Afsharid Iran - Knowledge (XXG)

2494: 3405:... The Qereqlu Afshars to whom Nader's father belonged were a semi-nomadic Turcoman tribe settled in Khorasan] in north-eastern Iran ... The tribes of Khorasan were for the most part ethnically distinct from the Persian-speaking population, speaking Turkic or Kurdish languages. Nader's mother tongue was a dialect of the language group spoken by the Turkic tribes of Iran and Central Asia, and he would have quickly learned Persian, the language of high culture and the cities as he grew older. But the Turkic language was always his preferred everyday speech, unless he was dealing with someone who knew only Persian." 2412: 2333: 111: 73: 449: 2302:) on the Moghan plains. The Moghan plain was specifically chosen for its size and "abundance of fodder". Everyone agreed to the proposal of Nader becoming the new king, many—if not most—enthusiastically, the rest fearing Nader's anger if they showed support for the deposed Safavids. Nader was crowned Shah of Iran on March 8, 1736, a date his astrologers had chosen as being especially propitious, in attendance of an "exceptionally large assembly" composed of the military, religious and nobility of the nation, as well as the Ottoman ambassador Ali Pasha. 80: 2189: 463: 94: 3035: 533: 2776:

defeated and died in captivity in 1750 and Adel was also put to death at the request of Nader Shah's widow. Shahrokh was briefly deposed in favour of another puppet ruler Soleyman II but, although blinded, Shahrokh was restored to the throne by his supporters. He reigned in Mashhad and from the 1750s his territory was mostly confined to the city and its environs. He also faced the Durrani invasions into Khorasan, eventually becoming subjugated to them in

410: 477: 2942: 2284:. Following Nader's suggestion, the group did not "demur", and Hasan-Ali remained silent. When Nader asked him why he remained silent, Hasan-Ali replied that the best course of action for Nader would be to assemble all the leading men of the state, in order to receive their agreement in "a signed and sealed document of consent". Nader approved of the proposal, and the writers of the chancellery, which included the court historian 2579:. During the same period, Nader accused his son of being behind the assassination attempt in Mazandaran. Reza angrily protested his innocence, but Nader had him blinded as punishment, although he immediately regretted it. Soon afterwards, Nader started executing the nobles who had witnessed his son's blinding. In his last years, Nader became increasingly paranoid, ordering the assassination of large numbers of suspected enemies. 6710: 435: 6720: 2506:

Nader was dead, he had prepared to seize the throne by having the Safavid royal captives, Tahmasp and his nine-year-old son Abbas III, executed. On hearing the news, Reza's wife, who was Tahmasp's sister, committed suicide. Nader was not pleased with the young man's behaviour and humiliated him by removing him from the post of viceroy, but he took him on his expedition to conquer territory in

2673: 2321: 3017: 2924: 2999: 1762: 382: 2220:. Nader, furious, saw that the moment had come to depose Tahmasp. He denounced the treaty, seeking popular support for a war against the Ottomans. In Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp drunk then showed him to the courtiers asking if a man in such a state was fit to rule. In 1732 he forced Tahmasp to abdicate in favour of the Shah's baby son, Abbas III, to whom Nader became regent. 491: 2893: 2642: 2960: 2901:

and made them yet heavier; he also put new colours of silk upon them, the one red and yellow striped, the other yellow edged with red: they were made of such an enormous size, to prevent their being carried off by the enemy, except by an entire defeat. The regimental colours were a narrow slip of silk, sloped to a point, some were red, some white, and some striped.

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of the Turkomen Afshar tribe in north-east Iran were no more than a few hundred men. Yet at the height of Nader's power as the king of kings, Shahanshah, he commanded an army of 375,000 fighting men which constituted the single most powerful military force of its time, led by one of the most talented

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svat soucek, a history of inner Asia page 195: in 1740 Nadir Shah, the new ruler of Iran, crossed the Amu Darya and, accepting the submission of Muhammad Hakim Bi which was then formalized by the acquiescence of Abulfayz Khan himself, proceeded to attack Khiva. When rebellions broke out in 1743 upon

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The two imperial standards were placed on the right of the square already mentioned: one of them was in stripes of red, blue, and white, and the other of red, blue, white, and yellow, without any other ornament: though the old standards required 12 men to move them, the SHAH lengthened their staffs,

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to secure the capital Isfahan. Ebrahim decided to set himself up as a rival, defeated Adel in battle, blinded him and took the throne. Adel had reigned for less than a year. Meanwhile, a group of army officers freed Shahrokh from prison in Mashhad and proclaimed him shah in October 1748. Ebrahim was

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The Indian campaign was the zenith of Nader's career. After his return from India, Nader fell out with his eldest son Reza Qoli Mirza, who had ruled Persia during his father's absence. Reza had behaved highhandedly and somewhat cruelly but he had kept the peace in Persia. Having heard a rumour that

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The Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739, but before they left, he ceded back to Muhammad Shah all territories to the east of the Indus that he had overrun. Nader's soldiers also took with them thousands of elephants, horses and camels, loaded with the booty they had collected. On

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Nader used the pretext of his Afghan enemies taking refuge in India to cross the border and invade the militarily weak but still extremely wealthy far eastern empire. In a brilliant campaign against the governor of Peshawar, he took a small contingent of his forces on a daunting flank march through

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Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the

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before the end of the year. The news of the Persian army's swift and decisive successes against the northern vassal states of the Mughal empire caused much consternation in Delhi, prompting the Mughal ruler, Muhammad Shah, to summon an overwhelming force of some 300,000 men and march this massive

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and again decisively in November at Murchakhort, banishing the Afghans from Persian soil forever. Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing it over to Tahmasp in December and plundering the city to pay his army. Tahmasp made Nader governor over many eastern provinces, including his

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Afghans out of Khorasan. He agreed and thus became a figure of national importance. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was corresponding with Malek Mahmud and revealed this to the shah, Tahmasp executed him and made Nader the chief of his army instead. Nader subsequently took on the title

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After the assassination of Nader Shah at the hands of a faction of his officers in 1747, Nader's powerful army fractured as the Afsharid state collapsed and the country plunged into decades of civil war. Although there were numerous Afsharid pretenders to the throne, (amongst many other), who

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in Iran for a period of three years following his return. Nader attacked the empire to, perhaps, give his country some breathing space after previous turmoils. His successful campaign and replenishment of funds meant that he could continue his wars against Iran's archrival and neighbour, the

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on 13 February 1739. After this decisive victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered with him into Delhi. When a rumour broke out that Nader had been assassinated, some of the Indians attacked and killed Persian troops. Nader, furious, reacted by ordering his soldiers to plunder and

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Persia's archrival, the Ottomans, and regained most of the territory lost during the recent chaos. At the same time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his campaign and save his brother, Ebrahim. It took Nader fourteen months to crush this uprising.

2610:. In 1743, Nader started another war against the Ottoman Empire. Despite having a huge army at his disposal, in this campaign Nader showed little of his former military brilliance. It ended in 1746 with the signing of a peace treaty, in which the Ottomans agreed to let Nader occupy 2288:, were instructed with sending out orders to the military, religious and nobility of the nation to summon at the plains. The summonses for the people to attend had gone out in November 1735, and they began arriving in January 1736. In the same month of January 1736, Nader held a 2235:

near the city in 1733. Nader decided he needed to regain the initiative as soon as possible to save his position because revolts were already breaking out in Persia. He faced Topal again with a larger force and defeated and killed him. He then besieged Baghdad, as well as

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to the Persian emperor. The Peacock Throne thereafter served as a symbol of Persian imperial might. It is estimated that Nadir took away with him treasures worth as much as seven hundred million rupees. Among a trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the

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faith as he gained power and began to push into the Ottoman Empire. He believed that Safavid Shi'ism had intensified the conflict with the Sunni Ottoman Empire. His army was a mix of Shi'a and Sunni (with a notable minority of Christians) and included his own

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tribes of Daghestan. Frustratingly for him, they resorted to guerrilla warfare and the Persians could make little headway against them. Though Nader managed to take most of Dagestan during his campaign, the effective guerrilla warfare as deployed by the

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in part because of revenues from the pilgrimage trade. Nader's other primary aim in his religious reforms was to weaken the Safavids further since radical Shi'a Islam had always been a major element in support for the dynasty. He had the chief

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easily out of the capital in 1729 and establishing Tahmasp on the throne. Nader fought to regain the lands lost to the Ottomans and Russians and to restore Iranian hegemony in Iran. While he was away in the east fighting the Ghilzais, Tahmasp

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The military forces of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia had their origins in the relatively obscure yet bloody inter-factional violence in Khorasan during the collapse of the Safavid state. The small band of warriors under local warlord

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who served as his personal physician reported that it was difficult to know which religion he followed and that many who knew him best said that he had none. Nader hoped that "Ja'farism" would be accepted as a fifth school

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his return march, the Sikhs came out from the hills and ambushed Nader Shah's troops, taking some of the loot and captives with them. However, the remaining plunder seized from India was so valuable that Nader stopped

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the death of Muhammad Hakim, the shah dispatched the ataliq's son Muhammad Rahim Bi, who had accompanied him to Iran, to quell them. Mohammad hakim bi was ruler of the khanate of bukhara at that time. Page link:

3386: 4440: 2829:. He banned certain Shi'a practices which were particularly offensive to Sunnis, such as the cursing of the first three caliphs. Personally, Nader is said to have been indifferent toward religion and the French 2796:, revolted in 1797 upon the death of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar but the revolt was crushed and he was executed in April 1803. Shahrokh's descendants continue into the 21st century under the Afshar Naderi surname. 2825:, and others. He wanted Persia to adopt a form of Shi'a Islam that would be more acceptable to Sunnis and suggested that Persia adopt a form of Shi'ism he called "Ja'fari", in honour of the sixth Shi'a Imam 2522:

to submit, Nader wanted Reza to marry the khan's elder daughter because she was a descendant of his role model Genghis Khan, but Reza flatly refused and Nader married the girl himself. Nader also conquered

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Hanway, Jonas (1753). "XXXVII". An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea: With a Journal of Travels through Russia into Persią. 248-249. London: Mr. Dodsley. Retrieved 15 January

3436: : "Born in November 1688 into a humble pastoral family, then at its winter camp in Darra Gaz in the mountains north of Mashad, Nāder belonged to a group of the Qirqlu branch of the Afšār Turkmen." 5202: 2196:

Relations between Nader and the Shah had declined as the latter grew alarmed by his general's military successes. While Nader was absent in the east, Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching

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Afsharid and Zand court histories largely followed Safavid models in their structure and language, but departed from long-established historiographical conventions in small but meaningful ways.

2908:, we can see that the flags of the army regiments of King Nader were three-eared, but we cannot come to a conclusion about whether the royal flags of that time were three-eared or four-eared. 2724:, becoming the first Georgian ruler in three centuries to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia, and due to the frantic turn of events in mainland Iran he would be able to remain 2276:(presently split between Azerbaijan and Iran), that he should be proclaimed the new king (shah) in place of the young Abbas III. The small group of close intimates, Nader's friends, included 4064: 2764:

and Dagestan would all be fully reincorporated into Iran, but eventually permanently lost as well (alongside Georgia), in the course of the 19th century to Imperial Russia through the two

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in 1732. Four years later, after he had recaptured most of the lost Persian lands, Nader felt confident enough to have himself proclaimed shah in his own right at a ceremony on the

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on his way to fight the Daghestanis, an assassin took a shot at him but Nader was only lightly wounded. He began to suspect his son was behind the attempt and confined him to

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Nādir Shāh's Campaigns in 'Omān, 1737–1744 By Laurence Lockhart, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London,Vol. 8, No. 1 (1935), pp. 157–171

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with the Russians in Ganja by which the latter agreed to withdraw all of their troops from Persian territory, those which had not been ceded back by the 1732

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and Qajars, its rulers had various forms of autonomy, but stayed vassals and subjects to the Iranian king. Under the early Qajars, these territories in

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of 1735. Back in control of the integral northern territories, and with a new Russo-Iranian alliance against the common Ottoman enemy, he continued the

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In response, Nader Shah agreed to withdraw, but Mohammad Shah paid the consequence in handing over the keys of his royal treasury, and losing even the

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of Persia strangled after he was heard expressing support for the Safavids. Among his reforms was the introduction of what came to be known as the

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which allowed the Ottomans to retake most of their lost territory in the west . Nader, displeased, had Tahmasp deposed in favour of his infant son

8308: 5111: 2554:. Nader's increasing ill health made his temper ever worse. Perhaps it was his illness that made Nader lose the initiative in his war against the 1684: 3109:

court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability.

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After Nader's death in 1747, his nephew Ali Qoli (who may have been involved in the assassination plot) seized the throne and proclaimed himself

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native Khorasan, and married him to his sister. Nader pursued and defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers. In 1738, Nader Shah

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Pickett, James (2016). "Nadir Shah's Peculiar Central Asian Legacy: Empire, Conversion Narratives, and the Rise of New Scholarly Dynasties".

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based in Delhi. This once powerful Muslim state to the east was falling apart as the nobles became increasingly disobedient and the Hindu

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in the northern provinces, earning a Russian alliance against the Ottomans. Nader scored a decisive victory over a superior Ottoman force

3125: 2264:, and the surrounding lands, resulting in the reestablishment of Iranian rule over all of the Caucasus and northern mainland Iran again. 6442: 6392: 6118: 5652: 8112: 7112: 4429:

Rota, Giorgio (2020). "In a League of Its Own? Nāder Šāh and His Empire". In Rollinger, Robert; Degen, Julian; Gehler, Michael (eds.).

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and then offering it in exchange for the lost provinces, but his plan went badly amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman general

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for the death of his brother Ebrahim Qoli on a campaign a few years earlier. In 1741, while Nader was passing through the forest of

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was powerless to reverse this disintegration. Nader asked for the Afghan rebels to be handed over, but the Mughal emperor refused.

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attempted to regain control of the entire country, Persia remained a fractured political entity in turmoil until the campaigns of

6562: 6128: 4140: 3556: 72: 7738: 5182: 4095: 3926: 3389:. "Nader Shah, ruler of Persia from 1736 to 1747, embodied ruthless ambition, energy, military brilliance, cynicism and cruelty" 2244:(modern-day Armenia) and by the summer of 1735, Persian Armenia and Georgia were under his rule again. In March 1735, he signed 6072: 5612: 5448: 5443: 4809: 2575:

made the Iranian re-conquest of this particular North Caucasian region this time a short lived one; several years later, Nader

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Lockhart, L., "Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly upon Contemporary Sources", London: Luzac & Co., 1938, 21 :

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Encyclopedia of Soviet law By Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons, Page 457

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The Afshārids (r. 1149–1210/1736–96) were a Persian dynasty founded by Nādir Shāh Afshār, replacing the Ṣafavid dynasty.

2576: 2488: 7218: 2411: 1929:, while Afsharid rule was confined to a small local state in Khorasan. Finally, the Afsharid dynasty was overthrown by 582: 8181: 6900: 6331: 6325: 6276: 6087: 5917: 5796: 5421: 2285: 1755: 1743: 2684:("The Just King"). He ordered the execution of all Nader's sons and grandsons, with the exception of the 13-year-old 6546: 6007: 5872: 5340: 5118: 5016: 4411: 2188: 1713: 1674: 6851: 8323: 8238: 8139: 7287: 6650: 6241: 6011: 5792: 5718: 5580: 5555: 5478: 5229: 5128: 5071: 4483: 2904:

Navy Admiral flag being a white ground with a red Persian Sword in the middle. Although based on the writings of

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as the state religion of Iran. Nader was brought up as a Shi'a but later sympathised and desired unity with the

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completely by surprise, decisively beating them despite being outnumbered two-to-one. This led to the capture of

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respectively by Nader himself for their loyal service, capitalized on the eruption of instability and declared

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independence. Erekle II assumed control over Kartli after Teimuraz II's death, thus unifying the two as the

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moved many Afshars from Azerbaijan to Khorasan to defend the north-eastern borders of his state against the

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The Afsharid dynasty near its end, as its authority is reduced to Mashhad and the surrounding territory

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forced the Ottomans to confirm Iranian suzerainty over the Caucasus and recognised Nader as the new

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and probably raised as a Shiʿa, though his views on religion were complex and often pragmatic"

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Nader subsequently made the Russians cede the taken territories taken in 1722–23 through the

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Aliasghar Shamim, Iran during the Qajar Reign, Tehran: Scientific Publications, 1992, p. 287

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nearly impassable mountain passes, and took the enemy forces positioned at the mouth of the

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has been called a "military masterpiece" by the Russian general & historian Kursinski

3300:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). 2881:

Nader Shah consciously avoided the using the colour green, as green was associated with

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of Khorasan, where he became a local warlord. His path to power began when the Ghilzai

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in north-east Iran, to which Nader belonged. The Afshars had originally migrated from

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With the wealth he gained, Nader started to build a Persian navy. With lumber from

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Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896

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Nader chose not to march directly on Isfahan. First, in May 1729, he defeated the

1501: 4022: 2227:, that he could win back the territory in Armenia and Georgia by seizing Ottoman 2141:, decided to move against Nader but in September 1729, Nader defeated him at the 7826: 7811: 7660: 7373: 7282: 7272: 7198: 6846: 6841: 6723: 6687: 6438: 6123: 6046: 5877: 3511:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond ...

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was the last major field battle Nader fought in his spectacular military career

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On the other side of the theatre, Nader joined forces with Sultan Husayn's son

17: 7853: 7670: 7544: 7504: 7437: 6077: 5468: 4990: 4958: 4884: 4852: 4662: 4256: 3971: 3256: 2998: 2986: 2882: 2840:) of Sunni Islam and that the Ottomans would allow its adherents to go on the 2634: 2583: 2547: 2455: 2447: 2043: 1995:

Nader Shah was born (as Nadr Qoli) into a humble semi-nomadic family from the

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Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the

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in 1796, who would establish a new native Iranian empire and restore Iranian

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Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

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Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol.1

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As Nader moved into the Mughal territories, he was accompanied by his loyal

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Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces

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Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797-1889: a documentary record

3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 2530: 1838:, was a successful military commander who deposed the last member of the 7144: 6927: 6885: 6824: 6113: 5453: 5335: 4587: 4387:

The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant

4316:"An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea Vol.1,2" 3997:

The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant

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Nader Shah crushed the Mughal army in less than three hours at the large

2415: 2377: 2290: 2151: 2083: 2082:. The Ottoman armies were expelled from western Iran and the rest of the 2020: 1914: 1906: 1886: 1291: 1281: 847: 734: 348: 4404:

Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991).

4008:

Axworthy, Michael, "Iran: Empire of the Mind", Penguin Books, 2007. p158

3272: 3165: 7057: 6986: 6942: 6858: 6797: 6656: 4579: 3122:"HISTORIOGRAPHY vii. AFSHARID AND ZAND PERIODS – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 2870: 2740:

over the Georgian regions, until they would be irrevocably lost in the

2599: 2598:. He also purchased thirty ships in India. He recaptured the island of 2591: 2560: 2519: 2272:

Nader suggested to his closest intimates, after a hunting party on the

2253: 2228: 2213: 2201: 2130: 2123: 2118: 1870: 1854: 1481: 969: 800: 790: 780: 698: 671: 197: 137: 3149: 2977: 2340:, Nader crushed an enormous Mughal army six times greater than his own 2204:. He ended up losing all of Nader's recent gains to the Ottomans, and 154:(official language; court language; civil & fiscal administration) 6890: 6765: 6462: 5782: 5203:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

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The History of Persia: From the Most Early Period to the Present Time

3905: 2862: 2836: 2830: 2551: 2515: 2385: 2369: 2217: 1961: 1956:(Iranian Azerbaijan) in the 13th century. In the early 17th century, 1890: 867: 770: 127: 2654:

toward the very end of the eighteenth century reunified the nation.

2348:

and established Naderabad, Kandahar. His thoughts now turned to the

3629:

Elton L. Daniel, "The History of Iran" (Greenwood Press 2000) p. 94

2856:. Nader was interested in gaining rights for Persians to go on the 7524: 5320: 2845: 2671: 2640: 2611: 2587: 2511: 2492: 2422: 2410: 2381: 2373: 2331: 2319: 2299: 2261: 2187: 2134: 2122:

Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp). In late 1726, Nader recaptured

2117:) contacted Nader and asked him to join their cause and drive the 1910: 675: 177: 2869:. This was a hat with four peaks which symbolised the first four 1849:

During Nader's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the

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North Caucasus, Central Asia, Arabia, and the second Ottoman war

2344:

In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, the last outpost of the

2257: 2091: 2039:, they agreed to divide the conquered areas between themselves. 2035:, while the neighbouring Ottomans invaded from the west. By the 1898: 1882: 1843: 1831: 688: 6738: 6149: 5762: 5505: 5386: 4511: 4472: 3160:"THE TURKISH INSCRIPTION OF KALĀT-İ NĀDIRĪ", Tourkhan Gandjeï, 1909:). After his death, most of his empire was divided between the 4468: 115:

The Afsharid Empire at its greatest extent in 1741–1745 under

2688:, the son of Reza Qoli. Meanwhile, Nadir's former treasurer, 2356:

made inroads on its territory from the south-west. Its ruler

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Tahmasp and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor of

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during the mid-eighteenth century. The dynasty's founder,

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Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

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forces seized Iranian land. Russia took swaths of Iran's

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States and territories established by the Afshar tribe

2645:

Map of Iran during the collapse of the Afsharid Empire

3006:

an Afsharid soldier with his flag – Persepolis parade

2162:

First Ottoman campaign and the regain of the Caucasus

51: 3958:

Axworthy, Michael (2007). "The Army of Nader Shah".

3770:. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33. 8200: 8152: 8031: 7669: 7073: 6772: 6670: 6616: 6410: 6340: 6292: 6224: 6171: 6162: 6106: 6061: 5941: 5775: 5717: 5676: 5518: 5262: 5098: 5046: 5039: 4935: 4845: 4762: 4753: 4730: 4647: 4540: 4533: 347: 337: 327: 320: 306: 296: 284: 268: 256: 244: 232: 218: 206: 170: 143: 133: 123: 32: 4439: 4135: 4133: 3295: 2098:Conquests of Nader Shah and the succession problem 4214:Global security watch--Iran: a reference handbook 4176: 4174: 3162:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 3024:Another Imperial Standard of the Afsharid dynasty 2852:but they did allow Persian pilgrims to go on the 3720:Raghunath Rai. "History". p. 19 FK Publications 2692:, had declared his independence by founding the 2501:, dated 1741/2 (left = obverse; right = reverse) 5139:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 3902:"Page 195 a History of Inner Asia Librarum.org" 2109:Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne 1979:Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne 1853:. At its height it controlled modern-day Iran, 5225:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 5124:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 4111:Routledge & Kegan Paul (original from the 2154:. He built a new city nearby, which he named " 8299:States and territories disestablished in 1796 6750: 5007:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 4484: 4286:Georgetown University Press, 8 jan. 2014 p 52 2771:Adel made the mistake of sending his brother 1784: 37: 8: 8207:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 6083:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 3816:"Rise, Growth and Fall of the Bhangi Misl". 3245:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3181:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 160, 167. 2638:and successful military leaders of history. 2031:, as well as mainland northern Iran, by the 1937:over several of the aforementioned regions. 5193:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 2708:, who, in 1744, had been made the kings of 2057:waged a disastrous campaign in the Caucasus 2046:and led the resistance against the Ghilzai 1815:, was an Iranian empire established by the 27:State ruled by Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796) 8294:States and territories established in 1736 8028: 6757: 6743: 6735: 6416: 6168: 6159: 6146: 5772: 5759: 5699:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 5561:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 5515: 5502: 5383: 5077:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 5043: 4759: 4537: 4521: 4508: 4491: 4477: 4469: 2896:Imperial Standards of the Afsharid dynasty 2624:Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia 1791: 1777: 506: 109: 29: 5208:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 4367:. Yale University Press. pp. 1–992. 4295:Shapur Shahbazi|1999|Encyclopædia Iranica 3821: 2949:Imperial Standard of the Afsharid dynasty 2003:overthrew the weakened and disintegrated 5027:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 3945: 3886: 3874: 3803: 3791: 3696: 3603: 3591: 3398: 3382: 3164:, Vol. 69 (1977), pp. 45-53 (10 pages). 2891: 2529: 5813:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 3579:"Dataci.Net İstanbul Antlaşması (1736)" 3508:Dowling, Timothy C. (2 December 2014). 3082: 3055: 2917: 2915: 2658:Civil war and downfall of the Afsharids 520: 509: 319: 5351:History of democracy in classical Iran 3230: 3218: 2817:as well as Uzbeks, Afghans, Christian 2668:Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-55) 2602:from the Arabs. In 1743, he conquered 2527:on this expedition into Central Asia. 2458:means "Mountain of Light" in Persian, 6073:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 5858:Iran and the World Trade Organization 4016: 4014: 3559:from the original on 25 December 2018 3179:A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind 2497:Silver coin of Nader Shah, minted in 2408:host north towards the Persian army. 2294:(a grand meeting in the tradition of 326: 305: 295: 291: 267: 255: 243: 231: 227: 217: 7: 5245:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 5235:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2594:and order to build new artillery in 2514:. After the Persians had forced the 1822:in Iran's north-eastern province of 8319:Historical transcontinental empires 6478:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 6119:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 6093:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 5892:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 5627:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 4431:Short-term Empires in World History 4062:"The Making of the Georgian Nation" 3067: 2324:The flank march of Nader's army at 2223:Nader decided, as he continued the 38: 5017:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 3528:from the original on 10 April 2023 2150:the last Hotaki seat of power, at 25: 6088:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 5709:Supreme National Security Council 5535:Persian Constitutional Revolution 5165:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 5072:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 5062:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 3840:A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838 6718: 6709: 6708: 5684:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 4448:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 4152:p 728-729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 3033: 3015: 2997: 2976: 2958: 2940: 2922: 1940:The dynasty was named after the 1842:in 1736, and proclaimed himself 1760: 531: 489: 475: 461: 447: 433: 408: 394: 380: 92: 78: 71: 5883:Military equipment manufactured 5449:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 5213:United States withdrawal (2018) 5134:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 4231:from the original on 2023-04-10 4031:from the original on 2023-04-10 3857:from the original on 2023-04-10 3774:from the original on 2016-03-04 3477:from the original on 2020-06-02 3353:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). 3316:from the original on 2022-08-09 3128:from the original on 2018-12-25 2485:Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746) 2168:Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735) 1991:Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735) 8309:1796 disestablishments in Asia 6443:modern / contemporary 5689:Expediency Discernment Council 5012:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 5001:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 4456:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 3357:. ABC Clio, LLC. p. 408. 2312:Nader Shah's invasion of India 1: 5657:state-sponsorship allegations 4433:. Springer. pp. 215–226. 4407:The Cambridge History of Iran 3302:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE 3042:Naval flag of Afsharid period 2732:period. Under the successive 2306:Invasion of the Mughal Empire 2180:In the spring of 1735, Nader 2088:1736 Treaty of Constantinople 2037:1724 Treaty of Constantinople 908: 872: 752: 739: 716: 703: 680: 663: 613: 600: 587: 574: 561: 8249:Empires and kingdoms of Iran 6114:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 5415:twin towns and sister cities 4721:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 4598:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 4574:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 3457:Martin, Samuel Elmo (1997). 3373:commander named Nadir Shah." 3093:Iranian History and Politics 2804:The Safavids had introduced 2542:Nader now decided to punish 162:(dynastic; court literature) 8304:1736 establishments in Asia 6393:Water supply and sanitation 6124:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 5183:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 4558:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 4211:Mattair, Thomas R. (2008). 4097:Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. 3843:. Oxford University Press. 3553:Encyclopædia Iranica Online 2395:subject and future king of 2286:Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi 2011:in 1722. At the same time, 52: 8340: 5873:Economy of the Middle East 5250:2021–2022 Iranian protests 5240:2019–2020 Iranian protests 5220:2017–2018 Iranian protests 4681:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 4412:Cambridge University Press 4410:. Vol. 7. Cambridge: 4021:Malcolm, Sir John (1829). 3966:(5). Informa UK: 635–646. 3498:(Penguin, 2008) pp.153–156 3177:Axworthy, Michael (2008). 3096:. Routledge. p. 128. 2756:. Until the advent of the 2752:, broke away into various 2742:course of the 19th century 2738:restore Iranian suzerainty 2661: 2621: 2482: 2309: 2165: 2106: 2103:Fall of the Hotaki dynasty 1976: 1807:, commonly referred to as 6704: 6419: 6158: 6145: 6098:National Development Fund 6018:Telecommunications and IT 6012:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 5838:Foreign direct investment 5783:Bonyad (charitable trust) 5771: 5758: 5514: 5501: 5395: 5382: 5129:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 5119:Interim Government (1979) 4524: 4520: 4507: 3972:10.1080/00210860701667720 3837:Singh, Khushwant (2004). 3463:. Routledge. p. 47. 3415:Cambridge History of Iran 3257:10.1017/S0020743816000453 2722:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 2489:Nader's Dagestan campaign 1973:Foundation of the dynasty 457:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 359: 316: 292: 280: 228: 108: 67: 62: 54:Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân 5848:International oil bourse 5613:Ministry of Intelligence 5198:Syrian civil war (2011–) 5022:1921 Persian coup d'état 4250:"The Army of Nader Shah" 4072:Indiana University Press 3877:, pp. 1–16, 175–210 3496:Iran: Empire of the Mind 3460:Uralic And Altaic Series 3090:Katouzian, Homa (2003). 2664:Khanates of the Caucasus 2652:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 2418:forces negotiate with a 2115:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 1931:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 6372:scientists and scholars 5878:Milad Tower and complex 5668:Women's rights movement 5663:White Revolution (1963) 5331:Peoples of the Caucasus 4673:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 4566:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 4438:Tucker, Ernest (2012). 4217:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. 3547:Tucker, Ernest (2006). 3294:Tucker, Ernest (2012). 2728:autonomous through the 2462:means "Sea of Light"). 2050:, driving their leader 1805:Guarded Domains of Iran 583:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 34:Guarded Domains of Iran 6683:Anti-Iranian sentiment 6678:Science and technology 6503:Intellectual movements 6383:International rankings 6367:Intellectual movements 5853:International rankings 5346:Heads of state of Iran 5152:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 4713:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 4550:culture (3400–2000 BC) 4454:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4365:Iran: A Modern History 4341:Amanat, Abbas (1997). 4113:University of Michigan 3751:University of Michigan 2897: 2677: 2646: 2577:was forced to withdraw 2539: 2502: 2426: 2341: 2329: 2252:yet, mainly regarding 2193: 2192:Painting of Nader Shah 2148:besieged and destroyed 1122:Masmughans of Damavand 596:Zayandeh River Culture 308:• Disestablished 8177:Medieval great powers 5971:Shetab Banking System 5961:Banking and insurance 5923:Tehran Stock Exchange 5843:Intellectual property 5188:PJAK conflict (2004–) 4961:Turcomans (1378–1508) 4953:Turcomans (1374–1468) 4902:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 4705:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 3736:David Marshall Lang. 3338:"Nadir Shah was from 2985:Afsharians parade in 2895: 2788:, the founder of the 2768:of the 19th century. 2675: 2644: 2606:and its main capital 2536:Battle of Kars (1745) 2533: 2496: 2414: 2335: 2326:Battle of Khyber pass 2323: 2282:Hasan-Ali Beg Bestami 2191: 1830:that would rule over 1000:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 954:3rd-century BC–132 BC 920:Kingdom of Cappadocia 876: 6th century BC 858:Neo-Babylonian Empire 144:Common languages 8187:European colonialism 8172:Ancient great powers 5932:Technology start-ups 5833:Environmental issues 5823:Economic Reform Plan 5737:Provincial governors 5427:Environmental issues 5175:Iran Air Flight 655 4916:Jalayirid Sultanate 4788:Caliphate (750–1258) 4630:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 4060:Ronald Grigor Suny. 3620:Encyclopædia Iranica 3446:Encyclopædia Iranica 3427:Encyclopædia Iranica 2967:Nader in his Battles 2844:, or pilgrimage, to 2590:, he built ships in 2278:Tahmasp Khan Jalayer 2086:, and the resultant 1895:United Arab Emirates 8182:Modern great powers 6332:Freedom of religion 5918:Supreme Audit Court 5797:Automotive industry 5444:Iranian Balochistan 5170:1987 Mecca incident 5067:Iran crisis of 1946 5056:dynasty (1925–1979) 4985:Dynasty (1751–1794) 4926:dynasty (1338–1357) 4918:dynasty (1335–1432) 4910:dynasty (1314–1393) 4895:dynasty (1244–1381) 4879:dynasty (1077–1231) 4863:dynasty (1011–1215) 4780:Caliphate (661–750) 4772:Caliphate (632–661) 4740:Empire (AD 224–651) 4657:Empire (550–330 BC) 4638:Empire (626–539 BC) 4622:Empire (678–549 BC) 4606:Empire (911–609 BC) 4139:Timothy C. Dowling 3925:Spencer C. Tucker. 3806:, pp. 212, 216 3233:, pp. 145–156. 2786:Mohammad Khan Qajar 2080:Ottoman–Persian War 2023:territories in the 1826:, establishing the 1656:Contemporary period 1560:Early modern period 1462:Jalayirid Sultanate 1332:Khwarazmian dynasty 761:Neo-Assyrian Empire 639:Kura–Araxes culture 557:Baradostian culture 298:• Established 6463:Persian New Year ( 5868:Main economic laws 5439:Iranian Azerbaijan 5341:Monarchs of Persia 5285:Persianate society 4993:Empire (1789–1925) 4977:Empire (1736–1796) 4969:Empire (1501–1736) 4945:Empire (1370–1507) 4871:Empire (1037–1194) 4836:dynasty (934–1062) 4828:dynasty (931–1090) 4820:dynasty (861–1003) 4689:Empire (312–63 BC) 4590:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 4444:. In Fleet, Kate; 4148:2023-04-10 at the 4125:Fisher et al. 1991 4107:2023-04-07 at the 4067:2023-04-10 at the 3948:, pp. 175–274 3932:2023-04-07 at the 3745:2023-04-07 at the 3709:Fisher et al. 1991 3699:, pp. 137–174 3685:Fisher et al. 1991 3673:Fisher et al. 1991 3661:Fisher et al. 1991 3638:Lawrence Lockhart 3432:2020-05-26 at the 2898: 2766:Russo-Persian Wars 2744:, to neighbouring 2736:, Iran managed to 2678: 2647: 2540: 2503: 2427: 2342: 2330: 2268:Nader becomes king 2194: 1944:Afshar tribe from 1927:Caucasian khanates 1675:Interim Government 1665:Iranian Revolution 1452:Muzaffarid dynasty 1156:864 – 14th century 1146:791 – 11th century 1072:Rashidun Caliphate 894:Kingdom of Armenia 543:Prehistoric period 86:Imperial Standards 39:ممالک محروسه ایران 8226: 8225: 8148: 8147: 8113:Polish–Lithuanian 7288:Gurjara-Pratihara 6732: 6731: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6666: 6665: 6573:Opium consumption 6406: 6405: 6242:Ethnic minorities 6216:Iranian languages 6141: 6140: 6137: 6136: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5633:Political parties 5571:Children's rights 5556:Foreign relations 5550:2009 presidential 5497: 5496: 5459:Iranian Kurdistan 5378: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5258: 5257: 5230:COVID-19 pandemic 5089:Revolution (1979) 5035: 5034: 4855:Empire (977–1186) 4812:dynasty (864–928) 4804:dynasty (821–873) 4796:dynasty (819–999) 4749: 4748: 4665:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 4396:978-1-85043-706-2 4383:Axworthy, Michael 4374:978-0-300-11254-2 4352:978-1-84511-828-0 4224:978-0-275-99483-9 4190:Cambridge History 4092:Yar-Shater, Ehsan 4080:978-0-253-20915-3 4049:Cambridge History 3993:Axworthy, Michael 3850:978-0-19-567308-1 3711:, pp. 34–36. 3606:, pp. 75–116 3521:978-1-59884-948-6 3494:Michael Axworthy 3417:Volume 7, pp. 2–4 3364:978-1-59884-336-1 3188:978-0-465-00888-9 2931:Nader Shah's flag 2690:Ahmad Shah Abdali 2233:Topal Osman Pasha 2143:Battle of Damghan 2033:Russo-Persian War 2001:Mir Mahmud Hotaki 1801: 1800: 1693: 1692: 1646: 1645: 1609: 1608: 1550: 1549: 1492:Afrasiyab dynasty 1392:Khorshidi dynasty 1382:Pishkinid dynasty 1272:Ghaznavid dynasty 1092:Abbasid Caliphate 1082:Umayyad Caliphate 1048: 1047: 1044:550s–11th century 940:Kingdom of Pontus 884:Achaemenid Empire 848:Anshanite Kingdom 809: 808: 712:Oxus Civilization 620: 619: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 421: 420: 270:• 1748–1796 246:• 1747–1748 234:• 1736–1747 213:Absolute monarchy 163: 155: 16:(Redirected from 8331: 8324:Former countries 8239:Afsharid dynasty 8029: 7694:Austro-Hungarian 7394:Chagatai Khanate 6759: 6752: 6745: 6736: 6722: 6712: 6711: 6563:National symbols 6417: 6232:Iranian citizens 6169: 6160: 6147: 6129:Research centers 5818:Economic history 5773: 5760: 5694:Guardian Council 5516: 5503: 5384: 5361:Electric history 5356:Military history 5270:Ancient Persians 5178: 5177:shootdown (1988) 5160: 5147: 5144:Iranian Embassy 5114: 5103: 5101:Islamic Republic 5090: 5082:1953 coup d'état 5057: 5044: 5002: 4999:Khanates of the 4994: 4986: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4927: 4919: 4911: 4903: 4896: 4888: 4880: 4872: 4864: 4856: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4797: 4789: 4781: 4773: 4760: 4741: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4538: 4522: 4509: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4470: 4465: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4400: 4378: 4356: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4280:Steven R. Ward. 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4255:. Archived from 4254: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4137: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4089: 4083: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4018: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3999:, . I. B. Tauris 3990: 3984: 3983: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3904:. Archived from 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3768:Edward G. Browne 3760: 3754: 3734: 3728: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3594:, pp. 57–74 3589: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3454: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3396: 3390: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3350: 3344: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3321: 3304:. Brill Online. 3299: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3174: 3168: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3087: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3037: 3019: 3001: 2980: 2962: 2944: 2926: 2800:Religious policy 2431:Battle of Karnal 2338:Battle of Karnal 2316:Battle of Karnal 2216:in exchange for 2074:of 1732 and the 1923:Khanate of Kalat 1828:Afsharid dynasty 1793: 1786: 1779: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1734:Military history 1724:Economic history 1702:Related articles 1685:Islamic Republic 1661: 1660: 1624: 1623: 1565: 1564: 1522:Kar-Kiya dynasty 1442:Chobanid dynasty 1432:Ilkhanate Empire 1212:Sallarid dynasty 1182:Saffarid dynasty 1068: 1067: 913: 910: 878:–11th century AD 877: 874: 838:Scythian Kingdom 824: 823: 754: 741: 718: 705: 682: 665: 635: 634: 615: 602: 589: 576: 563: 553: 552: 535: 525: 507: 493: 492: 485:Khanate of Kalat 479: 478: 465: 464: 451: 450: 437: 436: 425: 424: 412: 411: 398: 397: 384: 383: 377: 376: 361: 360: 161: 153: 113: 96: 82: 75: 57: 49: 41: 40: 30: 21: 8339: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8211:American Empire 8196: 8192:African empires 8144: 8027: 7719:Central African 7665: 7483:Romano-Germanic 7069: 6803:Middle Assyrian 6776: 6768: 6763: 6733: 6728: 6692: 6662: 6641:Rap and hip-hop 6612: 6593:Public holidays 6578:Persian gardens 6567:Imperial Anthem 6558:National Jewels 6513:Iranian studies 6402: 6336: 6288: 6220: 6181:Persian (Farsi) 6154: 6133: 6102: 6064: 6057: 5992:Pharmaceuticals 5937: 5928:Venture capital 5903:Rial (currency) 5888:Nuclear program 5767: 5746: 5713: 5672: 5623:Nuclear program 5588:Judicial system 5510: 5493: 5464:Iranian plateau 5391: 5370: 5254: 5176: 5158: 5145: 5113:History (1979–) 5112: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5055: 5031: 5000: 4992: 4984: 4976: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4931: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4862: 4854: 4841: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4755: 4745: 4739: 4726: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4672: 4664: 4656: 4643: 4637: 4636:Neo-Babylonian 4629: 4621: 4614:(860 BC–590 BC) 4613: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4582:(c.2300–675 BC) 4581: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4529: 4516: 4503: 4497: 4450:Rowson, Everett 4437: 4428: 4422: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4375: 4359: 4353: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4262:on 3 March 2016 4259: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4225: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4150:Wayback Machine 4138: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4109:Wayback Machine 4090: 4086: 4069:Wayback Machine 4059: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4032: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3991: 3987: 3960:Iranian Studies 3957: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3934:Wayback Machine 3924: 3920: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3858: 3851: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3823:10.1.1.693.6648 3815: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747:Wayback Machine 3735: 3731: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3522: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3480: 3478: 3471: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3434:Wayback Machine 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3393: 3381: 3377: 3371:Afshar Turkoman 3365: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3340:a Turkmen tribe 3335: 3331: 3319: 3317: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3104: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3074: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3020: 3009: 3008: 3003: 3002: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2914: 2887:Safavid dynasty 2879: 2827:Ja'far al-Sadiq 2802: 2782:second campaign 2746:Imperial Russia 2670: 2660: 2630: 2622:Main articles: 2620: 2563:, but also the 2491: 2483:Main articles: 2481: 2397:eastern Georgia 2318: 2310:Main articles: 2308: 2270: 2250:Treaty of Resht 2206:signed a treaty 2178: 2176:Treaty of Ganja 2172:Treaty of Resht 2166:Main articles: 2164: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2076:Treaty of Ganja 2072:Treaty of Resht 1993: 1987:Treaty of Ganja 1983:Treaty of Resht 1975: 1970: 1958:Abbas the Great 1881:, and parts of 1851:Sasanian Empire 1840:Safavid dynasty 1813:Afsharid Empire 1797: 1767:Iran portal 1761: 1759: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1739:Women's history 1703: 1695: 1694: 1658: 1648: 1647: 1621: 1611: 1610: 1562: 1552: 1551: 1402:Qutlugh-Khanids 1352:Atabegs of Yazd 1252:Rawadid dynasty 1222:Ziyarid dynasty 1162:Tahirid dynasty 1060: 1058:Medieval period 1050: 1049: 1034:6th century–785 1020:Sasanian Empire 990:Kings of Persis 960:Parthian Empire 930:Seleucid Empire 911: 875: 821: 819:Imperial period 811: 810: 725:Akkadian Empire 672:Lullubi Kingdom 632: 622: 621: 570:Zarzian culture 545: 523: 516: 490: 476: 462: 448: 434: 409: 395: 381: 330: 329:• Estimate 309: 302:22 January 1736 299: 271: 259: 247: 235: 202: 166: 119: 104: 103: 102: 97: 89: 88: 83: 76: 58: 50: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Afsharid Persia 15: 12: 11: 5: 8337: 8335: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8231: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8048: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7993: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7949: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7814: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7758: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7721: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7233: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7075:Post-classical 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6874:Middle Kingdom 6871: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6830:Neo-Babylonian 6827: 6822: 6820:Old Babylonian 6812: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6716: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6530: 6525: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6436: 6430: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6319: 6314: 6304: 6298: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6239: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6025: 6015: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5958: 5947: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5742:Supreme Leader 5739: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5704:Local councils 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5599: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5581:Women's rights 5578: 5573: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5543: 5538: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5432:Climate change 5424: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5316:Jiroft culture 5313: 5312: 5311: 5304:Iranic peoples 5301: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5280:Persianization 5277: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5154: 5149: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5108: 5106: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5050: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4921: 4913: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4887:(1135/36-1225) 4882: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4815: 4807: 4799: 4791: 4783: 4775: 4766: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4697:(c.295–220 BC) 4692: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4660: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4593: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4556:Proto-Elamite 4553: 4544: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4446:Krämer, Gudrun 4435: 4426: 4420: 4401: 4395: 4389:. I.B.Tauris. 4379: 4373: 4357: 4351: 4345:. I.B.Tauris. 4336: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4321: 4307: 4297: 4288: 4273: 4241: 4223: 4203: 4194: 4182: 4180:Axworthy p.168 4170: 4161: 4129: 4127:, p. 328. 4117: 4084: 4053: 4041: 4010: 4001: 3985: 3950: 3938: 3918: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3849: 3829: 3808: 3796: 3794:, pp. 7–8 3784: 3755: 3729: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3687:, pp. 35. 3677: 3675:, pp. 36. 3665: 3663:, pp. 34. 3644: 3642:(London, 1938) 3631: 3622: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3570: 3539: 3520: 3500: 3487: 3469: 3449: 3438: 3419: 3407: 3391: 3375: 3363: 3345: 3329: 3286: 3251:(3): 491–510. 3235: 3223: 3211: 3202: 3187: 3169: 3153: 3141: 3113: 3102: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3040: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3004: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2878: 2875: 2867:kolah-e Naderi 2801: 2798: 2694:Durrani Empire 2659: 2656: 2619: 2616: 2480: 2477: 2473:Ottoman Empire 2443:Peacock Throne 2354:Maratha Empire 2346:Hotaki dynasty 2307: 2304: 2269: 2266: 2163: 2160: 2107:Main article: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2025:North Caucasus 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1903:North Caucasus 1799: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1719:Heads of state 1716: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512:Timurid Empire 1508: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1302:Nasrid dynasty 1298: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1196:pre-879 – 1215 1194: 1192:Ghurid dynasty 1188: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1172:Samanid Empire 1168: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1152:Alid dynasties 1148: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1006: 1005: 1002: 996: 995: 992: 986: 985: 982: 976: 975: 972: 966: 965: 962: 956: 955: 952: 946: 945: 942: 936: 935: 932: 926: 925: 922: 916: 915: 906: 900: 899: 896: 890: 889: 886: 880: 879: 870: 864: 863: 860: 854: 853: 850: 844: 843: 840: 834: 833: 830: 822: 817: 816: 813: 812: 807: 806: 803: 797: 796: 793: 787: 786: 783: 777: 776: 773: 767: 766: 763: 757: 756: 750: 748:Avestan period 744: 743: 737: 731: 730: 727: 721: 720: 714: 708: 707: 701: 695: 694: 691: 685: 684: 678: 668: 667: 661: 659:Jiroft culture 655: 654: 651: 645: 644: 641: 633: 630:Ancient period 628: 627: 624: 623: 618: 617: 616:5th millennium 611: 605: 604: 603:6th millennium 598: 592: 591: 585: 579: 578: 572: 566: 565: 559: 546: 541: 540: 537: 536: 528: 527: 518: 517: 510: 503: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 487: 481: 480: 473: 471:Durrani Empire 467: 466: 459: 453: 452: 445: 439: 438: 431: 422: 419: 418: 413: 405: 404: 399: 391: 390: 385: 373: 372: 367: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 339: 335: 334: 331: 328: 325: 324: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 307: 304: 303: 300: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 277: 272: 269: 266: 265: 263:Ebrahim Afshar 260: 257: 254: 253: 248: 245: 242: 241: 236: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 201: 200: 195: 193:Zoroastrianism 190: 185: 182:state religion 174: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 156: 147: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 114: 106: 105: 98: 91: 90: 84: 77: 70: 69: 68: 65: 64: 60: 59: 36: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8336: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8289:1800s in Iran 8287: 8285: 8284:1790s in Iran 8282: 8280: 8279:1780s in Iran 8277: 8275: 8274:1770s in Iran 8272: 8270: 8269:1760s in Iran 8267: 8265: 8264:1750s in Iran 8262: 8260: 8259:1740s in Iran 8257: 8255: 8254:1730s in Iran 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8244:Afsharid Iran 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8217: 8216:Soviet empire 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201:Miscellaneous 8199: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7800:German Empire 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7540:Turco-Persian 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6715: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6537:news agencies 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898:Privatization 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5367: 5366:Years in Iran 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Turco-Persian 5288: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5159:War (1980–88) 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4951:Qara Qoyunlu 4949: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648:550 BC–AD 224 4646: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4604:Neo-Assyrian 4602: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4421:0-521-20095-4 4417: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4361:Amanat, Abbas 4358: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4274: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4207: 4204: 4201:Axworthy p.34 4198: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4158:1-59884-948-4 4155: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4042: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3946:Axworthy 2006 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3908:on 2015-06-10 3907: 3903: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3887:Axworthy 2006 3883: 3880: 3876: 3875:Axworthy 2006 3871: 3868: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3804:Axworthy 2006 3800: 3797: 3793: 3792:Axworthy 2006 3788: 3785: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3726:81-87139-69-2 3723: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3697:Axworthy 2006 3693: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604:Axworthy 2006 3600: 3597: 3593: 3592:Axworthy 2006 3588: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3470:0-7007-0380-2 3466: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399:Axworthy 2006 3395: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383:Axworthy 2006 3379: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3221:, p. 13. 3220: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3103:0-415-29754-0 3099: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2979: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2790:Qajar dynasty 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2762:Transcaucasia 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2734:Qajar dynasty 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2629: 2628:Afsharid navy 2625: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2460:Darya-ye Noor 2457: 2453: 2452:Darya-ye Noor 2449: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2436:sack the city 2432: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2358:Muhammad Shah 2355: 2351: 2350:Mughal Empire 2347: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274:Moghan plains 2267: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200:to recapture 2199: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2133:Afghans near 2132: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:Transcaucasia 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:Sultan Husayn 2006: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809:Afsharid Iran 1806: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1619:Modern period 1615: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1591:Afsharid Iran 1589: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1580:Hotak dynasty 1577: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1322:Seljuk Empire 1320: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1242:Buyid dynasty 1240: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1202:Sajid dynasty 1200: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 994:132 BC–224 AD 993: 991: 988: 987: 984:141 BC–222 AD 983: 981: 978: 977: 974:147 BC–224 AD 973: 971: 968: 967: 964:247 BC–224 AD 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 951: 948: 947: 943: 941: 938: 937: 933: 931: 928: 927: 924:320s BC–17 AD 923: 921: 918: 917: 912: 323 BC 907: 905: 902: 901: 898:331 BC–428 AD 897: 895: 892: 891: 888:550 BC–330 BC 887: 885: 882: 881: 871: 869: 866: 865: 862:626 BC–539 BC 861: 859: 856: 855: 852:635 BC–550 BC 851: 849: 846: 845: 841: 839: 836: 835: 831: 829: 828:Median Empire 826: 825: 820: 815: 814: 804: 802: 799: 798: 794: 792: 789: 788: 784: 782: 779: 778: 774: 772: 769: 768: 764: 762: 759: 758: 751: 749: 746: 745: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726: 723: 722: 715: 713: 710: 709: 702: 700: 697: 696: 692: 690: 687: 686: 679: 677: 673: 670: 669: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 650: 649:Proto-Elamite 647: 646: 642: 640: 637: 636: 631: 626: 625: 612: 610: 609:Dalma culture 607: 606: 599: 597: 594: 593: 586: 584: 581: 580: 577:20,000–10,000 573: 571: 568: 567: 564:36,000–18,000 560: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 544: 539: 538: 534: 530: 529: 526: 519: 514: 508: 488: 486: 483: 482: 474: 472: 469: 468: 460: 458: 455: 454: 446: 444: 441: 440: 432: 430: 427: 426: 423: 417: 416:Mughal Empire 414: 407: 406: 403: 402:Hotak dynasty 400: 393: 392: 389: 386: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 358: 355: 352: 350: 349:ISO 3166 code 346: 343: 340: 336: 332: 323: 315: 311: 301: 287: 283: 279: 276: 275:Shahrokh Shah 273: 264: 261: 252: 249: 240: 237: 223: 221: 214: 211: 209: 205: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 183: 179: 176: 175: 173: 169: 160: 157: 152: 149: 148: 146: 142: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 118: 112: 107: 101: 95: 87: 81: 74: 66: 61: 56: 55: 47: 31: 19: 7967:Contemporary 7843: 7817:Indo-Persian 7805:Nazi Germany 7749:Contemporary 7651:Vijayanagara 7550:Great Seljuk 7461:Thessalonica 7389:Golden Horde 7029:Carthaginian 6808:Neo-Assyrian 6793:Neo-Sumerian 6671:Other topics 6655: 6583:Persian name 6522:Islamization 6464: 6424:Architecture 6377:universities 6322:Zoroastrians 6317:Christianity 6307:Baháʼí Faith 6257:Azerbaijanis 6164:Demographics 5978:Construction 5966:Central Bank 5908:Space Agency 5803:Child labour 5638:Principlists 5618:Cyberwarfare 5566:Human rights 5531:Constitution 5326:Azerbaijanis 5295:Indo-Persian 5275:Greater Iran 5146:siege (1980) 5105:1979–present 4974: 4756:early modern 4754:Medieval and 4548:Kura-Araxes 4453: 4430: 4406: 4386: 4364: 4342: 4324: 4310: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4276: 4264:. 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Murray. 3912:2015-07-16 3889:, p. 3861:2022-05-23 3778:2010-09-24 3640:Nadir Shah 3514:Abc-Clio. 3481:2022-05-23 3387:back cover 3385:, p. 3320:2022-05-23 3132:2022-10-22 3078:References 2987:Persepolis 2883:Shia Islam 2784:. In 1796 2778:Ahmad Shah 2662:See also: 2635:Nader Qoli 2584:Mazandaran 2548:Mazandaran 2456:Koh-e-Noor 2454:diamonds ( 2448:Koh-i-Noor 2198:a campaign 2044:Tahmasp II 1977:See also: 1954:Azerbaijan 1935:suzerainty 1925:, and the 1879:Uzbekistan 1863:Azerbaijan 1836:Nader Shah 1628:Qajar Iran 1542:Aq Qoyunlu 1526:1370s–1592 1362:Salghurids 1342:Eldiguzids 1312:Shabankara 1286:990/1–1117 1030:Zarmihrids 950:Fratarakas 904:Atropatene 842:652–625 BC 832:678–550 BC 443:Qajar Iran 322:Population 239:Nader Shah 220:Shahanshah 208:Government 117:Nader Shah 8118:Couronian 7756:Ethiopian 7744:Manchukuo 7699:Brazilian 7545:Ghaznavid 7515:Srivijaya 7466:Trebizond 7451:Byzantine 7433:North Sea 7428:Norwegian 7416:Almoravid 7399:Ilkhanate 7369:Majapahit 7342:Muromachi 7251:Solomonic 7236:Ethiopian 7150:Caliphate 7083:Aragonese 6911:Ptolemaic 6553:Mythology 6459:Calendars 6449:Astronomy 6358:Education 6267:Georgians 6252:Assyrians 6247:Armenians 6173:Languages 6065:companies 6028:Transport 6008:Petroleum 5793:Companies 5732:President 5719:Officials 5653:Terrorism 5602:Air Force 5546:Elections 5484:Provinces 5479:Mountains 5389:Geography 5309:languages 5047:1925–1979 4975:Afsharid 4936:1370–1925 4924:Chobanid 4818:Saffarid 4770:Rashidun 4738:Sasanian 4719:Kings of 4711:Parthian 4687:Seleucid 4628:Scythian 4588:Kassites 4572:Akkadian 4462:1873-9830 3980:159949082 3818:CiteSeerX 3563:5 January 3310:1873-9830 3281:159600918 3265:0020-7438 3197:182779666 2823:Armenians 2819:Georgians 2815:Qizilbash 2702:Erekle II 2682:Adel Shah 2544:Daghestan 2401:Erekle II 2156:Naderabad 2061:Abbas III 2021:Caucasian 1950:Turkestan 1919:Georgians 1642:1925–1979 1632:1789–1925 1605:1751–1794 1595:1736–1796 1585:1722–1729 1573:1501–1736 1546:1468–1508 1536:1406–1468 1516:1370–1507 1506:1359–1596 1502:Mar'ashis 1496:1349–1504 1486:1335–1357 1476:1337–1376 1472:Sarbadars 1466:1337–1376 1456:1335–1393 1446:1335–1357 1436:1256–1335 1426:1244–1396 1416:1236–1537 1406:1223-1306 1396:1184-1597 1386:1155–1231 1376:1155–1424 1366:1148–1282 1356:1141–1319 1346:1135–1225 1336:1077–1231 1326:1037–1194 1316:1030–1355 1306:1029–1236 1296:1008–1141 1142:Justanids 1112:Bavandids 980:Characene 742:1500–1155 729:2400–2150 719:2400–1700 706:2550-2020 666:3100–2200 653:3200–2700 643:3400–2000 590:6000–5000 333:6,000,000 251:Adel Shah 171:Religion 63:1736–1796 8098:Japanese 8061:Scottish 8041:American 8033:Colonial 7962:Imperial 7930:Moroccan 7866:Japanese 7844:Afsharid 7703:Burmese 7689:Austrian 7644:Later Le 7619:Early Le 7604:Venetian 7530:Tiwanaku 7443:Hellenic 7406:Moroccan 7337:Kamakura 7327:Japanese 7310:Saffarid 7263:Georgian 7177:Chalukya 7155:Rashidun 7145:Calakmul 7113:Bruneian 6992:Haryanka 6970:Sasanian 6965:Parthian 6916:Bactrian 6906:Seleucid 6886:Goguryeo 6864:Egyptian 6798:Assyrian 6788:Akkadian 6779:Colonies 6714:Category 6607:football 6598:Scouting 6508:Iranians 6498:Folklore 6294:Religion 6206:Georgian 6186:Armenian 6047:shipping 6042:railways 6032:airlines 5998:Industry 5863:Taxation 5677:Councils 5593:Military 5508:Politics 5489:Wildlife 5454:Caucasus 5336:Persians 5263:See also 5087:Iranian 5054:Pahlavi 4967:Safavid 4943:Timurid 4846:977–1432 4826:Ziyarid 4802:Tahirid 4794:Samanid 4786:Abbasid 4778:Umayyad 4763:632–1090 4580:Lullubi 4564:Elamite 4452:(eds.). 4385:(2006). 4363:(2017). 4229:Archived 4192:pp.60–62 4146:Archived 4105:Archived 4074:, 1994. 4065:Archived 4029:Archived 3995:(2009). 3930:Archived 3855:Archived 3772:Archived 3743:Archived 3557:Archived 3526:Archived 3475:Archived 3430:Archived 3314:Archived 3273:43998158 3126:Archived 2885:and the 2754:khanates 2750:Dagestan 2726:de facto 2718:de facto 2686:Shahrokh 2618:Military 2525:Khwarezm 2499:Dagestan 2468:taxation 2416:Afsharid 2393:Georgian 2378:Peshawar 2291:qoroltai 2246:a treaty 2182:attacked 2152:Kandahar 2084:Caucasus 1946:Khorasan 1942:Turkoman 1915:Durranis 1907:Dagestan 1901:and the 1887:Pakistan 1824:Khorasan 1817:Turkoman 1756:Timeline 1714:Monarchs 1292:Kakuyids 1282:Annazids 1276:977–1186 1266:959–1095 1256:955–1070 1246:934–1062 1232:Ilyasids 1226:930–1090 1216:919–1062 1186:861–1003 1136:665–1598 1116:651–1349 1102:Dabuyids 1096:750–1258 755:1500–500 735:Kassites 693:2700–539 683:3100-675 549:BCE / BC 513:a series 511:Part of 338:Currency 8165:largest 8160:Empires 8140:Swedish 8135:Spanish 8130:Russian 8093:Italian 8068:Chinese 8056:English 8051:British 8046:Belgian 8021:Vietnam 8011:Tay son 7957:Tsarist 7952:Russian 7947:Ottoman 7913:Dzungar 7908:Khoshut 7881:Mexican 7876:Maratha 7859:Pahlavi 7839:Safavid 7834:Iranian 7761:Haitian 7724:Chinese 7684:Ashanti 7656:Wagadou 7582:Eastern 7577:Western 7560:Timurid 7520:Tibetan 7510:Songhai 7500:Serbian 7421:Almohad 7411:Idrisid 7315:Samanid 7305:Tahirid 7300:Iranian 7278:Kannauj 7258:Genoese 7194:Chinese 7187:Eastern 7182:Western 7170:Fatimid 7165:Abbasid 7160:Umayyad 7133:Burmese 7093:Ayyubid 7088:Angevin 7058:Xianbei 7046:Eastern 7041:Western 6987:Magadha 6950:Iranian 6943:Xiongnu 6928:Hittite 6837:Chinese 6825:Kassite 6774:Ancient 6766:Empires 6657:Ey Iran 6605: ( 6565: ( 6541:student 6539: ( 6535: ( 6520: ( 6488:Cuisine 6473:Fashion 6461: ( 6441: ( 6426: ( 6412:Culture 6360: ( 6324: ( 6309: ( 6282:Turkmen 6234: ( 6225:Peoples 6196:Kurdish 6152:Society 6053:Tourism 6030: ( 6020: ( 6010: ( 5990: ( 5983:Defense 5953: ( 5943:Sectors 5930: ( 5890: ( 5795: ( 5776:General 5765:Economy 5655: ( 5625: ( 5595: ( 5548: ( 5533: ( 5519:General 5474:Islands 5410:largest 5400:Borders 4869:Seljuk 4861:Ghurid 4810:Alavid 4620:Median 4612:Urartu 4534:Ancient 4514:History 4335:Sources 4318:. 1753. 4115:) p 541 3753:) p 142 3064:Persian 2912:Gallery 2871:caliphs 2773:Ebrahim 2710:Kakheti 2600:Bahrain 2592:Bushehr 2573:Dargins 2561:Lezgins 2520:Bukhara 2336:At the 2254:Derbent 2229:Baghdad 2214:Armenia 2210:Georgia 2208:ceding 2202:Yerevan 2124:Mashhad 2119:Ghilzai 2048:Afghans 2017:Russian 2013:Ottoman 2005:Safavid 1968:History 1871:Bahrain 1859:Georgia 1855:Armenia 1811:or the 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