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750:'s authority and an extraordinary challenge to the practice of considering each nominee on his or her individual merits. Despite McConnell's claim, no Senate leader had ever asserted such a right — and there was no precedent for a sitting president to hand over his power of high-court appointment at the request of any member of the legislative branch.
654:, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
735:(exercising the parliamentary "nuclear option"). As a result of the changed precedent, judicial nominees to federal courts and a president's executive-branch nominations can proceed to a confirmation vote by a simple majority vote of the Senate. However, Reid left the filibuster in place for Supreme Court nominees.
720:
majority of
Senators present are needed to pass a motion "to advise and consent". However, tactics have been used to require more than majority support to pass such a motion, including filibuster, where a three-fifths vote on a motion to end debate is required even to take a vote on the advise and consent motion.
869:: "In selecting nominees, Washington turned to his closest advisers and to members of Congress, but the president resolutely insisted that he alone would be responsible for the final selection. He shared a common view that the Senate's constitutionally mandated 'advice' was to come after the nomination was made."
706:
took the position that pre-nomination advice was allowable but not mandatory. The notion that pre-nomination advice is optional has developed into the unification of the "advice" portion of the power with the "consent" portion, although several
Presidents have consulted informally with Senators over
662:
as part of a delicate compromise concerning the balance of power in the federal government. Many delegates preferred to develop a strong executive control vested in the president, but others, worried about authoritarian control, preferred to strengthen the
Congress. Requiring the president to gain
719:
is held to question an appointee prior to a committee vote. If the nominee is approved by the relevant committee, the nomination is sent to the full Senate for a confirmation vote. The actual motion adopted by the Senate when exercising the power is "to advise and consent". For appointments, a
649:
shall have Power, by and with the Advice and
Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the
166:. Some of the President's powers may only be exercised "on the advice of the Cabinet". In this context, "advice of the Cabinet" means that the President must not only consider the Cabinet's advice but also act in full accordance with it, with no ability to exercise discretionary power.
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The concept serves to moderate the power of one branch of government by requiring the concurrence of another branch for selected actions. The expression is frequently used in weak executive systems where the
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888:: "On the final question to advise and consent to the ratification in the form agreed to, the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators present shall be necessary to determine it in the affirmative."
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819:, page 25 (University of Chicago Press 1997) via Google Books: "Madison, Jefferson, and Jay all advised Washington not to consult the Senate before making nominations."
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has little practical power, and in practice the important part of the passage of a law is in its adoption by the
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or where the legislative branch concurs and approves something previously enacted by a strong executive branch.
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907:: "the final question on every nomination shall be, 'Will the Senate advise and consent to this nomination?'"
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for
Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia until after the 2016 presidential election, a historic rebuke of
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the advice and consent of the Senate achieved both goals without hindering the business of government.
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and in other legal or constitutional contexts. It describes either of two situations: where a weak
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to the
Supreme Court, despite what might have otherwise been a successful Democratic filibuster.
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137:), it is not through his initiative but through that of Parliament that legislation is created.
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are confirmed by a majority vote in both houses of
Congress, instead of just the Senate.
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617:, ambassadors, and other smaller offices. This power is also held by several
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List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation
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to be consulted on and approve treaties signed and appointments made by the
443:
690:, believed that the required role of the Senate is to advise the president
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841:(1788): "In the act of nomination, his judgment alone will be exercised."
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On
November 21, 2013, the Democratic Party, led by then-majority leader
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944:"McConnell throws down the gauntlet: No Scalia replacement under Obama"
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102:'s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the
857:: "their advice may enable him to make such judicious appointments."
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First
Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
637:. First, the term is used in reference to the senate's role in the
2369:
919:"It's official: The Senate just got rid of part of the filibuster"
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emphasizes that although legally the bill is being enacted by the
2138:
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In April 2017, McConnell and the
Republican Party exercised the
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The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789–1801
3066:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
29:. For the 1962 film starring Henry Fonda and Don Murray, see
193:
643:
nomination and confirmation process for federal appointees
1859:
Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media
727:, overrode the filibuster of a nomination with a simple
682:
While several framers of the U.S. Constitution, such as
641:. Then, it is used to describe the Senate's role in the
121:
assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
867:
U.S. Senate history on the power to advise and consent
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List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
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to public positions, including Cabinet secretaries,
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795:Art 22P. Constitution of the Republic of Singapore
3108:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
2675:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
757:in order to overcome Democratic opposition for
694:the nomination has been made by the president,
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601:, "advice and consent" is a power of the
3322:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
804:Yong Vui Kong v Attorney-General SGCA 9
57:something previously approved of by the
41:is an English phrase frequently used in
2089:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)
851:Letter from Roger Sherman to John Adams
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1566:Caucuses of the United States Congress
198:Great Seal of the United States Senate
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639:signing and ratification of treaties
494:Vice presidential tie-breaking votes
1197:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded
206:History of the United States Senate
917:Plumer, Brad (November 21, 2013).
14:
3080:Progress of Civilization Pediment
2934:Congressional Pictorial Directory
1787:By length of service historically
658:This language was written at the
2948:Official Congressional Directory
2567:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)
670:, appointments to the office of
613:, Officers of the Armed Forces,
162:, the President has a number of
2757:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper
1604:Arab and Middle Eastern members
1501:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group
1036:Lists of United States Congress
744:refuse to confirm a replacement
678:Historical development of power
635:Article II, Section 2, Clause 2
2859:Congressional Research Service
2606:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)
1609:Asian Pacific American members
607:president of the United States
1:
3094:Surrender of General Burgoyne
2451:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)
1614:Asian Pacific American Caucus
1207:Lost re-election in a primary
3101:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
3044:The Apotheosis of Washington
2778:Chief Administrative Officer
2616:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)
279:United States Vice President
3266:Health and Fitness Facility
3058:Declaration of Independence
1827:Killed or wounded in office
1648:Congressional Jewish Caucus
1621:Hispanic and Latino members
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2680:Interparliamentary Affairs
2601:Congr. Budget Office (CBO)
2237:Riddick's Senate Procedure
1664:Gender and sexual identity
707:nominations and treaties.
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855:The Founders Constitution
837:October 23, 2008, at the
759:Supreme Court nominations
660:Constitutional Convention
2579:Architect of the Capitol
2441:Federal Hall (1789–1790)
1582:African-American members
1006:House of Representatives
625:Constitutional provision
315:the United States Senate
177:This article is part of
3129:Washington at Princeton
3073:Apotheosis of Democracy
2493:Congressional Quarterly
2182:Executive communication
2172:Blue slip (U.S. Senate)
2129:Suspension of the rules
1655:Native American members
1081:By shortness of service
615:United States attorneys
531:Senate office buildings
92:constitutional monarchy
18:Parliamentary procedure
3296:Webster Page Residence
3271:House Recording Studio
3115:Revolutionary War Door
2876:Register of Copyrights
2457:Biographical Directory
1926:"Necessary and Proper"
1466:Policy Committee Chair
1444:Policy Committee Chair
995:United States Congress
903:April 8, 2010, at the
884:April 8, 2010, at the
738:On February 13, 2016,
668:Twenty-fifth Amendment
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334:Politics and procedure
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156:President of Singapore
152:parliamentary republic
133:(specifically, by the
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2621:Technology Assessment
2042:Dear Colleague letter
2037:Continuing resolution
2032:Concurrent resolution
1511:Republican Conference
1451:Republican Conference
1412:President pro tempore
1144:Born outside the U.S.
828:Hamilton, Alexander.
717:congressional hearing
698:believed that advice
591:Further information:
525:Senate Reception Room
510:United States Capitol
326:Republican Conference
289:President pro tempore
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98:BE IT ENACTED by the
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3185:Mountains and Clouds
2941:Congressional Record
2798:Floor Services Chief
2685:Law Revision Counsel
2436:Continental Congress
1931:Power of enforcement
1894:Contempt of Congress
1797:From multiple states
1750:Mormon (LDS) members
1558:Congressional caucus
1202:Served a single term
1134:Expelled or censured
1076:By length of service
603:United States Senate
187:United States Senate
94:, bills are headed:
32:Advise & Consent
3209:Building Commission
2690:Legislative Counsel
2611:Library of Congress
2572:Comptroller General
2562:Congressional staff
2247:Senatorial courtesy
1636:Hispanic Conference
1051:Members and leaders
923:The Washington Post
898:U.S. Senate Rule 31
879:U.S. Senate Rule 30
465:Senatorial courtesy
313:Party leadership of
271:Women in the Senate
23:For the novel, see
3281:Old Senate Chamber
3147:VP Bust Collection
2971:United States Code
2903:Jefferson Building
2596:Cap. Guide Service
2463:Divided government
2380:Seal of the Senate
2344:Select and special
2309:Discharge petition
2262:Tie-breaking votes
2227:Recess appointment
2167:Advice and consent
2047:Discharge petition
1990:Appropriation bill
1899:Declaration of war
1091:Non-voting members
520:Old Senate Chamber
415:Recess appointment
342:Advice and consent
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135:King-in-Parliament
117:, in this present
59:legislative branch
39:Advice and consent
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2134:Unanimous consent
2094:Multiple referral
2079:Lame-duck session
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704:George Washington
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486:Unanimous consent
386:Executive session
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43:enacting formulae
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2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2419:Senate history
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:ranking member
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Standing Rules
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Reconciliation
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Nuclear option
2214:
2209:
2206:Senate Journal
2202:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2144:Line-item veto
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Reconciliation
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2002:
2000:Budget process
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Naturalization
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:Quaker members
1757:
1755:Muslim members
1752:
1747:
1745:Jewish members
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1643:Jewish members
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1541:Gerrymandering
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
991:
990:
983:
976:
968:
961:
960:
935:
909:
890:
871:
859:
843:
821:
806:
797:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
773:
770:
755:nuclear option
712:
709:
679:
676:
672:vice president
626:
623:
611:federal judges
587:
586:
584:
583:
576:
569:
561:
558:
557:
556:
555:
552:
551:
545:
540:
533:
529:
527:
522:
517:
515:Senate chamber
512:
504:
503:
499:
498:
497:
496:
491:
489:
488:
483:
477:
475:
473:
472:
470:Standing Rules
467:
461:
459:
457:
456:
451:
446:
440:
438:
436:
435:
430:
425:
419:
417:
412:
410:
409:
407:Nuclear option
404:
398:
396:
394:
393:
388:
382:
380:
378:
377:
367:
361:
359:
352:Closed session
349:
344:
336:
335:
331:
330:
329:
328:
323:
318:
311:
309:
302:
301:
296:
286:
274:
273:
268:
265:
264:
258:
251:
247:
245:
243:Former members
240:
237:
236:
230:
223:
219:
214:
213:
209:
208:
202:
201:
190:
189:
183:
182:
171:
168:
147:
144:
142:
139:
88:United Kingdom
83:
82:United Kingdom
80:
66:
63:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3363:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Statuary Hall
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Poet Laureate
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Reading Clerk
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Congr. Ethics
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:House history
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2354:Subcommittees
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:List (Senate)
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2272:Treaty Clause
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:Joint session
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Enrolled bill
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Hindu members
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1701:current House
1699:
1697:
1696:Issues Caucus
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Apportionment
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028: →
1027:
1024: ←
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:Joint session
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
996:
989:
984:
982:
977:
975:
970:
969:
966:
949:
945:
939:
936:
924:
920:
913:
910:
906:
902:
899:
894:
891:
887:
883:
880:
875:
872:
868:
863:
860:
856:
852:
847:
844:
840:
836:
833:
832:
825:
822:
818:
817:
810:
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
783:
779:
776:
775:
771:
769:
767:
764:
761:, confirming
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
729:majority vote
726:
721:
718:
715:Typically, a
710:
708:
705:
701:
697:
696:Roger Sherman
693:
689:
688:James Madison
685:
677:
675:
673:
669:
664:
661:
655:
653:
652:Supreme Court
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
619:state senates
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:United States
594:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
563:
562:
560:
559:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
535:
534:
532:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
505:
500:
495:
492:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
476:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
460:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
439:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
418:
416:
413:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
397:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
381:
375:
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1373:118th (2023)
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1278:99th (1985)
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428:Quorum call
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1971:Procedure
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948:POLITICO
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111:Temporal
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3193:Russell
3174:Dirksen
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2027:Cloture
2005:Censure
1780:Related
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1983:list
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