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subsequent thrust into
Germany to the Rhine River. Parts of this operation also included further fighting in the Hurtgen Forest. The offensive commenced on 16 November with one of the heaviest tactical air bombardments by the western Allies of the war. Although the German forces were heavily outnumbered, the Allied advance was very slow. After four weeks of intensive fighting, the Allies reached the Roer, but were not able to establish any bridgeheads over it. Fighting in the Hurtgen Forest also bogged down. The exhaustive fighting during
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2609:("Watch on the Rhine") was to attack through the Ardennes and swing north to Antwerp, splitting the American and British armies. The attack started on 16 December in what became known as the Battle of the Bulge. Defending the Ardennes were troops of the U.S. First Army. After initial German successes in bad weather, which gave them cover from the Allied air forces, the Allies launched a counterattack to clear them from the Ardennes. The Germans were eventually pushed back to their starting points by 25 January 1945.
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2220:, moving north toward the south shore of the Scheldt around the Dutch town of Breskens, were the first Allied troops to face the formidable obstacle of the double line of the Leopold and DĂ©rivation de la Lys Canals. The canals were crossed and a bridgehead established, but fierce counter-attacks by the Germans forced them to withdraw with heavy casualties. The 1st Polish Armoured Division had greater success, moving northeast to the coast, occupying
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operate as a fighting force by cutting off their supply lines. This might have forced them to surrender or to move out of the city in an attempt to re-establish their supply lines. In the case of the latter, a confrontation in a more neutral setting would probably have resulted in fewer military and civilian casualties.
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The pincer movement of the
Canadian First Army, advancing from the Nijmegen area in Operation Veritable, and the U.S. Ninth Army, crossing the Roer in Operation Grenade, was planned to start on 8 February 1945, but it was delayed by two weeks when the Germans flooded the Roer valley by destroying the
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tactics the
Germans had so effectively used (see below). However, the city was the first to be assaulted on German soil and so had huge historical and cultural significance for the German people. Hitler personally ordered that the garrison there be reinforced and the city held. This forced the Allied
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was unsuccessful. Arnhem bridge was not held and the
British paratroops suffered tremendous casualties—approximately 77% by 25 September. The failure of the 82nd to capture the Nijmegen bridges in a coup de main meant that the British ground forces meant to relieve the 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem
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pipeline, this still had to reach the fronts, which were advancing faster than the pipelines could be extended. The railways had been largely destroyed by Allied attacks and would take much effort to repair, so fleets of trucks were needed in the interim. In an attempt to address this acute shortage
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was seen as a possible location for incursions into the
American flank, and the river dams in the area were a threat to the Allied advance downstream, so the Allies launched an assault to clear the area of German resistance on 19 September 1944. German defence was more stubborn than expected and the
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and tied up the available resources of the advancing Allied armies. Ambrose has suggested that a more effective strategy would have been to isolate the garrison at Aachen and continue the move east into the heart of
Germany. In theory, this would have eliminated the ability of the German garrison to
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landing zones were some distance from Arnhem bridge and only on the north side of the river. Problems arose when the
British 1st Airborne Division lost vital equipment—jeeps and heavy anti-tank guns—when gliders crashed. There had also been a severe underestimation of German strength in the area. To
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American losses now called on replacements direct from the United States. They were often inexperienced and not used to the harsh conditions of the latter part of the campaign. There were also complaints about the poor quality of troops released into the infantry from less-stressed parts of the U.S.
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started to run low on fuel. This situation was caused by the rapid Allied advance through France, and compounded by the shift of logistical priority to the northern forces to secure
Antwerp. By 1 September 1944, with the last of its fuel, the Third Army managed one final push to capture key bridges
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were landed on both sides of the gap in the sea dyke. Heavy fighting ensued. A smaller force moved south-eastward, toward
Vlissingen, while the main force went northeast to clear the northern half of Walcheren to link up with the Canadians who had established a bridgehead on the eastern part of the
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was a combined Allied air-ground offensive against the German forces at the
Siegfried Line, which was conducted mainly by the combined effort of the U.S. Ninth and First Armies. The principal goal of the operation was to advance to the Roer River and to establish several bridgeheads over it, for a
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and one of the most heavily fortified cities in Western Europe. The city could not be bypassed, as several of its forts had guns directed at Moselle crossing sites and the main roads in the area. It could also be used as a stronghold to organize a German counter-attack to the Third Army's rear. In
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Although the breakout from Normandy had taken longer than planned, the advances until September had far exceeded expectations. Bradley, for example, by September had four more divisions than planned and all of his forces were 150 miles (240 km) ahead of their expected position. One effect was
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on 3, 7, and 11 October. This flooded the central part of the island, forcing the German defenders onto the high ground and allowing the use of amphibious vehicles. Units of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division attacked the causeway on 31 October, and after a grim struggle, established a precarious
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Dieppe was evacuated by the Germans before Hitler's order had been received and, consequently, the Canadians took it with little trouble and with the port installations largely intact. Ostend had been omitted from the FĂĽhrer Order and was also undefended, although demolitions delayed its use. The
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At this time the main Allied supply lines still ran back to Normandy, presenting serious logistical problems. The solution was to open the port of Antwerp. This major port had been captured at 90% intact on 4 September, but the occupation of Antwerp was not enough as the 21st Army Group failed to
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Germans killed in action could reach up to well over 70,000 from September 1944 to March 1945 according to the German military historian Rudiger Overmans, who claims that the total figure of German KIA on the Western Front until December 31, 1944 is around 339,957. He has written one of the most
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British manpower resources were limited after five years of war and through worldwide commitments. Replacements were no longer adequate to cover losses and some formations were disbanded to maintain the strength of others. The Canadians were also short of manpower, due to a reluctance to require
1691:(with Montgomery and Bradley each offering to be the spearhead of such an assault), General Eisenhower disagreed. Instead, he chose a "broad-front" strategy, which allowed the Allies to gain ground from the beaten Germans in all sectors, allowed the advancing Allied forces to support each other.
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By the time the water had subsided and the U.S. Ninth Army was able to cross the Roer on 23 February, other Allied forces were also close to the Rhine's west bank. The German divisions that had remained on the west bank of the Rhine were cut to pieces, and 280,000 men were taken prisoner. The
1869:. However, even if the Scheldt Estuary had been secured immediately at the start of September, the port of Antwerp would not solve the supply crisis in that month, for the approaches had been mined by the Germans two months earlier, and when finally taken it took one month to clear it.
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were delayed for 36 hours, as the Guards Armoured Division, despite arriving in Nijmegen ahead of schedule, was forced to pour its forces to capture the bridges, instead of simply moving across, as had been planned. The allies managed to hold on to the salient in early October by
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either remained in German hands as "fortresses" or had been systematically destroyed. The availability of Cherbourg had been valuable until the breakout, but then the shortage of transport to carry supplies to the rapidly advancing armies became the limiting factor.
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began a frontal attack in assault boats. The engineers were able to bridge the canal on the main road. With the canal line gone, the German defence crumbled and South Beveland was cleared. The third phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was now complete.
1827:, freeing their trucks to move supplies for other units. Four British truck companies were loaned to the Americans. Another 1,500 British trucks were found to have critical engine faults and were unusable, limiting assistance from that quarter. The
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2466:, have suggested that the siege of Aachen was a mistake. The battle stalled the eastward advance by the Allies and caused approximately 5,000 Allied casualties. The fighting was, by all accounts, brutal street-to-street, house-to-house style
2666:). During the two weeks that the little river was flooded, Hitler did not allow Rundstedt to withdraw German forces behind the Rhine, arguing that it would only delay the inevitable fight. Hitler ordered him to fight where his forces stood.
2295:—the third major phase of the Battle of the Scheldt—began on 24 October. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division began its advance toward South Beveland, but was slowed by mines, mud and strong enemy defences. The British 52nd Division made an
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In the north, the Rhine is twice as wide, with a far higher volume of water than where the Americans crossed. Montgomery, commander of the 21st Army Group, decided it could be crossed safely only with a carefully prepared attack. In
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terrain was highly favourable to defence, largely negating the American advantages of numbers and quality of troops. The battle—expected to last a few weeks—continued until February 1945 and cost 33,000 casualties (from all causes).
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on 1 January 1945. Aiming to recapture Strasbourg, they attacked the 6th Army Group at multiple points. Because Allied lines had become severely stretched in response to the crisis in the Ardennes, holding and throwing back the
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The US First Army advanced rapidly through northern France and Belgium during late August and early September, with its main goal being to reach the Rhine before the Germans could establish defensive positions there. During the
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make matters worse, poor weather prevented aerial reinforcements and drastically reduced resupply. German resistance to the forces driving to Arnhem was highly effective, and a copy of the Allied battle plan had been captured.
2502:. Five days after that, however, the critical supply situation effectively caused the Third Army to grind to a halt, allowing previously routed German forces to regroup and the reinforcement of their strongholds in the area.
1993:—was withdrawn from active service to free its transport for general use. The Canadian First Army was tasked with liberating the ports during its advance along the French coast. The ports involved were Le Havre,
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island. Fierce resistance was again offered by German troops defending the area, and fighting continued until 7 November. However, the action ended on 8 November after a force of amphibious vehicles entered
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was to be the largest airborne operation in history, dropping three and a half divisions of American, British, and Polish paratroopers to capture key bridges and prevent their demolition by the Germans.
2127:. However, the 82nd failed to capture its main objectives, the Nijmegen bridges, and instead its commander focused on the Groesbeek Heights. Although their landings outside Arnhem were on target, the
2395:. As a result, the German positions which had defended the region along its canals and rivers had been broken. The operation was also a success in that civilian casualties were relatively light.
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was taken, following an immense artillery barrage which forced the Germans back. This cut South Beveland and Walcheren off from the mainland and achieved the objective of the first operation.
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other ports were defended to varying degrees, however, and they required substantial work to bring them into use, except for Dunkirk which was sealed off to the rear of the Allied advance.
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estuary was clear of German forces. As the campaign progressed, all the belligerents, Allied as well as German, felt the effects of the lack of suitable replacements for front-line troops.
2454:, which had to be dealt with before advancing to assault the Siegfried Line itself. Initially, the city of Aachen was to be bypassed and cut off in an attempt by the Allies to imitate the
2554:
The value of the battle has been disputed. Modern historians argue that the outcome was not worth the foreseeable losses, and in any case, the American tactics played into German hands.
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Montgomery issued a directive that made the opening of the Scheldt estuary the top priority. To the east, the British Second Army attacked westward to clear the Netherlands south of the
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1823:—were stripped of their trucks in order to haul supplies. Advancing divisions of the U.S. 12th Army Group left all their heavy artillery and half their medium artillery west of the
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The final phase, Operation Infatuate was the attack on the heavily fortified island of Walcheren at the mouth of the West Scheldt. The island's dykes were breached by attacks from
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across the bridges. It was assumed that the German forces would still be recovering from the previous campaign and opposition would not be very stiff for either operation.
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and the pursuit across northern France, which ended on 15 September 1944, and concluded with the opening of the German Ardennes counteroffensive, better known as the
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2335:. During the next few days, they engaged in heavy street fighting against the German defenders. Also on 1 November, after a heavy naval bombardment by the British
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If successful, the Allies would have a direct route into Germany that bypassed the main German defenses and also seize territory from which the Germans launched
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offensive was a costly affair that lasted almost four weeks. Allied counter-attacks restored the front line to the area of the German border and collapsed the
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was now a high priority. On 12 September 1944, the Canadian First Army was given the task of clearing the Scheldt of German forces. The 1st Army comprised the
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harbour. With the approaches to Antwerp free, the fourth phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was complete; on 28 November, the first convoy entered the port.
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The rapid advance through France had caused considerable logistical strain, made worse by the lack of any major port other than the relatively distant
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foothold. They were relieved by a battalion of the British 52nd Division. In conjunction with the waterborne attacks, the 52nd continued the advance.
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and clearing the south bank of the Scheldt eastward to Antwerp. It was by then clear, however, that any further advances would be at tremendous cost.
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There were two major defensive obstacles to the Allies. The first was the natural barriers made by the rivers of eastern France. The second was the
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Meanwhile, Operation Pheasant was launched in on October 20 which was intended as a major operation to clear German troops from the Province of
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The amphibious landings began on 1 November with units of the British 155th Infantry Brigade landing on a beach in the south-eastern area of
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Army. At one point, after the Battle of the Bulge had highlighted the shortage of infantrymen, the Army relaxed its embargo on the use of
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The Allies crossed the Rhine at four points. One crossing was an opportunity taken by U.S. forces when the Germans failed to blow up the
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The delay in securing this area has been blamed on General Eisenhower as the 21st Army Group commander, Field Marshal Montgomery favored
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because it had captured ports intact and the local railway system was less damaged. This source supplied about 25% of the Allied needs.
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that insufficient supplies could be delivered to the various fronts to maintain the advance: demand had exceeded the expected needs.
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gain sea access by clearing the Scheldt estuary. So the port could not be used until 29 November after a protracted campaign by the
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in combat formations. Black volunteers performed well throughout the phase and prompted a permanent change in military policy.
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caused the Allied troops to suffer heavy casualties, and eventually the Germans launched their own counteroffensive—Operation
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The Germans had been preparing a massive counter-attack in the West since the Allied breakout from Normandy. The plan called
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The German armies had lost large numbers of troops in Normandy and the subsequent pursuit. To counteract this, about 20,000
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in conjunction with the battle of the Scheldt. The offensive after some resistance liberated most of region; the cities of
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began its advance north from Antwerp on 2 October. Heavy casualties ensued, including the almost total destruction of the
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to get in behind the Germans' Beveland Canal defensive positions. Thus, this formidable defence was outflanked, and the
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of 1940 prohibited sending conscripts overseas. However, this provision of the Act was later removed, leading to the
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launching an amphibious assault from the coastal side of the pocket. Despite fierce resistance from the Germans, the
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3109:"Chapter XIII: Antwerp, Arnhem and Some Controversies, August–September 1944. The Pursuit to the Somme and Antwerp"
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in late August 1944, the Allies paused to re-group and organise before continuing their advance from Paris to the
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was seen as the key to solving the Allied logistics problems, its port was not open to Allied shipping until the
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American paratroopers receive a final briefing from their commanding officer before emplaning, 17 September 1944
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The task involved four main operations: The first was to clear the area north of Antwerp and secure access to
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on 27 April 1942: 83% of the English-speaking population supported the removal of the restriction, but in
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was liberated, it had become difficult to supply the 21st Army Group adequately. Indeed, one corps—
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was an attempt to expedite deliveries by truck but capacity was inadequate for the circumstances.
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stubborn German resistance had been costly; their total losses reached an estimated 400,000 men.
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and opening the French Channel ports over clearing the approaches to the port of Antwerp in the
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The U.S. First Army aggressively pursued the disintegrating German troops, and on 7 March they
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American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.
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on the night of 23/24 March, including the largest single drop airborne operation in history,
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2088:. On September 10 he gave supply priority to the 21st Army Group and decided to divert the
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Meanwhile, the 4th Canadian Armoured Division had pushed eastwards past Bergen-op-Zoom to
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still had to be brought ashore across the invasion beaches and through the one remaining
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to stage limited attacks to draw German defenders south, away from the target sites.
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Bombing Duren on 16 November 1944 to aid a major breakthrough of the Siegfried Line
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The legal embargo on compulsory overseas service was the subject of a national
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was taken by the Canadians and the Polish 1st Armoured Division led by General
2017:" that must receive adequate materiel for a siege and be held to the last man.
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unexpectedly captured the Ludendorff Bridge across the Rhine River at Remagen
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The operation was launched on 17 September. At first, it went well. The U.S.
3203:. CMH Online bookshelves: World War II Commemorative Brochures. Washington:
3083:"The Original Black Panthers Fought in the 761st Tank Battalion During WWII"
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conscripts to serve outside Canada or Canadian waters. This had arisen from
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on 26 March. A fifth crossing on a smaller scale was later achieved by the
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While Montgomery and Bradley each favored relatively direct thrusts into
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Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
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Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany, 1944–1945
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Although fuel was successfully pumped from Britain to Normandy via the
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detailed and comprehensive works on German casualties in World War II.
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were urgently needed to maintain the Allied armies. By the time that
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The advance of Allied forces between 26 August and 14 September 1944
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Island, which had been fortified into a powerful German stronghold.
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2506:
3369:
2689:; another was a hasty assault; and two crossings were planned:
1310:
1113:
507:
2574:—on 16 December, which would lead to the Battle of the Bulge.
2266:). This helped secure the Scheldt region from counter-attack.
2162:
The logistics situation was becoming critical, so opening the
1811:
of transport, three newly arrived U.S. infantry divisions—the
1579:
This phase spanned from the end of the Battle of Normandy, or
3558:
3356:
44th Division: Vosges Mountain & Siegfried Line Campaign
3150:"The Mons Pocket, or the "Petit Stalingrad" of the Borinage"
2775:
followed soon after with the surrender of Germany on May 7.
2870:
Army battle casualties and nonbattle deaths in World War II
2701:
quickly expanded the bridgehead into a full scale crossing.
2518:, the Third Army, while victorious, took heavy casualties.
2351:
troops), supported by specialised armoured vehicles of the
1597:
Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II
2521:
Following Metz, the Third Army continued eastwards to the
2289:
moved southwards, opening a supply route into the pocket.
1887:, invalided troops were redrafted into the front line and
1635:
By the middle of September 1944, the three Western Allied
2982:
Administrative History of the Operations of 21 Army Group
2450:
The U.S. First Army was focused on capturing the city of
3324:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.:
2235:
with shells bursting ahead during the Scheldt operation.
4397:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada
2424:
the Allies encircled approximately 70,000 Germans near
3056:"African American Volunteers as Infantry Replacements"
2846:
The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations
2708:—whose U.S. Third Army had been fighting through the
2543:
German troops defending the HĂĽrtgen in November 1944.
2525:
and soon began their assault on the Siegfried Line.
4214:
4171:
4144:
4111:
4052:
3941:
3915:
3849:
3833:
3817:
3793:
3774:
3745:
3729:
3710:
3691:
3680:
3637:
3569:
3443:
2009:had appreciated their strategic value. He issued a
1786:, were being used, the major forward ports such as
1758:
was critical in the early days for Allied supplies.
1572:, which involved actions near the German defensive
3287:The US Army in the Occupation of Germany 1944–1946
2612:The Germans launched a second, smaller offensive (
1893:units were formed using barely trained civilians.
1738:American logistics in the Northern France campaign
1905:; to avoid similar problems in World War II, the
1854:; initially the estuary was weakly held, but the
3026:"Chapter IV - Recruiting and Training in Canada"
2747:assaulted across the Rhine in the area between
2428:in Belgium, and took around 25,000 prisoners.
1713:, which fell under the command, along with all
1682:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
1669:) in the south, formed a broad front under the
36:
4387:Military history of Canada during World War II
3381:
3326:United States Army Center of Military History
3292:United States Army Center of Military History
3263:Remagen 1945: Endgame Against the Third Reich
3246:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Univ. Press.
3205:United States Army Center of Military History
3060:United States Army Center of Military History
2897:Remagen 1945: Endgame against the Third Reich
2216:On 21 September 1944, the advance began. The
1322:
1125:
519:
8:
3290:. Army Historical Series. Washington, D.C.:
2001:, Calais, and Dunkirk in France, as well as
2505:Soon after, the Third Army came up against
2047:, which would outflank the Siegfried Line.
3688:
3388:
3374:
3366:
2848:. University Press of the Pacific, p. 322.
2677:American soldiers crossing the Rhine river
2658:floodgates of two dams on the upper Roer (
1930:Northern Group of Armies (21st Army Group)
1742:British logistics in the Normandy campaign
1661:) in the center, and the Franco-American
1329:
1315:
1307:
1132:
1118:
1110:
526:
512:
504:
54:
33:
3200:Rhineland 15 September 1944–21 March 1945
2895:Zaloga, Steve, and Dennis, Peter (2006).
2410:Central Group of Armies (12th Army Group)
1774:storm). Although small harbours, such as
1617:German forces had been routed during the
2402:where it sank several German vessels in
3662:French Committee of National Liberation
2837:
2796:
2743:In the Allied 6th Army Group area, the
2459:commanders to re-think their strategy.
2273:mounted a two-pronged attack, with the
1969:British infantry of the 1st Battalion,
3652:French Civil and Military High Command
2251:on 13 October. However, on 16 October
2231:British assault troops advancing near
4377:Western European Campaign (1944–1945)
3261:Zaloga, Steve; Dennis, Peter (2006).
3138:. Yale University Press. p. 384.
3113:Official History of the Canadian Army
3030:Official History of the Canadian Army
3011:. Yale University Press. p. 384.
2767:After crossing the Rhine, the Allies
2323:– around 40,000 were taken after the
7:
3737:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3156:. Liberation Route Europe Foundation
2142:repelling a German counter offensive
1770:(the other had been destroyed in an
79:15 September 1944 – 15 December 1944
3282:"Chapter X: The Rhineland Campaign"
2277:crossing the Leopold Canal and the
1907:National Resources Mobilization Act
437:(15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945)
2383:were liberated by British forces.
2285:crossed the Leopold Canal and the
1883:personnel were reallocated to the
1650:) in the north, the United States
27:Action in European theatre of WWII
25:
3667:Provisional Consultative Assembly
3397:
3115:. Department of National Defence
371:
352:
327:
308:
288:
263:
246:
233:
221:
209:
197:
184:
172:
159:
146:
3328:. CMH Pub 7-7-1. Archived from
3318:MacDonald, Charles B. (1990) .
3207:. CMH Pub 72-25. Archived from
4382:Invasions by the United States
3345:World War II: European Theater
3294:. CMH Pub 30-6. Archived from
3034:Department of National Defence
2995:Logistic Support of the Armies
2970:Logistic Support of the Armies
2957:Logistic Support of the Armies
2944:Logistic Support of the Armies
2931:Logistic Support of the Armies
2918:Logistic Support of the Armies
2771:into Germany's heartland. The
2353:British 79th Armoured Division
2283:10th Canadian Infantry Brigade
2271:3rd Canadian Infantry Division
2241:2nd Canadian Infantry Division
2218:4th Canadian Armoured Division
2193:. The second was to clear the
1838:were supplied adequately from
1836:advancing from southern France
1:
4341:Mediterranean and Middle East
4244:End of World War II in Europe
3507:French Forces of the Interior
3224:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2899:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2773:end of World War II in Europe
2301:6th Canadian Infantry Brigade
2287:8th Canadian Infantry Brigade
2279:9th Canadian Infantry Brigade
2275:7th Canadian Infantry Brigade
2269:In Operation Switchback, the
2245:5th Canadian Infantry Brigade
2129:British 1st Airborne Division
1858:was allowed to dig in there.
1296:End of World War II in Europe
2873:. p. 93. Archived from
2867:US Adjutant General (1953).
2360:, the capital of Walcheren.
2172:Polish 1st Armoured Division
2084:General Eisenhower approved
1698:in western France. Although
1680:and his headquarters SHAEF (
1613:advancing through Coutances.
3501:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
3321:The Siegfried Line Campaign
3174:Weigley (1981), pp. 364–369
2462:Some historians, including
2415:Northern France and Belgium
2062:was a ground attack by the
2035:The first operation of the
1911:Conscription Crisis of 1944
1899:Conscription Crisis of 1917
433:24,374 captured or missing)
4413:
3892:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
3624:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
3517:French Expeditionary Corps
2638:
2635:Germany west of the Rhine
2581:
2532:
2478:
2435:
2151:
2028:
1941:Clearing the Channel Coast
1938:
1735:
1594:
1094:Raids on the Atlantic Wall
1089:Strategic Bombing Campaign
4315:
4285:1946 legislative election
3657:French National Committee
3556:
3550:French Forces of the West
3410:
3280:Ziemke, Earl F. (1990) .
3220:Neillands, Robin (2005).
2593:Winter counter-offensives
2422:Battle of the Mons Pocket
2115:took their objectives at
2081:, Antwerp and elsewhere.
1611:U.S. 4th Armored Division
1566:Western European campaign
1348:
1153:
545:
409:
393:
277:
129:
71:
53:
41:
4302:Trial of Philippe PĂ©tain
4229:1945 municipal elections
4126:Liberation of Strasbourg
3222:The Battle for the Rhine
3197:Ballard, Ted (c. 1990).
2728:he crossed the Rhine at
2535:Battle of HĂĽrtgen Forest
2053:had two distinct parts.
1671:Supreme Allied Commander
4372:Siegfried Line campaign
4019:Liberation of Marseille
2113:82nd Airborne Divisions
2031:Operation Market Garden
1961:Siege of Dunkirk (1944)
1863:Operation Market-Garden
1719:forces in the west, of
1622:break-out from Normandy
1609:and infantrymen of the
1562:Siegfried Line campaign
1340:Siegfried Line campaign
1184:Siegfried Line campaign
37:Siegfried Line campaign
4259:Provisional Government
3923:Liberation of Saint-LĂ´
3897:Maquis de Saint-Marcel
3877:Liberation of Limousin
3841:Battle of Mont Mouchet
3825:Liberation of Limousin
3721:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3672:Provisional Government
3647:Empire Defense Council
3563:
3512:French Liberation Army
3134:Buckley, John (2014).
3007:Buckley, John (2014).
2844:MacDonald, C. (2005),
2678:
2602:
2544:
2447:
2391:liberated the city of
2328:
2236:
2104:
2013:declaring them to be "
1978:
1973:crossing the Seine at
1759:
1648:Sir Bernard Montgomery
1614:
471:: 272,448+ casualties
278:Commanders and leaders
4249:Victory in Europe Day
3928:Battle of Mont Gargan
3785:Liberation of Corsica
3562:
3538:4th Moroccan Mountain
3533:3rd Algerian Infantry
3528:2nd Moroccan Infantry
3361:The Battle for Aachen
3265:. Osprey Publishing.
2933:, Vol. I, pp. 547–551
2920:, Vol. I, pp. 501-502
2704:Bradley told General
2676:
2600:
2542:
2445:
2318:
2249:Black Watch Battalion
2230:
2170:, which included the
2154:Battle of the Scheldt
2148:Battle of the Scheldt
2102:
1968:
1867:Battle of the Scheldt
1753:
1639:; the Anglo-Canadian
1604:
787:Battle of Britain Day
410:Casualties and losses
364:Oberbefehlshaber West
88:Along and around the
4234:Advance to the Rhine
4039:Battle of Montélimar
4034:Liberation of Guéret
4014:Liberation of Toulon
3887:Liberation of Guéret
3604:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3404:Liberation of France
3347:at Military.com—maps
3211:on 13 December 2007.
3183:Zaloga, Dennis p. 88
3023:Stacey, Colonel C.P.
2785:Liberation of France
2699:9th Armored Division
2649:Operation Lumberjack
2485:In late August, the
2341:4th Commando Brigade
2319:German prisoners on
2203:Operation Switchback
2197:pocket north of the
2092:to the north of the
1732:Logistics and supply
1722:Generalfeldmarschall
1678:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1665:(Lieutenant General
1652:U.S. 12th Army Group
1084:Defence of the Reich
565:The Heligoland Bight
295:Dwight D. Eisenhower
18:Advance to the Rhine
4239:Invasion of Germany
4103:Battle of Meximieux
4098:Battle of Arracourt
4060:Liberation of Nancy
4024:Liberation of Paris
4004:Battle of La Ciotat
3999:Battle of Port Cros
3964:Liberation of Brest
3949:Battle for Brittany
3867:Battle of Cherbourg
3298:on 23 February 2017
3240:Weigley, Russell F.
2824:, 72% were against.
2653:Rhineland Offensive
2641:Operation Veritable
2584:Battle of the Bulge
2325:Operation Infatuate
2064:British Second Army
1852:Canadian First Army
1834:The 6th Army Group
1626:liberation of Paris
1585:Battle of the Bulge
1564:was a phase in the
1545:Services and supply
1468:Nijmegen bridgehead
1291:Invasion of Germany
1073:Strategic campaigns
676:Ypres–Comines Canal
495:400,000+ casualties
4307:Klaus Barbie trial
4044:Liberation of Nice
3862:Battle of Carentan
3857:Operation Overlord
3594:Bernard Montgomery
3564:
3036:. pp. 118–123
2679:
2603:
2588:Operation Nordwind
2545:
2464:Stephen E. Ambrose
2448:
2329:
2309:RAF Bomber Command
2293:Operation Vitality
2237:
2207:Operation Vitality
2158:Operation Pheasant
2105:
1979:
1971:Hampshire Regiment
1949:Operation Fusilade
1760:
1726:Gerd von Rundstedt
1656:Lieutenant General
1615:
1581:Operation Overlord
1099:Battle of Atlantic
424:240,082 casualties
359:Gerd von Rundstedt
315:Bernard Montgomery
4359:
4358:
4296:Trente Glorieuses
4272:Épuration sauvage
4210:
4209:
4070:Operation Undergo
4065:Operation Astonia
4009:Provence landings
3809:Battle of Glières
3804:Battle of Vercors
3766:Battle of RĂ©union
3761:Tunisian campaign
3609:Raymond O. Barton
3589:Winston Churchill
3579:Charles de Gaulle
3231:978-0-297-84617-8
3081:Mattimore, Ryan.
2997:, Vol. I, pp. 520
2946:, Vol. II, p. 170
2857:De Lattre, p. 398
2757:French First Army
2745:U.S. Seventh Army
2738:Operation Varsity
2726:Operation Plunder
2683:Ludendorff Bridge
2645:Operation Grenade
2481:Lorraine Campaign
2297:amphibious attack
2168:II Canadian Corps
1977:, 28 August 1944.
1957:Operation Undergo
1953:Operation Wellhit
1945:Operation Astonia
1754:Mulberry 'A' off
1555:
1554:
1304:
1303:
1107:
1106:
502:
501:
486:280,000+ captured
438:
402:
386:
367:
342:
323:
304:
125:
124:
63:troops cross the
16:(Redirected from
4404:
4265:Épuration légale
4217:
4179:Atlantic pockets
4155:Atlantic pockets
4121:Battle of Alsace
4075:Atlantic pockets
3969:Atlantic pockets
3907:Battle of Ushant
3902:Maquis de Saffré
3689:
3640:
3629:Philippe Kieffer
3619:Philippe Leclerc
3614:George S. Patton
3572:
3458:Commando Kieffer
3446:
3402:
3401:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3333:
3332:on 15 June 2010.
3307:
3305:
3303:
3276:
3257:
3235:
3212:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3154:Europe Remembers
3146:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2972:, Vol. I, p. 484
2966:
2960:
2959:, Vol. I, p. 487
2953:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:on 24 March 2020
2864:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2825:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2769:rapidly advanced
2706:George S. Patton
2438:Battle of Aachen
2400:Sint Philipsland
2373:'s-Hertogenbosch
1856:German 15th Army
1829:Red Ball Express
1768:Mulberry harbour
1343:
1341:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1148:
1146:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1111:
936:Atlantic Pockets
540:
536:Western Front of
528:
521:
514:
505:
436:
400:
380:
376:
375:
361:
357:
356:
336:
332:
331:
317:
313:
312:
298:
297:
293:
292:
273:
269:
267:
266:
252:
250:
249:
239:
237:
236:
226:
225:
214:
213:
212:
202:
201:
200:
190:
188:
187:
177:
176:
165:
163:
162:
152:
150:
149:
73:
72:
58:
34:
21:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4311:
4290:Fourth Republic
4215:
4206:
4167:
4140:
4113:
4107:
4048:
4029:Maillé massacre
3937:
3933:Operation Cobra
3911:
3872:Battle for Caen
3845:
3829:
3813:
3789:
3770:
3756:Operation Torch
3741:
3725:
3706:
3702:Battle of Gabon
3683:
3676:
3638:
3633:
3570:
3565:
3554:
3523:1st Free French
3444:
3439:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3341:
3317:
3314:
3312:Further reading
3301:
3299:
3279:
3273:
3260:
3254:
3238:
3232:
3219:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2781:
2655:
2639:Main articles:
2637:
2595:
2590:
2582:Main articles:
2580:
2563:Operation Queen
2560:
2558:Operation Queen
2537:
2531:
2487:U.S. Third Army
2483:
2477:
2440:
2434:
2417:
2412:
2184:British I Corps
2164:Port of Antwerp
2160:
2152:Main articles:
2150:
2090:U.S. First Army
2033:
2027:
1963:
1939:Main articles:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1875:
1772:English Channel
1744:
1736:Main articles:
1734:
1667:Jacob L. Devers
1641:21st Army Group
1599:
1593:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1523:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1305:
1300:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1108:
1103:
830:St Nazaire Raid
782:The Hardest Day
649:Fort Eben-Emael
635:Rotterdam Blitz
593:The Netherlands
541:
537:
534:
532:
498:
474:
430:172,450 wounded
389:
370:
351:
345:
339:12th Army Group
326:
320:21st Army Group
307:
287:
286:
264:
262:
261:
258:
247:
245:
234:
232:
220:
210:
208:
198:
196:
185:
183:
171:
160:
158:
147:
145:
113:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4410:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4320:WW II theatres
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4151:
4149:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:Tulle massacre
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3639:Administration
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
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3339:External links
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3062:. October 2003
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2607:Wacht am Rhein
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2572:Wacht am Rhein
2559:
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2548:HĂĽrtgen Forest
2533:Main article:
2530:
2529:HĂĽrtgen Forest
2527:
2516:Battle of Metz
2514:the following
2509:, part of the
2479:Main article:
2476:
2473:
2436:Main article:
2433:
2430:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2385:Bergen Op Zoom
2327:had terminated
2191:South Beveland
2180:52nd Divisions
2174:, the British
2149:
2146:
2029:Main article:
2026:
2023:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:black soldiers
1874:
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1780:Port-en-Bessin
1733:
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1711:Siegfried Line
1663:6th Army Group
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825:Commando Raids
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625:The Grebbeberg
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483:80,000 wounded
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454:
448:
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434:
431:
428:
427:(50,410 killed
425:
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407:
406:
403:
401:(91 divisions)
396:
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156:
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121:Allied victory
119:
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90:Siegfried Line
87:
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65:Siegfried Line
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4351:Sino Japanese
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4336:Eastern Front
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4131:Colmar Pocket
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3493:32nd Infantry
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3468:Cavalry Corps
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2629:Colmar Pocket
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2365:North Brabant
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2205:). The third—
2204:
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2199:Leopold Canal
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2173:
2169:
2165:
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2138:
2137:Market Garden
2133:
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2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2101:
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2086:Market Garden
2082:
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2076:
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2051:Market Garden
2048:
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2042:
2041:Market Garden
2038:
2032:
2025:Market Garden
2024:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Channel ports
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:Channel ports
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
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1645:Field Marshal
1642:
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1623:
1620:
1612:
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1607:Sherman tanks
1603:
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1525:
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1512:Geilenkirchen
1510:
1508:
1507:Crucifix Hill
1505:
1503:
1500:
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1489:
1486:
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1462:Market Garden
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1384:
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1379:
1376:
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1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:Channel Coast
1356:
1355:
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1342:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
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1313:
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1309:
1297:
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1292:
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1277:
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1274:Colmar Pocket
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
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1239:
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1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
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1222:Market Garden
1219:
1215:
1212:
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1207:
1205:
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1197:
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1189:Channel Coast
1187:
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1175:
1174:
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1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
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1143:Western Front
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
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1100:
1097:
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948:
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934:
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931:Colmar Pocket
929:
927:
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922:
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917:
915:
912:
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907:
905:
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886:Market Garden
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788:
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778:
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768:
767:
766:
757:
756:Haddock Force
754:
753:
752:
749:
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742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
728:
727:
723:
722:
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718:
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706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
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586:Schuster Line
584:
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456:15,390–17,390
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154:United States
144:
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57:
52:
49:
45:
44:Western Front
40:
35:
30:
19:
4294:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4233:
4224:End of Vichy
3599:Henri Giraud
3499:
3330:the original
3320:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3286:
3262:
3243:
3221:
3214:PDF and EPUB
3209:the original
3199:
3191:Bibliography
3179:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3153:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3112:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3029:
3017:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2993:Ruppenthal,
2989:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2968:Ruppenthal,
2964:
2956:
2955:Ruppenthal,
2951:
2943:
2942:Ruppenthal,
2938:
2930:
2929:Ruppenthal,
2925:
2917:
2916:Ruppenthal,
2912:
2896:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2869:
2862:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2809:
2799:
2766:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2624:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2546:
2520:
2511:Maginot Line
2504:
2484:
2468:urban combat
2461:
2455:
2449:
2418:
2397:
2362:
2339:, troops of
2330:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2238:
2215:
2188:
2161:
2136:
2135:In the end,
2134:
2106:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2019:
2011:FĂĽhrer Order
2007:Adolf Hitler
2005:in Belgium.
1980:
1915:
1895:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1860:
1848:
1833:
1805:
1761:
1745:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1693:
1686:
1659:Omar Bradley
1634:
1616:
1605:M4 and M4A3
1578:
1570:World War II
1561:
1559:
1517:
1473:
1461:
1338:
1278:
1266:
1259:
1247:
1220:
1183:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1072:
1071:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
977:
971:
964:
957:
950:
941:
940:
919:
902:
885:
874:
868:
861:
854:
842:
841:
813:
806:
799:
798:
792:
763:
762:
744:
725:
681:
680:
659:
640:
639:
591:
590:
577:
576:
569:
547:
538:World War II
489:
468:
459:
450:
441:
418:
383:Army Group B
378:Walter Model
334:Omar Bradley
138:
130:Belligerents
48:World War II
42:Part of the
29:
4279:Tripartisme
4254:Victory Day
4190:La Rochelle
4081:La Rochelle
3584:Jean Moulin
3545:Second Army
3519:Divisions:
3488:1st Armored
3430:Netherlands
3136:Monty's Men
3040:18 February
3009:Monty's Men
2819:Francophone
2492:Meuse River
2253:Woensdrecht
1903:World War I
1885:German Army
1756:Omaha Beach
1637:army groups
1630:River Rhine
1485:Broekhuizen
1455:Netherlands
1434:Mons pocket
1415:Fort Driant
1145:(1944–1945)
972:Blockbuster
880:Netherlands
835:Dieppe Raid
630:Afsluitdijk
555:River Forth
241:Netherlands
106:Netherlands
4366:Categories
4114:March 1945
4112:Nov 1944 -
3959:Saint-Malo
3818:March 1944
3463:First Army
3425:Luxembourg
3334:Full text.
3302:29 January
2832:References
2815:plebiscite
2710:Palatinate
2523:Saar River
2456:Blitzkrieg
2381:Roosendaal
2377:Willemstad
2358:Middelburg
2337:Royal Navy
2333:Vlissingen
2039:campaign,
2015:fortresses
1991:VIII Corps
1890:Volkssturm
1784:Courcelles
1595:See also:
1591:Background
1439:Moerbrugge
1422:Strasbourg
1280:Reichswald
979:Lumberjack
849:Baby Blitz
814:Donnerkeil
772:Kanalkampf
695:Montcornet
600:Maastricht
579:Luxembourg
549:Phoney War
399:4,500,000
102:Luxembourg
4216:Aftermath
4053:Sept 1944
3916:July 1944
3066:4 October
2718:Oppenheim
2578:Aftermath
2490:over the
2349:Norwegian
2321:Walcheren
2222:Terneuzen
2211:Walcheren
2117:Eindhoven
2037:Rhineland
1880:Luftwaffe
1844:Marseille
1762:Much war
1716:Wehrmacht
1696:Cherbourg
1536:American
1526:Logistics
1405:Arracourt
1268:Blackcock
1079:The Blitz
1062:Nuremberg
1057:Heilbronn
1042:Frankfurt
1027:Paderborn
1005:Undertone
958:Veritable
951:Blackcock
843:1944–1945
800:1941–1943
734:Abbeville
615:Rotterdam
610:The Hague
405:1,500,000
61:U.S. Army
4326:Atlantic
4172:May 1945
3994:Égletons
3942:Aug 1944
3850:Jun 1944
3834:May 1944
3730:Dec 1941
3684:campaign
3242:(1981).
3216:formats.
3160:21 March
3107:Stacey.
3092:27 April
2907:. p. 88.
2779:See also
2749:Mannheim
2664:Urft Dam
2625:Nordwind
2615:Nordwind
2500:Commercy
2475:Lorraine
2233:Flushing
2195:Breskens
2182:and the
2125:Nijmegen
2094:Ardennes
2077:against
1999:Boulogne
1987:Brussels
1925:Campaign
1873:Manpower
1800:Le Havre
1792:Boulogne
1764:materiel
1480:Overloon
1474:Pheasant
1400:Dompaire
1390:Lorraine
1378:Boulogne
1368:Le Havre
1261:Nordwind
1228:Lorraine
1209:Boulogne
1199:Le Havre
1166:Chastity
1159:Overlord
1047:WĂĽrzburg
926:2nd Alps
920:Nordwind
862:Chastity
855:Overlord
807:Cerberus
793:Sea Lion
777:Adlertag
751:1st Alps
710:Boulogne
666:Gembloux
571:Wikinger
460:Canadian
419:American
394:Strength
84:Location
4346:Pacific
4195:Lorient
4185:Dunkirk
4091:Dunkirk
3975:Lorient
3571:Leaders
3415:Belgium
3087:HISTORY
2984:, p. 47
2881:29 June
2687:Remagen
2660:Rur Dam
2618:) into
2369:Tilburg
2345:Belgian
1901:during
1796:Dunkirk
1704:Scheldt
1700:Antwerp
1689:Germany
1675:General
1532:British
1491:Germany
1449:Scheldt
1428:Belgium
1373:Dunkirk
1243:Scheldt
1204:Dunkirk
1173:Dragoon
1067:Hamburg
1037:TF Baum
1019:Varsity
1012:Plunder
990:Cologne
985:Remagen
965:Grenade
943:Germany
909:Scheldt
869:Dragoon
765:Britain
720:Dunkirk
642:Belgium
620:Zeeland
442:British
271:Germany
216:Belgium
110:Germany
98:Belgium
4136:Bitche
3989:Lioran
3954:Rennes
3682:French
3445:Forces
3435:Norway
3269:
3250:
3228:
3119:1 July
2903:
2822:Quebec
2761:Speyer
2697:. The
2651:, and
2620:Alsace
2496:Verdun
2452:Aachen
2432:Aachen
2389:Maczek
2121:Veghel
2079:London
2060:Garden
2055:Market
2045:Arnhem
2003:Ostend
1995:Dieppe
1975:Vernon
1959:, and
1840:Toulon
1819:, and
1788:Calais
1782:, and
1776:Isigny
1619:Allied
1502:Aachen
1383:Calais
1363:Dieppe
1352:France
1233:Aachen
1214:Calais
1194:Dieppe
1052:Kassel
998:Gisela
897:Aachen
726:Dynamo
715:Calais
700:Saumur
683:France
671:La Lys
654:Hannut
465:15,000
451:French
447:32,366
268:
254:Norway
251:
238:
204:Poland
192:Canada
189:
179:France
164:
151:
140:Allies
118:Result
94:France
4161:Royan
4086:Royan
3775:Sept
3420:Italy
2791:Notes
2753:Worms
2734:Wesel
2714:Mainz
2568:Queen
2404:Zijpe
2393:Breda
2260:Meuse
2109:101st
1825:Seine
1821:104th
1808:Pluto
1518:Queen
1395:Nancy
1255:Bulge
1249:Queen
1179:Paris
914:Bulge
903:Queen
745:Paula
739:Lille
705:Arras
690:Sedan
660:David
490:Total
469:Total
301:SHAEF
4147:1945
4145:Apr
3796:1944
3794:Jan
3777:1943
3748:1942
3746:Nov
3713:1941
3711:Jun
3694:1940
3692:Nov
3304:2008
3267:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3226:ISBN
3162:2021
3121:2009
3094:2021
3068:2007
3042:2010
2901:ISBN
2883:2017
2751:and
2732:and
2730:Rees
2662:and
2586:and
2507:Metz
2498:and
2426:Mons
2379:and
2347:and
2264:Maas
2239:The
2178:and
2176:49th
2156:and
2123:and
2111:and
2075:V-2s
2073:and
2071:V-1s
1981:The
1842:and
1817:95th
1813:26th
1798:and
1740:and
1560:The
1444:Geel
1410:Metz
1286:Alps
1032:Ruhr
605:Mill
560:Saar
108:and
76:Date
3483:5th
3478:4th
2759:at
2716:at
2685:at
2494:at
2247:'s
1684:).
1568:of
46:of
4368::
4181::
4157::
4077::
3971::
3284:.
3152:.
3111:.
3085:.
3058:.
3032:.
3028:.
2647:,
2643:,
2631:.
2375:,
2371:,
2186:.
2144:.
2119:,
1997:,
1955:,
1951:,
1947:,
1943:,
1913:.
1815:,
1794:,
1790:,
1778:,
1728:.
1673:,
1587:.
1576:.
104:,
100:,
96:,
4322::
3389:e
3382:t
3375:v
3306:.
3275:.
3256:.
3234:.
3164:.
3123:.
3096:.
3070:.
3044:.
2885:.
2763:.
2740:.
2720:.
2262:(
2201:(
1654:(
1643:(
1330:e
1323:t
1316:v
1133:e
1126:t
1119:v
527:e
520:t
513:v
492::
462::
453::
444::
421::
385:)
381:(
366:)
362:(
341:)
337:(
322:)
318:(
303:)
299:(
112:)
92:(
67:.
20:)
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