1979:
456:
433:
1023:
through a forum dedicated to products. As part of the plea, has agreed to forfeit $ 2.4 million. has also agreed to forfeit all tianeptine, adrafinil, phenibut, and racetams seized by the FDA and
Customs and Border Protection. FDA has not approved drugs containing tianeptine, adrafinil, phenibut, and racetams for use in the United States. Racetam drugs include piracetam, aniracetam, and coluracetam, and phenylpiracetam."
993:“For the reasons discussed above, the information in notification is incomplete and does not provide an adequate basis to conclude that ‘Adrafinil’...will reasonably be expected to be safe. Therefore, product may be adulterated under 21 U.S.C. § 342(f)(1)(B)...Introduction of such a product into interstate commerce is prohibited under 21U.S.C.§331(a) and (v)”.
29:
38:
1009:“ falsely represented these drugs as legal to sell in the United States. In fact, these are drugs that were illegally imported into the United States and illegal to sell in the United States because they are not approved for sale by the Food and Drug Administration... Some of the illegal drugs was selling include the following...Adrafinil...”
1001:“Your products Adrafinil…are not generally recognized as safe and effective for the above referenced uses and, therefore, these products are 'new drugs' under section 201(p) of the Act. New drugs may not be legally introduced or delivered for introduction into interstate commerce without prior approval from the FDA...”
908:
modafinil was discovered. Modafinil appeared to be more potent than adrafinil in animal studies, and was selected for further clinical development, with both adrafinil and modafinil eventually reaching the market. Modafinil was first approved in France in 1994, and then in the United States in 1998.
1022:
Between April 2017 and
December 2021, and marketed pharmaceutical drugs, including tianeptine, adrafinil, phenibut, and racetams, on and online platforms...They sold the drugs to customers across the United States. employees and also regularly made representations about the company’s drugs
1013:
FDA indicated a position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug in later criminal action undertaken during 2022: “ also illegally sold multiple other unapproved and misbranded drugs, including adrafinil crystalline powder...” Most recently in 2023, the FDA fined an
Arizona company 2.4 million
1321:
791:), and this action may explain some or all of its pharmacological effects. Relative to adrafinil, modafinil possesses greater specificity in its action, lacking or having a reduced incidence of many of the common side effects of the former (including
778:
associated with activation of this receptor; hence, the evidence in support of this hypothesis is weak, and other mechanisms are probable. Modafinil was subsequently screened at a variety of targets in 2009 and was found to act as a weak, atypical
900:
in animals. The substance was first tested in humans, specifically for the treatment of narcolepsy, in 1977–1978. Introduced by Lafon (now
Cephalon), it reached the market in France in 1984, and for the treatment of narcolepsy in 1985.
1186:
5250:
4457:
984:
Adrafinil is sometimes included as an ingredient in misbranded or adulterated dietary supplements. One company had attempted to get a New
Dietary Ingredient pre-market notification approved for adrafinil in 2017, but the
1155:
1325:
1138:
149:
1109:
4211:
7348:
4947:
5285:
4502:
4216:
104:
583:
4196:
2983:
7308:
643:
or others who needed to stay awake and alert for long periods of time. Additionally, the medication has been used non-medically as a novel vigilance-promoting agent.
4008:
3930:
72:
539:
884:
Adrafinil was discovered in 1974 by two chemists working for the French pharmaceutical company
Laboratoires Lafon who were screening compounds in search of
4940:
4241:
4236:
5275:
4497:
4231:
4206:
4201:
161: Unapproved "New Drug" (as defined by 21 U.S. Code § 321(p)(1)). Use in dietary supplements, food, or medicine is unlawful; otherwise uncontrolled.
5280:
4392:
4226:
7273:
4141:
5270:
4397:
4933:
4221:
1034:
Adrafinil containing products, purporting to be dietary supplements, are not allowed for use by military service members. This is because the
7303:
2513:
1780:
1750:
1712:
1411:
1381:
1354:
1005:
A position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug was also indicated by FDA in a press release regarding a criminal action undertaken in 2019:
2100:
1821:
943:
760:
were found to block effects of adrafinil and modafinil in animals, "most investigators assume that adrafinil and modafinil both serve as α
7257:
4555:
5623:
4186:
3492:
3398:
2168:
1089:
in comparison. The authors concluded that further investigation of the potential antidepressant effects of adrafinil were warranted.
934:
559:
913:
in 2001. As of
September 2011, Cephalon has discontinued Olmifon, its adrafinil product, while modafinil continues to be marketed.
671:
to accumulate to active levels in the bloodstream. Effects usually are apparent within 45–60 minutes when taken orally on an empty
525:
7072:
3497:
3897:
3591:
3502:
250:
134:
7277:
4181:
4151:
3482:
3477:
3177:
3093:
1615:
Quisenberry AJ, Baker LE (Dec 2015). "Dopaminergic mediation of the discriminative stimulus functions of modafinil in rats".
6333:
4171:
4156:
3561:
3472:
3467:
3008:
1470:
Simon P, Chermat R, Puech AJ (1983). "Pharmacological evidence of the stimulation of central alpha-adrenergic receptors".
7253:
4975:
4956:
4176:
3985:
3975:
3834:
3734:
3507:
3289:
1191:
1160:
1028:
986:
352:
6617:
5893:
4596:
4136:
4023:
4018:
3739:
2978:
1187:"Arizona Company and CEO Plead Guilty to the Distribution of Drugs Not Approved by the FDA and Will Pay $ 2.4 Million"
788:
750:
691:
412:
5612:
5124:
4251:
3674:
3596:
3147:
2970:
2051:
1322:"Point d'information sur les dossiers discutés en commission d'AMM Séance du jeudi 1er décembre 2011 - Communiqué"
7323:
7313:
4304:
3142:
3073:
2488:
769:
678:
Adrafinil was marketed in France until
September 2011 when it was voluntarily discontinued due to an unfavorable
7343:
7298:
3744:
3581:
2633:
2228:
2093:
1071:
1027:
Certain products, formulated with adrafinil in them, have been listed as subject to a May 2023 import alert by
973:
7113:
1986:
Thobois S, Xie J, Mollion H, Benatru I, Broussolle E (August 2004). "Adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia".
694:
and was used to promote alertness, attention, wakefulness, and mood. It was particularly used in the elderly.
7108:
1566:
Reith ME, Blough BE, Hong WC, Jones KT, Schmitt KC, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Rothman RB, Katz JL (Feb 2015).
7090:
4038:
4033:
3729:
3162:
3103:
3053:
3048:
2998:
2598:
1086:
90:
1978:
679:
451:
7269:
7265:
7168:
6672:
5948:
5378:
5331:
4636:
4512:
4261:
3980:
3669:
3172:
3058:
3018:
3003:
1568:"Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on atypical agents targeting the dopamine transporter"
567:
InChI=1S/C15H15NO3S/c17-14(16-18)11-20(19)15(12-7-3-1-4-8-12)13-9-5-2-6-10-13/h1-10,15,18H,11H2,(H,16,17)
6390:
6322:
5796:
5098:
4477:
4113:
3842:
3664:
2498:
2483:
2475:
1051:
1035:
608:
401:
4575:
1427:
Thobois S, Xie J, Mollion H, Benatru I, Broussolle E (2004). "Adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia".
1085:. In contrast to clomipramine however, adrafinil was well-tolerated, and showed greater improvement in
997:
A position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug was indicated in a warning letter by the FDA in 2019:
7261:
7133:
6662:
6206:
5938:
5368:
5347:
4964:
4811:
4570:
4322:
3724:
3631:
3601:
3408:
3245:
3023:
2493:
2173:
2163:
1897:
784:
764:-adrenergic receptor agonists." However, adrafinil and modafinil have not been found to bind to the α
733:
213:
1519:"Evidence for the involvement of dopamine transporters in behavioral stimulant effects of modafinil"
1376:(5th: Syntheses, Patents and Applications of the most relevant APIs ed.). Georg Thieme Verlag.
7338:
7333:
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6657:
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3043:
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2031:
842:
757:
707:
428:
267:
97:
7032:
5058:
4087:
4073:
4028:
4013:
2518:
2503:
2155:
2011:
1770:
1683:
1640:
1495:
1452:
1239:
780:
636:
7230:
6772:
6767:
6048:
6043:
5862:
972:
modafinil were added to the list of substances prohibited for athletic competition according to
3689:
2038:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. CID 3033226
1832:
7328:
7023:
6551:
5761:
5468:
5043:
4861:
4246:
4098:
3754:
3122:
2849:
2613:
2553:
2508:
2003:
1873:
1776:
1746:
1740:
1708:
1702:
1675:
1632:
1597:
1548:
1487:
1444:
1407:
1377:
1371:
1350:
1231:
1082:
969:
905:
823:
710:
628:
50:
7148:
6889:
1403:
Side
Effects of Drugs Annual: A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions
1344:
341:
7128:
6983:
6355:
5751:
5448:
5388:
5205:
5119:
4382:
4191:
4053:
3935:
3694:
3566:
3556:
3457:
3357:
3192:
2925:
2618:
2266:
1995:
1965:
1849:
1667:
1658:
Ballas CA, Kim D, Baldassano CF, Hoeh N (July 2002). "Modafinil: past, present and future".
1624:
1587:
1579:
1538:
1530:
1479:
1436:
1401:
1291:
1223:
468:
169:
1921:
361:
276:
7098:
6973:
6915:
6903:
6571:
6210:
5842:
5776:
5190:
5078:
5053:
4806:
4299:
4108:
4083:
4043:
3887:
3804:
3759:
3626:
3621:
3541:
3537:
3353:
3126:
3108:
2578:
2276:
889:
796:
772:
187:
177:
4565:
4560:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
1156:"Fort Collins Couple Sentenced to Federal Prison for Illegally Selling Unapproved Drugs"
455:
432:
6927:
6911:
6907:
6833:
6556:
6222:
6214:
5827:
5593:
5316:
5068:
4801:
4796:
4601:
4063:
3773:
3611:
3319:
2387:
2281:
2236:
2198:
1970:
1953:
1592:
1567:
1543:
1518:
1296:
1279:
1067:
839:
819:
1370:
Kleemann A, Engel J, Kutscher B, Reichert D, Kleemann A, Engel J, et al. (2009).
7292:
7183:
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6933:
6899:
6873:
6863:
6818:
6782:
6642:
6586:
6425:
6287:
6267:
6250:
6228:
6149:
6144:
6094:
6058:
5918:
5857:
5583:
5200:
5195:
5103:
5088:
5048:
4881:
4781:
4731:
4646:
4377:
4372:
3892:
3819:
3794:
3709:
3704:
3679:
3644:
3517:
3157:
3098:
2643:
2588:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2382:
2256:
2178:
1583:
1483:
1227:
893:
444:
82:
2015:
1687:
1644:
1499:
1456:
1214:
Robertson P, Hellriegel ET (2003). "Clinical pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil".
301:
7118:
7013:
7003:
6828:
6823:
6667:
6637:
6525:
6395:
6273:
6185:
6154:
6109:
6104:
6099:
5943:
5913:
5801:
5710:
5670:
5573:
5493:
5383:
5373:
5185:
5180:
5165:
5160:
5139:
4916:
4836:
4786:
4706:
4686:
4681:
4661:
4656:
4611:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4337:
4276:
3852:
3847:
3824:
3784:
3616:
3522:
3438:
3368:
3349:
3344:
3329:
3202:
3132:
3083:
2761:
2726:
2691:
2558:
2397:
2218:
2203:
1243:
1074:
930:
792:
664:
117:
112:
4550:
4545:
826:(CRL-41056) as metabolites, which form from metabolic modification of modafinil.
7188:
7178:
7123:
7094:
7044:
6988:
6941:
6923:
6858:
6838:
6787:
6777:
6752:
6712:
6707:
6652:
6622:
6601:
6591:
6581:
6541:
6480:
6460:
6450:
6430:
6410:
6370:
6360:
6307:
6236:
6218:
6190:
6175:
6134:
6114:
6063:
6053:
6028:
5988:
5983:
5928:
5898:
5877:
5867:
5852:
5817:
5781:
5746:
5675:
5665:
5655:
5650:
5598:
5578:
5568:
5543:
5523:
5453:
5428:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5358:
5353:
5311:
5306:
5255:
5063:
4925:
4886:
4871:
4856:
4826:
4821:
4766:
4751:
4746:
4721:
4676:
4666:
4651:
4631:
4621:
4616:
4520:
4482:
4128:
4048:
3779:
3749:
3699:
3654:
3571:
3551:
3527:
3363:
3334:
3299:
3222:
3212:
3207:
3182:
3118:
3088:
2960:
2940:
2887:
2829:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2771:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2716:
2711:
2676:
2568:
2523:
2442:
2402:
2349:
2246:
2213:
2145:
1047:
1015:
897:
861:
775:
729:
722:
624:
1031:
because they are considered as containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
7237:
7193:
7158:
7085:
7048:
7008:
6978:
6955:
6919:
6868:
6853:
6737:
6722:
6692:
6682:
6677:
6632:
6627:
6566:
6561:
6546:
6520:
6490:
6485:
6470:
6465:
6440:
6435:
6405:
6400:
6380:
6375:
6299:
6278:
6261:
6256:
6139:
6129:
6013:
5998:
5968:
5958:
5953:
5908:
5903:
5837:
5832:
5791:
5771:
5756:
5731:
5715:
5690:
5685:
5563:
5553:
5538:
5483:
5473:
5463:
5443:
5433:
5418:
5413:
5336:
5326:
5321:
5134:
5027:
5022:
4866:
4851:
4841:
4791:
4761:
4756:
4726:
4716:
4641:
4606:
4387:
4294:
4271:
4000:
3990:
3917:
3907:
3882:
3877:
3862:
3789:
3769:
3764:
3719:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3606:
3462:
3452:
3443:
3433:
3428:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3324:
3309:
3279:
3255:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3197:
3167:
3152:
3137:
3078:
3068:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2897:
2892:
2859:
2854:
2824:
2816:
2706:
2623:
2593:
2583:
2533:
2528:
2432:
2392:
2334:
2329:
2314:
2251:
2241:
2193:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2117:
1628:
1514:
1055:
869:
865:
668:
651:
640:
501:
332:
201:
1671:
1139:"Hermitage Man Sentenced for Importing and Selling Drugs Not Approved by FDA"
951:. It is also known by its brand name Olmifon and its developmental code name
7225:
7173:
7143:
7138:
7058:
7040:
7036:
6993:
6951:
6894:
6843:
6762:
6732:
6596:
6515:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6420:
6415:
6295:
6291:
6180:
6170:
6119:
6038:
6008:
5872:
5822:
5741:
5736:
5705:
5700:
5660:
5558:
5548:
5513:
5438:
5408:
5341:
5265:
5170:
5155:
5129:
5093:
5083:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4901:
4876:
4741:
4711:
4701:
4626:
4492:
4342:
4332:
4266:
4256:
4103:
4093:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3512:
3418:
3403:
3388:
3339:
3294:
3113:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2839:
2766:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2656:
2628:
2608:
2603:
2573:
2548:
2538:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2359:
2344:
2339:
2271:
2208:
2188:
2140:
2109:
1534:
885:
873:
857:
846:
660:
632:
620:
616:
230:
206:
76:
4166:
4161:
2007:
1796:
1679:
1636:
1601:
1552:
1448:
1235:
1141:. U.S. Department of Justice – via U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
6478:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators:
1491:
20:
7212:
7163:
7153:
7052:
6998:
6959:
6937:
6727:
6717:
6510:
6303:
6246:
6232:
6003:
5993:
5695:
5680:
5645:
5503:
5498:
5488:
5458:
5260:
4912:
4776:
4736:
4696:
4691:
4487:
4118:
4078:
3925:
3872:
3867:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3684:
3586:
3532:
3373:
3274:
3217:
2955:
2930:
2874:
2844:
2731:
2701:
2696:
2651:
2563:
2543:
2450:
2407:
2364:
2291:
2183:
2063:
910:
312:
321:
7018:
6848:
6801:
6797:
6747:
6742:
6697:
6687:
6647:
6576:
6455:
6124:
6077:
6073:
6023:
6018:
5973:
5963:
5923:
5847:
5766:
5528:
5518:
5508:
5478:
5423:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5175:
5073:
4997:
4891:
4816:
4771:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4357:
4314:
4286:
4146:
4068:
4058:
3945:
3304:
3187:
3063:
2864:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2666:
2661:
2354:
2324:
1078:
800:
672:
655:
647:
287:
1999:
1440:
37:
28:
7028:
6757:
6702:
6445:
6283:
6033:
5978:
5786:
5533:
5210:
4896:
4846:
4831:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4347:
3284:
3268:
3264:
3260:
2796:
2721:
2309:
2304:
2299:
807:
612:
392:
235:
1110:"Peak Nootropics LLC aka Advanced Nootropics - 557887 - 02/05/2019"
381:
4671:
4591:
3940:
3857:
3576:
3413:
3038:
2993:
2319:
1704:
The
American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology
804:
524:
515:
193:
7102:
3487:
3033:
3013:
2834:
372:
4929:
2082:
156:
1081:
as comparators, adrafinil showed efficacy in the treatment of
736:
exists. Reports of this side effect also exist for modafinil.
2078:
725:
of two patients that adrafinil may increase interest in sex.
1058:. At that time adrafinil was not scheduled in New Zealand.
1050:
recommended to MEDSAFE NZ that adrafinil be classified as a
417:
1018:
for introducing misbranded drugs into interstate commerce:
143:
5624:
667:
effects. Unlike modafinil, however, it takes time for the
1523:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1195:. FDA Office of Criminal Investigations. October 30, 2023
935:
904:
In 1976, two years after the discovery of adrafinil, its
7073:
888:. Pharmacological studies of adrafinil instead revealed
590:
6615:
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
5891:
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
1164:. FDA Office of Criminal Investigations. June 10, 2022
944:
6334:
4976:
1349:. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 20–.
1114:
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)
7202:
7071:
6321:
5611:
4963:
4584:
4511:
4313:
4285:
4127:
3999:
3916:
3833:
2969:
2916:
2873:
2815:
2642:
2474:
2441:
2373:
2290:
2227:
2154:
2116:
513:
500:
467:
462:
443:
411:
391:
371:
351:
331:
311:
286:
266:
241:
229:
212:
200:
186:
176:
168:
133:
128:
103:
89:
71:
59:
49:
44:
5613:
1952:Milgram NW, Callahan H, Siwak C (September 1992).
1517:, Setola V, Prisinzano TE, Baumann MH (May 2009).
1339:
1337:
1335:
818:In addition to modafinil, adrafinil also produces
2984:1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane
1764:
1762:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1346:Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory
631:, particularly in the elderly. It was also used
300:
4009:1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine
1898:"DOD PROHIBITED DIETARY SUPPLEMENT INGREDIENTS"
1116:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2019-12-20
1020:
1007:
999:
991:
275:
7349:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
1954:"Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent"
1513:Zolkowska D, Jain R, Rothman RB, Partilla JS,
1395:
1393:
1280:"Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent"
1273:
1046:In 2005 a Medical Classification Committee in
6539:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
6323:
5815:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
5643:Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
4941:
2094:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
980:Additive in United States dietary supplements
258:(±)-2-Benzhydrylsulfinylethanehydroxamic acid
8:
5729:Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
4965:
1472:Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry
19:
2054:Adrafinil - Bank of Automated Data on Drugs
1707:. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 850–.
1137:Office of Regulatory Affairs (2019-12-20).
6345:
5635:
5629:Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
4987:
4948:
4934:
4926:
2101:
2087:
2079:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1150:
1148:
1132:
1130:
702:Adrafinil was available in the form of 300
454:
431:
340:
1969:
1591:
1542:
1295:
1181:
1179:
940:Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name
360:
7078:Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters
6353:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:
1038:considers adrafinil an unapproved drug.
7309:Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
1104:
1102:
1098:
564:
544:
427:
320:
255:
1775:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2–.
949:Tooltip Dénomination Commune Française
445:
18:
6339:Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
611:medication that was formerly used in
400:
81:
7:
4981:Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
1922:"MCC Minutes Out of Session Meeting"
116:
1769:Li JJ, Johnson DS (27 March 2013).
1701:Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (2009).
1054:due to risks of it being used as a
768:-adrenergic receptor and they lack
635:by individuals who wished to avoid
380:
291:
6673:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
5949:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
5618:Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter
5379:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
1971:10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x
1660:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
1297:10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x
14:
5191:Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
1742:Drug Treatment of Sleep Disorders
6663:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
5939:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
5369:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
2979:1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane
1977:
1739:Guglietta A (28 November 2014).
1584:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.005
1228:10.2165/00003088-200342020-00002
547:O=S(C(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2)CC(=O)NO
485:
479:
36:
27:
7274:Monoamine metabolism modulators
3898:2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine
3592:N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine
2060:Bank of Automated Data on Drugs
1400:Aronson JK (31 December 2012).
856:Analogues of adrafinil include
572:Key:CGNMLOKEMNBUAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
4488:Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)
3094:2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
494:
488:
473:
1:
7254:Receptor/signaling modulators
6328:Tooltip Serotonin transporter
4957:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
225:is 12–15 hours for modafinil)
7304:Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
6168:Tetracyclic antidepressants:
4970:Tooltip Dopamine transporter
1484:10.1016/0278-5846(83)90105-7
1192:Food and Drug Administration
1161:Food and Drug Administration
1029:Food and Drug Administration
987:Food and Drug Administration
663:, resulting in very similar
603:, sold under the brand name
6618:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
5894:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
4597:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
4137:2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine
4024:3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate
4019:2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine
1902:Operation Supplement Safety
1745:. Springer. pp. 212–.
1572:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
789:dopamine reuptake inhibitor
692:wakefulness-promoting agent
7365:
7258:Monoamine releasing agents
6816:Tricyclic antidepressants:
6092:Tricyclic antidepressants:
5161:Benzatropine (benztropine)
3597:N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine
463:Chemical and physical data
16:Wakefulness-promoting drug
7246:
6882:
6811:
6610:
6534:
6348:
6199:
6163:
6087:
5886:
5810:
5724:
5638:
5294:
5148:
5112:
5036:
4990:
4910:
4305:Phenylpiracetam hydrazide
2169:8-Cyclopentyltheophylline
2036:PubChem Substance Summary
1629:10.1007/s00213-015-4065-0
1373:Pharmaceutical Substances
580:
555:
535:
246:
35:
26:
6542:Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
5818:Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
2634:Phthalimidopropiophenone
1829:World Anti-Doping Agency
1672:10.1586/14737175.2.4.449
1072:tricyclic antidepressant
974:World Anti-Doping Agency
83:International Drug Names
6920:mepyramine (pyrilamine)
4039:4-Methylmethylphenidate
4034:4-Fluoromethylphenidate
3148:β-Phenylmethamphetamine
3104:5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole
3039:4-Fluoromethamphetamine
2994:2-Fluoromethamphetamine
2599:Methylenedioxycathinone
2062:. VIDAL. Archived from
1535:10.1124/jpet.108.146142
1406:. Newnes. pp. 6–.
1087:psychomotor retardation
7194:Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)
7041:pethidine (meperidine)
6296:pethidine (meperidine)
5084:Pethidine (meperidine)
4363:Dichloropane (RTI-111)
3173:3-Benzhydrylmorpholine
3143:β-Methylphenethylamine
3019:3-Fluoroethamphetamine
3004:2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane
1878:www.accessdata.fda.gov
1831:. 2007. Archived from
1025:
1011:
1003:
995:
909:Lafon was acquired by
892:-like effects such as
7278:Monoamine neurotoxins
6844:Dosulepin (dothiepin)
6391:Didesmethylcitalopram
6120:Dosulepin (dothiepin)
5797:Serdexmethylphenidate
5099:Serdexmethylphenidate
4478:Salicylmethylecgonine
4114:Serdexmethylphenidate
3843:3-Fluorophenmetrazine
3542:Dextromethamphetamine
3488:MDMA (midomafetamine)
3074:a-Ethylphenethylamine
2484:3-Fluoromethcathinone
2156:Adenosine antagonists
1772:Modern Drug Synthesis
1328:on 13 September 2017.
1052:prescription medicine
1036:Department of Defense
849:and is also known as
810:with prolonged use).
732:of adrafinil-induced
609:wakefulness-promoting
7169:Methoxytetrabenazine
7134:Dihydrotetrabenazine
6948:Arylcyclohexylamines
6243:Arylcyclohexylamines
5394:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
5348:Chaenomeles speciosa
5049:Benocyclidine (BTCP)
4812:Naphthylaminopropane
4323:4-fluorotropacocaine
3414:5-Iodo-2-aminoindane
3409:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
3246:Dimethoxyamphetamine
3024:3-Methoxyamphetamine
2375:Arylcyclohexylamines
2174:8-Phenyltheophylline
2164:8-Chlorotheophylline
1874:"Import Alert 54-16"
933:of the drug and its
785:dopamine transporter
755:-adrenergic receptor
734:orofacial dyskinesia
6793:Threohydrobupropion
6658:Desmethylsertraline
6386:Desmethylcitalopram
6069:Threohydrobupropion
5934:Desmethylsertraline
5589:Threohydrobupropion
5364:Desmethylsertraline
3903:Pseudophenmetrazine
3715:Phenylpropanolamine
3635:-Norpseudoephedrine
3602:Naphthylamphetamine
3546:Levomethamphetamine
3473:MDA (tenamfetamine)
3315:Ethylnorepinephrine
3251:Dimethylamphetamine
3034:4-Fluoroamphetamine
3029:3-Methylamphetamine
3014:3-Fluoroamphetamine
2989:2-Fluoroamphetamine
2262:Levopropylhexedrine
1854:www.regulations.gov
917:Society and culture
853:-hydroxymodafinil.
152:(Prescription only)
23:
7033:dextropropoxyphene
5059:Dexmethylphenidate
4088:Dexmethylphenidate
4074:Isopropylphenidate
4029:4-Benzylpiperidine
4014:2-Benzylpiperidine
3424:Indanylamphetamine
2519:4-Methylpentedrone
2504:4-Methylbuphedrone
1988:Movement Disorders
1617:Psychopharmacology
1278:Milgram N (1999).
1216:Clin Pharmacokinet
968:Adrafinil and its
680:risk–benefit ratio
650:; it is primarily
7286:
7285:
7281:
7067:
7066:
6342:
6317:
6316:
5762:Levophacetoperane
5632:
5607:
5606:
5469:Levophacetoperane
5044:4-Fluoropethidine
4984:
4923:
4922:
4862:Rubidium chloride
4333:Altropane (IACFT)
4247:Indapyrophenidone
4069:Methylnaphthidate
3835:Phenylmorpholines
3755:Propylamphetamine
3634:
3446:
3235:
3123:Dextroamphetamine
2614:N-Ethylbuphedrone
2554:Dimethylcathinone
2509:4-Methylcathinone
2267:Methylhexaneamine
2066:on 5 October 2008
2000:10.1002/mds.20154
1850:"Regulations.gov"
1822:"Prohibited List"
1782:978-1-118-70124-9
1752:978-3-319-11514-6
1714:978-1-58562-309-9
1441:10.1002/mds.20154
1413:978-0-444-59503-4
1383:978-3-13-179525-0
1356:978-3-88763-075-1
970:active metabolite
906:active metabolite
834:Adrafinil is the
824:modafinil sulfone
598:
597:
526:Interactive image
413:CompTox Dashboard
160:
147:
67:-Hydroxymodafinil
7356:
7324:Phenyl compounds
7314:Hydroxamic acids
7248:
7235:Antagonist-like:
7129:Deutetrabenazine
7079:
7075:
7019:MIN-117 (WF-516)
6984:Dextromethorphan
6356:6-Nitroquipazine
6346:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6329:
6325:
5752:Hydroxybupropion
5636:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5509:MIN-117 (WF-516)
5449:Hydroxybupropion
5389:Diphenylpyraline
5120:Diphenylprolinol
4988:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4927:
4343:CFT (WIN 35,428)
4328:4'-Fluorococaine
4192:Diphenylprolinol
4059:Ethylnaphthidate
4054:Diphenylpyraline
3695:Phenpromethamine
3632:
3567:Methoxyphenamine
3557:Methoxyphenamine
3458:Lisdexamfetamine
3444:
3358:Levofenfluramine
3233:
3193:Chlorphentermine
2926:4-Methylaminorex
2619:N-Ethylhexedrone
2103:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2019:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1958:CNS Drug Reviews
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1736:
1719:
1718:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1324:. Archived from
1320:AFSSAPS (2011).
1317:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1284:CNS Drug Reviews
1275:
1248:
1247:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1106:
950:
946:
941:
937:
876:, among others.
822:(CRL-40467) and
814:Pharmacokinetics
787:(and hence as a
745:Pharmacodynamics
705:
594:
593:
586:
528:
508:
496:
490:
487:
481:
475:
458:
447:
436:
435:
421:
419:
404:
384:
364:
344:
324:
304:
294:
293:
279:
217:
158:
155:
145:
142:
120:
85:
40:
31:
24:
22:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7344:Withdrawn drugs
7299:CYP3A4 inducers
7289:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7242:
7220:DAT modulators:
7198:
7099:methamphetamine
7077:
7063:
6974:Cyclobenzaprine
6916:diphenhydramine
6904:brompheniramine
6878:
6807:
6606:
6572:Levomilnacipran
6530:
6338:
6330:
6327:
6313:
6211:brompheniramine
6195:
6159:
6083:
5882:
5843:Levomilnacipran
5806:
5777:Methylphenidate
5720:
5628:
5620:
5617:
5603:
5290:
5144:
5108:
5079:Methylphenidate
5054:Desoxypipradrol
5032:
4980:
4972:
4969:
4959:
4954:
4924:
4919:
4906:
4807:Methiopropamine
4580:
4507:
4433:RTI-121 (IPCIT)
4309:
4300:Phenylpiracetam
4281:
4123:
4109:Propylphenidate
4084:Methylphenidate
4044:Desoxypipradrol
3995:
3912:
3888:Phendimetrazine
3829:
3805:Tranylcypromine
3760:Pseudoephedrine
3627:Normetanephrine
3622:Norfenfluramine
3538:Methamphetamine
3354:Dexfenfluramine
3127:Levoamphetamine
3109:2-Aminotetralin
2971:Phenethylamines
2965:
2912:
2869:
2811:
2638:
2579:Isoethcathinone
2470:
2437:
2369:
2286:
2277:Propylhexedrine
2223:
2150:
2112:
2107:
2069:
2067:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2030:
2027:
2022:
1985:
1976:
1951:
1947:
1945:Further reading
1942:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1926:Medsafe.govt.nz
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1715:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1319:
1318:
1305:
1277:
1276:
1251:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1064:
1044:
982:
966:
964:Athletic doping
961:
948:
939:
924:
919:
890:psychostimulant
882:
832:
816:
803:, and elevated
797:skin irritation
773:sympathomimetic
767:
763:
754:
747:
742:
719:
703:
700:
698:Available forms
690:Adrafinil is a
688:
665:pharmacological
646:Adrafinil is a
589:
587:
584:(what is this?)
581:
576:
573:
568:
563:
562:
551:
548:
543:
542:
531:
506:
493:
484:
478:
439:
415:
407:
387:
367:
347:
327:
307:
290:
282:
262:
259:
254:
253:
224:
215:
178:Bioavailability
170:Pharmacokinetic
164:
124:
92:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7362:
7360:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7291:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7228:
7216:
7215:
7210:DAT enhancers:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7088:
7082:
7080:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6945:
6934:Antipsychotics
6931:
6928:tripelennamine
6912:dimenhydrinate
6908:chlorphenamine
6900:Antihistamines
6897:
6892:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6834:Cyanodothiepin
6831:
6826:
6821:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6557:Desvenlafaxine
6554:
6549:
6544:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6349:
6343:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6240:
6229:Antipsychotics
6226:
6223:tripelennamine
6215:chlorphenamine
6207:Antihistamines
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5828:Desvenlafaxine
5825:
5820:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5639:
5633:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5594:Tripelennamine
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5317:Amfonelic acid
5314:
5309:
5304:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5069:Ethylphenidate
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4991:
4985:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4802:Methastyridone
4799:
4797:Methamnetamine
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:Amfonelic acid
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:β-CIT (RTI-55)
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4064:Ethylphenidate
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3774:Levosalbutamol
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:Norepinephrine
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Etilamfetamine
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Dieticyclidine
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2282:Tuaminoheptane
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Cyclopentamine
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Istradefylline
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2048:
2026:
2025:External links
2023:
2021:
2020:
1994:(8): 965–966.
1983:
1964:(3): 193–212.
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1913:
1889:
1865:
1841:
1838:on 2009-04-10.
1813:
1788:
1781:
1758:
1751:
1720:
1713:
1693:
1666:(4): 449–457.
1650:
1623:(24): 4411–9.
1607:
1558:
1505:
1478:(2–3): 183–6.
1462:
1419:
1412:
1389:
1382:
1362:
1355:
1331:
1303:
1290:(3): 193–212.
1249:
1206:
1175:
1144:
1126:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1068:clinical trial
1063:
1060:
1043:
1040:
981:
978:
965:
962:
960:
957:
923:
920:
918:
915:
881:
878:
831:
828:
820:modafinil acid
815:
812:
765:
761:
752:
746:
743:
741:
738:
718:
715:
699:
696:
687:
684:
596:
595:
578:
577:
575:
574:
571:
569:
566:
558:
557:
556:
553:
552:
550:
549:
546:
538:
537:
536:
533:
532:
530:
529:
521:
519:
511:
510:
504:
498:
497:
491:
482:
476:
471:
465:
464:
460:
459:
449:
441:
440:
438:
437:
424:
422:
409:
408:
406:
405:
397:
395:
389:
388:
386:
385:
377:
375:
369:
368:
366:
365:
357:
355:
349:
348:
346:
345:
337:
335:
329:
328:
326:
325:
317:
315:
309:
308:
306:
305:
297:
295:
284:
283:
281:
280:
272:
270:
264:
263:
261:
260:
257:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
233:
227:
226:
222:
219:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
190:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
166:
165:
163:
162:
153:
139:
137:
131:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
109:
107:
101:
100:
95:
93:administration
87:
86:
79:
69:
68:
61:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7361:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7270:Serotonergics
7267:
7266:Dopaminergics
7263:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7245:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:Agonist-like:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7184:Tetrabenazine
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7076:
7070:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6968:phencyclidine
6965:
6964:methoxetamine
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6875:
6874:Protriptyline
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6864:Nortriptyline
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6819:Amitriptyline
6817:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6783:Tedatioxetine
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6643:Centanafadine
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6587:N-Methyl-PPPA
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6426:Norfluoxetine
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6366:Centpropazine
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6337:
6326:
6320:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6288:desmetramadol
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6268:Ginkgo biloba
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6251:phencyclidine
6248:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6150:Protriptyline
6148:
6146:
6145:Nortriptyline
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6095:Amitriptyline
6093:
6090:
6089:
6086:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6059:Tedatioxetine
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5919:Centanafadine
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5858:N-Methyl-PPPA
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5627:
5616:
5610:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5584:Tedatioxetine
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Ioflupane (I)
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:Pyrrolidines:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5104:Tenocyclidine
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Phencyclidine
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4979:
4968:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Thiopropamine
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Meclofenoxate
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Hexacyclonate
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:Centanafadine
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:Ioflupane (I)
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:Phacetoperane
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Phenmetrazine
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Xylopropamine
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Theodrenaline
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Phenylephrine
3708:
3706:
3705:Phenylalanine
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Orciprenaline
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Mephentermine
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Benzphetamine
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:2-Aminoindane
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
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2899:
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2884:
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2866:
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2841:
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2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
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2800:
2798:
2795:
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2778:
2775:
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2755:
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2723:
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2713:
2710:
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2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
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2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
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2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Methcathinone
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Tenocyclidine
2426:
2424:
2423:Rolicyclidine
2421:
2419:
2418:Phencyclidine
2416:
2414:
2413:Phencyclamine
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Benocyclidine
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
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2328:
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2321:
2318:
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2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
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2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Isometheptene
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Aminophylline
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1928:. 23 May 2013
1927:
1923:
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1814:
1802:
1801:Bloomberg.com
1798:
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1778:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:(2): 738–46.
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:(2): 123–37.
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:rejected it:
988:
979:
977:
975:
971:
963:
958:
956:
954:
947:
938:
932:
928:
921:
916:
914:
912:
907:
902:
899:
895:
894:hyperactivity
891:
887:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
841:
837:
829:
827:
825:
821:
813:
811:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
774:
771:
759:
756:
744:
739:
737:
735:
731:
726:
724:
716:
714:
712:
709:
697:
695:
693:
685:
683:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
641:night workers
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
592:
585:
579:
570:
565:
561:
554:
545:
541:
534:
527:
523:
522:
520:
517:
512:
505:
503:
499:
472:
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
450:
448:
446:ECHA InfoCard
442:
434:
430:
429:DTXSID4046498
426:
425:
423:
414:
410:
403:
399:
398:
396:
394:
390:
383:
379:
378:
376:
374:
370:
363:
359:
358:
356:
354:
350:
343:
339:
338:
336:
334:
330:
323:
319:
318:
316:
314:
310:
303:
299:
298:
296:
289:
285:
278:
274:
273:
271:
269:
265:
256:
252:
245:
240:
237:
234:
232:
228:
220:
218:
211:
208:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
154:
151:
141:
140:
138:
136:
132:
127:
119:
114:
111:
110:
108:
106:
102:
99:
96:
94:
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:Clinical data
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
7250:
7249:
7234:
7222:
7219:
7209:
7119:Bietaserpine
7091:Amphetamines
7014:Mifepristone
7004:Medifoxamine
6886:
6829:Clomipramine
6824:Cianopramine
6815:
6668:Diclofensine
6638:Brasofensine
6614:
6538:
6526:Vortioxetine
6477:
6396:Escitalopram
6352:
6274:Indeloxazine
6266:
6203:
6186:Oxaprotiline
6167:
6155:Trimipramine
6110:Clomipramine
6105:Cianopramine
6100:Butriptyline
6091:
5944:Diclofensine
5914:Brasofensine
5890:
5814:
5802:Solriamfetol
5728:
5711:Teniloxazine
5671:Esreboxetine
5642:
5574:Solriamfetol
5494:Medifoxamine
5384:Dimethocaine
5374:Diclofensine
5346:
5301:
5298:
5186:Difluoropine
5181:Dichloropane
5166:Brasofensine
5152:
5140:Pyrovalerone
5116:
5041:Piperidines:
5040:
4995:Piperazines:
4994:
4837:Oxaprotiline
4787:Medifoxamine
4707:Fenpentadiol
4687:Dimethocaine
4682:Diclofensine
4662:Cropropamide
4657:Clofenciclan
4612:Amiphenazole
4566:7-Methyl-αET
4561:6-Fluoro-αMT
4541:5-Fluoro-αMT
4536:5-Chloro-αMT
4531:4-Methyl-αMT
4526:4-Methyl-αET
4368:Difluoropine
4353:Cocaethylene
4338:Brasofensine
4277:Pyrovalerone
4129:Pyrrolidines
3853:Fenmetramide
3848:Fenbutrazate
3825:Zylofuramine
3785:Solriamfetol
3617:Norfenefrine
3523:Metanephrine
3449:(Selegiline)
3439:Isoprenaline
3369:Feprosidnine
3350:Fenfluramine
3345:Fenethylline
3330:Famprofazone
3203:Cinnamedrine
3133:Amphetaminil
3084:Amfepentorex
2882:
2762:Sazetidine A
2727:Ispronicline
2692:Bradanicline
2644:Cholinergics
2559:Ethcathinone
2443:Benzazepines
2398:Eticyclidine
2219:Theophylline
2204:Paraxanthine
2068:. Retrieved
2064:the original
2059:
2053:
2040:. Retrieved
2035:
1991:
1987:
1961:
1957:
1930:. Retrieved
1925:
1916:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1881:. Retrieved
1877:
1868:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1844:
1833:the original
1828:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1803:. 2023-05-24
1800:
1791:
1771:
1741:
1703:
1696:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1526:
1522:
1508:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1435:(8): 965–6.
1432:
1428:
1422:
1402:
1372:
1365:
1345:
1326:the original
1287:
1283:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1190:
1166:. Retrieved
1159:
1118:. Retrieved
1113:
1075:clomipramine
1065:
1045:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1016:U.S. dollars
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
983:
967:
952:
931:generic name
926:
925:
903:
883:
855:
850:
840:hydroxylated
835:
833:
817:
793:stomach pain
776:side effects
748:
740:Pharmacology
727:
720:
717:Side effects
701:
689:
686:Medical uses
677:
654:
645:
604:
600:
599:
588:
582:
214:Elimination
135:Legal status
129:Legal status
64:
7262:Adrenergics
7189:Valbenazine
7179:Rose bengal
7124:Deserpidine
7095:amphetamine
7045:levorphanol
6989:Dextrorphan
6942:ziprasidone
6924:pheniramine
6859:Lofepramine
6839:Desipramine
6788:Tesofensine
6778:Sibutramine
6753:Perafensine
6713:JNJ-7925476
6708:Indatraline
6653:Dasotraline
6623:Amifitadine
6602:Venlafaxine
6582:Milnacipran
6481:Etoperidone
6461:Seproxetine
6451:Pirandamine
6431:Omiloxetine
6411:Fluvoxamine
6371:Cericlamine
6361:Alaproclate
6308:levorphanol
6237:ziprasidone
6219:pheniramine
6191:Setiptiline
6176:Maprotiline
6135:Lofepramine
6115:Desipramine
6064:Tesofensine
6054:Sibutramine
6029:Perafensine
5989:JNJ-7925476
5984:Indatraline
5929:Dasotraline
5899:Amifitadine
5878:Venlafaxine
5853:Milnacipran
5782:Nomifensine
5747:Fencamfamin
5676:Lortalamine
5666:Edivoxetine
5656:Ciclazindol
5651:Alseroxylon
5599:Venlafaxine
5579:Tametraline
5569:Sibutramine
5544:Perafensine
5524:Nomifensine
5454:Indatraline
5429:Fencamfamin
5404:DOV-216,303
5399:DOV-102,677
5359:Dasotraline
5354:Ciclazindol
5312:Armodafinil
5307:Amifitadine
5256:Tesofensine
5064:Difemetorex
4887:Thiothinone
4872:Tametraline
4857:Rauwolscine
4827:Nomifensine
4822:Nikethamide
4767:Lomevactone
4752:JNJ-7925476
4747:Indatraline
4722:GSK1360707F
4677:Desipramine
4667:Crotetamide
4652:Ciclazindol
4632:Benzydamine
4622:Atomoxetine
4617:Atipamezole
4513:Tryptamines
4483:Tesofensine
4049:Difemetorex
4001:Piperidines
3918:Piperazines
3780:Sibutramine
3750:Prenylamine
3700:Phentermine
3655:Oxifentorex
3552:Methoxamine
3528:Metaraminol
3364:Fenproporex
3335:Fencamfamin
3300:Epinephrine
3223:Clortermine
3213:Clobenzorex
3208:Clenbuterol
3183:Camfetamine
3119:Amphetamine
3089:Amidephrine
2961:Thozalinone
2941:Cyclazodone
2888:Armodafinil
2850:Pentetrazol
2830:Bicuculline
2817:Convulsants
2807:WAY-317,538
2802:Varenicline
2792:Tebanicline
2772:SSR-180,711
2757:Rivanicline
2752:Pozanicline
2747:PNU-282,987
2742:PNU-120,596
2737:PHA-543,613
2717:Epiboxidine
2712:Epibatidine
2677:Altinicline
2569:Flephedrone
2524:Amfepramone
2403:Gacyclidine
2247:Cyprodenate
2229:Alkylamines
2214:Theobromine
2146:Rimantadine
2118:Adamantanes
2032:"Adrafinil"
1932:18 December
1429:Mov. Disord
1199:November 6,
1048:New Zealand
1042:New Zealand
898:wakefulness
862:armodafinil
758:antagonists
730:case report
723:case report
721:There is a
652:metabolized
625:wakefulness
615:to improve
509: g·mol
452:100.058.440
402:ChEMBL93077
242:Identifiers
202:Metabolites
63:CRL-40028;
60:Other names
51:Trade names
7339:Sulfoxides
7334:Stimulants
7319:Nootropics
7293:Categories
7238:SoRI-20041
7231:SoRI-20040
7159:Ketanserin
7086:Amiodarone
7049:tapentadol
7009:Mesembrine
6979:Delucemine
6956:esketamine
6869:Pipofezine
6854:Imipramine
6773:SEP-228432
6768:SEP-228431
6738:Nefazodone
6723:Liafensine
6693:Fezolamine
6683:DOV-216303
6678:DOV-102677
6633:Bicifadine
6628:Ansofaxine
6567:Eclanamine
6562:Duloxetine
6547:Bicifadine
6521:Vilazodone
6491:Lubazodone
6486:Litoxetine
6471:Zimelidine
6466:Sertraline
6441:Paroxetine
6436:Panuramine
6406:Fluoxetine
6401:Femoxetine
6381:Dapoxetine
6376:Citalopram
6300:tapentadol
6279:Nefazodone
6262:Ephenidine
6257:Dopexamine
6140:Melitracen
6130:Imipramine
6049:SEP-228432
6044:SEP-228431
6014:Nefazodone
5999:Liafensine
5969:Fezolamine
5959:DOV-216303
5954:DOV-102677
5909:Bicifadine
5904:Ansofaxine
5863:Nafenodone
5838:Eclanamine
5833:Duloxetine
5792:Radafaxine
5772:Manifaxine
5757:Lefetamine
5732:Amineptine
5716:Viloxazine
5691:Reboxetine
5686:Nisoxetine
5564:Sertraline
5554:Radafaxine
5539:Oroxylin A
5484:Manifaxine
5474:Liafensine
5464:Lefetamine
5444:GYKI-52895
5434:Fezolamine
5419:Esketamine
5414:Ephenidine
5337:BTS 74,398
5327:Ansofaxine
5322:Amineptine
5201:FP-β-CPPIT
5196:FE-β-CPPIT
5135:Prolintane
5028:Vanoxerine
5023:Nefazodone
4867:Setazindol
4852:Rasagiline
4842:PNU-99,194
4792:Mefexamide
4762:Leptacline
4757:Lazabemide
4727:GYKI-52895
4717:Gilutensin
4642:BTS 74,398
4607:Amineptine
4556:5-MeO-DIPT
4388:Norcocaine
4378:FP-β-CPPIT
4373:FE-β-CPPIT
4295:Oxiracetam
4272:Prolintane
3991:Vanoxerine
3908:Radafaxine
3883:PD-128,907
3878:Oxaflozane
3863:Manifaxine
3790:Synephrine
3770:Salbutamol
3765:Ropinirole
3720:Pholedrine
3660:Oxilofrine
3650:Ortetamine
3640:Octopamine
3607:Nisoxetine
3463:Lophophine
3453:Lefetamine
3434:Isoetarine
3429:Iofetamine
3394:Hexapradol
3384:Furfenorex
3379:Formetorex
3325:Etilefrine
3310:Etafedrine
3280:Dopexamine
3265:Dextrodopa
3256:Dobutamine
3241:Denopamine
3228:Cypenamine
3198:Cilobamine
3153:Benfluorex
3138:Arbutamine
3079:Amfecloral
3069:Alfetamine
2951:Fluminorex
2946:Fenozolone
2936:Clominorex
2918:Oxazolines
2898:CRL-40,941
2893:CRL-40,940
2860:Strychnine
2855:Picrotoxin
2825:Anatoxin-a
2707:Dianicline
2624:Pentedrone
2594:Methedrone
2584:Mephedrone
2534:Buphedrone
2529:Benzedrone
2476:Cathinones
2433:Tiletamine
2393:Esketamine
2335:LY-503,430
2330:LY-404,187
2252:Heptaminol
2242:Cypenamine
2194:Dimethazan
2136:Bromantane
2131:Amantadine
2126:Adapromine
2110:Stimulants
2042:7 December
1907:2023-05-31
1883:2023-05-22
1859:2023-05-20
1807:2023-05-24
1120:2023-05-05
1093:References
1083:depression
1056:party drug
959:Regulation
886:analgesics
870:CRL-40,941
866:CRL-40,940
770:peripheral
669:metabolite
639:, such as
514:3D model (
502:Molar mass
362:BI81Z4542G
333:ChemSpider
277:63547-13-7
268:CAS Number
251:IUPAC name
188:Metabolism
7251:See also:
7226:SoRI-9804
7174:Reserpine
7144:GBR-12935
7139:Efavirenz
7059:Roxindole
7037:methadone
7024:N-Me-5-HT
6994:Efavirenz
6952:3-MeO-PCP
6895:Amoxapine
6763:Pridefine
6733:Naphyrone
6597:Tofenacin
6516:Trazodone
6506:SB-649915
6501:Quipazine
6496:LY-393558
6421:Ifoxetine
6416:Indalpine
6292:methadone
6181:Mianserin
6171:Amoxapine
6039:Pridefine
6009:Naphyrone
5873:Tofenacin
5823:CP-39,332
5742:Fencamine
5737:Bupropion
5706:Tandamine
5701:Talsupram
5661:Daledalin
5559:Rimcazole
5549:Pridefine
5514:Modafinil
5439:Fluorenol
5409:Efavirenz
5342:Bupropion
5302:Adrafinil
5266:Tropoxane
5156:Altropane
5153:Tropanes:
5130:Naphyrone
5094:Pipradrol
5018:GBR-13098
5013:GBR-13069
5008:GBR-12935
5003:GBR-12783
4902:Yohimbine
4877:Tandamine
4847:PRC200-SS
4742:Indanorex
4712:Gamfexine
4702:Fenisorex
4627:Bemegride
4551:5-MeO-αMT
4546:5-MeO-αET
4493:Tropoxane
4267:Picilorex
4257:Naphyrone
4104:Pipradrol
3971:GBR-13119
3966:GBR-13098
3961:GBR-13069
3956:GBR-12935
3951:GBR-12783
3690:Phenatine
3513:Mefenorex
3447:-Deprenyl
3419:Ibopamine
3404:Hordenine
3389:Gepefrine
3340:Fencamine
3295:Ephedrine
3285:Droxidopa
3236:-Deprenyl
3114:Acridorex
2908:Modafinil
2903:Fluorenol
2883:Adrafinil
2875:Eugeroics
2840:Flurothyl
2767:SIB-1553A
2687:Arecoline
2682:Anabasine
2672:AR-R17779
2657:A-366,833
2629:Pentylone
2609:Mexedrone
2604:Methylone
2574:Hexedrone
2549:Cathinone
2539:Bupropion
2466:SKF-82958
2461:SKF-81297
2456:SKF-77434
2360:Sunifiram
2345:Org 26576
2340:Nooglutyl
2292:Ampakines
2272:Octodrine
2209:SCH-58261
2189:CGS-15943
2141:Memantine
2070:4 October
1070:with the
976:in 2004.
953:CRL-40028
927:Adrafinil
874:fluorenol
858:modafinil
847:modafinil
830:Chemistry
661:modafinil
633:off-label
621:attention
617:alertness
601:Adrafinil
231:Excretion
221:1 hour (T
216:half-life
207:Modafinil
91:Routes of
77:Drugs.com
21:Adrafinil
7329:Prodrugs
7213:Luteolin
7164:Lobeline
7154:Ibogaine
7053:tramadol
6999:Hypidone
6960:ketamine
6938:loxapine
6798:Tropanes
6728:Mazindol
6718:JZ-IV-10
6552:CP-39332
6511:TGBA01AD
6304:tramadol
6247:ketamine
6233:loxapine
6074:Tropanes
6004:Mazindol
5994:JZ-IV-10
5696:Talopram
5681:Mazindol
5646:Amedalin
5504:Metaphit
5499:Mesocarb
5489:Mazindol
5459:Ketamine
5261:Troparil
4913:ATC code
4777:Mazindol
4737:Idazoxan
4697:Etamivan
4692:Efaroxan
4521:4-HO-αMT
4315:Tropanes
4287:Racetams
4142:4-Cl-PVP
4119:SCH-5472
4079:JZ-IV-10
3926:2C-B-BZP
3873:Morforex
3868:Morazone
3815:Tyrosine
3810:Tyramine
3800:Tiflorex
3685:Pentorex
3587:Morforex
3533:Mesocarb
3374:Fludorex
3275:Dopamine
3269:Levodopa
3218:Cloforex
2999:2-OH-PEA
2956:Pemoline
2931:Aminorex
2845:Gabazine
2732:Nicotine
2702:Cytisine
2697:Cotinine
2652:A-84,543
2564:Ethylone
2544:Butylone
2489:3,4-DMMC
2451:6-Br-APB
2408:Ketamine
2365:Unifiram
2184:Caffeine
2016:31816404
2008:15300665
1797:"Stocks"
1688:32939239
1680:19810941
1645:15519396
1637:26374456
1602:25548026
1578:: 1–19.
1553:19197004
1500:45147850
1457:31816404
1449:15300665
1236:12537513
1062:Research
911:Cephalon
843:analogue
749:Because
591:(verify)
313:DrugBank
105:ATC code
7149:GZ-793A
7093:(e.g.,
7031:(e.g.,
7029:Opioids
6950:(e.g.,
6936:(e.g.,
6902:(e.g.,
6890:A-80426
6887:Others:
6849:Doxepin
6802:cocaine
6800:(e.g.,
6748:NS-2359
6743:Nefopam
6698:HDMP-28
6688:EXP-561
6648:Cocaine
6577:McN5652
6456:RTI-353
6286:(e.g.,
6284:Opioids
6245:(e.g.,
6231:(e.g.,
6209:(e.g.,
6204:Others:
6125:Doxepin
6078:cocaine
6076:(e.g.,
6024:NS-2359
6019:Nefopam
5974:HDMP-28
5964:EXP-561
5924:Cocaine
5848:McN5652
5767:LR-5182
5529:NS-2359
5519:Nefopam
5479:LR-5182
5424:EXP-561
5299:Others:
5251:RTI-336
5246:RTI-229
5241:RTI-177
5236:RTI-150
5231:RTI-126
5226:RTI-121
5221:RTI-113
5216:RTI-112
5176:Cocaine
5074:HDMP-28
4998:DBL-583
4892:Trazium
4817:Nefopam
4772:LR-5182
4473:RTI-386
4468:RTI-371
4463:RTI-354
4458:RTI-336
4453:RTI-229
4448:RTI-177
4443:RTI-150
4438:RTI-126
4428:RTI-120
4423:RTI-113
4418:RTI-112
4358:Cocaine
4147:5-DBFPV
4094:Nocaine
3946:DBL-583
3305:Epinine
3188:Cathine
3064:AL-1095
3009:2,3-MDA
2865:Thujone
2787:TC-2216
2782:TC-1827
2777:TC-1698
2667:ABT-418
2662:ABT-202
2355:S-18986
2325:IDRA-21
1593:4297708
1544:2672878
1515:Roth BL
1492:6310690
1244:1266677
1168:May 21,
1079:placebo
929:is the
880:History
808:enzymes
801:anxiety
783:of the
781:blocker
711:tablets
673:stomach
656:in vivo
648:prodrug
637:fatigue
607:, is a
605:Olmifon
469:Formula
342:2297976
322:DB08925
302:3033226
288:PubChem
121:)
115: (
113:N06BX17
55:Olmifon
7203:Others
6758:PRC200
6703:HP-505
6446:PIM-35
6034:PRC200
5979:HP-505
5787:O-2172
5534:O-2172
5211:RTI-55
4897:UH-232
4832:O-2172
4585:Others
4413:RTI-51
4408:RTI-32
4403:RTI-31
4177:α-PHPP
4167:α-PHiP
4162:α-PCYP
3931:3C-PEP
3493:MDMPEA
2797:UB-165
2722:GTS-21
2514:4-MEAP
2320:CX-717
2315:CX-691
2310:CX-614
2305:CX-546
2300:CX-516
2014:
2006:
1779:
1749:
1711:
1686:
1678:
1643:
1635:
1600:
1590:
1551:
1541:
1498:
1490:
1455:
1447:
1410:
1380:
1353:
1242:
1234:
872:, and
704:
627:, and
613:France
540:SMILES
507:289.35
393:ChEMBL
382:D07348
236:Kidney
148:
7074:VMATs
5286:WF-33
5281:WF-31
5276:WF-23
5271:WF-11
4672:D-161
4592:2-MDP
4503:WF-33
4498:WF-23
4242:MOPPP
4237:MOPVP
4217:MDPBP
4212:MDPPP
4197:DMPVP
4187:α-PVT
4182:α-PVP
4172:α-PHP
4157:α-PBP
4152:α-PPP
3976:MeOPP
3941:CM156
3858:G-130
3577:MMDMA
3508:MDPEA
3059:6-FNE
3054:4-MTA
3049:4-MMA
2499:4-CMC
2494:4-BMC
2012:S2CID
1836:(PDF)
1825:(PDF)
1684:S2CID
1641:S2CID
1496:S2CID
1453:S2CID
1240:S2CID
1066:In a
922:Names
805:liver
560:InChI
516:JSmol
194:liver
192:75% (
7114:AZIK
7103:MDMA
6592:PPPA
6335:SRIs
6324:SERT
5868:PPPA
5625:NRIs
5125:MDPV
4977:DRIs
4917:N06B
4252:MDPV
4232:MPPP
4227:MPHP
4222:MPBP
4207:FPVP
4202:FPOP
3986:oMPP
3981:MBZP
3745:PPAP
3740:PMMA
3735:PMEA
3675:PCMA
3582:MMMA
3572:MMDA
3503:MDPR
3498:MDOH
3483:MDEA
3478:MDBU
3468:MBDB
3399:HMMA
3290:EBDB
3261:DOPA
3178:BPAP
3044:4-MA
2835:DMCM
2350:PEPA
2072:2008
2044:2005
2004:PMID
1934:2013
1777:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1676:PMID
1633:PMID
1598:PMID
1549:PMID
1488:PMID
1445:PMID
1408:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1232:PMID
1201:2023
1170:2023
1077:and
942:and
896:and
708:oral
629:mood
373:KEGG
353:UNII
172:data
98:Oral
73:AHFS
7109:APP
5614:NET
5332:BTQ
5171:CFT
4966:DAT
4637:BTQ
4576:αMT
4571:αET
4398:PTT
4393:PIT
4262:PEP
3936:BZP
3730:PMA
3725:PIA
3680:PHA
3670:PCA
3665:PBA
3562:MMA
3168:BOH
3163:BDB
1996:doi
1966:doi
1668:doi
1625:doi
1621:232
1588:PMC
1580:doi
1576:147
1539:PMC
1531:doi
1527:329
1480:doi
1437:doi
1292:doi
1224:doi
945:DCF
936:INN
845:of
706:mg
659:to
418:EPA
292:CID
223:1/2
182:80%
118:WHO
7295::
7276:•
7272:•
7268:•
7264:•
7260:•
7256:•
7233:;
7101:,
7097:,
7051:,
7047:,
7043:,
7039:,
7035:,
6966:,
6962:,
6958:,
6954:,
6940:,
6926:,
6922:,
6918:,
6914:,
6910:,
6906:,
6306:,
6302:,
6298:,
6294:,
6290:,
6249:,
6235:,
6221:,
6217:,
6213:,
4915::
3544:,
3356:,
3267:,
3125:,
2058:.
2034:.
2010:.
2002:.
1992:19
1990:.
1960:.
1956:.
1924:.
1900:.
1876:.
1852:.
1827:.
1799:.
1761:^
1723:^
1682:.
1674:.
1662:.
1639:.
1631:.
1619:.
1596:.
1586:.
1574:.
1570:.
1547:.
1537:.
1525:.
1521:.
1494:.
1486:.
1474:.
1451:.
1443:.
1433:19
1431:.
1392:^
1334:^
1306:^
1286:.
1282:.
1252:^
1238:.
1230:.
1220:42
1218:.
1189:.
1178:^
1158:.
1147:^
1129:^
1112:.
1101:^
955:.
868:,
864:,
860:,
799:,
795:,
728:A
713:.
682:.
675:.
623:,
619:,
483:15
477:15
157:US
150:S4
144:AU
7105:)
7055:)
6970:)
6944:)
6930:)
6804:)
6341:)
6332:(
6310:)
6253:)
6239:)
6225:)
6080:)
5631:)
5622:(
4983:)
4974:(
4949:e
4942:t
4935:v
4090:)
4086:(
3776:)
3772:(
3633:L
3548:)
3540:(
3445:L
3360:)
3352:(
3271:)
3263:(
3234:D
3129:)
3121:(
2102:e
2095:t
2088:v
2074:.
2056:"
2052:"
2046:.
2018:.
1998::
1974:.
1968::
1962:5
1936:.
1910:.
1886:.
1862:.
1810:.
1785:.
1755:.
1717:.
1690:.
1670::
1664:2
1647:.
1627::
1604:.
1582::
1555:.
1533::
1502:.
1482::
1476:7
1459:.
1439::
1416:.
1386:.
1359:.
1300:.
1294::
1288:5
1246:.
1226::
1203:.
1172:.
1123:.
851:N
838:-
836:N
766:1
762:1
753:1
751:α
518:)
495:S
492:3
489:O
486:N
480:H
474:C
420:)
416:(
196:)
159::
146::
75:/
65:N
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