33:
77:
522:, but these are slow and costly to operate. The Official United States Standards for Grain states that when the spikelets get mixed in with the winter wheat, the wheat is considered contaminated and the grade is reduced, resulting in a penalty. The more jointed goatgrass found in the wheat, the lower the grade and the larger the penalty. The lowest penalty is $ 0.02 per bushel while the highest is $ 0.15 per bushel.
381:
that this was annually increasing at a rate of about 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres). In 1986, jointed goatgrass had been reported as having infected less than 1% of winter wheat fields in seven counties in
Nebraska, yet it was rated one of the ten most troublesome weeds, concerning 13% of respondents to a 1984 farmer survey. Human activities, wind, and machinery help to spread jointed goatgrass seeds once the joints
52:
514:. When the spikes shatter, the disjointed spikelets are cylindrical in shape and are easily mistaken for small pieces of winter wheat straw. Since the spikelets are similar in shape and size to winter wheat seeds, it is difficult to separate them from the wheat using conventional methods. Better methods use
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This has resulted in a demand for other methods for controlling jointed goatgrass. These include planting only certified winter wheat seed that is free of jointed goatgrass, covering trucks that are transporting contaminated winter wheat, cleaning combines before moving them to a new field, allowing
393:
on combines. Steven Miller argued that some states did not have laws that prevented contaminated winter wheat from being certified, which helped lead to it still being planted. Combines with straw spreaders are likely to spread jointed goatgrass joints farther than combines without these spreaders.
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in 1870 and later samples collected in 1910 showed that jointed goatgrass had escaped from experimental plots on South Dakota State
University campus at Brookings, SD. In 1999, it was reported that jointed goatgrass had infested an estimated 2,000,000 hectares (4,900,000 acres) in the US alone, and
367:
Jointed goatgrass is a winter annual grass seed native to
Southern Europe and Russia, It is considered a problem weed in United States, where it is now widely spread across western and central regions. It entered the US at several different times and at different locations, however the first was
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for one or more growth seasons, long-term crop rotations which would mean growing winter wheat only once every three to four years, and delaying seed planting so that seedbed preparations will destroy jointed goatgrass seedlings (although this may also reduce the yield of winter wheat). These
560:
combines to enter each field through one spot only so possible infestations can be localized, using combines that lack straw or chaff spreaders, mowing jointed goatgrass found along roadsides, fields or waste areas, as well as using cultural practices. These cultural practices include
385:. However, due to the size of joints, wind dispersal is not as effective at spreading jointed goatgrass. Some of the human activities that helped spread jointed goatgrass include; planting contaminated wheat, allowing joints to blow from passing trucks hauling grain, transporting
534:
can be used in winter wheat to improve its tolerance to environmental stresses, diseases and insects. Cattle in parts of the
Central Great Plains are able to graze on it as well as winter wheat, and jointed goatgrass can even be ground into feed for other animals.
543:
Since jointed goatgrass and winter wheat are genetically related, there are no registered herbicides that can selectively kill off the jointed goatgrass without harming the winter wheat. However, Newhouse et al. looked at the development of an
477:
Jointed goatgrass can reduce the yield of winter wheat by 25 – 50% which can cost US farmers up to $ 145 million. Another problem is that jointed goatgrass provides an overwinter home for winter wheat attacking pests such as
573:
of jointed goatgrass and at a minimum of three different decision times (during the interval between winter wheat crops, before planting winter wheat, after planting but before winter wheat jointing, and before harvesting).
410:. It has been observed by growers and researchers that jointed goatgrass has a higher germination and emergence rate in compacted soils (such as in the wheel tracts of tractors) than in looser soils.
461:. Each spikelet holds one to two seeds, and in some cases three, that are reddish-brown in colour and reach maturity in mid-summer which is when the spikelets shatter. These seeds adhere to the
597:, temperature, moisture, and sunlight exposure. The goal for DRB is for it to be a low-cost, effective method for the control of jointed goatgrass with minimum damage to the environment.
593:(DRB) which scientists have already proven can suppress other weeds. However, the success of DRB depends upon its ability to survive which is affected by environmental factors such as
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343:. It is not native to North America, however it has become a serious issue as a weed since it was introduced in the late 19th century. Due to its relation to
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similar in shape and size to the seeds of winter wheat, making it difficult to remove through grain cleaning methods, the shared genetics mean that no
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are available to single out jointed goatgrass while leaving winter wheat unharmed. This poses problems for farmers who have to suffer through
32:
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to kill jointed goatgrass, but
Seefeldt et al. mentioned the concerns about the possibility of resistant jointed goatgrass – winter wheat
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which allows them to live in cold, continental climates and means they are capable of cross-breeding. They are both
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and the ability to produce 50 erect flowering stalks for each isolated plant. Both wheat and jointed goatgrass have
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practices are not completely effective since jointed goatgrass seeds are able to persist and can stay in
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from fields can take them into rivers where they can aggregate and create an infestation in moist
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for up to five years. The best solution is to use several cultural tactics throughout the
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Management effects on the incidence of jointed goatgrass inhibitory rhizobacteria
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and growth rates and even germinate at the same time. Jointed goatgrass has
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of the glume, so that removing the seeds from the joints is difficult.
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Other cultural practices include burning the residue after harvest and
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Jointed goatgrass and winter wheat are genetically linked through a D
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615:"Aegilops cylindrica Host | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
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to Kansas. The first sample of jointed goatgrass was collected in
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589:. Another option for the control of jointed goatgrass is to use
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Jointed goatgrass does have some benefits in the sense that its
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A Visual Guide to Help
Producers Manage Jointed Goatgrass
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resistant strain of winter wheat which allows the use of
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Factors affecting germination of jointed goatgrass (
347:, it is very difficult to control. Not only are the
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710:Biology and control of jointed goatgrass (
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368:possibly in the late 19th century when
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394:Also, because the joints can float,
1260:IUCN Red List least concern species
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359:and poorer quality winter wheat.
1201:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:384583-1
310:(Host) Ces., Pass. & Gibelli
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389:to different fields, or using
1:
372:settlers from Russia brought
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625:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
620:Plants of the World Online
302:(Host) Asch. & Graebn.
591:deleterious rhizobacteria
457:on opposite sides of the
453:and alternately arranged
287:Cylindropyrum cylindricum
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72:Scientific classification
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363:History and distribution
1275:Flora of temperate Asia
579:deep moldboard plowing
378:Centerville, Delaware
353:registered herbicides
307:Triticum cylindricum
898:aegilops-cylindrica
834:Aegilops cylindrica
804:Aegilops cylindrica
764:Aegilops cylindrica
712:Aegilops cylindrica
585:and result in lost
480:Russian wheat aphid
473:Agricultural issues
374:Turkey winter wheat
324:Aegilops cylindrica
255:Aegilops cylindrica
213:Aegilops cylindrica
42:Conservation status
25:Aegilops cylindrica
275:Aegilops squarrosa
195:A. cylindrica
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796:Taxon identifiers
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329:jointed goatgrass
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383:disarticulate
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335:, along with
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290:(Host) Á.Löve
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628:. Retrieved
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408:drainageways
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1020:iNaturalist
828:Wikispecies
595:soil series
512:kernel bunt
508:damping off
406:, or along
400:depressions
299:cylindricum
250:(Host) Hegi
167:Subfamily:
141:Commelinids
115:Angiosperms
1254:Categories
1175:kew-387641
1170:Plant List
885:Calflora:
630:30 October
601:References
571:life cycle
496:dwarf bunt
279:cylindrica
247:cylindrica
994:GrassBase
963:200024753
895:Cal-IPC:
562:fallowing
539:Solutions
532:germplasm
488:pink mold
484:leaf spot
455:spikelets
449:that are
428:phenology
424:C3 plants
370:Mennonite
333:Triticeae
189:Species:
85:Kingdom:
1265:Aegilops
1221:VASCAN:
1214:25500185
1209:Tropicos
1110:2.137935
1048:384583-1
999:imp00039
862:BioLib:
819:Q2620800
813:Wikidata
567:dormancy
550:imazamox
526:Benefits
492:foot rot
436:scabrous
432:glabrous
387:combines
226:Synonyms
182:Aegilops
171:Pooideae
157:Family:
128:Monocots
62:IUCN 3.1
986:5289783
924:1114004
554:hybrids
451:sessile
414:Biology
341:cereals
297:subsp.
245:subsp.
177:Genus:
161:Poaceae
147:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
1183:PLANTS
1162:607563
1149:113979
1136:130456
1087:172218
1074:182536
1061:108330
973:AEGCYL
970:FoIO:
950:192076
878:434641
855:168791
852:APDB:
766:) seed
510:, and
459:rachis
447:spikes
439:glumes
420:genome
396:runoff
349:grains
259:typica
151:Poales
1224:23628
1032:IPA:
1025:75290
945:EUNIS
937:AEGCY
911:64XCK
865:42741
842:APA:
467:palea
463:lemma
443:culms
337:wheat
277:var.
257:var.
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
1196:POWO
1188:AECY
1131:NCBI
1097:1990
1082:IUCN
1069:ITIS
1043:IPNI
1035:5038
1012:1531
1007:GRIN
981:GBIF
932:EPPO
873:BOLD
845:4630
632:2023
500:fron
465:and
235:List
219:Host
1232:WFO
1118:NBN
1056:ISC
958:FNA
919:EoL
906:CoL
888:105
518:or
434:to
262:Eig
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634:.
64:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
