Admiralty law - Knowledge (XXG)

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boarding a ship which is on fire, raising a ship or boat which has already sunk, or towing a ship which is in the surf away from the shore. Low-order salvage occurs where the salvor is exposed to little or no personal risk. Examples of low-order salvage include towing another vessel in calm seas, supplying a vessel with fuel, or pulling a vessel off a sand bar. Salvors performing high-order salvage receive substantially greater salvage award than those performing low-order salvage.

942: 4612: 2328: 4626: 2342: 1491:. Whilst Pakistan now has its own statute, the Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance, 1980 (Ordinance XLII of 1980), it also follows English case law. One reason for this is that the 1980 Ordinance is partly modelled on old English admiralty law, namely the Administration of Justice Act 1956. The current statute dealing with the Admiralty jurisdiction of the England and Wales High Court is the 1749: 1273:(International Maritime Committee or CMI). Founded in 1897, the CMI drafted numerous international conventions, including the Hague Rules (International Convention on Bills of Lading), the Visby Amendments (amending the Hague Rules), the Salvage Convention, and many others. While the CMI continues to function in an advisory capacity, many of its functions have been taken over by the 31: 1840:. This replacement was done in 2001 to handle the constantly upgrading modern shipping industry. The purpose of the Pakistan Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001 is to provide a strategy and rules under which the government authorities will function in dealing with stuff related to the shipping industry. This law also handles duties internationally required under the ILO ( 1080:

three years, suits against cruise lines may need to be brought within one year because of limitations contained in the passenger ticket. Notice requirements in the ticket may require a formal notice to be brought within six months of the injury. Most U.S. cruise line passenger tickets also have provisions requiring that suit to be brought in either

1019:. Admiralty law also covers land-based commercial activities that are maritime in character, such as marine insurance. Some lawyers prefer to reserve the term "admiralty law" for "wet law" (e.g. salvage, collisions, ship arrest, towage, liens and limitation), and use "maritime law" only for "dry law" (e.g. carriage of goods and people, 1645:

The common element of those cases are that they require the court to exercise jurisdiction over maritime property. For example, in a petitory and possession action, a vessel whose title is in dispute, usually between co-owners, will be put in the possession of the court until the title dispute can be

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Admiralty courts assume jurisdiction by virtue of the presence of the vessel in its territorial jurisdiction irrespective of whether the vessel is national or not and whether registered or not, and wherever the residence or domicile or their owners may be. A vessel is usually arrested by the court to

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Pure salvage claims are divided into "high-order" and "low-order" salvage. In high-order salvage, the salvor exposes himself and his crew to the risk of injury and loss or damage to his equipment to salvage the damaged ship. Examples of high-order salvage are boarding a sinking ship in heavy weather,

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The obligation of "maintenance" requires the shipowner to provide a seaman with his basic living expenses while he is convalescing. Once a seaman is able to work, he is expected to maintain himself. Consequently, a seaman can lose his right to maintenance, while the obligation to provide cure is

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In both high-order and low-order salvage the amount of the salvage award is based first upon the value of the property saved. If nothing is saved, or if additional damage is done, there will be no award. The other factors to be considered are the skills of the salvor, the peril to which the salvaged

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Canada has adopted an expansive definition of its maritime law, which goes beyond traditional admiralty law. The original English admiralty jurisdiction was called "wet", as it concerned itself with things done at sea, including collisions, salvage and the work of mariners, and contracts and torts

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In pure salvage, there is no contract between the owner of the goods and the salvor. The relationship is one which is implied by law. The salvor of property under pure salvage must bring his claim for salvage in court, which will award salvage based upon the "merit" of the service and the value of

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to passengers. Consequently, passengers who are injured aboard ships may bring suit as if they had been injured ashore through the negligence of a third party. The passenger bears the burden of proving that the shipowner was negligent. While personal injury cases must generally be pursued within

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governing the relationships between private parties operating or using ocean-going ships. While each legal jurisdiction usually has its own legislation governing maritime matters, the international nature of the topic and the need for uniformity has, since 1900, led to considerable international

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it was established that there was the presumption that the moving vessel is at fault, stating that "presumption derives from the common-sense observation that moving vessels do not usually collide with stationary objects unless the vessel is mishandled in some way". This is also referred to as

1221:) – have all been the subject of treasure salvage awards. Due to refinements in side-scanning sonars, many ships which were previously missing are now being located and treasure salvage is now a less risky endeavor than it was in the past, although it is still highly speculative and expensive. 1172:

A pure or merit salvage award will seldom exceed 50 percent of the value of the property salved. The exception to that rule is in the case of treasure salvage. Because sunken treasure has generally been lost for hundreds of years, while the original owner (or insurer, if the vessel was insured)

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There are two types of salvage: contract salvage and pure salvage, which is sometimes referred to as "merit salvage". In contract salvage the owner of the property and salvor enter into a salvage contract prior to the commencement of salvage operations and the amount that the salvor is paid is

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injured in the service of the ship, until the seaman has reached "maximum medical cure". The concept of "maximum medical cure" is more extensive than the concept "maximum medical improvement". The obligation to "cure" a seaman includes the obligation to provide him with medications and medical

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of 1873–1875 abolished the Admiralty Court as such, and it became conflated in the new Probate, Divorce and Admiralty division of the High Court. However, when the PDA was abolished and replaced by a new Family Division, admiralty jurisdiction passed to a so-called Admiralty Court which was

1816:. The principle of maintenance and cure requires a shipowner to both pay for an injured seaman's medical treatment until maximum medical recovery (MMR) is obtained and provide basic living expenses until completion of the voyage, even if the seaman is no longer aboard ship. 1125:

against the ship to guarantee payment. To enforce the lien, the ship must be arrested or seized. In the United States, an action to enforce a lien against a U.S. ship must be brought in federal court and cannot be done in state court, except for under the reverse

1719:(COGSA), which is the U.S. enactment of the Hague Rules. One of its key features is that a shipowner is liable for cargo damaged from "hook to hook", meaning from loading to discharge, unless it is exonerated under one of 17 exceptions to liability, such as an " 1415:) are advised to implement self-protective measures, in accordance with most recent best management practices agreed upon by the members of the merchant industry and endorsed by the NATO Shipping Centre, and the Maritime Security Centre Horn-of-Africa (MSCHOA). 1044:

devices which improve his ability to function, even if they do not "improve" his actual condition. They may include long-term treatments that permit him to continue to function well. Common examples include prostheses, wheelchairs, and pain medications.

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Aside from those five types of cases, all other maritime cases, such as claims for personal injuries, cargo damage, collisions, maritime products liability, and recreational boating accidents may be brought in either federal or state court.

578: 868:. For example, the phrase in the Declaration of Independence "For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury" refers to the practice of the UK Parliament giving the Admiralty Courts jurisdiction to enforce the 915:

proposing that the U.S. Constitution, then under consideration by the States, be amended to include "trial by jury in all matters of fact triable by the laws of the land and not by the laws of Nations". The result was the

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award on the salvaged property. There is no "life salvage": all mariners have a duty to save the lives of others in peril without expectation of reward. Consequently, salvage law applies only to the saving of property.

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Seaborne transport was one of the earliest channels of commerce, and rules for resolving disputes involving maritime trade were developed early in recorded history. Early historical records of these laws include the

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While there is no great difference between the two terms and often they are even used interchangeably, determining the difference helps clarify the circumstances of emergencies and adapt accordingly. In the case of

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Maritime law is governed by a uniform three-year statute of limitations for personal injury and wrongful death cases. Cargo cases must be brought within two years (extended from the one-year allowance under the

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any colonist of its violation. The Admiralty Court, which has never had trial by jury, was thus given jurisdiction so a colonist charged with breaching the Stamp Act could be more easily convicted by the Crown.

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also form part of the body of conventions in international waters. Other commercial conventions include the "International Convention relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-Going Ships",

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which stated that a person missing at sea shall be assumed to be dead after seven years; conspiracy theorists claim that the government uses this Act to secretly enslave people, by assuming any person to be

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noted further that admiralty law was also used as an alternative to the common law in Norman England, which previously required voluntary submission to it by entering a plea seeking judgment from the court.

1233:" is then used to mean the striking of a stationary object, while "collision" is used to mean the striking of a moving object. Thus, when two vessels run against each other, courts typically use the term 1696:

doctrine" requires state courts hearing admiralty cases to apply substantive federal admiralty law. However, state courts are allowed to apply state procedural law. This change can be significant.

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The origin of the maritime law conspiracy theory is unknown, though it may stem from a misunderstanding of some nautical-sounding words in common usage in the English-language judiciary such as

1495:, ss. 20–24, 37. The provisions in those sections are, in turn, based on the International Arrest Convention 1952. Other countries which do not follow the English statute and case laws, such as 1681:

A state court hearing an admiralty or maritime case is required to apply the admiralty and maritime law, even if it conflicts with the law of the state, under a doctrine known as the "reverse-

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over admiralty and maritime matters; however, that jurisdiction is not exclusive, and most maritime cases can be heard in either state or federal courts under the "saving to suitors" clause.

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in the case of piracy, which means that any nation may pursue pirates on the high seas, including pursuing them into a country's territorial waters. Most nations have signed onto the 1982

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From a tactical standpoint it is important to consider that in federal courts in the United States, there is generally no right to trial by jury in admiralty cases, although the 1920

1313: 1301: 1285: 597: 1187:) are the most commonly thought of type of treasure salvage, other types of ships – including German submarines from World War II which can hold valuable historical artifacts, 1229:

In maritime law, it is occasionally desirable to distinguish between the situation of a vessel striking a moving object and that of it striking a stationary object. The word "

1055:, 369 U.S. 527 (1962). If a shipowner's breach of its obligation to provide maintenance and cure is willful and wanton, the shipowner may be subject to punitive damages. See 3029: 3227: 2432: 924:

in an admiralty case in colonial Boston involving seizure of one of Hancock's ships for violations of customs regulations. In the more modern era, Supreme Court Justice

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took hold and English maritime commerce burgeoned, the Admiralty Court became a proactive source of innovative legal ideas and provisions to meet the new situation. The

952: 2400: 1603: 1393: 1357: 1305: 703: 545: 733:), of which no primary written specimen has survived, but which is alluded to in other legal texts (Roman and Byzantine legal codes), and later the customs of the 1269:

Before the mid-1970s, most international conventions concerning maritime trade and commerce originated in a private organization of maritime lawyers known as the

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Healy, Sharpe and Sharpe, Cases and Materials on Admiralty, Thomson West, pp.502-510 (maintenance and cure); pp.510-20 (Jones Act); pp.520-25 (unseaworthiness).

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property was exposed, the value of the property which was risked in effecting the salvage, the amount of time and money expended in the salvage operation, etc.

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then clarified the admiralty jurisdiction of the Queen's Bench, so England and Wales once again has a distinct Admiralty Court (albeit no longer based in the

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was a development of continental civil law, the Admiralty Court of England and Wales was a common law court, albeit somewhat distanced from the mainstream

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Banks which loan money to purchase ships, vendors who supply ships with necessaries like fuel and stores, seamen who are due wages, and many others have a

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There are several universities that offer maritime law programs. What follows is a partial list of universities offering postgraduate maritime courses:

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resolved. In a limitation action, the shipowner will post a bond reflecting the value of the vessel and her pending freight. A sixth category, that of

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continues to have an interest in it, the salvor or finder will generally get the majority of the value of the property. While sunken ships from the

1107:" has become a useful way for a contractor to pass on the protection of a limitation clause to his employees, agents and third-party contractors.) 3416: 654: 628: 2726:

collision—vessel struck or was struck by another vessel on the water surface, or struck a stationary object, not another ship (an allision)

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injured aboard ship have three possible sources of compensation: the principle of maintenance and cure, the doctrine of unseaworthiness, and the

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The Convention on the Law of the Sea has not been ratified by 29 United Nations member and observer states, most notably the United States. See

2008: 1341: 583: 3265: 2900: 2513: 2820:"International Convention relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-Going Ships, and Protocol of Signature. ATS 2 of 1981" 4678: 2991: 2841: 2822: 1974: 1650:, relating to claims over vessels captured during wartime, has been rendered obsolete due to changes in the laws and practices of warfare. 3089: 2217: 2200: 1883: 1274: 1103:

has made it unlawful to exclude liability for death or personal injury caused by one's negligence. (Since then, however, the so-called "

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Talley, Wayne K. (January 1995). "Safety Investments and Operating Conditions: Determinants of Accident Passenger-Vessel Damage Cost".

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in 1789. Many American lawyers who were prominent in the American Revolution were admiralty and maritime lawyers. Those included are

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that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes. Admiralty law consists of both domestic law on maritime activities, and

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https://web.archive.org/web/20150721223230/http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsAcademicPrograms/index.aspx?id=1726%7Carchive-date=21

2066: 1958: 1889: 1774: 1770: 1100: 1099:

allowed a shipping line to escape liability when a bosun's negligence resulted in a passenger being injured. Since then, the

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Canadian jurisdiction was originally consolidated in 1891, with subsequent expansions in 1934 following the passage of the

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promulgated in about 1160 A.D. The obligation to "cure" requires a shipowner to provide medical care free of charge to a

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has tended to expand the maritime law power, thus overriding prior provincial laws based on the provinces' power over

1570: 647: 3412: 1994:– LL.M. in Business, Corporate, and Maritime Law; Master of Science (M.Sc.) In Maritime Economics and Logistics (MEL) 1759: 1179: 1735:, it must be established that the goods were placed in the carrier's possession and control for immediate carriage. 1487:

countries) follow English statute and case law. India still follows many Victorian-era British statutes such as the

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Once adopted, most international conventions are enforced by the individual signatory nations, either through their

4832: 4731: 4225: 3724: 2355: 2242: 1607: 1024: 885: 534: 460: 3184: 2687:

The striking by a vessel of a fixed object such as a bridge, technically termed 'allision' rather than 'collision'

1778: 1763: 4786: 4308: 3134: 2661:"Admiralty Court Rejects Equal Division Rule and Apportions Damages Unequally in Multiple Fault Collision Case". 2278: 2175: 2157: 2095: 1948: 1581: 1051:

A seaman who is required to sue a shipowner to recover maintenance and cure may also recover his attorneys fees.

925: 343: 1837: 4671: 4103: 4085: 3114: 2370: 2188: 2169: 1488: 1373: 811: 556: 272: 3754: 3373: 1465: 846: 2043:– LL.M in maritime law (Graduate Diploma in Maritime Law and Arbitration International Maritime Organization) 1962: 4478: 4265: 3739: 2514:"Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" 2312:. This theory is entirely devoid of merit: when invoked by litigants, it has been consistently dismissed as 2285: 2053: 1577: 1484: 854: 1529:

performed at sea. Canadian law has added "dry" jurisdiction to this field, which includes such matters as:

4827: 4533: 4518: 2313: 2133: 1905: 1522: 1492: 1389: 1040: 850: 640: 2875: 4637: 4230: 3908: 3719: 3421: 2739:

Healy, Nicholas J.; Sweeney, Joseph C. (July–October 1991). "Basic Principles of the Law of Collision".

2380: 1931: 1512: 1499:, also have established well-known maritime courts which decide international cases on a regular basis. 1412: 1380: 837: 776: 433: 287: 3333: 4358: 3704: 2829:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017. 2375: 2108: 2072: 1899: 1861: 1518: 1437: 1154: 1012: 817: 796: 768: 734: 503: 249: 52: 1692:" requires that federal courts hearing state actions must apply substantive state law, the "reverse- 4664: 4513: 3653: 3570: 2538: 2293:

from the age of seven and thereafter considering their person and/or property as its possessions.

2250: 865: 780: 196: 3358: 2142:– BSc & MSc in Maritime, Transport & Logistics (MTL) (with embedded maritime law elements) 1404: 1284:

The IMO has prepared numerous international conventions concerning maritime safety, including the

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court that was initially somewhat distanced from other English courts. After around 1750, as the

312: 181: 112: 59: 3201: 2987: 2869:"Why the Full Extent of the Admiralty Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts has yet to be explored" 2838: 2819: 2597: 1036: 788: 2573: 2208:– LL.M in admiralty and JD with a Certificate of Specialization in Admiralty & Maritime Law 4313: 4235: 4073: 3816: 3811: 3764: 3689: 3683: 3523: 3441: 3093: 2901:"Admiralty Jurisdiction and Canadian Maritime Law in the Federal Courts: The next forty years" 2482: 2464: 2428: 2238: 2121: 1865: 1666: 1433: 1309: 1016: 996: 881: 872:

in the American colonies. The Stamp Act was unpopular in America, so a colonial jury would be

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on the American flags displayed in courtrooms is evidence of maritime law being in effect.

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movements, asserts that at some point maritime law, which they consider to be the law of

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When property is lost at sea and rescued by another, the rescuer is entitled to claim a

702:, jurisdiction over coastal waters, and the maritime relationships between nations. The 4756: 4746: 4741: 4716: 4711: 4644: 4452: 4370: 3959: 3925: 3876: 3861: 3633: 3538: 3518: 3508: 2154:(Institute of International Shipping and Trade Law) – LLM in International Maritime Law 2116: 2089: 1978: 1952: 1732: 1333: 1278: 1207: 1145: 1139: 1000: 869: 858: 841: 772: 707: 699: 691: 427: 403: 363: 358: 277: 186: 153: 2634: 2178:

School of Law (Institute of Maritime Law) – LLB (Maritime Law) and LLM in Maritime Law

1237:

whereas when one vessel runs against a stationary object, they typically use the term

920:. Alexander Hamilton and John Adams were both admiralty lawyers and Adams represented 4821: 4498: 4457: 4343: 4323: 4295: 4245: 4210: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4123: 4063: 3903: 3893: 3851: 3769: 3699: 3658: 3582: 2648: 2365: 2347: 2183: 1893: 1710: 1686: 1559: 1308:(UNCLOS) defined a treaty regarding protection of the marine environment and various 1218: 1127: 1116: 912: 901: 754: 750: 524: 336: 302: 267: 262: 158: 143: 105: 74: 3402: 2783: 2559:

Duties in American Colonies Act 1765 (5 Geo. 3 c. 12), 22 March 1765. D. Pickering,

4706: 4630: 4380: 4348: 4303: 4041: 4036: 4007: 3920: 3898: 3866: 3799: 3779: 3673: 3613: 3603: 3555: 3513: 3491: 3434: 2967: 2932: 2341: 2274: 2069:– Master in Maritime Business and Maritime Law (ICADE – Spanish Maritime Institute) 2048: 1829: 1673:. Most major cruise ship passenger tickets have a one-year statute of limitations. 1552: 1449: 1400: 1200: 1184: 1174: 921: 568: 253: 136: 131: 2956: 1715:

Claims for damage to cargo shipped in international commerce are governed by the

4656: 4611: 4552: 4493: 4483: 4280: 4275: 4113: 4014: 3930: 3889: 3856: 3821: 3744: 3668: 3618: 3533: 3090:"Université Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas – Droit maritime (1230) – programme de cours" 3074: 2395: 2327: 2290: 2262: 1986: 1748: 1647: 1545: 1533: 1092: 832: 823: 724: 415: 292: 282: 238: 3185:

http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsAcademicPrograms/index.aspx?id=1726%7Ctitle=Tulane

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Canadian jurisdiction in the area of navigation and shipping is vested in the

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One variation of this theory is based on a misinterpretation of the English

2266: 2232: 2035: 1727:, and management of the ship. The basis of liability for the shipowner is a 1476: 1457: 1230: 482: 455: 450: 375: 318: 297: 233: 201: 2563:, Vol. XXVI, p. 179ff. (Section LVII relates to jurisdiction in admiralty.) 784: 30: 3135:"University of Oslo (UiO) - Maritime & North Sea Energy Law Education" 1617:

There are five types of cases which can only be brought in federal court:

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determined by the contract. The most common salvage contract is called a "

4776: 4771: 4572: 4557: 4260: 4145: 3942: 3486: 2848:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. 2103: 1943: 1825: 1728: 1503:

retain jurisdiction. State-owned vessels are usually immune from arrest.

1472: 1399:

Merchant vessels transiting areas of increased pirate activity (i.e. the

1318: 1902:

in Nantes – Master of Laws and Safety of maritime and oceanic activities

1880:– LL.M in international, business or private law with marine law courses 1348:. By contrast, disputes involving the Law of the Sea may be resolved at 864:

English Admiralty courts were a prominent feature in the prelude to the

4796: 4726: 4462: 4410: 4390: 4338: 4150: 4068: 3884: 3846: 3794: 2721: 2682: 2420: 2022: 1926: 1913: 1408: 1353: 1085: 382: 348: 326: 307: 1288:(SOLAS), the Standards for Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping ( 4801: 4562: 4415: 4160: 4051: 4046: 3992: 3663: 2784:"Vane Line Bunkering, Inc. | Civil Action No. 17-1882. | 20180222d82" 2080: 1999: 1872: 1856: 1496: 1441: 1369: 1297: 1242: 1008: 792: 475: 223: 2807: 2713: 2674: 1296:(Collision Regulations or COLREGS), Maritime Pollution Regulations ( 1035:

The doctrine of maintenance and cure is rooted in Article VI of the

3397: 2759:"You Say Collision, I Say Allision; Let's Sort the Whole Thing Out" 2277:

over people. Sovereign citizens notably claim that the presence of

1908:

in Le Havre – Master of Laws in Maritime & Ports Activities Law

4503: 4447: 4353: 4194: 3997: 3496: 3010:. Hornbook Series. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co. p. 439 2257:" system as part of a broader conspiracy which secretly replaced 2061: 1969: 1936:

Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law

1480: 1349: 1332:, or through their national courts. Cases within the ambit of the 1081: 711: 126: 121: 1388:

normally has jurisdiction over a ship on the high seas, there is

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Master of Science in Maritime Affairs (Maritime Law and Policy)

3457: 3202:"University of Hawaii - Ocean Engineering & Law Education" 2241:

of American origin, notably present among the anti-government

1742: 935: 675: 3160: 2839:"International Convention for Safe Containers. ATS 3 of 1981" 1281:

in 1958 but did not become truly effective until about 1974.

767:

A leading sponsor of admiralty law in Europe was the French

728: 3187:

Law School Academics|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-url=

2624:. vol. 2: 1864–1957. United States: Vintage Books. 1396:

which dictates the legal requirements for pursuing pirates.

2075:– Master in Maritime Enterprise Management and Maritime Law 2457:

The title of Aleka Mandaraka-Sheppard's book changed from

1844:) conventions as Pakistan is an active member of the ILO. 1294:

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

884:

through admiralty cases arising after the adoption of the

783:. Eleanor then established admiralty law on the island of 810:

handles all admiralty cases. Despite early reliance upon

799:, Eleanor instituted admiralty law into England as well. 3161:"Charleston School of Law, An ABA-Accredited Law School" 995:

Matters dealt by admiralty law include marine commerce,

771:. Eleanor had learned about admiralty law whilst on the 960: 928:

was an admiralty lawyer before ascending to the bench.

3426: 3362:, 209 F.3d 1227, 1233–1235, fn. 2 (9th Cir. 2000) 2929:

and the expanding definition of Canadian maritime law"

1314:

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

1302:

International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue

1286:

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

1661:

grants a jury trial to seamen suing their employers.

791:. Some time later, while she was in London acting as 3124:. Formations.univ-brest.fr. Retrieved on 2013-08-02. 2220:

University of Hawaii – LL.M. in Ocean Law and Policy

4692: 4581: 4471: 4294: 4203: 4094: 3973: 3875: 3596: 3464: 3115:

Master Droit des Espaces et des Activités Maritimes

1573:, and in 1971 with the extension to "dry" matters. 1566:This list is not exhaustive of the subject matter. 3229:Without Prejudice: What Sovereign Citizens Believe 3061:"New shipping law to meet modern day requirement" 1424:Great Britain and certain Commonwealth countries 1312:. Restrictions on international fishing such as 2401:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2124:– LLM in Maritime Law and LLM in Law of the Sea 1723:", the inherent nature of the goods, errors in 1394:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1378:Throughout history, piracy has been defined as 1356:, provided that the parties are signatories to 1306:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 704:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3235:, George Washington University, archived from 3008:Handbook of Admiralty Law in the United States 683:maritime law developments, including numerous 4672: 3442: 3316:, Southern Poverty Law Center, August 1, 2010 949:The examples and perspective in this section 648: 8: 3313:The Sovereigns: A Dictionary of the Peculiar 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 2857:NATO Shipping Centre (www.shipping.nato.int) 2446:United States non-ratification of the UNCLOS 2253:, substituted for the original, legitimate " 1471:Most of the common law countries (including 1323:International Convention for Safe Containers 1130:whereby state courts can apply federal law. 690:Admiralty law may be distinguished from the 2622:Great Issues in American History: 1765–1865 2197:– LL.M. in Logistics and Transportation Law 1777:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1255:Vane Line Bunkering, Inc. v. Natalie D M/V, 815: 742: 4679: 4665: 4657: 3449: 3435: 3427: 967:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 706:has been adopted by 167 countries and the 655: 641: 18: 1797:Learn how and when to remove this message 1384:, or the enemy of all mankind. While the 983:Learn how and when to remove this message 4594:History of the American legal profession 1731:and if the carrier is to be liable as a 3417:Roger Williams University School of Law 3377:, 912 F. Supp 224 (N.D. Tex. 1996) 3306: 3304: 2505: 2412: 2191:– LL.M. in Admirality and Maritime Law 1959:Netherlands Maritime University College 1921:- Master of Science in Maritime Science 880:Admiralty law gradually became part of 629:London Maritime Arbitrators Association 610: 511: 490: 390: 248: 87: 37: 21: 2782:Fallon, Eldon E. (February 20, 2018). 2009:Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law 1886:– LL.M in marine and environmental law 584:International Convention on Load Lines 2923:Christopher J. Giaschi (2000-10-03). 2541:De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae 7: 2925:"The Constitutional implications of 2741:Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 1975:International Maritime Law Institute 1775:adding citations to reliable sources 1621:limitation of shipowner's liability, 1277:(IMO), which was established by the 849:sitting to hear nautical cases. The 3272:, Issue 57, February 2012, pp 18–19 3075:"International Labour Organization" 2218:William S. Richardson School of Law 2201:St. Thomas University School of Law 2148:– LLM in International Shipping Law 1884:University of Nice Sophia Antipolis 1669:), pursuant to the adoption of the 1275:International Maritime Organization 1241:. The fixed object could also be a 1061:, 557 U.S. 404 (2009) (J. Thomas). 826:, the English Admiralty Court is a 757:were in effect from an early date. 710:, and disputes are resolved at the 619:International Maritime Organization 574:Ballast Water Management Convention 540:International Convention on Salvage 421:The captain goes down with the ship 3030:"Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001" 2477:Mandaraka-Sheppard, Aleka (2014). 2459:Mandaraka-Sheppard, Aleka (2007). 2111:– LL.M. in international trade law 1955:in Legal Aspects of Marine Affairs 1304:(SAR Convention) and others. The 1210:), and sunken merchant ships (the 1155:Lloyd's Open Form Salvage Contract 698:dealing with navigational rights, 14: 3578:Restitution and unjust enrichment 2669:(3): 554 footnote 1. March 1963. 2620:Hofstadter, Richard (1958). 2212:University of Miami School of Law 1842:International Labour Organization 1058:Atlantic Sounding Co. v. Townsend 4625: 4624: 4610: 3398:Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide 2340: 2326: 2146:Queen Mary, University of London 2140:Liverpool John Moores University 2041:National University of Singapore 2030:– Master of Laws in Maritime Law 2017:– Master of Laws in Maritime Law 1834:Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001 1747: 1641:petitory and possession actions. 1610:grants original jurisdiction to 940: 787:, where it was published as the 29: 4589:History of the legal profession 2968:Rotterdam Rules: Interpretation 2899:John G. O'Connor (2011-10-28). 2867:John G. O'Connor (2004-11-05). 2214:– LL.M in Ocean and Coastal Law 2028:Ovidius University of Constanța 1065:Personal injuries to passengers 745:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris 69:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris 16:Law of the oceans and their use 3006:Robinson, Gustavus H. (1939). 2067:Comillas Pontifical University 1890:University of Western Brittany 1700:Features of U.S. admiralty law 1521:by virtue of s. 91(10) of the 1101:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 1097:Adler v Dickson (The Himalaya) 1015:by sea of both passengers and 1: 4687:Seamanship (seafaring) topics 2763:response.restoration.noaa.gov 2651:". Accessed November 7, 2014. 2195:Florida Coastal School of Law 1981:in International Maritime Law 1448:(civil law) that prevails in 1271:Comité Maritime International 779:with her first husband, King 624:Comité Maritime International 590:International Regulations for 546:United Nations Convention on 3408:Law of the Sea at the UN web 3375:United States v. Greenstreet 2518:United Nations Treaty Series 2391:Maritime environmental crime 2206:Tulane University Law School 1992:Erasmus University Rotterdam 1717:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1576:Recent jurisprudence at the 1134:Salvage and treasure salvage 1111:Maritime liens and mortgages 918:United States Bill of Rights 729: 592:Preventing Collisions at Sea 4752:Ship-to-ship cargo transfer 3403:LII: Law about... Admiralty 3340:Conway Hall Ethical Society 3289:Southern Poverty Law Center 3284:Sovereign Citizens Movement 3191:July 2015|url-status=dead}} 2481:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 2463:(2nd ed.). Cavendish. 2164:University of Hertfordshire 1739:Personal injuries to seamen 1594:United States admiralty law 1571:Statute of Westminster 1931 963:, discuss the issue on the 611:International organizations 4854: 4256:International legal theory 3735:International slavery laws 3730:International human rights 3725:International criminal law 3360:United States v. Mackovich 2986:Joseph R. Oliveri (2008). 2810:, especially paragraph 10. 2230: 1838:Merchant Shipping Act 1923 1708: 1608:United States Constitution 1591: 1510: 1367: 1137: 1114: 1068: 1025:Maritime Labour Convention 814:concepts derived from the 769:Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine 535:Maritime Labour Convention 4787:Man overboard rescue turn 4604: 4309:Administration of justice 2808:158 U.S. 186 - The Oregon 2702:Southern Economic Journal 2310:birth (berth) certificate 2176:University of Southampton 2158:University College London 2096:World Maritime University 2056:– Masters in Maritime Law 1949:Universiti Teknologi Mara 1878:Panthéon-Assas University 1582:property and civil rights 1265:International conventions 680:private international law 512:International conventions 4086:Basic structure doctrine 3936:Natural and legal rights 3817:Public international law 3413:Marine Affairs Institute 3226:Berger, JM (June 2016), 3165:Charleston School of Law 2371:Barratry (admiralty law) 2189:Charleston School of Law 2170:University of Nottingham 2011:) – LL.M in maritime law 1489:Admiralty Court Act 1861 1374:International piracy law 1180:Nuestra Señora de Atocha 741:. In southern Italy the 696:public international law 557:International piracy law 548:the Law of the Sea 4266:Principle of typicality 3740:International trade law 3335:Freeloaders on the Land 3266:"Nonsense or loophole?" 2286:Cestui Que Vie Act 1666 2054:University of Cape Town 1963:Diploma in Maritime law 1578:Supreme Court of Canada 1485:Commonwealth of Nations 1462:English Admiralty court 1321:, 10 October 1957. and 1161:the salvaged property. 1077:duty of reasonable care 855:Royal Courts of Justice 579:Anti-fouling Convention 3393:Jones Act Law Resource 2994:June 13, 2010, at the 2974:March 9, 2012, at the 2647:merriam-webster.com, " 2251:international commerce 2134:City University London 1906:University of Le Havre 1828:is also classified as 1685:doctrine". While the " 1604:Article III, Section 2 1548:and security services, 1523:Constitution Act, 1867 1493:Senior Courts Act 1981 1456:, which trace back to 1390:universal jurisdiction 851:Senior Courts Act 1981 816: 743: 730:Nomos Rhodion Nautikos 4261:Principle of legality 4020:Delegated legislation 3720:Intellectual property 3422:The Maritime Law Blog 2549:. Harvard Law School. 2381:Declaration of London 2172:– LLM in Maritime Law 2166:– LLM in Maritime Law 2160:– LLM in Maritime Law 2136:– LLM in Maritime Law 2130:– LLM in Shipping Law 1938:– PhD in maritime law 1932:University of Hamburg 1864:– LL.M in marine and 1709:Further information: 1513:Canadian maritime law 1413:Bab-el-Mandeb straits 1381:hostis humani generis 926:Oliver Wendell Holmes 838:Industrial Revolution 777:eastern Mediterranean 714:tribunal in Hamburg. 694:, which is a body of 4838:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4479:Barristers' chambers 4421:Legal representation 4359:Justice of the peace 3705:Financial regulation 2638:2 LLR 267, 1 QB 158 2461:Modern Admiralty Law 2376:Consulate of the Sea 2109:Thammasat University 2073:University of Deusto 1900:University of Nantes 1896:– LL.M in marine law 1862:Dalhousie Law School 1771:improve this section 1519:Parliament of Canada 1438:Northern Ireland law 1419:Individual countries 1340:may be heard by the 1031:Maintenance and cure 961:improve this section 951:may not represent a 818:Corpus Juris Civilis 797:Richard I of England 735:Consulate of the Sea 504:Vice admiralty court 250:Contract of carriage 53:Corpus Juris Civilis 4514:Election commission 4226:Expressive function 3755:Landlord–tenant law 3654:Consumer protection 2708:(3): 823, note 11. 2663:Columbia Law Review 2479:Modern Maritime Law 2247:freeman on the land 1612:U.S. federal courts 1310:maritime boundaries 1095:, the 1954 case of 1053:Vaughan v. Atkinson 874:unlikely to convict 866:American Revolution 781:Louis VII of France 4737:Naval architecture 4472:Legal institutions 4339:Lawsuit/Litigation 4329:Dispute resolution 4134:Catholic canon law 3842:State of emergency 3805:Will and testament 3529:Law of obligations 3482:Constitutional law 3472:Administrative law 3141:. 25 November 2017 3120:2012-06-24 at the 3063:. 12 October 2001. 2844:2017-04-15 at the 2825:2017-04-15 at the 2152:Swansea University 2128:Cardiff University 2015:University of Oslo 2005:University of Oslo 1638:salvage cases, and 1454:continental Europe 1444:, contrast to the 1330:Port State Control 1189:American Civil War 1005:maritime pollution 890:Alexander Hamilton 795:for her son, King 113:Maritime transport 4833:International law 4815: 4814: 4654: 4653: 4314:Constitutionalism 4236:Law and economics 4074:Act of parliament 3812:Product liability 3765:Legal archaeology 3690:Environmental law 3684:Entertainment law 3524:International law 2561:Statutes at Large 2429:Hague-Visby Rules 2243:sovereign citizen 2239:conspiracy theory 2227:Conspiracy theory 2122:Bangor University 1866:environmental law 1848:Academic programs 1836:has replaced the 1824:Admiralty law in 1807: 1806: 1799: 1667:Hague-Visby Rules 1631:property arrests 1483:, and many other 1434:England and Wales 1075:Shipowners owe a 1009:seafarers' rights 997:marine navigation 993: 992: 985: 886:U.S. Constitution 882:United States law 804:England and Wales 665: 664: 603:Athens Convention 569:MARPOL Convention 520:Hague-Visby Rules 409:Freight forwarder 354:Proof of delivery 209:Maritime security 46:Code of Hammurabi 4845: 4762:Passage planning 4722:Maritime studies 4681: 4674: 4667: 4658: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4615: 4614: 4438:Question of fact 4319:Criminal justice 3649:Construction law 3644:Conflict of laws 3609:Agricultural law 3451: 3444: 3437: 3428: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3279: 3273: 3263: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3234: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3198: 3192: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3092:. Archived from 3088:Nathalie Mouly. 3085: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3035:. Archived from 3034: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2984: 2978: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2931:. Archived from 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2880: 2874:. Archived from 2873: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2836: 2830: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2570: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2510: 2493: 2492: 2474: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2417: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2271:admiralty courts 1919:Ghent University 1802: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1751: 1743: 1540:marine insurance 1260:The Oregon Rule. 1021:marine insurance 988: 981: 977: 974: 968: 944: 943: 936: 909:Thomas Jefferson 845:effectively the 821: 748: 739:Hanseatic League 732: 657: 650: 643: 564:SOLAS Convention 551: 416:Captain (Master) 214:Letter of marque 171:Marine insurance 80:Hanseatic League 33: 19: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4688: 4685: 4655: 4650: 4623: 4609: 4600: 4577: 4568:Political party 4541:Legal education 4529:Law enforcement 4509:Court of equity 4467: 4443:Question of law 4396:Practice of law 4376:Judicial review 4290: 4241:Legal formalism 4221:Comparative law 4216:Contract theory 4199: 4119:Legal pluralism 4090: 4079:Act of Congress 4003:Executive order 3969: 3871: 3790:Nationality law 3715:Immigration law 3639:Competition law 3592: 3460: 3455: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3372: 3368: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3343: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3264: 3253: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3206:EduMaritime.net 3200: 3199: 3195: 3183:{{cite web|url= 3182: 3178: 3169: 3167: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3139:EduMaritime.net 3133: 3132: 3128: 3122:Wayback Machine 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3096:on 4 March 2016 3087: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2996:Wayback Machine 2985: 2981: 2976:Wayback Machine 2966: 2962: 2951: 2947: 2938: 2936: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2846:Wayback Machine 2837: 2833: 2827:Wayback Machine 2818: 2814: 2805: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2714:10.2307/1061000 2699: 2698: 2694: 2675:10.2307/1120603 2660: 2659: 2655: 2646: 2642: 2635:Adler v Dickson 2632: 2628: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2604: 2598:"Trial By Jury" 2596: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2547:Ames Foundation 2536: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2476: 2471: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2386:General average 2361:Admiralty court 2346: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2322: 2273:with no actual 2235: 2229: 2092:in maritime law 2086:Lund University 1850: 1832:. The Pakistan 1822: 1803: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1768: 1752: 1741: 1713: 1707: 1702: 1679: 1671:Rotterdam Rules 1624:vessel arrests 1601: 1596: 1590: 1515: 1509: 1460:. Although the 1446:continental law 1426: 1421: 1376: 1366: 1267: 1227: 1214:Central America 1197:St. Johns River 1191:ships (the USS 1142: 1136: 1119: 1113: 1105:Himalaya clause 1073: 1067: 1037:Rolls of Oléron 1033: 989: 978: 972: 969: 958: 945: 941: 934: 842:Judicature Acts 808:Admiralty Court 789:Rolls of Oléron 720: 661: 594: 591: 553: 549: 547: 530:Rotterdam Rules 499:Admiralty court 439:Freight company 430: 192:General average 173: 144:Merchant marine 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4820: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Propeller walk 4754: 4749: 4744: 4742:Ship stability 4739: 4734: 4732:Nautical terms 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4712:Ice navigation 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4620: 4617:Law portal 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4453:Trial advocacy 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3990: 3985: 3983:Ballot measure 3979: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3960:Legal treatise 3957: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3926:Letters patent 3923: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3877:Sources of law 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3862:Unenforced law 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3634:Commercial law 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3387:External links 3385: 3382: 3381: 3366: 3351: 3325: 3300: 3274: 3251: 3218: 3193: 3176: 3152: 3126: 3107: 3080: 3066: 3052: 3021: 3012: 2999: 2979: 2960: 2953:28 U.S.C. 2945: 2927:Ordon v. Grail 2915: 2891: 2859: 2850: 2831: 2812: 2799: 2774: 2750: 2731: 2692: 2653: 2640: 2626: 2613: 2589: 2565: 2552: 2529: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2487: 2469: 2450: 2437: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2337: 2321: 2318: 2237:A pseudolegal 2228: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2198: 2192: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2117:United Kingdom 2114: 2113: 2112: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2093: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2070: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2012: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1956: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1887: 1881: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1849: 1846: 1821: 1818: 1805: 1804: 1755: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1733:common carrier 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1678: 1677:Applicable law 1675: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1600: 1597: 1592:Main article: 1589: 1586: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1511:Main article: 1508: 1505: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1365: 1362: 1334:European Union 1279:United Nations 1266: 1263: 1226: 1223: 1208:Chesapeake Bay 1140:Marine salvage 1135: 1132: 1112: 1109: 1069:Main article: 1066: 1063: 1032: 1029: 991: 990: 973:September 2010 955:of the subject 953:worldwide view 948: 946: 939: 933: 930: 870:Stamp Act 1765 859:Rolls Building 773:Second Crusade 719: 716: 708:European Union 700:mineral rights 692:law of the sea 663: 662: 660: 659: 652: 645: 637: 634: 633: 632: 631: 626: 621: 613: 612: 608: 607: 606: 605: 600: 598:SAR Convention 595: 588: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 560: 559: 544: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 514: 513: 509: 508: 507: 506: 501: 493: 492: 488: 487: 486: 485: 480: 479: 478: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 447: 446: 441: 436: 425: 424: 423: 413: 412: 411: 406: 393: 392: 388: 387: 386: 385: 380: 379: 378: 368: 367: 366: 356: 351: 346: 341: 340: 339: 329: 324: 323: 322: 315: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 278:Bill of lading 275: 270: 265: 257: 256: 246: 245: 244: 243: 242: 241: 239:Wartime prizes 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 206: 205: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 154:Passenger ship 151: 141: 140: 139: 134: 129: 124: 110: 109: 108: 103: 90: 89: 85: 84: 83: 82: 77: 72: 65: 64: 63: 48: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4850: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4828:Admiralty law 4826: 4825: 4823: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747:Hydrodynamics 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4499:Civil society 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4458:Trier of fact 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4344:Legal opinion 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4324:Court-martial 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4296:Jurisprudence 4293: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4185:Statutory law 4183: 4181: 4180:Socialist law 4178: 4174: 4173:Byzantine law 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4124:Religious law 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4096:Legal systems 4093: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4064:Statutory law 4062: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3894:Statutory law 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852:Transport law 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3770:Legal fiction 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3700:Financial law 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3659:Corporate law 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3583:Statutory law 3581: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465:Core subjects 3463: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3342:, 3 June 2014 3341: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3242:on 2022-02-04 3238: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3219: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3042:on 2021-04-15 3038: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2935:on 2011-03-19 2934: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2916: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2881:on 2012-04-24 2877: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2533: 2530: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2499: 2490: 2488:9780415843201 2484: 2480: 2472: 2470:9781843141969 2466: 2462: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2366:Amalfian Laws 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2348:Oceans portal 2343: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269:hence became 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184:United States 2182: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1798: 1790: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1756:This section 1754: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1711:Freight claim 1704: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1598: 1595: 1588:United States 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1558:contracts of 1557: 1554: 1551:contracts of 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1219:Cape Hatteras 1216: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1128:Erie Doctrine 1124: 1118: 1117:Maritime lien 1110: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 987: 984: 976: 966: 962: 956: 954: 947: 938: 937: 931: 929: 927: 923: 919: 914: 913:James Madison 910: 905: 903: 902:Massachusetts 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 857:, but in the 856: 852: 848: 843: 839: 835: 834: 829: 825: 820: 819: 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 762: 758: 756: 755:Amalfian Laws 752: 747: 746: 740: 736: 731: 726: 717: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 681: 677: 674:is a body of 673: 669: 668:Admiralty law 658: 653: 651: 646: 644: 639: 638: 636: 635: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 615: 614: 609: 604: 601: 599: 596: 593: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 558: 555: 554: 552: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 525:Hamburg Rules 523: 521: 518: 517: 516: 515: 510: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 495: 494: 489: 484: 481: 477: 474: 473: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 429: 426: 422: 419: 418: 417: 414: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 389: 384: 381: 377: 376:International 374: 373: 372: 369: 365: 362: 361: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 338: 335: 334: 333: 330: 328: 325: 321: 320: 316: 314: 311: 310: 309: 306: 304: 303:Force majeure 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 263:Affreightment 261: 260: 259: 258: 255: 251: 247: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 210: 207: 203: 200: 198: 197:Seaworthiness 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 172: 169: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 145: 142: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106:Fisheries law 104: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 93: 92: 91: 86: 81: 78: 76: 75:Amalfian Laws 73: 71: 70: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 55: 54: 49: 47: 44: 43: 42: 41: 36: 32: 28: 27: 24: 23:Admiralty law 20: 4767:Maritime law 4766: 4707:Watchkeeping 4643: 4636: 4622: 4608: 4381:Jurisdiction 4349:Legal remedy 4304:Adjudication 4204:Legal theory 4042:Ratification 4037:Promulgation 4008:Proclamation 3988:Codification 3921:Human rights 3909:Divine right 3899:Constitution 3867:Women in law 3785:Military law 3780:Marriage law 3775:Maritime law 3774: 3674:Election law 3614:Aviation law 3604:Abortion law 3556:Property law 3492:Criminal law 3374: 3369: 3359: 3354: 3344:, retrieved 3334: 3328: 3318:, retrieved 3312: 3292:, retrieved 3283: 3277: 3269: 3244:, retrieved 3237:the original 3228: 3221: 3209:. 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