795:
778:
775:
774:
773:
772:
771:
768:
759:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
737:
734:
648:vertical poles
613:
610:
567:
564:
545:
542:
466:MĂĽnchenbuchsee
378:
375:
363:Burschenschaft
337:Harz Mountains
328:Burschenschaft
287:horizontal bar
271:Fritz Hessemer
266:
263:
223:Bettina, Texas
219:Hermann Spiess
190:
187:
177:
174:
157:
156:
153:
152:
143:
139:
138:
134:
133:
110:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
85:
83:(aged 48)
77:
73:
72:
59:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1724:
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1700:
1698:
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1599:
1597:
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1591:
1587:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Shri Yogendra
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Kuvalayananda
1550:
1548:
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1536:
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1527:
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1360:Ralph Parcaut
1358:
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1298:
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1295:Roy Hilligenn
1293:
1291:
1290:Milo Hastings
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:Vince Gironda
1273:
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1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
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1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Jack Delinger
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:Drexel Biddle
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:Clarence Bass
1168:
1166:
1165:Charles Atlas
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1144:Freddie Welsh
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:Ronald Walker
1132:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
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1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
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1078:
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1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Eileen Fowler
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:Bert Assirati
940:
939:
937:
933:
930:
928:
924:
921:
917:
911:
910:Thomas Topham
908:
906:
903:
901:
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896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
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866:
862:
855:
850:
848:
843:
841:
836:
835:
832:
813:
809:
803:
800:
792:
788:
787:
781:
780:
776:
769:
766:
765:
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760:
755:
752:
749:
746:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
717:
714:
710:
705:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:, capital of
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:Töchterschule
641:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
598:
596:
595:Töchterschule
591:
581:
577:
572:
565:
563:
559:
556:
552:
543:
541:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
496:
494:
489:
484:
482:
478:
473:
467:
463:
458:
451:
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426:
421:
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415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
390:
388:
384:
376:
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368:
364:
358:
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351:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
284:
283:parallel bars
280:
276:
272:
264:
262:
260:
255:
251:
250:Schnepfenthal
247:
243:
239:
236:, across the
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
188:
182:
175:
173:
171:
167:
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154:
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147:
144:
140:
137:Academic work
135:
130:
125:
119:
114:
111:
109:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1638:
1529:Monotosh Roy
1509:Guru Hanuman
1479:Manohar Aich
1472:Bodybuilding
1425:Armand Tanny
1395:Tony Sansone
1380:Steve Reeves
1320:Jack LaLanne
1220:Alan Calvert
1087:Arthur Saxon
1082:Eugen Sandow
992:Juan Ferrero
905:Adolf Spiess
904:
816:. Retrieved
811:
802:
785:
761:
741:
729:
718:
712:
700:
664:
652:giant stride
643:
639:
633:
629:
625:
615:
605:
601:
599:
585:
579:
575:
560:
554:
547:
538:StemmĂĽbungen
517:
513:
509:
497:
492:
487:
485:
480:
452:
438:
433:
430:
413:
401:
395:
391:
387:Sprendlingen
380:
371:Sprendlingen
366:
362:
359:
354:
352:
341:
332:
326:
324:
311:
268:
259:balance beam
227:
192:
161:
160:
81:(1858-05-09)
38:
25:Adolf Spiess
18:
1672:1858 deaths
1667:1810 births
1524:Chandgi Ram
1494:B. C. Ghosh
1435:John Terpak
1405:Larry Scott
1390:Joe Rollino
1300:Bob Hoffman
1285:John Grimek
1260:Mark Forest
1122:Monte Saldo
1077:Joan Rhodes
1042:Thomas Inch
987:Tony Emmott
967:Victor Dane
868:Antecedents
726:Lake Geneva
692:WĂĽrttemberg
656:jump stands
540:) in 1843.
408:during the
207:SaarbrĂĽcken
166:Switzerland
1661:Categories
1606:Gymnastics
1514:K. V. Iyer
1445:Al Treloar
1385:Leo Robert
1375:Bill Pearl
1365:Kid Parker
1335:Gilman Low
1215:Paul Bragg
1190:Joe Bonomo
1185:Mark Berry
1052:Dan McLeod
962:Niels Bukh
777:References
635:Realschule
618:von Gagern
574:The Basel
514:Turntafeln
244:(a higher
211:Lauterbach
195:Thuringian
146:Gymnastics
142:Discipline
108:Alma mater
79:9 May 1858
61:Lauterbach
53:1810-02-03
1430:Vic Tanny
1340:Dan Lurie
1153:New World
1112:Maxalding
1047:John Lees
713:Turnplatz
704:‹See Tfd›
668:Oldenburg
630:Gymnasium
622:Darmstadt
590:‹See Tfd›
576:Turnplatz
533:‹See Tfd›
523:‹See Tfd›
501:‹See Tfd›
493:Turnplatz
481:Turnfeste
472:‹See Tfd›
457:‹See Tfd›
443:‹See Tfd›
414:Turnplatz
383:Assenheim
355:Turnplatz
303:‹See Tfd›
298:Turnplatz
293:‹See Tfd›
265:Education
254:GutsMuths
246:classical
242:gymnasium
234:Offenbach
176:Biography
87:Darmstadt
1645:Category
1067:Reg Park
935:European
730:Turnhaus
709:Turnhaus
707:German:
632:and the
593:German:
536:German:
526:German:
504:German:
475:German:
460:German:
448:Turnfest
446:German:
306:German:
296:German:
129:Theology
118:Theology
1626:Pilates
1589:Related
1450:Turners
1265:Ed Fury
1129:Vulcana
927:Western
919:Systems
684:Austria
680:Belgium
640:Mädchen
582:of 1847
348:Eiselen
308:Hofrath
170:Germany
1567:Tiruka
1464:Indian
1117:Maxick
818:1 July
688:Saxony
676:Sweden
660:stilts
555:Turnen
367:Turnen
320:Taunus
285:and a
189:Father
1539:Yogic
1097:Sokol
793:–117.
736:Works
724:, on
722:Vevey
696:Baden
694:(2),
690:(2),
678:(1),
642:- or
316:Hanau
215:Hesse
820:2021
425:Emme
279:Jahn
238:Main
168:and
76:Died
47:Born
791:109
232:at
1663::
810:.
495:.
416:.
339:.
213:,
172:.
67:,
63:,
853:e
846:t
839:v
822:.
520:(
469:(
454:(
290:(
131:)
127:(
120:)
116:(
55:)
51:(
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