754:
746:
852:
953:
378:
40:
370:
977:
965:
633:
929:
89:
917:
64:
941:
704:
823:, which she mentioned in her diary and which survived until August 2010, when a heavy wind blew it over. Eleven young specimens, sprouted from seeds from this tree, were transported to the United States. After a long quarantine in Indianapolis, each tree was shipped off to a new home at a notable museum or institution in the United States, such as the
625:, which was then used in military armaments. Weizmann's process could use any source of starch, but the government chose to ask for conkers to avoid causing starvation by depleting food sources. But conkers were found to be a poor source, and the factory only produced acetone for three months; however, they were collected again in the
692:. To further protect the cellars from the summer heat, they would plant horse chestnut trees, which have spreading, dense canopies but shallow roots which would not intrude on the caverns. The practice of serving beer at these sites evolved into the modern beer garden.
325:
are usually white with a yellow to pink blotch at the base of the petals; they are produced in spring in erect panicles 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tall with about 20–50 flowers on each panicle. Its pollen is not poisonous for honey bees. Usually only 1–5
316:
compound, with 5–7 leaflets 13–30 cm (5–12 in) long, making the whole leaf up to 60 cm (24 in) across, with a 7–20 cm (3–8 in) petiole. The leaf scars left on twigs after the leaves have fallen have a distinctive
757:
Remainders of two horse chestnut flower spikes - one 27 cm long - with two chestnuts found on the ground under the tree. The chestnuts themselves have separated with their burs from the small branches shown.
753:
769:. The phenomenon was dose dependent as no alteration in kidney function was recorded with 340 μg/kg, mild kidney function impairment developed with 360 μg/kg and acute kidney injury with 510 μg/kg".
827:, Central H.S. in Little Rock, and two Holocaust Centers. One of them was planted outdoors in March 2013 in front of the Children's Museum of Indianapolis, where they were originally quarantined.
661:
Though the seeds are said to repel spiders there is little evidence to support these claims. The presence of saponin may repel insects but it is not clear whether this is effective on spiders.
607:, there was a campaign to ask for everyone (including children) to collect the seeds and donate them to the government. The conkers were used as a source of starch for fermentation using the
524:
The compact native population of horse chestnut in
Bulgaria is distinct from the horse chestnut forests of northern Greece, western North Macedonia and Albania. It is limited to an area of 9
1853:
745:
308:
is a large tree, growing to about 39 metres (128 ft) tall with a domed crown of stout branches. On old trees, the outer branches are often pendulous with curled-up tips. The
1690:
2504:
1716:
851:
2592:
2183:
2125:
952:
749:
Remainders of horse chestnut flower spikes found on the ground below. The chestnuts themselves have separated with their burs from the small branches shown.
695:
An inexpensive detergent for washing clothes can be made at home from conkers, and this is said to be an environmentally benign ('eco-friendly') detergent.
2847:
1005:
2153:
2787:
2442:
1253:
898:, a leaf mining moth. The larvae of this moth species bore through the leaves of the horse chestnut, causing premature colour changes and leaf loss.
2852:
2517:
2455:
1222:
1050:
2687:
2615:
1962:
1153:
564:, where they are commonly found in parks, streets and avenues. Cultivation for its spectacular spring flowers is successful in a wide range of
2857:
2822:
1553:
1432:
651:. Although not dangerous to touch, they cause sickness when eaten; consumed by horses, they can cause tremors and lack of coordination.
2403:
2212:
869:. Half of all horse-chestnuts in Great Britain are now showing symptoms to some degree of this potentially lethal bacterial infection.
540:
horse chestnut forests are critically endangered at the national level and protected as part of the
Dervisha Managed Nature Reserve.
2832:
2812:
1667:
1418:
1376:
901:
866:
1802:"Comparison of leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency"
1759:
2817:
1744:
Lees, D.C.; Lopez-Vaamonde, C.; Augustin, S. 2009. Taxon page for
Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic 1986. In: EOLspecies,
2491:
20:
916:
2837:
2558:
1939:
1764:
1473:
2666:
1694:
1490:
2522:
2062:
765:, "when patients, who had undergone cardiac surgery were given high doses of horse chestnut extract i.v. for postoperative
2579:
1188:
976:
792:
1724:
1332:
730:
2713:
2328:
2292:
734:
377:
1244:
1786:
2802:
2700:
2273:
2187:
2129:
2028:
1720:
1187:
Brouillet L, Desmet P, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, Shorthouse D, et al.
928:
609:
454:
2597:
1601:
39:
2827:
2797:
2553:
2310:
88:
1286:(Common Horsechestnut, European Horsechestnut, Horsechestnut) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
2842:
2807:
2620:
493:. It has been introduced and planted around the world. It can be found in many parts of Europe as far north as
2705:
2085:
1630:
2429:
2161:
2434:
2421:
2343:
402:
The common name horse chestnut originates from the similarity of the leaves and fruits to sweet chestnuts,
2416:
2235:
964:
369:
2333:
1032:(European chestnut, Spanish Chestnut, Sweet chestnut) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
412:), together with the alleged observation that the fruit or seeds could help panting or coughing horses.
205:
1230:
940:
2460:
1511:
2607:
2377:
1993:
1058:
718:
2656:
2651:
894:
857:
762:
729:
suggested that horse chestnut seed extract may be an efficacious and safe short-term treatment for
669:
53:
2571:
2759:
2369:
2009:
1831:
886:
83:
68:
2692:
1157:
776:
and should not be ingested. Horse chestnut seed is classified by the FDA as an unsafe herb. The
2509:
632:
2792:
2628:
2351:
2109:
1935:
1906:
1823:
1663:
1657:
1557:
1469:
1414:
1372:
569:
489:
restricted the native distribution to the Balkan area: Albania, Bulgaria, mainland Greece and
2106:"Thujoy Khreshchatyk". Why Kyivans miss chestnuts and how they became a symbol of the capital
1984:
Wagner, J. (1961). "Quercetin-3,4?-diglukosid, ein
Flavonolglykosid des Roßkastaniensamens".
1447:
1281:
568:
climatic conditions provided summers are not too hot, with trees being grown as far north as
2741:
2633:
2535:
2001:
1896:
1888:
1813:
1392:
800:
626:
533:
2483:
2208:
816:
726:
674:
604:
490:
404:
331:
289:
240:
126:
2105:
1931:
1925:
640:
The seeds, especially those that are young and fresh, are slightly poisonous, containing
513:
as well as in many parks and cities around the northern United States and Canada such as
2679:
1997:
1539:
999:
2674:
1958:
1901:
1876:
1117:
804:
614:
529:
506:
446:
416:
386:
113:
1818:
1801:
1579:"Forests of Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) :: Red Data Book of Bulgaria"
1027:
2781:
2530:
1613:
1126:
994:
796:
577:
565:
557:
549:
498:
486:
221:
73:
2643:
2013:
1835:
2764:
2356:
1892:
1364:
824:
514:
482:
2297:
1313:
581:
2545:
688:. Prior to the advent of mechanical refrigeration, brewers would dig cellars for
2751:
2584:
2566:
2468:
2267:
2054:
1074:
772:
Raw horse chestnut seed, leaf, bark and flower are toxic due to the presence of
681:
561:
335:
256:
172:
2718:
2284:
1927:
1200:
1578:
474:
264:
162:
2408:
1849:
677:
where the species was discovered in 1984 but took 18 years to reach
Britain.
2390:
1336:
879:
820:
777:
648:
428:
318:
260:
2731:
2258:
1910:
599:
In
Britain and Ireland, the seeds are used for the popular children's game
1827:
1748:. First Created: 2009-06-22T13:47:37Z. Last Updated: 2009-08-10T12:57:23Z.
673:, whose larvae feed on horse chestnut leaves. The moth was described from
2726:
2252:
773:
641:
466:
433:
409:
366: in) in diameter, glossy nut-brown with a whitish scar at the base.
294:
248:
182:
139:
2320:
703:
287:. It is not to be confused with the sweet chestnut or Spanish chestnut,
2447:
2364:
2005:
1466:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region
840:
781:
685:
644:
622:
618:
600:
589:
585:
553:
525:
494:
462:
458:
313:
2473:
2305:
766:
714:
707:
655:
593:
573:
537:
518:
510:
502:
478:
470:
322:
252:
152:
2229:
2496:
2395:
1745:
1257:
850:
795:, a flavonol glycoside can also be found in horse chestnut seeds.
752:
744:
702:
689:
631:
536:, in the valleys of the Dervishka and Lazarska rivers. Bulgaria's
368:
327:
244:
100:
1612:
Højgaard, A., Jóhansen, J., & Ødum, S. (1989). A century of
1199:. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Archived from
836:
722:
420:
339:
309:
268:
2382:
2233:
1371:(Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
998:
342:
called conkers or horse-chestnuts. Each conker is 2–4 cm (
1877:"Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency"
1787:"How to Make Laundry Detergent from Conkers (Horse Chestnuts)"
1800:
Diehm, C.; Trampisch, H. J.; Lange, S.; Schmidt, C. (1996).
548:
It is widely cultivated in streets and parks throughout the
552:
world, and has been particularly successful in places like
2184:"Other common pest and disease problems of horse chestnut"
453:
given by different sources varies. As of March 2023,
2126:"Extent of the bleeding canker of horse chestnut problem"
2029:"Anne Frank's 'beautiful' tree felled by Amsterdam storm"
1854:
1168:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1433:"The Discovery and Rediscovery of the Horse Chestnut"
330:
develop on each panicle. The shell is a green, spiky
19:"Horse-chestnut" redirects here. For other uses, see
1691:"Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Aesculus hippocastanum"
2242:
713:The seed extract standardized to around 20 percent
1468:(Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 541.
2211:. Royal Horticultural Society. 11 November 2009.
2148:
2146:
2086:"Saplings from Anne Frank's tree take root in US"
1393:"Bee Trees - Horse Chestnut | Beespoke Info"
835:The horse chestnut tree is one of the symbols of
2055:"Anne Frank tree falls over in heavy wind, rain"
878:Wood rotting fungi, e.g. such as Armillaria and
737:had not been conducted to confirm the efficacy.
16:Species of tree in the lychee family Sapindaceae
1631:"Conkers - collected for use in two world wars"
1333:"Why we love conkers and horse chestnut trees"
815:A fine specimen of the horse-chestnut was the
654:The horse-chestnut is a favourite subject for
872:Guignardia leaf blotch, caused by the fungus
385:. The light green structure denotes nectary.
8:
1009:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1014:Leach, M (2001). "Aesculus hippocastanum".
884:Horse chestnut scale, caused by the insect
621:for use as a solvent for the production of
2230:
2154:"Horse chestnut pest and disease problems"
1717:"Spiders vs conkers: the definitive guide"
62:
38:
27:
1900:
1817:
680:In Germany, they are commonly planted in
2186:. UK Forestry Commission. Archived from
2128:. UK Forestry Commission. Archived from
1953:
1951:
1254:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
376:
321:shape, complete with seven "nails". The
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1308:
1306:
1103:
1016:Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism
912:
419:, for the resemblance of the seed to a
1963:Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
1111:
1109:
1107:
1051:"Horse Chestnut | Winchester Hospital"
1762:[120 minutes aren't enough].
1500:. Washington Park Arboretum Bulletin.
1166:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
807:can also be found in horse chestnut.
334:containing one (rarely two or three)
293:, which is a tree in another family,
7:
2608:ba262756-b9b3-40cb-b51e-5fbb07ce0db4
2215:from the original on 16 January 2010
2053:Gray-Block, Aaron (23 August 2010).
667:is affected by the leaf-mining moth
2065:from the original on 24 August 2010
1127:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
922:Planted as a feature tree in a park
784:constituents are considered toxic.
408:(a tree in a different family, the
2848:Trees of humid continental climate
457:considered it to be native to the
415:Although it is sometimes known as
14:
2027:Sterling, Toby (24 August 2010).
2788:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2706:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:781594-1
1116:Allen, D.J.; Khela, S. (2018) .
975:
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
87:
1758:Schäffer, Albert (2012-05-21).
1746:http://www.eol.org/pages/306084
21:Horse chestnut (disambiguation)
2853:Trees of Mediterranean climate
2084:Pamela Engel (24 March 2013).
1893:10.1002/14651858.CD003230.pub4
1765:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1760:"120 Minuten sind nicht genug"
1693:. Ma-Ke Bonsai. Archived from
1369:New Flora of the British Isles
717:(escin) is possibly useful in
47:Botanical illustration (1885)
1:
1875:Pittler MH, Ernst E. (2012).
1819:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90467-5
1659:Feeding and care of the horse
861:) tree damage in Parma, Italy
1521:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
902:Phytophthora bleeding canker
735:randomized controlled trials
731:chronic venous insufficiency
636:A selection of fresh conkers
485:. A 2017 assessment for the
2858:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1464:Little, Elbert L. (1994) .
1411:Trees of Britain and Europe
892:Horse-chestnut leaf miner,
855:Horse-chestnut leaf miner (
2876:
2823:Medicinal plants of Europe
1924:Parfitt, Kathleen (1999).
1881:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1721:Royal Society of Chemistry
1519:Plants of the World Online
1055:www.winchesterhospital.org
793:Quercetin 3,4'-diglucoside
610:Clostridium acetobutylicum
455:Plants of the World Online
427:is more commonly used for
267:(hermaphroditic-flowered)
18:
2158:www.suffolkcoastal.gov.uk
1618:Ann. Soc. Sci. Faeroensis
211:
204:
84:Scientific classification
82:
60:
51:
46:
37:
30:
2833:Plants described in 1753
2813:Flora of North Macedonia
441:Distribution and habitat
2818:Garden plants of Europe
2095:– via Yahoo News.
1986:Die Naturwissenschaften
1006:Encyclopædia Britannica
2657:Aesculus hippocastanum
2644:Aesculus_hippocastanum
2311:aesculus-hippocastanum
2274:Aesculus hippocastanum
2244:Aesculus hippocastanum
1656:Lewis, Lon D. (1995).
1616:on the Faroe Islands.
1514:Aesculus hippocastanum
1409:Rushforth, K. (1999).
1284:Aesculus hippocastanum
1225:Aesculus hippocastanum
1191:Aesculus hippocastanum
1160:Aesculus hippocastanum
1120:Aesculus hippocastanum
862:
758:
750:
710:
665:Aesculus hippocastanum
637:
532:Mountain north of the
451:Aesculus hippocastanum
394:
374:
306:Aesculus hippocastanum
277:European horsechestnut
232:Aesculus hippocastanum
215:Aesculus hippocastanum
32:Aesculus hippocastanum
2838:Plants used in bonsai
1715:Edwards, Jon (2010).
1134:: e.T202914A122961065
904:, a fungal infection.
854:
756:
748:
706:
635:
629:for the same reason.
431:members of the genus
380:
372:
197:A. hippocastanum
2164:on 23 September 2011
719:traditional medicine
699:Traditional medicine
271:. It is also called
1998:1961NW.....48Q..54W
1662:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1491:"The Many Faces of
1446:(4). Archived from
1290:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
1197:data.canadensys.net
1036:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
982:Germination on lawn
958:Close-up of flowers
946:Foliage and flowers
895:Cameraria ohridella
858:Cameraria ohridella
763:acute kidney injury
670:Cameraria ohridella
54:Conservation status
2006:10.1007/BF00603428
887:Pulvinaria regalis
874:Guignardia aesculi
863:
825:9/11 Memorial Park
759:
751:
721:for its effect on
711:
684:, particularly in
638:
613:method devised by
395:
381:Floral diagram of
375:
239:, is a species of
2803:Flora of Bulgaria
2775:
2774:
2629:Open Tree of Life
2236:Taxon identifiers
2209:"Bleeding Canker"
2110:Ukrayinska Pravda
1431:Lack, H. Walter.
1079:| Index of Herbs"
839:, the capital of
819:in the centre of
761:There is risk of
733:, but definitive
570:Edmonton, Alberta
423:'s eye, the term
389:: ↘ K5 C2:2 A5+2
312:are opposite and
259:. It is a large,
228:
227:
77:
2865:
2828:Ornamental trees
2798:Flora of Albania
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2587:
2585:NBNSYS0000004580
2575:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2160:. Archived from
2150:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1959:"Horse chestnut"
1955:
1946:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1887:(11): CD003230.
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1856:. 1 October 2020
1850:"Horse chestnut"
1846:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1723:. Archived from
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1620:Supplementum 14.
1610:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1556:. Archived from
1550:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1314:"Horse Chestnut"
1310:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1256:. Archived from
1251:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:. Archived from
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1113:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1083:indexofherbs.com
1070:
1068:
1066:
1057:. Archived from
1046:
1044:
1042:
1023:
1010:
1002:
1000:"Chestnut"
979:
967:
955:
943:
934:Leaves and trunk
931:
919:
801:leucodelphinidin
627:Second World War
534:Balkan Mountains
449:distribution of
383:A. hippocastanum
365:
364:
360:
357:
351:
350:
346:
217:
92:
91:
71:
66:
65:
42:
28:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2843:Trees of Europe
2808:Flora of Greece
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2544:
2543:MichiganFlora:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1965:. 29 March 2022
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1812:(8997): 292–4.
1799:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1554:"Holowach Tree"
1552:
1551:
1547:
1540:"Hestekastanje"
1538:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1408:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1331:Coles, Jeremy.
1330:
1329:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1227:: Reproduction"
1221:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1087:
1085:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1030:Castanea sativa
1026:
1013:
993:
990:
983:
980:
971:
968:
959:
956:
947:
944:
935:
932:
923:
920:
911:
867:Bleeding canker
849:
833:
817:Anne Frank tree
813:
811:Anne Frank tree
790:
788:Other chemicals
743:
727:Cochrane Review
701:
675:North Macedonia
605:First World War
546:
491:North Macedonia
477:), but also to
443:
405:Castanea sativa
400:
362:
358:
355:
353:
348:
344:
343:
303:
290:Castanea sativa
241:flowering plant
224:
219:
213:
200:
86:
78:
67:
63:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:wfo-0000522287
2756:
2746:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2661:
2648:
2638:
2625:
2612:
2602:
2589:
2576:
2563:
2550:
2540:
2527:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2478:
2465:
2452:
2439:
2426:
2413:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2338:
2325:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2279:
2264:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2200:
2175:
2142:
2117:
2114:(in Ukrainian)
2112:(29 May 2019)
2098:
2076:
2045:
2019:
1976:
1947:
1940:
1916:
1867:
1841:
1792:
1778:
1750:
1737:
1707:
1689:D'Cruz, Mark.
1681:
1668:
1648:
1635:Making history
1622:
1605:
1594:
1583:e-ecodb.bas.bg
1570:
1545:
1531:
1503:
1489:Wott, John A.
1481:
1474:
1456:
1453:on 2010-07-27.
1423:
1402:
1384:
1377:
1349:
1323:
1302:
1273:
1246:BSBI List 2007
1236:
1233:on 2015-01-30.
1214:
1179:
1145:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1077:Horse Chestnut
1071:
1047:
1024:
1011:
997:, ed. (1911).
995:Chisholm, Hugh
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
974:
972:
969:
962:
960:
957:
950:
948:
945:
938:
936:
933:
926:
924:
921:
914:
910:
907:
906:
905:
899:
890:
882:
876:
870:
848:
845:
832:
831:Symbol of Kyiv
829:
812:
809:
805:procyanidin A2
789:
786:
742:
739:
700:
697:
615:Chaim Weizmann
545:
542:
442:
439:
399:
396:
387:Floral formula
302:
299:
273:horse-chestnut
237:horse chestnut
226:
225:
220:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
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166:
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143:
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137:
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117:
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104:
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98:
94:
93:
80:
79:
61:
58:
57:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
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2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2190:on 2009-12-09
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2132:on 2009-12-09
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1727:on 2013-09-06
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1697:on 2012-03-15
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1671:
1669:9780683049671
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:tree planting
1609:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1560:on 2023-09-23
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:0-00-220013-9
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1397:beespoke.info
1394:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1378:9780521707725
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1274:
1263:on 2015-06-26
1259:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1215:
1203:on 2018-02-17
1202:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1061:on 2021-06-05
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1001:
996:
992:
991:
988:Other sources
987:
978:
973:
966:
961:
954:
949:
942:
937:
930:
925:
918:
913:
908:
903:
900:
897:
896:
891:
889:
888:
883:
881:
877:
875:
871:
868:
865:
864:
860:
859:
853:
846:
844:
842:
838:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
797:Leucocyanidin
794:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
755:
747:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
705:
698:
696:
693:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
659:
657:
652:
650:
646:
643:
634:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:
606:
603:. During the
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:Faroe Islands
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Great Britain
555:
551:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Arctic Circle
497:north of the
496:
492:
488:
487:IUCN Red List
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
438:
436:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
406:
397:
392:
388:
384:
379:
373:Inflorescence
371:
367:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
300:
298:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
223:
218:
216:
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
198:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:Tracheophytes
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
70:
59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2243:
2217:. Retrieved
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:the original
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2157:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2120:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2058:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2033:The Scotsman
2032:
2022:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1926:
1919:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1844:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1781:
1770:. Retrieved
1763:
1753:
1740:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1684:
1673:. Retrieved
1658:
1651:
1641:27 September
1639:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1617:
1608:
1597:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:
1573:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1548:
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1518:
1513:
1506:
1492:
1484:
1465:
1459:
1448:the original
1443:
1439:
1426:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1368:
1365:Stace, C. A.
1340:. Retrieved
1326:
1317:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1283:
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1245:
1239:
1231:the original
1224:
1217:
1207:26 September
1205:. Retrieved
1201:the original
1196:
1190:
1182:
1172:26 September
1170:. Retrieved
1165:
1159:
1148:
1138:27 September
1136:. Retrieved
1131:
1125:
1119:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1076:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1054:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:
1029:
1019:
1015:
1004:
893:
885:
873:
856:
834:
814:
791:
771:
760:
712:
694:
682:beer gardens
679:
668:
664:
663:
660:
653:
639:
608:
598:
547:
523:
483:Turkmenistan
450:
444:
432:
424:
414:
403:
401:
390:
382:
305:
304:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
236:
231:
230:
229:
214:
212:
196:
195:
183:
146:
133:
120:
107:
31:
25:
2680:kew-2624517
2567:NatureServe
2469:iNaturalist
2268:Wikispecies
1930:. pp.
1768:(in German)
1088:28 December
617:to produce
562:New Zealand
507:Gästrikland
473:and former
301:Description
285:conker tree
257:Sapindaceae
173:Sapindaceae
127:Angiosperms
2782:Categories
2675:Plant List
2341:Calflora:
2219:2010-01-09
2194:2010-01-09
2168:15 January
2136:2010-01-09
1969:27 October
1941:085369429X
1860:27 October
1772:2016-10-11
1731:2013-09-09
1701:2011-07-05
1675:2011-10-21
1588:2023-02-10
1564:2023-10-07
1525:2023-03-28
1475:0394507614
1413:. Collins
1267:2014-10-17
1154:USDA, NRCS
1098:References
649:glucosides
475:Yugoslavia
265:synoecious
163:Sapindales
69:Vulnerable
2435:200013160
2422:200013160
2069:24 August
2038:24 August
1992:(2): 54.
1337:BBC Earth
1193:Linnaeus"
880:Ganoderma
821:Amsterdam
778:glycoside
582:Reykjavík
566:temperate
550:temperate
429:New World
398:Etymology
319:horseshoe
314:palmately
261:deciduous
249:soapberry
191:Species:
97:Kingdom:
2793:Aesculus
2749:VASCAN:
2732:15500008
2727:Tropicos
2641:PalDat:
2572:2.149458
2510:11283880
2497:781594-1
2318:BioLib:
2253:Wikidata
2213:Archived
2063:Archived
2014:29060667
1911:23152216
1836:20408233
1602:Edmonton
1493:Aesculus
1440:Arnoldia
1367:(2010).
1342:23 March
1295:24 March
1156:(n.d.).
1065:24 March
1041:24 March
847:Diseases
774:aesculin
725:tone. A
690:lagering
645:saponins
642:alkaloid
515:Edmonton
467:Bulgaria
434:Aesculus
410:Fagaceae
295:Fagaceae
184:Aesculus
169:Family:
140:Eudicots
74:IUCN 3.1
2554:MoBotPF
2448:3189815
2365:Ecocrop
2091:26 July
2059:Reuters
1994:Bibcode
1902:7144685
1828:8569363
909:Gallery
841:Ukraine
782:saponin
686:Bavaria
623:cordite
619:acetone
601:conkers
590:Harstad
586:Iceland
554:Ireland
530:Preslav
528:in the
495:Harstad
463:Albania
459:Balkans
425:buckeye
417:buckeye
361:⁄
347:⁄
332:capsule
323:flowers
281:buckeye
255:family
243:in the
179:Genus:
159:Order:
101:Plantae
72: (
2742:456210
2739:uBio:
2688:PLANTS
2634:404238
2605:NZOR:
2559:281047
2536:202914
2409:174982
2383:582243
2334:126487
2306:ARKive
2298:216063
2259:Q26899
2012:
1938:
1932:1543–4
1909:
1899:
1834:
1826:
1806:Lancet
1666:
1472:
1417:
1375:
767:oedema
741:Safety
723:venous
715:aescin
708:Aescin
656:bonsai
594:Norway
576:, the
574:Canada
538:relict
519:Canada
511:Sweden
505:, and
503:Norway
479:Turkey
471:Greece
447:native
338:-like
328:fruits
310:leaves
283:, and
253:lychee
235:, the
153:Rosids
2664:PFI:
2616:NZPCN
2598:43364
2523:28721
2505:IRMNG
2481:IPA:
2474:84298
2404:EUNIS
2396:AECHI
2357:65BKZ
2344:12186
2282:APA:
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