249:
165:
353:
66:
339:
58:
216:
325:
124:
28:
374:
79:
continue into inverted flight, continue into a dive, and return to horizontal flight. A well-performed inside loop will look like clean circle with the same entry and exit point, and this requires management of power to overcome the tendency of gravity to shorten the upward portion and lengthen the downward portion.
385:
The standard rolling circle involves 1 roll at each quadrant of the turn, resulting in a total of 4 rolls throughout the 360° horizontal turn. The most logical method to approach the rolling circle is to think of it as 4 slow rolls with turn. The procedure below describes a left-turning right-rolling
281:
The four-point roll is a quick series of quarter rolls. The pilot gives four separate, but very brief aileron inputs. The first rolls the aircraft to knife-edge, the second rolls the aircraft inverted, the third rolls the aircraft to opposite knife-edge, and the final input rolls the aircraft back
290:
The snap roll is an aggressive roll. The aircraft rotates about all axes at the same time, the predominant rotation being about the longitudinal axis. This sometimes violent maneuver is accomplished one of two ways. A positive, or inside, snap is executed by going hard over on all controls: full
268:
When the left wing is down, right rudder is needed to hold level flight. Rolling slowly left will require moving the rudder slowly to the right, then back to center as the wings become level in inverted flight (where of course some elevator is needed), and then to the left as the roll continues and
78:
Due to its simplicity, the inside loop is among the first aerobatic maneuvers a pilot learns. It is named after a 360 degree circle with the pilot on the inside of the loop. Simply applying power while pulling back on the elevator stick will cause the aircraft to loop upward into vertical flight,
303:
is a combination move involving both regular and inverted flight. The figure 8 maneuver is started from straight and level flight, and then pulling up and over into inverted flight. Rolling 180 degrees puts the airframe back to normal orientation to cross over in the middle of the eight and then
458:
This maneuver calls for a specific type of aircraft. Since the motion involves rapid downward pitch, a low-wing aircraft with high thrustline is desirable, as it naturally creates the downward pitch moment. Also, the aircraft should readily snap on command. Cap 232 is by far the easiest design by
381:
Rolling circle is a maneuver in which an aircraft rolls continuously while turning in a circle. This is arguably one of the most difficult maneuvers to perfect, since varying pitch and yaw corrections are necessary to keep the heading level while maintaining constant roll rate and turning radius.
110:
Therefore, if the aircraft starts in a normal, upright flight position, then an outside loop will be performed by inputting down elevator and progressing down below the original line of flight before executing a circular path to return to the original position. This is sometimes referred to as a
390:
Flying straight and level at normal speed, feed right aileron that results in a constant roll rate that would complete a roll in the time required for a 90° horizontal turn. Simultaneously, feed left rudder and down elevator that would result in a desired turning radius while maintaining
256:
The slow roll is just what the name implies. It is accomplished by inputting either right or left aileron. However, unlike most axial rolls, the slow roll is performed using less than full deflection in the ailerons. The result is a graceful maneuver, but because the aircraft is
402:
Below is a graph that illustrates the elevator and rudder input as a function of rolling position during one turn quadrant. For this case, 60° rudder phase lead and 90° elevator phase lead are used. Actual amplitude and phase leads may vary depending on aircraft behavior.
394:
As the aircraft rolls from 0° to 360°, input both rudder and elevator sequentially as in slow roll, except with some phase lead for rudder and elevator. The shifted timing for elevator and rudder inputs causes the aircraft to turn while maintaining attitude throughout the
272:
A slow roll performed on a straight line like an imaginary taut string is a deceptively difficult maneuver that will take considerable practice. Its accomplishment may only be recognized by the best pilots but will lead the student to advanced maneuvers.
149:
To execute the
Immelmann turn, the pilot pulls the aircraft into a vertical climb, and eventually completes half a loop in the aircraft from this climb, inverting the aircraft. The pilot then executes a half-roll to regain level flight.
175:
Inverted flight in itself is not generally regarded as a maneuver, rather as an attitude in which to perform other aerobatic maneuvers. Therefore, an inverted maneuver is one in which the aircraft begins in an inverted flight position.
398:
Once the aircraft completes 360° of roll at ¼ turn, repeat step 2. three more times to complete the entire rolling circle. Neutralize aileron, elevator, and rudder gradually as the rolling circle completes.
114:
Outside loops generally require more power and a higher control input than inside loops to perform because the lift force is in an outwards direction, thus tending to pull the aircraft out of the loop.
233:
As the aircraft stalls input full rudder to one side. This will swiftly swing the aircraft through 180 degrees, gyrating in yaw about the inside wing tip with gravity-induced angular momentum.
207:
The intermediate maneuvers, not suitable for beginners, require skills acquired by considerable practice, and often include the use of stalls. Trainer aircraft are not suitable for these.
153:
The
Immelmann turn can also be reversed by starting with a half-roll into inverted flight, and then using elevator to pull the aircraft down through a half loop back to level flight.
377:
Control stick inputs for the rolling circle (left-turning right-rolling), showing the typical amount of elevator and rudder input as a function of rolling position.
707:
434:
Before reaching terra-firma, exit the maneuver by neutralizing rudder, aileron, and pitch input, then roll toward exit heading, and pull out into level flight.
230:
From level flight input up elevator and reduce power until the aircraft stalls. The angle, speed, and abruptness at which stall occurs depends on the aircraft.
223:
In a stall turn the plane goes upward, decelerates, yaws 180° under stall, and comes down nearly the same path it goes up, as if it gets hammered on the head.
291:
aileron, full rudder, and full up elevator. A negative, or outside, snap, is executed differently: full aileron, full opposite rudder, full down elevator.
172:
An aircraft is in inverted flight when it has rotated 180 degrees about its longitudinal axis, so that its cockpit and tail fin are pointing at the ground.
107:
An outside loop follows the same path as an inside loop, but is performed with the pilot or cockpit on the outside of the circle the aircraft describes.
724:
189:
roll the aircraft with aileron control while maintaining heading with slight rudder and/or elevator input, neutralizing aileron when inverted,
578:
563:
515:
248:
304:
pull back up into inverted flight again. Rolling out the second time and descending back to cross the 8 again completes the maneuver.
1227:
568:
485:
164:
558:
415:
maneuver is when the aircraft's tail spins pitching down about its wing while the entire aircraft is continuously stalled.
702:
719:
583:
196:
When in inverted flight, elevator and rudder inputs are reversed while aileron and throttle input remains the same.
127:
Side view of the
Immelmann turn: (1) Level flight; (2) Half loop; (3) 180° roll to bring aircraft back level flight.
750:
540:
532:
46:
448:
As the plane begins to stall, feed full right rudder, full right aileron, full down elevator, and full throttle.
307:
You could say the Cuban-8 maneuver is like a figure 8 on a vertical plane that consists of two
Immelmann turns.
508:
1060:
626:
269:
puts the right wing down, and finally back to center and the aircraft returns to straight and level flight.
1150:
1125:
676:
550:
1045:
1175:
915:
199:
Alternatively, one can enter inverted flight by performing half an inside loop or half an outside loop.
258:
17:
1185:
820:
573:
265:
for a long duration of time, rudder and elevator have to be used to maintain a straight flight path.
89:
increasing power to maximum and applying up elevator in the amount that yields desired loop curvature
995:
686:
656:
651:
501:
1090:
1030:
1015:
955:
755:
593:
1055:
965:
840:
239:
On the downward heading gently input up elevator until the aircraft recovers into level flight.
1040:
980:
925:
870:
850:
835:
825:
815:
790:
765:
760:
740:
481:
156:
In both cases, the aircraft has changed course 180 degrees and exchanges speed with altitude.
1065:
1020:
1000:
970:
930:
855:
770:
681:
1155:
1120:
945:
905:
900:
885:
865:
795:
775:
418:
There are several methods to execute this maneuver. The most common method is as follows:
262:
1100:
352:
1180:
1165:
1130:
1035:
1025:
935:
712:
646:
631:
601:
313:
95:
reducing power at the 4th quadrant while adjusting elevator input to maintain curvature
32:
236:
Release the rudder input before the yaw completes 180 degrees to prevent yaw overshoot
65:
1221:
1201:
1115:
1085:
1050:
1010:
920:
875:
780:
139:
98:
pulling back to level flight and increasing power while returning elevator to neutral
92:
reducing the up elevator input to maintain loop curvature at the 2nd and 3rd quadrant
338:
215:
57:
1170:
1160:
1110:
1095:
1075:
1005:
990:
940:
860:
845:
621:
606:
142:. It has become one of the most popular aerial maneuvers, being commonly used in
1145:
1135:
1070:
985:
910:
895:
810:
805:
800:
785:
745:
616:
611:
425:
Roll the wing to the left 90 degrees so the left wing tip points to the ground.
324:
1140:
1105:
1080:
975:
950:
890:
666:
524:
136:
49:
in maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in normal flight.
960:
880:
830:
671:
373:
123:
27:
463:
641:
480:
Radio
Control Aerobatics for Everyone, by Dave Patric, AirAge Publishing
412:
661:
422:
Flying full throttle from right to left, pull up to a 45-degree upline.
168:
Hobbyist demonstrating inverted flight with an
Extreme Flight 74" Slick
143:
636:
43:
451:
The aircraft should exhibit the
Lomcevak while spiraling downwards.
431:
The aircraft should exhibit the
Lomcevak while spiraling downwards.
428:
Feed full right rudder, full right aileron, and full down elevator.
372:
247:
214:
179:
There are many ways to enter inverted flight. The simplest is to
163:
122:
64:
56:
497:
493:
192:
apply slight down elevator to maintain level inverted flight.
351:
337:
323:
186:
increase power if necessary, depending on the aircraft,
1194:
733:
695:
592:
549:
531:
438:Alternatively, one can enter Lomcevak as follows:
445:Feed left rudder as if to execute a stall turn.
509:
8:
219:The stall turn, also known as a Hammerhead.
516:
502:
494:
442:Pull up vertically and minimize throttle.
252:Hobbyist demonstrating knife edge flying
26:
473:
725:International Miniature Aerobatic Club
708:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
454:Exit the maneuver as the above method.
18:Aerobatics (radio-controlled aircraft)
86:starting from level controlled flight
7:
579:Red Bull Air Race World Championship
564:FAI European Aerobatic Championships
25:
569:FAI World Aerobatic Championships
183:begin from straight level flight,
82:The inside loop is performed by:
559:European Gliding Championships
31:Complex aerobatic sequence in
1:
703:British Aerobatic Association
720:International Aerobatic Club
602:Loop (inside & outside)
584:World Gliding Championships
459:which to execute Lomcevak.
40:Radio-controlled aerobatics
1244:
751:Princess Basmah Bani Ahmad
541:List of aerobatic aircraft
1228:Radio-controlled aircraft
348:Reverse Half Cuban Eight
312:
226:To perform a stall turn;
203:Intermediate RC maneuvers
47:radio-controlled aircraft
378:
356:
342:
328:
253:
220:
169:
146:all across the globe.
128:
70:
62:
36:
667:Stall turn/hammerhead
376:
364:Advanced RC maneuvers
355:
341:
327:
251:
218:
167:
126:
68:
60:
53:Beginner RC maneuvers
30:
1061:Maciej Pospieszyński
821:Giovanni De Briganti
574:FAI World Grand Prix
687:Zurabatic cartwheel
69:The "outside loop."
42:is the practice of
1091:Betty Skelton Erde
1031:Alexandr Panfierov
1016:Catherine Maunoury
756:Lincoln J. Beachey
379:
357:
343:
329:
254:
221:
170:
129:
71:
63:
61:The "inside loop".
37:
1215:
1214:
1186:Janusz Żurakowski
981:Alejandro Maclean
926:Svetlana Kapanina
851:Markus Feyerabend
836:Matthias Dolderer
826:Tommaso Dal Molin
816:Mario de Bernardi
741:Cecilia R. Aragon
715:
361:
360:
334:Half Cuban Eight
16:(Redirected from
1235:
1066:Sergey Rakhmanin
1046:František Peřina
1021:Yoshihide Muroya
1001:Mikhail Mamistov
996:Stanisław Makula
971:Leo Loudenslager
856:Gerhard Fieseler
771:Marta Bohn-Meyer
711:
682:Whifferdill turn
518:
511:
504:
495:
488:
478:
462:Lomecevak video
310:
309:
21:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1190:
1156:Frank Versteegh
1121:Reinhold Tiling
1056:Peter Podlunšek
966:François Le Vot
946:Anatoly Kvochur
906:Nader Jahanbani
901:Nicolas Ivanoff
886:Charlie Hillard
866:Michael Goulian
841:Wilhelm Düerkop
796:Kirby Chambliss
776:Cristian Bolton
729:
691:
627:Hesitation roll
588:
545:
527:
522:
492:
491:
479:
475:
470:
409:
371:
366:
297:
288:
279:
277:Four-point roll
246:
213:
205:
162:
160:Inverted flight
135:is named after
121:
105:
76:
55:
33:Aresti notation
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1241:
1239:
1231:
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1220:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:Walter Wolfrum
1178:
1173:
1168:
1166:Patty Wagstaff
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1131:Sean D. Tucker
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:Adolphe Pégoud
1038:
1036:Ivy May Pearce
1033:
1028:
1026:Pyotr Nesterov
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
936:Petr Kopfstein
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
791:Mikaël Brageot
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
766:Ladislav Bezák
763:
761:Péter Besenyei
758:
753:
748:
743:
737:
735:
731:
730:
728:
727:
722:
717:
713:Aresti Catalog
705:
699:
697:
693:
692:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
647:Cobra maneuver
644:
639:
634:
632:Immelmann turn
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
598:
596:
590:
589:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
555:
553:
547:
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543:
537:
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529:
528:
523:
521:
520:
513:
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498:
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489:
472:
471:
469:
466:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
436:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
408:
405:
400:
399:
396:
392:
370:
369:Rolling circle
367:
365:
362:
359:
358:
349:
345:
344:
335:
331:
330:
321:
317:
316:
296:
293:
287:
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278:
275:
245:
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241:
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237:
234:
231:
212:
209:
204:
201:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
161:
158:
133:Immelmann turn
120:
119:Immelmann turn
117:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
75:
72:
54:
51:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1240:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1208:
1207:Radio control
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:Neil Williams
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
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1147:
1144:
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1137:
1134:
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1129:
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1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Victor Tchmal
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:Klaus Schrodt
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Tom Poberezny
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:Scott Manning
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
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964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
931:Sándor Katona
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:Jurgis Kairys
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
876:Wayne Handley
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
781:Paul Bonhomme
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
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757:
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752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
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738:
736:
732:
726:
723:
721:
718:
714:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
698:
696:Organizations
694:
688:
685:
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678:
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673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
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658:
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638:
635:
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623:
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615:
613:
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591:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
554:
552:
548:
542:
539:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
500:
499:
496:
487:
486:0-911295-31-3
483:
477:
474:
467:
465:
464:
460:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
440:
439:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
406:
404:
397:
393:
389:
388:
387:
383:
375:
368:
363:
354:
350:
347:
346:
340:
336:
333:
332:
326:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:Aresti Symbol
311:
308:
305:
302:
294:
292:
285:
283:
276:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
250:
243:
238:
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232:
229:
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224:
217:
210:
208:
202:
200:
197:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
173:
166:
159:
157:
154:
151:
147:
145:
141:
140:Max Immelmann
138:
134:
125:
118:
116:
112:
108:
103:Outside loops
102:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
73:
67:
59:
52:
50:
48:
45:
41:
34:
29:
19:
1206:
1171:Kermit Weeks
1161:Pavel Vlasov
1151:Juan Velarde
1111:Chris Sperou
1101:Martin Šonka
1096:Skip Stewart
1076:Olaf Schmidt
1006:Mike Mangold
991:Jerzy Makula
941:Charlie Kulp
861:Jozef Gabris
846:Walter Extra
622:Falling leaf
607:Aileron roll
551:Competitions
476:
461:
457:
437:
417:
410:
401:
384:
380:
320:Cuban Eight
306:
300:
298:
289:
282:to upright.
280:
271:
267:
255:
225:
222:
206:
198:
195:
178:
174:
171:
155:
152:
148:
132:
130:
113:
109:
106:
81:
77:
74:Inside loops
39:
38:
1146:Gabor Varga
1136:Nick Turvey
1126:Ferenc Tóth
1071:Amelia Reid
986:Pete McLeod
916:Steve Jones
911:Petr Jirmus
896:Bevo Howard
811:Vicki Cruse
806:Marion Cole
801:Julie Clark
786:Pip Borrman
746:Hannes Arch
617:Cuban eight
612:Barrel roll
1141:Ernst Udet
1106:Gene Soucy
1081:Art Scholl
976:Nancy Lynn
956:Amanda Lee
951:Nigel Lamb
891:Bob Hoover
525:Aerobatics
468:References
386:quadrant:
286:Snap rolls
259:knife-edge
211:Stall turn
137:flying ace
961:Jim LeRoy
881:Ray Hanna
871:Matt Hall
831:Glen Dell
672:Tailslide
594:Maneuvers
244:Slow roll
1222:Category
677:Scissors
642:Lomcovak
533:Aircraft
413:Lomcevak
407:Lomcevak
263:inverted
144:airshows
111:'bunt'.
662:Split S
301:Cuban 8
295:Cuban-8
734:Pilots
637:Kulbit
484:
391:level.
44:flying
1195:Other
395:roll.
657:Spin
652:Slip
482:ISBN
411:The
299:The
131:The
261:or
1224::
1202:3D
716:)
710:(
517:e
510:t
503:v
35:.
20:)
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