788:'s Army Group North. On 4 September it attacked the Bois Reinette, Bois Marries and Bois Madame in front of the German Third Position. Philpott describes this as a “textbook assault”. The lead battalions took the first objectives – a makeshift trench along the track from Ferme de l’Hopital to Cléry and some observation posts on the ridge behind, in one rush. The reserve battalion pushed on in skirmish order into the woods, despite machine gun fire on the left (north). In three hours the brigade had taken 150 prisoners and suffered 670 casualties. As a result of this and other successful French attacks, the Germans pulled back to their Third Position across the southern sector of the Somme front.
656:). When Messimy protested that Paris was in the Zone of the Interior not the Zone of the Armies, and that the troops could not be moved without the authority of the president, the prime minister and himself, Ebener replied that the move was already “in execution” and that Ebener himself was to command the two divisions. This left Paris guarded by only one reserve division and three territorial divisions. Messimy hung onto 45th Division despite demands from GQG.
707:. His last act was to remove General Victor-Constant Michel a second time, this time as military governor of Paris, threatening him with arrest until Viviani arrived (apparently by accident) and persuaded Michel to resign. Messimy himself also refused to resign or to accept the position of minister without portfolio, so the whole government had to resign on 26 August, so Viviani could form a
78:
25:
629:, who had been designated as Joffre's successor "in case of accident" went to Vitry (14 August) to lobby Joffre as Messimy refused to go, believing (wrongly) that Joffre would be more likely to listen to his former superior. Messimy rang GQG on the night of 18/19 August “in anguish” at the weakness of the French left wing. He spoke to
676:. However Messimy found a clause entitling the civil power to protect “the vital interests of the country” and so, between 2am and 6am he drafted an order to Joffre demanding that he release three corps for the defence of Paris, which he telegraphed and also sent by hand at 11am on 25 August accompanied by a friendly letter.
452:– of Chief of the General Staff (and Commander-in-Chief designate). There were to be two sub-chiefs, one heading the General Staff, based in the ministry and a member of the War Minister's military cabinet, whilst the other was chief of staff to the Commander-in-Chief and dealt with mobilisation and concentration.
882:
in 1923 at a by-election caused by the death of
Alexandre BĂ©rard. At the second round, held on 10 June, he was convincingly elected with 665 votes out of 871 cast. He was re-elected, this time at the first ballot, on 20 October 1929, with 469 votes out of 877 cast. In the Senate Messimy served on the
814:
Flanking attacks having failed – Fayolle thought Foch mad to demand a further attack now the German defence was stiffening up – Messimy's brigade attacked the Bois St Pierre Vast from the south-west on 5 November. His men waded through knee-deep mud, but the attack failed and they had to withdraw to
796:
exploiting without orders, into
Bouchavesnes village. By 7.30pm they had taken 500 prisoners and ten guns. A statue of Foch now stands nearby. The German front had been pushed back 3 km, part of a broader Sixth Army advance which took 6 km of the German Third Line. Fayolle, normally highly
578:
The next morning (1 August), after the German ultimatum to Russia, the cabinet agreed that the mobilisation order could be issued but
Messimy was required to keep it in his pocket till 3.30pm. Public posters appeared at 4pm, but that evening Messimy had to order the Army, in the president's name, to
791:
The brigade attacked again on 12 September. At 1.05pm
Messimy learned that his men had taken the German Third Position west of the Bapaume-Peronne road. He asked for and was sent two more battalions from the 44th and 133rd Infantry Regiments. At 6.39pm they advanced again across the final line of
659:
Messimy and
Poincaré had studied the decrees of 1913 and agreed that in wartime the commander-in-chief had “extended powers” across the whole country and “absolute power”, including over the civilian authorities, in the Zone of the Armies. They wished to avoid a repetition of
441:, proposed that the French Army adopt a more defensive war plan and attach a regiment of reserves to each regular regiment. Messimy, in common with senior French generals, thought that these plans would blunt the fighting spirit of the French Army. He described them as
583:, commander of XX Corps, who was suspected of patrolling aggressively. Until the Germans were confirmed to have entered Belgium, Messimy forbade any French troops to enter in case reports were a trick to make the French into the violators of Belgian neutrality.
456:
abolished the former post (in his 1912–13 tenure), helping to create the situation where Joffre acquired enormous power in his hands during the early years of the First World War. Messimy was suspicious of Joffre's choice of the clericalist right-winger
718:
After his resignation
Messimy came to say goodbye to Joffre on 1 September. Joffre told him that he expected to renew the offensive on 8 September at Brienne-le-Chateau, a town between the Marne and the Seine – the counterstroke which would become the
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
644:”, asking him to return later when he hoped to have cabinet authority to appoint him. Messimy fully supported Joffre in his purge of unsuccessful generals, even suggesting that, as in 1793, some of them simply ought to be executed.
390:
His prewar writings included: "The Armed Peace, France can
Lighten the Burdens" (1905), "General Considerations on the Organisation of the Army" (1907), "The Army and its Cadres" (1909) and "Our Colonial Work" (1910).
437:) was commander-in-chief designate in the event of war but had no planning staff, whilst the Army Chief of Staff reported to the War Minister and dealt solely with administrative matters. The vice-president, General
714:
Poincaré later wrote that
Messimy had been too gloomy, warning of imminent defeat. Greenhalgh writes that he was “temperamentally unsuited … and not strong enough to withstand the strain” of being War Minister.
647:
Messimy then learned from
General Ebener, GQG's representative at the War Office, that Joffre had ordered 61st and 62nd Reserve Divisions up from Paris to the Amiens sector (where they would form part of a new
693:
679:
On 25 August
Messimy complained to Joffre that German cavalry were running amok in Belgium and that “Sordet, who has had very little fighting, is asleep. This is inadmissible.” This was unfair criticism.
365:
897:
In his posthumous memoirs (1937, pp350–1) Messimy once again argued that unsuccessful generals in 1914 should have been executed, quoting the names of six who were sent to the guillotine in 1793–1794.
567:. Joffre, who had previously been ordered to keep French troops 10 km away from the frontier, arrived and demanded French mobilisation, but was only allowed to send a “covering order” because of
464:
As War Minister Messimy proposed other reforms. He advocated that the manpower of the French Army should be enhanced with large contingents of black Africans, a view which he shared with General
2151:
475:
he ordered generals to conduct manoeuvres on horseback, to weed out elderly and unfit generals who were “incapable not only of leading their troops but of following them". Messimy and General
2171:
622:
were to enter Belgium on 6 August to reconnoitre east of the Meuse. Like President Poincare, Messimy would have preferred to send five corps, but this did not meet with Joffre's approval.
458:
479:
had tried to introduce 105mm heavy guns, but French generals saw them as a defensive weapon like machine guns and as a drag on their offensive doctrine, preferring the more mobile
563:(announcement of danger of war) was announced around 5.30pm on 31 July. Messimy, who had been tipped off an hour earlier by a banking friend in Amsterdam, told the cabinet it was
2141:
606:, currently in the Mediterranean, before Germany and France were actually at war. He eventually embraced Messimy tearfully and was persuaded to resign on grounds of health.
586:
Messimy was keen to bring the Colonial Corps from North Africa to France. In the fraught atmosphere of the Crisis he was challenged to a duel on 2 August by Navy Minister
499:, replacing Donat-Auguste Bollet, who had become a senator. Messimy polled 9,734 votes against 4,648 for Ducurtyl and 3,420 for Nanssex, out of 18,186 ballots cast.
2166:
2161:
266:
at the age of eighteen and after graduation began a career as a line officer. He was promoted to captain at the age of twenty-five and at twenty-seven attained his
2131:
883:
Committees of the Army, the Air Force, the Colonies and Foreign Affairs. He was president of the Colonies Committee for five years from 1926, before succeeding
640:
in place of General Michel. He shook Gallieni's hand effusively and kissed him when he agreed, promising him three active corps to avoid “the fate of Liège and
842:
on 11 September 1917 and transferred to command the 213th Infantry Brigade. He ended the war in command of the 162nd Infantry Division with which he liberated
244:
on 31 January 1869, Adolphe Messimy was the eldest son of notary Paul Charles Léon Messimy and Laurette Marie Anne Girodon. He married Andrée, the daughter of
2091:
2086:
524:). This plan was blocked by French generals and politicians. Messimy later wrote of the “blind and imbecile attachment to the most visible of all colours”.
232:, and later a division. Defeated for re-election to the Chamber of Deputies in 1919, he served as an influential senator from 1923 until his death in 1935.
2076:
263:
665:
220:(31 January 1869 – 1 September 1935) was a French politician and general. He served as Minister of War in 1911–12 and then again for a few months during
46:
33:
2121:
797:
critical of his subordinates, wrote “Messimy’s spirit was superb”. In common with other French successes on the Somme, this was overshadowed by the
723:. Messimy wrote that he had been impressed by his calm. At the time his feelings may have been less cordial: in late December 1914 he complained to
248:, whom he divorced in 1921. His second marriage, in 1923, was to Marie-Louise Blanc (née Viallar), a widow. He had two children from each marriage.
2156:
2096:
727:
that Joffre was responsible for the “divorce” between GQG and the troops, and that bad intelligence had been responsible for the near disaster of
625:
Messimy called in General Hirschauer of the engineers on 13 August and ordered him to have the Paris defences ready in 3 weeks, as a precaution.
2126:
516:(red trousers) worn by the French Army since 1830 by a grey-blue or grey-green uniform (the British Army had recently switched from scarlet to
2071:
1898:
1879:
636:
With the French armies falling back in retreat, and the Paris defences still not ready, Messimy sent for Gallieni and offered him the job of
669:
272:(qualified as a staff officer), opening up the promise of an excellent military career. In 1899 he resigned from his post as a captain of
251:
Tuchman described him as “an exuberant, energetic, almost violent man, with … bright peasant’s eyes behind spectacles and a loud voice”.
2081:
313:
700:). He exploded “to hell with Albania!” at his last cabinet meeting when that country was discussed, and had to be told to calm down by
495:
Returning to his native district, Messimy was, on 25 February 1912, elected deputy for the arrondissement of Trévoux (the Ain) for the
1942:
801:
and received – then and now – less recognition than it deserved. The following day (13 September) the City of Verdun was awarded the
1921:
575:. Messimy was left fretting at the “green baize routine” by which each minister was permitted to speak in turn at cabinet meetings.
400:
364:). In the second round (11 May) he defeated the incumbent deputy, Girou, by 9,068 votes to 8,569. In 1905 he voted in favour of the
1994:
1757:
866:
532:
528:
380:
376:
357:
112:
579:
keep out of the 10 km zone, on pain of court martial. Not even patrols were permitted, and special orders were issued to
2066:
871:
469:
347:
1432:
411:
361:
755:
on 16 November 1914. By 1915 Messimy had been promoted to lieutenant-colonel and on 27 July 1915 he was wounded in the
1974:
1741:
283:
After leaving the Army he became a journalist, writing on military matters for a number of Paris newspapers including
506:
and seeing the advantage held by Bulgarians in their inconspicuous uniforms, Messimy also proposed replacing the red
637:
572:
482:
228:. Having begun his career as an army officer, he returned to the Army and successfully commanded a brigade at the
38:
1753:
720:
268:
2146:
2136:
2028:
2001:
89:
2021:
689:
147:
1795:
Lebrun became President of the Senate that year, before becoming President of the Republic the following year
1967:
630:
418:. He was the fourth new War Minister that year, and within a few days of his appointment the German gunboat
827:
438:
423:
352:
245:
688:
Messimy now learned that his job was at risk as the price of getting Millerand back into the government (
1745:
641:
568:
2061:
2056:
1951:
1831:
1805:
1770:
1715:
1676:
1650:
1561:
1526:
1325:
1290:
1192:
1166:
1140:
1114:
1088:
1062:
1027:
1001:
975:
940:
914:
1350:
Greenhalgh 2014, p. 1 Greenhalgh gives his rank at the time as Colonel, which appears to be an error
2038:
2011:
865:
After the end of the war Messimy re-entered active politics but he was defeated for re-election in
781:
773:
748:
739:
Messimy rejoined the army as a staff captain on the staff of XIV Corps. He soon became head of the
728:
704:
701:
661:
649:
633:, who assured him that the German centre was weak and he agreed that Joffre should not be wakened.
453:
434:
229:
159:
124:
1933:
472:
819:
on 17 November 1916, praising their performance. The brigade had lost 71 officers and 3000 men.
615:
594:
but now wanted to redeem his reputation by using the French Navy to attack the German warships
1938:
1917:
1894:
1875:
835:
291:
765:
on 27 July 1915. Soon afterwards he was promoted to colonel and was given command of the 6th
1749:
1702:
879:
803:
798:
761:
697:
503:
448:
Messimy abolished the job of vice-president, and created a new post – soon given to General
285:
891:
854:
839:
838:
would cause high casualties but would not succeed. Again wounded, Messimy was promoted to
823:
673:
653:
626:
591:
587:
553:
415:
335:
225:
204:
708:
619:
549:
1910:
831:
808:
785:
744:
580:
512:
476:
465:
327:
277:
2050:
1984:
884:
777:
449:
77:
404:
1891:
Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century
531:, obtaining all of the 11,713 votes cast and holding the seat until his defeat in
1701:
permanent brigadier-general. Tuchman (p. 343) states that he rose to the rank of
602:
419:
221:
552:, as Minister of War. On 24 July 1914 Messimy summoned Joffre to warn him that
724:
596:
303:
297:
24:
869:. On 15 November he came only sixth out of the list of candidates for the
280:, entering politics determined on “reconciling the army with the nation".
521:
254:
His hobbies were mountain-climbing and collecting weapons and furniture.
1832:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1806:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1771:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1716:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1677:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1651:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1562:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1527:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1326:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1291:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1193:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1167:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1141:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1115:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1089:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1063:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1028:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
1002:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
976:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
941:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
915:"Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)"
849:
During the war he received eight citations and ended with the rank of
1952:
Biography of Messimy on the website of the French Parliament (French)
843:
756:
672:
on his disastrous mission to be encircled and forced to surrender at
2117:
Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
2112:
Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
2107:
Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
2102:
Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
1705:, a rank not attributed to him on the French Parliamentary website
517:
445:
and Michel a “national danger” and helped to ensure his removal.
507:
241:
187:
743:(intelligence) and acted as a liaison officer. He was part of
18:
334:
He also became an administrator of the General Company of
383:, once again at the second round, he was re-elected as a
379:, by 11,894 votes to 5,438 for his opponent Fraguier. On
410:
From 27 June 1911 to 14 January 1912 Messimy served as
815:
the start-line. Messimy issued his final order to his
857:, and was a Grand Officer of the LĂ©gion d'honneur.
590:, who had forgotten to send torpedo boats into the
387:by 9,462 votes to 7,182 for his opponent Grangier.
194:
174:
169:
153:
141:
118:
106:
88:
68:
1909:
875:, receiving only 16,494 votes out of 68,762 cast.
548:On 13 June 1914 he entered the government, led by
2172:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
890:He died, still a senator, on 1 September 1935 at
826:, correctly, that most of the senior generals in
527:He was re-elected for his Ain seat unopposed on
487:gun, so only a few had been introduced by 1914.
497:Parti républicain radical et radical socialiste
276:in protest at the Army's refusal to reopen the
407:and served from 2 March 1911 to 27 June 1911.
731:and for Joffre's partial and costly attacks.
8:
2152:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
1975:Minister of Overseas France and her Colonies
894:from the effects of a cerebral haemorrhage.
751:. He was soon promoted to major and made a
618:on 5 August. Three cavalry divisions under
433:(a body of senior generals, chaired by the
1956:
311:. He also published documented studies in
76:
65:
822:In early April 1917 Messimy warned Prime
792:trenches, followed by three companies of
772:Messimy and his brigade took part in the
2142:Mayors of places in Auvergne-RhĂ´ne-Alpes
1431:Tuchman 1962, pp. 338–40 Paris had been
565:“une forme hypocrite de la mobilisation”
262:Messimy entered the military academy of
49:of all important aspects of the article.
1916:. Wordsworth Military Library, London.
1872:The French Army and the First World War
906:
102:27 June 1911 – 14 January 1912
2167:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
2162:19th-century French military personnel
668:had taken charge of strategy, sending
137:13 June 1914 – 23 August 1914
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
2132:French senators of the Third Republic
692:was also getting back his old job as
429:Until 1911 the vice-president of the
7:
887:as president of the Army Committee.
851:général de brigade à titre definitif
2092:Ministers of the overseas of France
2087:Ministers of the colonies of France
314:La Revue politique et parlementaire
2077:Radical Party (France) politicians
1740:This election was conducted under
872:union républicaine et démocratique
616:attacked the outermost Liège forts
610:French defeat and defence of Paris
14:
319:La Revue des questions coloniales
753:Chevalier de la LĂ©gion d'honneur
422:arrived at Agadir, sparking the
375:, again at the second round, on
23:
2122:Members of Parliament for Seine
385:RĂ©publicain radicale-socialiste
366:law separating church and state
37:may be too short to adequately
2157:French generals of World War I
2097:Government ministers of France
1874:. Cambridge University Press.
1870:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2014).
830:’s Reserve Army Group thought
360:, for the Seine constituency (
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
2127:Members of Parliament for Ain
1995:François Louis Auguste Goiran
520:and the Germans from blue to
224:and first three weeks of the
16:French politician and general
2072:Military personnel from Lyon
1912:Mons, The Retreat to Victory
362:14th arrondissement of Paris
1836:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1810:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1775:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1742:Proportional representation
1720:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1681:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1655:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1566:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1531:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1330:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1295:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1197:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1171:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1145:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1119:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1093:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1067:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1032:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
1006:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
980:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
945:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
919:www. assemblee-nationale.fr
431:Conseil Supérieur de Guerre
2188:
2082:Ministers of war of France
1622:Philpott 2009, pp. 399–400
1435:in the Franco-Prussian War
776:. His brigade was part of
638:Military governor of Paris
373:Gauche radicale-socialiste
2035:
2026:
2018:
2008:
1999:
1991:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1931:Tuchman, Barbara (1962).
1893:. London: Little, Brown.
721:First Battle of the Marne
709:National Unity Government
571:’s last minute appeal to
435:President of the Republic
211:
165:
130:
95:
84:
75:
1453:Tuchman 1962, pp. 338–40
1386:Tuchman 1962, pp. 149–50
735:Wartime military service
401:Minister of the Colonies
1908:Terraine, John (1960).
1422:Tuchman 1962, pp. 245–6
1404:Tuchman 1962, pp. 338–9
461:as his chief of staff.
371:He was re-elected as a
342:Prewar political career
236:Early and personal life
1856:Greenhalgh 2014, p. 67
1748:, replacing the usual
1516:Greenhalgh 2014, p. 67
1498:Greenhalgh 2014, p. 67
1359:Tuchman 1962, pp. 92–3
1315:Tuchman 1962, pp. 47–8
1271:Tuchman 1962, pp. 46–7
1262:Greenhalgh 2014, p. 10
1253:Tuchman 1962, pp. 48–9
1244:Greenhalgh 2014, p. 15
1235:Tuchman 1962, pp. 46–7
1226:Greenhalgh 2014, p. 15
1217:Tuchman 1962, pp. 46–7
1052:Tuchman 1962, pp. 46–7
965:Tuchman 1962, pp. 46–7
861:Later political career
439:Victor-Constant Michel
424:Second Moroccan Crisis
395:Peacetime war minister
346:He was elected to the
2067:Politicians from Lyon
1889:Philpott, W. (2009).
1838:. Archives Nationales
1812:. Archives Nationales
1777:. Archives Nationales
1722:. Archives Nationales
1683:. Archives Nationales
1657:. Archives Nationales
1640:Philpott 2009, p. 470
1631:Philpott 2009, p. 445
1613:Philpott 2009, p. 412
1604:Philpott 2009, p. 355
1595:Philpott 2009, p. 345
1586:Philpott 2009, p. 353
1568:. Archives Nationales
1533:. Archives Nationales
1444:Terraine 1960, p. 113
1332:. Archives Nationales
1297:. Archives Nationales
1199:. Archives Nationales
1173:. Archives Nationales
1147:. Archives Nationales
1121:. Archives Nationales
1095:. Archives Nationales
1069:. Archives Nationales
1034:. Archives Nationales
1008:. Archives Nationales
982:. Archives Nationales
947:. Archives Nationales
921:. Archives Nationales
853:. He was awarded the
414:in the government of
403:in the government of
218:Adolphe Marie Messimy
1551:Tuchman 1962, p. 343
1507:Tuchman 1962, p. 392
1489:Tuchman 1962, p. 342
1480:Tuchman 1962, p. 342
1462:Tuchman 1962, p. 340
1413:Tuchman 1962, p. 233
1395:Tuchman 1962, p. 176
1377:Tuchman 1962, p. 127
1280:Tuchman 1962, p. 230
759:, leading a unit of
539:War Minister in 1914
459:General de Castelnau
443:“comme une insanité”
2039:Alexandre Millerand
2012:Alexandre Millerand
1703:General de Division
1471:Spears 1930, p. 221
1368:Tuchman 1962, p. 95
664:when War Minister
559:News of the German
502:After visiting the
454:Alexandre Millerand
348:Chamber of Deputies
269:Brevet d'Ă©tat-major
230:Battle of the Somme
160:Alexandre Millerand
125:Alexandre Millerand
2022:Théophile Delcassé
1960:Political offices
1934:The Guns of August
840:général de brigade
473:Theodore Roosevelt
353:Radical-socialiste
148:Théophile Delcassé
2045:
2044:
2036:Succeeded by
2009:Succeeded by
1982:Succeeded by
1900:978-1-4087-0108-9
1881:978-1-107-60568-8
878:He was elected a
836:planned offensive
784:, itself part of
631:General Berthelot
627:General Gallieni
215:
214:
64:
63:
2179:
2019:Preceded by
1992:Preceded by
1965:Preceded by
1957:
1948:
1937:. Random House.
1927:
1915:
1904:
1885:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1750:two-round system
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
972:
966:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
911:
807:and the British
804:Legion d’Honneur
799:Battle of Verdun
762:Chasseurs Alpins
694:Foreign Minister
670:Marshal MacMahon
309:Lyon-RĂ©publicain
201:
198:1 September 1935
184:
182:
170:Personal details
156:
144:
135:
121:
109:
100:
80:
66:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2147:French generals
2137:Senators of Ain
2047:
2046:
2041:
2032:
2029:Minister of War
2024:
2014:
2005:
2002:Minister of War
1997:
1987:
1978:
1970:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1907:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:arrondissements
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
974:
973:
969:
964:
960:
950:
948:
939:
938:
934:
924:
922:
913:
912:
908:
903:
892:Charnoz-sur-Ain
863:
855:Croix de Guerre
774:Somme Offensive
741:deuxième bureau
737:
686:
654:Michel Maunoury
612:
592:English Channel
588:Armand Gauthier
546:
541:
493:
483:Soixante-Quinze
416:Joseph Caillaux
412:Minister of War
399:Messimy became
397:
344:
260:
238:
226:First World War
222:the outbreak of
205:Charnoz-sur-Ain
203:
199:
190:, RhĂ´ne, France
186:
185:31 January 1869
180:
178:
154:
142:
136:
131:
119:
113:François Goiran
107:
101:
96:
90:Minister of War
71:
70:Adolphe Messimy
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2007:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:978-0345476098
1943:
1928:
1922:
1905:
1899:
1886:
1880:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1823:
1797:
1788:
1762:
1733:
1707:
1694:
1668:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1553:
1544:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1317:
1308:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1184:
1158:
1132:
1106:
1080:
1054:
1045:
1019:
993:
967:
958:
932:
905:
904:
902:
899:
862:
859:
824:Minister Ribot
809:Military Cross
769:Half-Brigade.
736:
733:
685:
682:
620:General Sordet
611:
608:
545:
542:
540:
537:
513:pantalon rouge
492:
489:
477:Auguste Dubail
466:Charles Mangin
396:
393:
343:
340:
328:Revue de Paris
323:La Revue bleue
259:
256:
237:
234:
213:
212:
209:
208:
202:(aged 66)
196:
192:
191:
176:
172:
171:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
93:
92:
86:
85:
82:
81:
73:
72:
69:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2184:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:Albert Lebrun
1977:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1923:1-84022-240-9
1919:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1850:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:in use since
1755:
1752:of voting by
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
981:
977:
971:
968:
962:
959:
946:
942:
936:
933:
920:
916:
910:
907:
900:
898:
895:
893:
888:
886:
885:Albert Lebrun
881:
876:
874:
873:
868:
860:
858:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
812:
810:
806:
805:
800:
795:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
716:
712:
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
683:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
657:
655:
651:
645:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
589:
584:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:Kriegesgefahr
557:
555:
551:
543:
538:
536:
534:
530:
529:26 April 1914
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
505:
500:
498:
491:Out of office
490:
488:
486:
484:
478:
474:
471:
467:
462:
460:
455:
451:
450:Joseph Joffre
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
394:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
349:
341:
339:
337:
332:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
287:
281:
279:
275:
271:
270:
265:
257:
255:
252:
249:
247:
246:Victor Cornil
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
210:
207:, Ain, France
206:
197:
193:
189:
177:
173:
168:
164:
161:
158:
152:
149:
146:
140:
134:
129:
126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
105:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
67:
58:
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
2027:
2000:
1973:
1932:
1911:
1890:
1871:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1835:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1809:
1800:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1774:
1765:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1565:
1556:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1144:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1092:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1066:
1057:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
984:. Retrieved
979:
970:
961:
949:. Retrieved
944:
935:
923:. Retrieved
918:
909:
896:
889:
877:
870:
864:
850:
848:
821:
816:
813:
802:
793:
790:
771:
766:
760:
752:
740:
738:
717:
713:
696:in place of
687:
678:
658:
646:
635:
624:
614:The Germans
613:
601:
595:
585:
581:General Foch
577:
564:
560:
558:
556:was likely.
550:René Viviani
547:
526:
511:
501:
496:
494:
480:
463:
447:
442:
430:
428:
409:
405:Ernest Monis
398:
389:
384:
372:
370:
351:
345:
333:
326:
322:
318:
312:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
282:
278:Dreyfus case
273:
267:
261:
258:Early career
253:
250:
239:
217:
216:
200:(1935-09-01)
155:Succeeded by
132:
120:Succeeded by
97:
52:
36:
34:lead section
2062:1935 deaths
2057:1869 births
684:Resignation
544:July Crisis
377:20 May 1906
143:Preceded by
108:Preceded by
2051:Categories
2006:1911-1912
1968:Jean Morel
1842:24 January
1816:24 January
1781:24 January
1746:department
1726:24 January
1687:24 January
1661:24 January
1572:24 January
1537:24 January
1336:24 January
1301:24 January
1203:24 January
1177:24 January
1151:24 January
1125:24 January
1099:24 January
1073:24 January
1038:24 January
1012:24 January
986:24 January
951:24 January
925:24 January
901:References
782:Sixth Army
749:First Army
725:Abel Ferry
650:Sixth Army
573:the Kaiser
522:field-grey
381:8 May 1910
304:le Radical
181:1869-01-31
817:chasseurs
794:chasseurs
767:Chasseurs
729:Charleroi
702:President
698:Doumergue
470:President
298:le Rappel
274:chasseurs
264:Saint-Cyr
133:In office
98:In office
55:June 2021
39:summarize
1433:besieged
828:Micheler
705:Poincaré
690:Delcassé
569:the Tsar
292:le Matin
286:Le Temps
240:Born in
880:senator
832:Nivelle
778:Fayolle
666:Palikao
603:Breslau
504:Balkans
468:. Like
420:Panther
1941:
1920:
1897:
1878:
844:Colmar
757:Vosges
745:Dubail
652:under
597:Goeben
2033:1914
1979:1911
1864:Books
674:Sedan
642:Namur
518:khaki
350:as a
336:Niger
1939:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1844:2016
1818:2016
1783:2016
1758:1889
1728:2016
1689:2016
1663:2016
1574:2016
1539:2016
1338:2016
1303:2016
1205:2016
1179:2016
1153:2016
1127:2016
1101:2016
1075:2016
1040:2016
1014:2016
988:2016
953:2016
927:2016
867:1919
786:Foch
662:1870
600:and
533:1919
510:and
508:kepi
358:1902
325:and
307:and
242:Lyon
195:Died
188:Lyon
175:Born
1744:by
834:’s
780:’s
747:’s
554:war
356:in
2053::
1834:.
1808:.
1773:.
1718:.
1679:.
1653:.
1564:.
1529:.
1328:.
1293:.
1195:.
1169:.
1143:.
1117:.
1091:.
1065:.
1030:.
1004:.
978:.
943:.
917:.
846:.
811:.
711:.
535:.
426:.
368:.
338:.
331:.
321:,
317:,
301:,
295:,
289:,
1947:.
1926:.
1903:.
1884:.
1846:.
1820:.
1785:.
1760:.
1730:.
1691:.
1665:.
1576:.
1541:.
1340:.
1305:.
1207:.
1181:.
1155:.
1129:.
1103:.
1077:.
1042:.
1016:.
990:.
955:.
929:.
485:"
481:"
183:)
179:(
57:)
53:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
