331:
198:, was killed by Mozambican government forces in 1979, Dhlakama became leader. By 1984, Dhalakama was both commander in chief of RENAMO's forces and head of the governing body, the 12-member executive council. As leader of RENAMO Dhlakama sought to destabilise the FRELIMO government through guerilla strategies. Under his command RENAMO reached the peak of its power, controlling large parts of the country, especially in the north and being able to carry out raids virtually anywhere outside the major cities. In its fight RENAMO was supported by conservative circles in some western countries, including the United States,
250:
342:
trying to free fifteen of their comrades who had been arrested in a police raid on a Renamo camp the day before. Police claimed that Renamo was conducting illegal military training at the camp. A Renamo spokesman pronounced that "Our demobilised soldiers will retaliate against any attack and not only in the location where it occurs, but across the entire country, including Maputo." Dhlakama later confirmed that he had personally ordered the attack on the police post.
236:. It is estimated that one third of RENAMO forces were under 18. Abducted people also had to serve RENAMO in administrative or public service functions in the areas it controlled. Refusing to work for RENAMO would be punished by heavy beating or even on-the-spot execution as were flight attempts, though this was also used by FRELIMO. One particularly gruesome practice was the mutilation and killing of children left behind by escaped parents.
349:, RENAMO's stronghold, killing seven soldiers, according to local media. Further clashes followed and, in response, on 21 October, FADM forces captured Sathunjira base after days of combat. RENAMO spokesman Fernando Mazanga claimed that the government forces had shelled the base with heavy weapons (artillery), and that Dhlakama had fled the base. A RENAMO statement said that the capture of the base put an end to the 1992 peace deal.
371:
stature" and that anybody who succeeds him "will struggle to unify Renamo's factions." At the time of
Dhlakma's death, the RENAMO Congress was unable to fix a date to vote on a successor. The next month on 14 June 2018, Ossufo Momade, who was picked to serve as the interim leader of RENAMO until the organization's Congress could vote on a permanent successor to Dhlakma, went into hiding.
33:
358:
presidential elections, problems in the implementation of the peace deal and after continued efforts by government forces to disarm RENAMO met resistance, Dhlakama broke off the peace process in August 2015. Since then there have been renewed clashes between government and RENAMO forces. Dhlakama claimed there were two attempts by the government to assassinate him.
370:
after suffering a heart attack. An unnamed official in RENAMO acknowledged this and also stated that
Dhlakma had been ill prior to his death. Regarding the future of RENAMO following Dhlakma's death, Ed Hobey Hamsher, an analyst with Maplecroft, stated that "no potential successor has Dhlakama's
341:
In April 2013, Renamo militants attacked the riot police's headquarters in the central
Mozambican town of Muxungue. Four policemen and a civilian were confirmed dead, while ten servicemen were hospitalised. According to the police, the leader of the attackers was also killed. The attackers were
231:
as part of its war effort. These include mass killing and mutilation of non-combatants during raids on villages and towns as well as systematically forcing civilians into RENAMO's employment, though FRELIMO had used similar methods during its fight against the
Portuguese. What differed was the
326:
and set up a training camp for several hundred partially armed followers. He threatened to destroy the country if his political demands were not met. However, the local press considered this threat to be another bluff, doubting that
Dhlakama had the means to start any serious insurrection.
357:
On 5 September 2014 Dhlakama and president
Guebuza signed a peace deal in an effort to end the two-year period of instability. The deal included integration of RENAMO forces into the army and a reform of the election oversight commission. However, after RENAMO's refusal to accept the 2014
284:, a body tasked with advising the President, Dklahama was included on the Council due to his role as leader of the opposition; he and the other members of the council were sworn in on 23 December 2005. He said that he accepted his seat on the council for the sake of national stability.
276:
International observers to the elections criticised the fact that the
National Electoral Commission (CNE) did not conduct entirely fair and transparent elections. They listed a whole range of serious shortcomings by the electoral authorities that benefited the ruling party FRELIMO.
210:
and, most importantly, the transition taking place in South Africa eventually deprived RENAMO of its financial supporters and arms suppliers. Thus, RENAMO and FRELIMO, which had also lost its supporters from the eastern power block, finally signed a
318:
Dhlakama repeatedly threatened to reestablish RENAMO's armed forces and to let the country "burn". In 2011 he stated that RENAMO was preparing a "revolution" to rid the government from power and establishing new barracks for this purpose.
206:
and South Africa to whom FRELIMO-ruled
Mozambique was a target due to its support of rebel movements within their countries. However, the end of the cold war, the collapse of Rhodesia's
758:
688:
469:
330:
388:
1042:
1075:
974:
602:"REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE PRESIDENTIAL AND PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1-2 December 2004 - EUROPEAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION FINAL REPORT"
524:
266:
942:
1147:
762:
498:
413:
1142:
692:
215:
in
October 1992. RENAMO subsequently transformed itself into a legal political party under the continued leadership of Afonso Dhlakama.
298:, who formed a new party, Dhlakama was re-elected for another five-year term as RENAMO leader on 22 July 2009 at a party congress in
265:
by a margin of 53.3% to 33.7%. He received 47.7% of the vote in the 1999 presidential election with
Chissano capturing 52.3%. In the
995:
649:
633:
1061:
307:
1132:
439:
1152:
178:
before signing a peace agreement and becoming an opposition political party in the early 1990s. Dhlakama was born in
1137:
836:
608:
281:
212:
913:
862:
784:
1107:
601:
303:
258:
228:
888:
113:
195:
68:
249:
1127:
1122:
175:
532:
951:
621:
202:, the Brazilian right-wing military regime, and most importantly by the white led governments of
502:
587:
568:
Report of Mozambican Refugee Accounts of Principally Conflict-Related Experience in Mozambique
555:
Report of Mozambican Refugee Accounts of Principally Conflict-Related Experience in Mozambique
179:
167:
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262:
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held in Mozambique. In 1994, he was defeated by incumbent president and FRELIMO candidate
183:
133:
109:
223:
According to the US State Department and some other sources, under Dhlakama's leadership
414:"Renamo leader Afonso Dhlakama is buried this morning in the village where he was born"
322:
In October 2012 Dhlakama relocated to RENAMO's former headquarters near Casa Banana in
233:
1116:
295:
80:
928:
810:
257:
Dhlakama has competed as the RENAMO candidate in all three multiparty presidential
580:
1102:
1017:
736:
714:
666:
447:
470:"Mozambique : mort d'Afonso Dhlakama, guérillero et leader de l'opposition"
345:
On 17 October 2013, suspected RENAMO guerrillas ambushed a military patrol near
137:
32:
367:
346:
323:
162:(1 January 1953 – 3 May 2018) was a Mozambican politician and the leader of
129:
334:
Dhlakama (right) ratifying a 2014 peace deal with Mozambique's President
207:
203:
199:
1076:"Opposition MDC 'is Zimbabwe's Renamo', claims war vets leader - report"
916:
525:"RENAMO and the LRA: The History and Futures of African Child Soldiers"
171:
1062:"Renamo leader's death a 'game changer' for Mozambique peace process"
446:. Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique. 14 August 2017. Archived from
291:
on 10 June 2007. A RENAMO spokesman described the injuries as minor.
288:
224:
163:
147:
45:
329:
248:
1108:
Final Report of the European Union Election Observation Mission
440:"Nyusi and Dhlakama's Father Release White Doves in MuxĂšngue"
389:"Mozambique opposition leader and ex-guerrilla Dhlakama dies"
294:
Although RENAMO was apparently weakened by the defection of
1103:
Special Report on Mozambique Elections by the Carter Center
943:"Renamo leader signs peace deal with Mozambique government"
996:"Mozambique forces in deadly clashes with Renamo - police"
667:"Mozambique: On Peace Anniversary, Dhlakama Threatens War"
914:
Renamo rebels kill seven Mozambique soldiers: local media
811:"BBC News - Mozambican ex-rebels Renamo in police clash"
737:"Mozambique: Dhlakama Threatens to Destroy the Country"
929:
Mozambique 20-year peace deal 'ends after base raided'
219:
Allegation of war crimes and crimes against humanity
1056:
1054:
1052:
143:
119:
95:
90:
74:
62:
43:
23:
950:
624:, Mozambique News Agency, No.311, 3 January 2006.
273:, who received 63.7% of the vote to his 31.7%.
1037:
1035:
387:Mucari, Manuel; Sibeko, Siphewe (3 May 2018).
1043:"Mozambique's opposition leader dies aged 65"
8:
444:Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique (Maputo)
1018:"Mozambique: Renamo Wants Zuma to Mediate"
759:"Southern Times-Dhlakama back in the bush"
557:, U.S. Department of State, 1988. P. 24-27
31:
20:
581:"Observing the 2004 Mozambique Elections"
493:
491:
715:"Mozambique: More Threats From Dhlakama"
570:, U.S. Department of State, 1988. P. 32.
837:"Mozambique police storm Renamo office"
379:
287:Dhlakama was injured in a car crash in
269:, he was defeated by FRELIMO candidate
232:abduction of children to use them as
58:17 October 1979 – 3 May 2018
7:
941:England, Andrew (5 September 2014).
975:"Mozambique rivals sign peace deal"
863:"Five killed in Mozambique clashes"
785:"Mozambique bus attack controversy"
306:. He was RENAMO's candidate in the
267:December 2004 presidential election
650:"Moz opposition leader re-elected"
308:October 2009 presidential election
14:
634:"Renamo leader hurt in car crash"
16:Mozambican politician (1953–2018)
689:"Dhlakama Backtracks on Threats"
366:On 3 May 2018, Dhlakma died in
302:, defeating another candidate,
160:Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama
1:
194:After RENAMO's first leader,
889:"Renamo ceasefire for talks"
1148:People from Sofala Province
622:"Council of state sworn in"
1169:
1143:Mozambican anti-communists
609:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
280:Upon the creation of the
227:systematically committed
170:movement that fought the
153:
86:
51:
39:
30:
476:(in French). 3 May 2018
240:Post-Civil War activity
229:crimes against humanity
1133:Mozambican politicians
1028:– via AllAfrica.
747:– via AllAfrica.
725:– via AllAfrica.
677:– via AllAfrica.
338:
304:Rogerio Francisco Joao
254:
333:
252:
114:Portuguese Mozambique
931:BBC, 21 October 2013
190:Mozambican Civil War
176:Mozambican Civil War
166:, an anti-communist
955:on 11 December 2022
765:on 15 February 2015
695:on 15 February 2015
535:on 30 December 2013
505:on 29 December 2011
1153:RENAMO politicians
1020:. 23 December 2015
739:. 15 November 2012
717:. 5 September 2011
450:on 21 October 2017
418:Club of Mozambique
353:2014 peace process
339:
255:
245:Political activity
196:André Matsangaissa
174:government in the
69:André Matsangaissa
1138:Mozambican rebels
998:. 3 November 2015
919:, 17 October 2013
588:The Carter Center
566:Gersony, Robert:
553:Gersony, Robert:
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949:. Archived from
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761:. Archived from
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749:
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733:
727:
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711:
705:
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691:. Archived from
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679:
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669:. 5 October 2006
663:
657:
656:), 22 July 2009.
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641:
640:), 12 June 2007.
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531:. Archived from
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501:. Archived from
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362:Death and impact
300:Nampula Province
282:Council of State
263:Joaquim Chissano
253:Dhlakama in 1993
208:Smith government
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105:
103:
91:Personal details
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21:
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947:Financial Times
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895:. 11 April 2013
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672:
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604:
600:
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595:
590:. October 2005.
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271:Armando Guebuza
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184:Sofala Province
144:Political party
134:Sofala Province
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110:Sofala Province
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25:Afonso Dhlakama
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1097:External links
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869:. 4 April 2013
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843:. 3 April 2013
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791:. 7 April 2013
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420:. 10 May 2018
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1083:. Retrieved
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1022:. Retrieved
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1000:. Retrieved
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978:. Retrieved
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957:. Retrieved
952:the original
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936:
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909:
897:. Retrieved
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883:
871:. Retrieved
866:
857:
845:. Retrieved
840:
831:
819:. Retrieved
814:
805:
793:. Retrieved
788:
779:
767:. Retrieved
763:the original
753:
741:. Retrieved
731:
719:. Retrieved
709:
697:. Retrieved
693:the original
683:
671:. Retrieved
661:
653:
645:
637:
629:
617:
607:– via
596:
575:
567:
562:
554:
549:
537:. Retrieved
533:the original
528:
519:
507:. Retrieved
503:the original
499:"Key Actors"
478:. Retrieved
473:
464:
452:. Retrieved
448:the original
443:
434:
422:. Retrieved
417:
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396:. Retrieved
392:
382:
365:
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344:
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321:
317:
293:
286:
279:
275:
256:
222:
213:peace treaty
193:
159:
158:
125:(2018-05-03)
76:Succeeded by
53:
18:
1128:2018 deaths
1123:1953 births
899:15 February
873:15 February
847:15 February
821:15 February
795:15 February
769:15 February
699:15 February
539:15 February
314:War threats
64:Preceded by
1117:Categories
1085:10 January
424:10 October
375:References
138:Mozambique
123:3 May 2018
108:Mangunde,
102:1953-01-01
44:Leader of
454:19 August
368:Gorongosa
347:Gorongosa
324:Gorongosa
259:elections
168:guerrilla
130:Gorongosa
54:In office
1024:24 April
1002:24 April
980:24 April
959:24 April
815:BBC News
743:24 April
721:24 April
673:24 April
652:, Sapa (
636:, Sapa (
474:Le Monde
204:Rhodesia
200:Portugal
180:Mangunde
917:Reuters
509:4 March
393:Reuters
172:FRELIMO
1080:News24
893:News24
867:News24
841:News24
789:News24
289:Maputo
225:RENAMO
164:RENAMO
148:RENAMO
46:RENAMO
605:(PDF)
584:(PDF)
480:4 May
398:9 May
1087:2019
1026:2017
1004:2017
982:2017
961:2017
901:2015
875:2015
849:2015
823:2015
797:2015
771:2015
745:2017
723:2017
701:2015
675:2017
541:2015
511:2012
482:2018
456:2017
426:2018
400:2018
120:Died
96:Born
654:IOL
638:IOL
1119::
1078:.
1051:^
1034:^
945:.
891:.
865:.
839:.
813:.
787:.
586:.
527:.
490:^
472:.
442:.
416:.
391:.
310:.
186:.
182:,
136:,
132:,
1089:.
1045:.
1006:.
984:.
963:.
903:.
877:.
851:.
825:.
799:.
773:.
703:.
611:.
543:.
513:.
484:.
458:.
428:.
402:.
104:)
100:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
