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hearing, and make or recommend decisions. ALJs are limited as they have no power to sanction unless a statute provides such a power. Instead, the ALJ may refer a matter to an
Article III Court to seek enforcement or sanctions. The process of agency adjudication is currently structured so as to assure that ALJs exercise independent judgment on the evidence before them, free from pressures by the parties or other officials within the agency.
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1212:. For example, Attorney Advisors assist the ALJs with research, writing, drafting of opinions and orders, and assisting with the administration of hearings and other trial-like adjudications. Furthermore, Attorney Advisors usually have practiced as lawyers in the particular field which the ALJ possesses expertise in.
1150:. As such, they do not exercise full judicial power, essentially, the power over life, liberty, and property. Article I (legislative) judges and courts are not constrained to rendering opinions for only a "case or controversy" before them and may render advisory opinions on a purely prospective basis, such as,
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Unlike federal ALJs, whose powers are guaranteed by federal statute, state ALJs have widely varying power and prestige. In some state law contexts, ALJs have almost no power; their decisions are accorded practically no deference and become, in effect, recommendations. In some cities, ALJs are at-will
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Professional organizations that represent federal ALJs include the
Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference, the Association of Administrative Law Judges, which represents only Social Security ALJs, and the Forum of United States Administrative Law judges. Professional organizations that include
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decide the final internal appeals. Moreover, after the internal agency appeals have been exhausted, a party may have the right to file an appeal in the state or federal courts. Relevant statutes usually require a party to exhaust all administrative appeals before they are allowed to sue an agency in
1651:, follow the federal model of having a separate corps of ALJs attached to each agency that uses them. Others, such as New Jersey, have consolidated all ALJs together into a single agency that holds hearings on behalf of all other state agencies. This type of state adjudicatory agency is called a "
1224:
has recognized that the role of a federal administrative law judge is "functionally comparable" to that of an
Article III judge. An ALJ's powers are often, if not generally, comparable to those of a trial judge: an ALJ may issue subpoenas, rule on proffers of evidence, regulate the course of the
1170:
communications are prohibited. ALJs are exempt from performance ratings, evaluation, and bonuses. 5 CFR 930.206. Agency officials may not interfere with their decision-making, and administrative law judges may be discharged only for good cause based upon a complaint filed by the agency with the
1165:
from liability for their judicial acts and are triers of fact "insulated from political influence". Federal administrative law judges are not responsible to, or subject to, the supervision or direction of employees or agents of the federal agency engaged in the performance of investigative or
1430:
in
Congress ... the latter in the "one supreme Court" and "such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish" ... Agencies make rules ... and conduct adjudications ... and have done so since the beginning of the Republic. These activities take "legislative" and
1444:
Most of the agencies below have only a few dozen ALJs. In 2013, the Social
Security Administration (SSA) had by far the largest number of ALJs at over 1,400, who adjudicate over 700,000 cases each year. The average SSA hearing process occurs over a period of 373 days.
1175:(MSPB) established and determined after an APA hearing on the record before an MSPB ALJ. Only ALJs receive these statutory protections; "hearing officers" or "trial examiners", with delegated hearing functions, are not similarly protected by the APA.
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1158:. Agency ALJs do not have the power to offer such advisory opinions, as it would be in violation of the power afforded them under the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. §557. Unlike the agency, ALJs are not policy or rule makers.
672:
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of the
Constitution—requiring their appointment to be made by the President or an otherwise delegated officer—but they do not require Senate confirmation as they are merely considered "inferior" officers. In 2023, the case of
1413:
ALJs cannot be recognized as members of the judicial branch of government (without first completely ejecting them from their home agencies in the executive branch), because to do so would violate the bedrock principle of
1108:. An ALJ's powers are often, if not generally, comparable to those of a trial judge, as ALJs may issue subpoenas, rule on proffers of evidence, regulate the course of the hearing, and make or recommend decisions.
1131:(APA) requires that federal ALJs be appointed based on scores achieved in a comprehensive testing procedure, including a four-hour written examination and an oral examination before a panel that includes an
2189:
Pace, Nicholas M.; Reville, Robert T.; Galway, Lionel; Geller, Amanda B.; Hayden, Orla; Hill, Laural A.; Mardesich, Christopher; Neuhauser, Frank W.; Polich, Suzanne; Yeom, Jane; Zakaras, Laura (2003).
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The constitutionality of the use of ALJs by executive branch administrative agencies has become the subject of frequent challenges in judicial branch courts during the early 21st century. In
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ALJs are generally considered to be part of the executive branch, not the judicial branch, but the APA is designed to guarantee the decisional independence of ALJs. They have
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1351:. In June 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled by a 6-3 majority that the SEC's use of ALJs in administrative proceedings for regulatory violations analogous to
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The procedure for reviewing an ALJ's decision varies depending upon the agency. Agencies generally have an internal appellate body, with some agencies having a
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of the United States
Constitution. This means that they must be appointed by the president or by heads of departments (but without also requiring Senate
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2018:
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violates the
Seventh Amendment because there was a right to a jury trial in fraud actions at common law, then refused to decide any other issues.
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Administrative law judges may be employed by a "central panel" organization, which provides the judges with independence from agencies. The
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created an early central panel in 1945, and it served as a model for other states. By 2015, over half of states had created such panels.
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1289:, and have court clerks who swear in witnesses. State ALJs can be generalists or specialize in specific fields of law, such as tax law.
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employees of the agency, making their decisional independence potentially questionable. In some agencies, ALJs dress like
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Depending upon the agency's jurisdiction, proceedings may have complex multi-party adjudication, as is the case with the
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The dissent overstates when it claims that agencies exercise "legislative power" and "judicial power" ... The former is
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2327:"Elon Musk and SpaceX are right about the National Labor Relations Board being unconstitutional, argues Trader Joe's"
1655:". Many states have a central panel agency, but the agency does not handle all the hearings for every state agency.
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were specifically focused on the SEC, there are other pending cases in lower-level courts (such as those brought by
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recognises legally qualified members of the national system of administrative law tribunals as members of the
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has recognized that the role of a federal administrative law judge is "functionally comparable" to that of an
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to lend them
Administrative Law Judges from other federal agencies for a period of up to six months.
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2268:"A federal appeals court says the S.E.C.'s use of an in-house judge violates defendants' rights"
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Elizabeth
Buroker Coffin, The Case for A State Tax Court, 8 St. & Loc. Tax Law. 63 (2003)
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2004:
1431:"judicial" forms, but they are exercises of—indeed, under our constitutional structure they
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1378:'s use of ALJs. At least one court has ruled that the challenges would "neuter" the
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2118:"ALJ Central Panels: How is it Going Out There? | The National Judicial College"
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raised the issues of whether the use of ALJ factfinding as a replacement for a
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Iowa Department of Inspections and Appeals-Division of Administrative Hearings
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1340:
1262:
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2296:"Again Curbing Regulatory Agencies, Supreme Court Rejects S.E.C.'s Tribunals"
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Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic: The Deep State and the Unitary Executive
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ruled that ALJs are officers of the United States and thus subject to the
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3713:
3416:
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2642:
2541:"110618a Railroad Commission Appoints Dana Lewis as Director of Hearings"
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Mississippi Department of Employment Security, Office of the Governor
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1115:, or simplified and less formal procedures, as is the case with the
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Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary
1265:, the state law is also known as the Administrative Procedure Act.
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2199:. Santa Monica: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 634–637
2165:"Quest for Respect: Compensation Judges Win Right to Put On Robes"
2044:
Skowronek, Stephen; Dearborn, John A. & King, Desmond (2021).
1282:
1070:
1204:
ALJs usually hire Attorney Advisors, who serve a role similar to
3541:
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3345:
2743:
2659:
1398:
in the judicial branch. In contrast, in the United Kingdom the
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1188:
held that ALJs are Inferior Officers within the meaning of the
2613:
2389:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 170.
179:
77:
36:
2193:
Improving Dispute Resolution for California's Injured Workers
1694:
2568:
The Forum of United States Administrative Law Judges (FORUM)
2088:"Administrative Hearings: State Central Panels in the 1990s"
1852:
New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance
314:
1918:(does hearings for all state agencies plus some local ones)
2567:
1819:
New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings
1797:
Michigan State Office of Administrative Hearings and Rules
1418:. In a 2013 majority opinion signed by Associate Justice
2071:
Federal Maritime Commission v. S.C. State Ports Authority
1927:
West Virginia Insurance Commission (Workers Compensation)
1416:
separation of powers as embodied in the U.S. Constitution
2386:
An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States
2355:"US judge rejects medical center's bid to 'neuter' NLRB"
2240:"S.E.C. Judges Were Appointed Unlawfully, Justices Rule"
2577:
2572:
2226:
2019:"Supreme Court sides with 'Buckets of Money' financier"
1831:
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
1304:
ABA National Conference of Administrative Law Judiciary
2582:
2440:
Law and Leviathan: Redeeming the Administrative State
2573:
National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary
1792:
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
1300:
National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary
3737:
3627:
3450:
3359:
3250:
3129:
3031:
2752:
2620:
2443:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 83.
1804:(does hearings for some but not all state agencies)
1762:(does hearings for some but not all state agencies)
1196:, unless Congress amends the law to require that).
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1821:(does hearings for some but not all city agencies)
2416:Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, s.1,
2294:Charlie Savage and Adam Liptak (June 27, 2024).
1787:Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation
1643:List of state departments and agencies with ALJs
1595:Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
1545:Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission
1154:, Congressional reference cases assigned to the
1856:Oklahoma Workers' Compensation Court Commission
1735:Georgia Office of State Administrative Hearings
1690:California Department of Developmental Services
1424:
1261:modeled after the APA. In some states, such as
1921:West Virginia Public Employees Grievance Board
1097:, and make factual and legal determinations.
2598:
2050:. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–160.
1910:Texas State Office of Administrative Hearings
1865:Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry
1675:California Department of Industrial Relations
1279:California Department of Industrial Relations
1081:and adjudicates claims or disputes involving
1038:
8:
2578:Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference
2227:Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference
1916:Washington Office of Administrative Hearings
1912:(does hearings for only some state agencies)
1840:New York State Department of Motor Vehicles
1685:California Employment Development Department
1635:Other federal agencies may request the U.S.
1600:Office of Financial Institution Adjudication
1139:representative, and a sitting federal ALJ.
452:Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
1802:Minnesota Office of Administrative Hearings
1745:Indiana Department of Workforce Development
1730:Florida Division of Administrative Hearings
1476:Department of Housing and Urban Development
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2605:
2591:
2583:
2503:"Judges sue Social Security over 'quotas'"
1900:Texas Health and Human Services Commission
1776:Maryland Office of Administrative Hearings
1695:Office of Administrative Hearings web page
1400:Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007
1382:and are unlikely to succeed, and that the
1374:) which brought similar challenges to the
1045:
1031:
299:
30:"ALJ" redirects here. For other uses, see
1665:California Department of Consumer Affairs
1386:'s use of ALJs is likely constitutional.
1308:National Association of Hearing Officials
288:Learn how and when to remove this message
270:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
3750:History of the American legal profession
1771:Louisiana Division of Administrative Law
1722:Colorado Office of Administrative Courts
1700:Fair Hearings Complaint process web page
1680:California Department of Social Services
1670:California Department of Health Services
1298:both state and federal ALJs include the
1959:
1924:West Virginia Public Service Commission
1884:South Carolina Administrative Law Court
1813:New Jersey Office of Administrative Law
1490:Executive Office for Immigration Review
1466:Department of Health and Human Services
1460:Department of Health and Human Services
1440:List of U.S. federal agencies with ALJs
1243:California Administrative Procedure Act
302:
2501:Ohlemacher, Stephen (April 20, 2013).
2353:Wiessner, Daniel (16 September 2024).
1999:
1997:
1943:Federal judiciary of the United States
1938:Federal tribunals in the United States
1886:(does hearings for all state agencies)
1879:Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission
1815:(does hearings for all state agencies)
1712:California Public Utilities Commission
1166:prosecution functions for the agency.
1146:, ALJs are Article I judges under the
206:Please improve this article by adding
1766:Iowa Workforce Development Department
7:
2302:. The New York Times. Archived from
2081:
2079:
1860:Pennsylvania Department of Insurance
1726:Colorado Public Utilities Commission
1585:National Transportation Safety Board
1530:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1450:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
1422:, the U.S. Supreme Court explained:
1281:), ALJs wear robes like Article III
1216:Authority and review of federal ALJs
1129:Administrative Procedure Act of 1946
1113:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
106:adding citations to reliable sources
2325:Eidelson, Josh (January 27, 2024).
2266:Goldstein, Matthew (May 18, 2022).
1825:New York City Department of Finance
1783:(hearings for public utility cases)
1435:exercises of—the "executive Power."
1847:New York State Department of State
1836:New York State Department of Labor
1781:Maryland Public Service Commission
1620:Securities and Exchange Commission
1550:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
25:
2734:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1874:Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board
1827:(hearings for parking violations)
1535:Federal Labor Relations Authority
1525:Federal Communications Commission
394:National Environmental Policy Act
52:This article has multiple issues.
3828:United States administrative law
3781:
3780:
3766:
1750:Industrial Commission of Arizona
1740:Illinois Human Rights Commission
1717:California State Personnel Board
1707:California Office of Tax Appeals
1394:The United States does not have
484:Judicial review of agency action
184:
82:
41:
3745:History of the legal profession
2128:from the original on 2016-10-30
1565:General Services Administration
1520:Federal Aviation Administration
1515:Environmental Protection Agency
1510:Drug Enforcement Administration
1404:judiciary of the United Kingdom
732:Regulated fields (and agencies)
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
2477:(2013) (emphasis in original).
2418:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
2238:Liptak, Adam (June 21, 2018).
2163:Klunder, Jan (July 14, 1987).
1755:Iowa Department of Corrections
1637:Office of Personnel Management
1630:Social Security Administration
1580:National Labor Relations Board
1575:Merit Systems Protection Board
1570:International Trade Commission
1505:Department of Veterans Affairs
1384:National Labor Relations Board
1376:National Labor Relations Board
1173:Merit Systems Protection Board
1133:Office of Personnel Management
1123:Federal appointment and tenure
1117:Social Security Administration
529:Committed to agency discretion
399:Government in the Sunshine Act
1:
1660:Alabama Department of Revenue
1625:Small Business Administration
1590:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
338:Notice of proposed rulemaking
208:secondary or tertiary sources
1972:"Resolving the ALJ Quandary"
1905:Railroad Commission of Texas
1615:United States Postal Service
1560:Food and Drug Administration
1500:Department of Transportation
1380:National Labor Relations Act
1184:, decided in June 2018, the
434:Federal Vacancies Reform Act
424:Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
384:Administrative Procedure Act
1890:Texas Department of Banking
1605:Patent and Trademark Office
1540:Federal Maritime Commission
1222:United States Supreme Court
1102:United States Supreme Court
358:Code of Federal Regulations
3844:
3412:International legal theory
2891:International slavery laws
2886:International human rights
2881:International criminal law
2073:, 535 U.S. 743, 756 (2002)
1481:Department of the Interior
1293:Professional organizations
1100:In the United States, the
414:Regulatory Flexibility Act
389:Freedom of Information Act
219:"Administrative law judge"
117:"Administrative law judge"
29:
3760:
3465:Administration of justice
1842:Traffic Violations Bureau
1610:United States Coast Guard
1462:/Department Appeals Board
1455:Department of Agriculture
1390:International comparisons
738:Antitrust and competition
457:Administrative Conference
3242:Basic structure doctrine
3092:Natural and legal rights
2973:Public international law
2471:City of Arlington v. FCC
1895:Texas Finance Commission
1555:Federal Trade Commission
1137:American Bar Association
1059:administrative law judge
1017:Statutory interpretation
699:Unitary executive theory
490:Arbitrary and capricious
429:Congressional Review Act
404:National Emergencies Act
350:Administrative law judge
18:Administrative Law Judge
3422:Principle of typicality
2896:International trade law
2527:"State Personnel Board"
1156:Court of Federal Claims
1093:, rule on questions of
1077:who both presides over
646:Congressional oversight
446:Regulatory coordination
419:Paperwork Reduction Act
27:Judge and trier of fact
2147:"The Price of Justice"
2086:Allen, Hoberg (1994).
1437:
1349:nondelegation doctrine
1085:. ALJs can administer
319:
195:relies excessively on
3417:Principle of legality
3176:Delegated legislation
2876:Intellectual property
2475:569 U.S. 290, 304 n.4
1976:Vanderbilt Law Review
1869:Workers' Compensation
1647:Some states, such as
1486:Department of Justice
1408:judicial independence
1396:administrative courts
579:Nationwide injunction
471:Executive Order 12866
467:Cost–benefit analysis
409:Inspector General Act
318:
3635:Barristers' chambers
3577:Legal representation
3515:Justice of the peace
2861:Financial regulation
2377:Farnsworth, E. Allan
2008:, 438 U.S. 478, 514
1948:Administrative court
1653:central panel agency
1472:Hearings and Appeals
680:Independent agencies
619:Separation of powers
102:improve this article
32:ALJ (disambiguation)
3670:Election commission
3382:Expressive function
2911:Landlord–tenant law
2810:Consumer protection
1495:Department of Labor
1406:who are guaranteed
1330:Appointments Clause
1206:judicial law clerks
1190:Appointments Clause
1135:representative, an
686:Humphrey's Executor
673:Senate confirmation
625:Appointments Clause
378:Statutory framework
3628:Legal institutions
3495:Lawsuit/Litigation
3485:Dispute resolution
3290:Catholic canon law
2998:State of emergency
2961:Will and testament
2685:Law of obligations
2638:Constitutional law
2628:Administrative law
2513:Melbourne, Florida
2300:The New York Times
2273:The New York Times
2245:The New York Times
1428:vested exclusively
1326:U.S. Supreme Court
1210:Article III judges
1194:advice and consent
1144:administrative law
1083:administrative law
1012:Constitutional law
320:
304:Administrative law
3810:
3809:
3470:Constitutionalism
3392:Law and economics
3230:Act of parliament
2968:Product liability
2921:Legal archaeology
2846:Environmental law
2840:Entertainment law
2680:International law
2545:www.rrc.texas.gov
2431:Sunstein, Cass R.
2169:Los Angeles Times
2057:978-0-19-754308-5
1345:Seventh Amendment
1230:Cabinet secretary
1200:Attorney Advisors
1163:absolute immunity
1148:U.S. Constitution
1106:Article III judge
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1054:
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75:
16:(Redirected from
3835:
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3783:
3771:
3770:
3594:Question of fact
3475:Criminal justice
2805:Construction law
2800:Conflict of laws
2765:Agricultural law
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2552:
2551:
2537:
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2530:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2488:"ALJs by Agency"
2484:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2435:Vermeule, Adrian
2427:
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2143:
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2114:
2108:
2107:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2023:Associated Press
2015:
2009:
2005:Butz v. Economou
2001:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1964:
1353:securities fraud
1047:
1040:
1033:
706:Legislative veto
462:Executive orders
365:Federal Register
300:
293:
286:
275:
268:
264:
261:
255:
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212:
188:
180:
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21:
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3833:
3832:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3779:
3765:
3756:
3733:
3724:Political party
3697:Legal education
3685:Law enforcement
3665:Court of equity
3623:
3599:Question of law
3552:Practice of law
3532:Judicial review
3446:
3397:Legal formalism
3377:Comparative law
3372:Contract theory
3355:
3275:Legal pluralism
3246:
3235:Act of Congress
3159:Executive order
3125:
3027:
2946:Nationality law
2871:Immigration law
2795:Competition law
2748:
2616:
2611:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2381:Sheppard, Steve
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2347:
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2335:
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2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2306:on July 9, 2024
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2157:
2153:, Feb. 12, 2006
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2085:
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2077:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2025:. June 21, 2018
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1966:
1965:
1961:
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1934:
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1125:
1051:
1022:
1021:
1007:
999:
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987:Social Security
733:
725:
724:
656:Organic statute
620:
612:
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574:Major questions
485:
477:
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379:
371:
370:
328:
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265:
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213:
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205:
201:primary sources
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3773:Law portal
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3139:Ballot measure
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3116:Legal treatise
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3106:
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3084:
3082:Letters patent
3079:
3074:
3073:
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3057:
3052:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3033:Sources of law
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3020:
3018:Unenforced law
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2790:Commercial law
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2562:External links
2560:
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2532:
2518:
2515:. pp. 3A.
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2490:. August 2020.
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2151:New York Times
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2122:www.judges.org
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2010:
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1970:(April 2013).
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1420:Antonin Scalia
1391:
1388:
1336:SEC v. Jarkesy
1315:
1312:
1294:
1291:
1275:business suits
1250:
1247:
1238:
1237:Central panels
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1006:Related topics
1005:
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965:Transportation
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50:
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26:
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3655:Civil society
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3614:Trier of fact
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3500:Legal opinion
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3480:Court-martial
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3452:Jurisprudence
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3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Statutory law
3339:
3337:
3336:Socialist law
3334:
3330:
3329:Byzantine law
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
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3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:Religious law
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
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3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3252:Legal systems
3249:
3243:
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3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:Statutory law
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3050:Statutory law
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3019:
3016:
3014:
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3009:
3008:Transport law
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
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2926:Legal fiction
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2856:Financial law
2854:
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2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
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2818:
2816:
2815:Corporate law
2813:
2811:
2808:
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2801:
2798:
2796:
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2786:
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2771:
2768:
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2763:
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2758:
2757:
2755:
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2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Statutory law
2737:
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2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
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2718:
2715:
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2703:
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2649:
2646:
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2641:
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2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:Core subjects
2619:
2615:
2608:
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2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
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2566:
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221: –
220:
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209:
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193:This article
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118:
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3537:Jurisdiction
3505:Legal remedy
3460:Adjudication
3360:Legal theory
3198:Ratification
3193:Promulgation
3164:Proclamation
3144:Codification
3077:Human rights
3065:Divine right
3055:Constitution
3023:Women in law
2941:Military law
2936:Marriage law
2931:Maritime law
2830:Election law
2770:Aviation law
2760:Abortion law
2712:Property law
2648:Criminal law
2548:. Retrieved
2544:
2535:
2521:
2506:
2496:
2482:
2470:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2439:
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2402:November 17,
2400:. Retrieved
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2361:16 September
2359:. Retrieved
2348:
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2330:
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2308:. Retrieved
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2299:
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2277:. Retrieved
2271:
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2249:. Retrieved
2243:
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2192:
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2172:. Retrieved
2168:
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2130:. Retrieved
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2091:
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2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2013:
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1984:. Retrieved
1982:(3): 797–865
1979:
1975:
1962:
1867:, Bureau of
1646:
1634:
1443:
1432:
1425:
1412:
1393:
1372:Trader Joe's
1363:
1359:
1357:
1334:
1324:(2018), the
1321:Lucia v. SEC
1319:
1317:
1296:
1267:
1252:
1240:
1227:
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1203:
1181:Lucia v. SEC
1179:
1177:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1142:In American
1141:
1126:
1110:
1099:
1062:
1058:
1056:
710:
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638:Noel Canning
636:
629:
602:
588:
559:
552:
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521:Loper Bright
519:
512:
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363:
356:
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345:Adjudication
284:
266:
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240:
233:
226:
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194:
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
3709:Legislature
3640:Bureaucracy
3437:Rule of man
3432:Rule of law
3407:Libertarian
3270:Chinese law
3171:Legislation
3121:Regulations
3109:Law reports
3087:Natural law
2983:Reparations
2978:Refugee law
2901:Jurimetrics
2842:(Media law)
2780:Banking law
2775:Amnesty law
2753:Disciplines
2690:Private law
2338:January 27,
2203:29 December
2174:29 December
1986:29 December
1468:/Office of
1255:U.S. states
864:Immigration
852:Health care
818:Environment
590:Abbott Labs
547:Bi-Metallic
534:Due process
3817:Categories
3702:Law school
3582:Prosecutor
3520:Magistrate
3307:Jewish law
3265:Common law
3186:Rulemaking
3181:Regulation
3131:Law making
3070:Divine law
3046:Legal code
2993:Sports law
2916:Law of war
2866:Health law
2851:Family law
2835:Energy law
2785:Bankruptcy
2722:Punishment
2717:Public law
2550:2021-07-15
2132:2018-11-24
1954:References
1649:California
1341:jury trial
1306:, and the
1287:courtrooms
1263:New Jersey
1249:State ALJs
914:Securities
569:Exhaustion
496:State Farm
333:Rulemaking
230:newspapers
197:references
128:newspapers
57:improve it
3680:Judiciary
3675:Executive
3650:The bench
3587:Solicitor
3562:Barrister
3442:Sociology
3427:Pseudolaw
3367:Anarchist
3324:Roman law
3312:Parsi law
3297:Hindu law
3285:Canon law
3260:Civil law
3213:Concordat
3104:Precedent
3013:Trust law
2988:Space law
2825:Drugs law
2695:Procedure
2633:Civil law
2357:. Reuters
2104:0735-0821
1091:testimony
1065:) in the
902:trademark
693:Seila Law
515:deference
507:deference
260:July 2020
158:July 2020
63:talk page
3787:Category
3729:Tribunal
3714:Military
3557:Attorney
3527:Judgment
3387:Feminist
3302:Jain law
3099:Case law
2820:Cyberlaw
2727:Corporal
2705:Criminal
2675:Evidence
2665:Doctrine
2643:Contract
2437:(2020).
2379:(2010).
2310:July 12,
2251:June 23,
2126:Archived
2029:June 21,
1932:See also
1470:Medicare
1347:and the
1314:Case law
1168:Ex parte
1095:evidence
931:Taxation
765:Treasury
668:Hearings
598:Standing
584:Ripeness
554:Goldberg
540:Londoner
3801:Outline
3738:History
3645:The bar
3619:Verdict
3567:Counsel
3547:Justice
3402:History
3225:Statute
3041:Charter
3003:Tax law
2951:Probate
2383:(ed.).
2332:Fortune
2279:May 19,
1433:must be
1364:Jarkesy
1271:lawyers
1259:statute
1257:have a
1233:court.
1089:, take
760:Banking
631:Freytag
561:Mathews
505:Chevron
327:General
306:of the
244:scholar
142:scholar
3823:Judges
3719:Police
3690:Agency
3572:Lawyer
3317:Sharia
3208:Treaty
3203:Repeal
3149:Decree
3060:Custom
2956:Estate
2906:Labour
2670:Equity
2456:May 5,
2447:
2393:
2102:
2054:
1368:SpaceX
1358:While
1302:, the
1283:judges
1079:trials
898:Patent
801:Energy
712:Chadha
246:
239:
232:
225:
217:
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
3794:Index
3660:Court
3604:Trial
3510:Judge
3351:Yassa
3154:Edict
2700:Civil
2653:Crime
2420:, s.3
2197:(PDF)
2098:(1).
1360:Lucia
1253:Most
1087:oaths
1071:judge
1069:is a
948:Trade
881:Labor
604:Lujan
251:JSTOR
237:books
149:JSTOR
135:books
3542:Jury
3490:Fiqh
3346:Xeer
2744:Tort
2660:Deed
2458:2024
2445:ISBN
2404:2020
2391:ISBN
2363:2024
2340:2024
2312:2024
2281:2022
2253:2018
2205:2020
2176:2020
2100:ISSN
2052:ISBN
2031:2018
1988:2020
1370:and
1362:and
1220:The
1152:e.g.
1127:The
1073:and
980:NTSB
924:CFTC
891:NLRB
874:EOIR
835:Food
811:FERC
777:FDIC
753:CFPB
748:CPSC
513:Auer
223:news
121:news
2614:Law
1273:in
1208:of
1178:In
1063:ALJ
1057:An
992:SSA
975:STB
970:DOT
958:ITC
953:DOC
936:IRS
919:SEC
907:PTO
886:DOL
869:DHS
857:HHS
845:CDC
840:FDA
828:FWS
823:EPA
806:DOE
794:FCC
782:FRB
770:OCC
743:FTC
199:to
104:by
3819::
3048:/
2543:.
2511:.
2505:.
2473:,
2433:;
2329:.
2298:.
2270:.
2242:.
2167:.
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2124:.
2120:.
2096:14
2094:.
2090:.
2078:^
2021:.
1996:^
1980:66
1978:.
1974:.
1410:.
1310:.
1119:.
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