29:
1333:
1250:
39:
1295:
1265:
1220:
1348:
870:
842:
1378:
1363:
1205:
856:
1235:
1860:
1280:
49:
1882:
828:
1090:
Only the inflow of
Atlantic water maintains the present Mediterranean level. When that was shut off sometime between 6.5 to 6 MYBP, net evaporative loss set in at the rate of around 3,300 cubic kilometers yearly. At that rate, the 3.7 million cubic kilometres of water in the basin would dry up in
618:. No supercontinent will form within the settled time frame, however, and the geologic record is full of unexpected shifts in tectonic activity that make further projections "very, very speculative". Three possibilities are known as
186:
Afro-Eurasia encompasses 84,980,532 km (32,811,167 sq mi), 57% of the world's land area, and has a population of approximately 6.7 billion people, roughly 86% of the
634:
closes and Africa remains fused to
Eurasia, but Eurasia itself splits as Africa and Europe spin towards the west; in the last, the trio spin eastward together as the
1168:
650:
This is a list of the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location as well as the highest and lowest elevations on Afro-Eurasia.
1022:
606:
has described the next 15 to 100 million years of tectonic development as fairly settled and predictable. In that time, Africa is expected to continue
402:
split off. Upon impact with the
Eurasian Plate, the Indian Plate created southern Asia around 50 million years ago and began the formation of the
1091:
scarcely more than a thousand years, leaving an extensive layer of salt some tens of meters thick and raising global sea level about 12 meters.
1104:
1161:
1083:
979:
931:
256:
247:
1942:
1139:
Interactive scholarly edition, with critical
English translation and multimodal resources mashup (publications, images, videos)
1947:
1870:
28:
263:
contexts. Mackinder defines the World Island as the large contiguous landmass, technically excluding islands such as the
1937:
1927:
1776:
1154:
1917:
1736:
38:
1932:
760:
1681:
1671:
1424:
1075:
893:
562:
466:
288:
280:
1922:
1890:
1656:
903:
888:
223:
for the world as was known to ancient Greek scholars, which was limited to Europe and parts of Africa and Asia.
1713:
1708:
883:
1651:
898:
168:
1912:
1536:
1444:
1254:
1249:
994:
753:
407:
313:
1875:
1630:
1521:
558:
379:
355:
331:
268:
1885:
1832:
1622:
1581:
925:
920:
910:
700:
611:
603:
478:
462:
351:
220:
855:
1740:
1586:
1566:
776:
623:
530:
195:
191:
1859:
1807:
1661:
1626:
1079:
974:
915:
615:
607:
502:
474:
276:
252:
1140:
1822:
1486:
1114:
833:
735:
589:
566:
506:
438:
434:
411:
284:
232:
187:
1812:
1782:
1723:
1546:
680:
627:
585:
518:
510:
343:
1744:
1464:
1418:
772:
670:
635:
490:
470:
446:
383:
363:
327:
309:
114:
48:
1906:
1761:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1279:
1109:
1067:
875:
847:
788:
731:
631:
554:
550:
546:
522:
514:
494:
450:
442:
426:
418:
391:
305:
301:
264:
198:. The Afro-Eurasian mainland is the largest and most populous contiguous landmass on
1864:
1817:
1551:
1526:
1332:
1027:
749:
745:
727:
694:
690:
660:
600:
534:
498:
399:
317:
1718:
1686:
1676:
861:
756:
are included in Africa, then Marion Island is the southernmost point at 46°54'S.
717:
619:
577:
542:
538:
458:
322:
Although Afro-Eurasia is typically considered to comprise two or three separate
260:
235:
which, for
European explorers, contrasted their previously known world from the
457:, fusing northwest Africa and Iberia together. This led to the nearly complete
1756:
1666:
1646:
1496:
1224:
1219:
823:
792:
764:
581:
347:
279:. "Afro-Eurasia" generally includes those islands usually considered parts of
272:
171:
of the names of its constituent parts. Afro-Eurasia has also been called the "
118:
1827:
1796:
1691:
1641:
1561:
1556:
1501:
1434:
1177:
954:
944:
454:
422:
403:
323:
236:
227:
176:
172:
152:
1751:
1636:
1541:
1516:
1506:
1469:
1454:
1439:
1429:
1352:
1347:
806:
639:
395:
387:
359:
240:
180:
148:
370:. It has made up parts of every supercontinent since. At the breakup of
1771:
1766:
1531:
1511:
1491:
1459:
1449:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1362:
949:
704:
573:
430:
371:
215:
85:
1146:
1802:
1571:
1269:
1264:
1209:
1204:
814:
810:
739:
721:
684:
674:
664:
526:
164:
156:
1049:
588:) and remains separated from Europe by the straits of Gibraltar and
517:
also form a boundary with the
African Plate, which incorporates the
1576:
1181:
800:
796:
199:
128:
1006:
1239:
1234:
375:
367:
160:
1150:
194:, they comprise the vast majority of the land in the world's
1023:"What Did the Continents Look Like Millions of Years Ago?"
453:
closed a little less than 6 million years ago in the
469:. Eurasia and Africa were then again separated with the
779:
and is Asia’s easternmost point on a continuous path.
445:. After this initial connection of Afro-Eurasia, the
429:
between 19 and 12 million years ago during the
497:dominate their respective continents. However, the
210:The following terms are used for similar concepts:
124:
110:
102:
94:
84:
76:
68:
60:
1103:Williams, Caroline; Nield, Ted (20 October 2007).
1016:
1014:
473:around 5.33 million years ago refilling the
330:. Instead, it is the largest present part of the
1072:Oasis in space. Earth history from the beginning
342:The oldest part of Afro-Eurasia is probably the
64:84,980,532 km (32,811,167 sq mi)
16:Landmass consisting of Africa, Asia, and Europe
406:. Around the same time, the Indian Plate also
1162:
775:passes through Asia, so this point is in the
8:
501:covers much of eastern Africa, creating the
19:
659:Easternmost Point (on a continuous path) —
1610:
1605:
1405:
1400:
1322:
1317:
1194:
1189:
1169:
1155:
1147:
1005:Based upon 2019 population estimates from
47:
37:
27:
805:• Lowest Point (on land) – Shores of the
358:formed part of the first supercontinent
966:
638:closes, creating land borders with the
18:
7:
1021:Manaugh, Geoff (23 September 2013).
572:Conventionally, Africa is joined to
505:. In the eastern Mediterranean, the
669:Easternmost point (by longitude) —
14:
980:The Geographical Pivot of History
932:The Geographical Pivot of History
257:The Geographical Pivot of History
1881:
1880:
1858:
1376:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1293:
1278:
1263:
1248:
1233:
1218:
1203:
868:
854:
840:
826:
1704:Possible future supercontinents
1007:https://population.un.org/wpp/
1:
1141:Engineering Historical Memory
610:northward. It will close the
580:(which has been split by the
1482:Other prehistoric continents
576:only by a relatively narrow
533:. Eurasia also includes the
421:broke off of Africa around
1964:
1076:W. W. Norton & Company
614:, quickly evaporating the
299:
90:Afro-Eurasian, Eurafrasian
1850:
1608:
1604:
1403:
1399:
1320:
1316:
1192:
1188:
894:Extreme points of Eurasia
563:Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
467:Messinian salinity crisis
433:, ultimately forming the
423:30 million years ago
24:
1891:Chronology of continents
904:Extreme points of Europe
889:Extreme points of Africa
630:. In the first two, the
1943:Extreme points of Earth
1105:"Pangaea, the comeback"
975:Mackinder, Halford John
884:Extreme points of Earth
175:", in contrast to the "
1948:Extreme points of Asia
1652:Great Australian Bight
993:See Francis P. Sempa,
899:Extreme points of Asia
346:, which together with
939:Subregional groupings
754:Prince Edward Islands
744:Southernmost Point —
726:Northernmost Point —
689:Southernmost Point —
679:Northernmost Point —
326:, it is not a proper
314:Indo-Australian Plate
300:Further information:
259:" (1904) and used in
80:78.5/km (204.2/sq mi)
43:Hide national borders
33:Show national borders
1876:Continental fragment
1871:Regions of the world
759:Westernmost Point —
716:Easternmost Point —
699:Westernmost Point —
559:North American Plate
356:Australian continent
332:supercontinent cycle
269:Japanese Archipelago
1938:Geography of Europe
1928:Geography of Africa
1833:Indian Subcontinent
1623:Submerged continent
926:Intermediate Region
921:Geography of Europe
911:Geography of Africa
701:Pointe des Almadies
612:Strait of Gibraltar
479:Strait of Gibraltar
463:Mediterranean Basin
352:Indian subcontinent
251:: a term coined by
221:classical antiquity
179:" referring to the
21:
1918:Eastern Hemisphere
1614:
1409:
1326:
1198:
1078:Inc. p. 440.
787:• Highest Point –
777:Western Hemisphere
561:incorporating the
531:Dead Sea Transform
231:: a term from the
196:Eastern Hemisphere
192:mainland Australia
77:Population density
72:6.7 billion (2019)
1933:Geography of Asia
1900:
1899:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1662:Kerguelen Plateau
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
995:Mackinder's World
916:Geography of Asia
711:Including islands
616:Mediterranean Sea
503:East African Rift
475:Mediterranean Sea
425:and impacted the
398:, from which the
376:million years ago
368:billion years ago
350:and parts of the
277:Malay Archipelago
134:
133:
1955:
1884:
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1865:World portal
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1195:
1190:
1171:
1164:
1157:
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1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1117:on 13 April 2008
1113:. Archived from
1100:
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1093:
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1058:
1057:
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1035:
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834:Geography portal
831:
830:
829:
736:Franz Josef Land
567:Russian Far East
525:and the coastal
507:Aegean Sea Plate
412:Australian Plate
386:together formed
233:Age of Discovery
190:. Together with
188:world population
167:. The terms are
54:
51:
44:
41:
34:
31:
22:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1923:Supercontinents
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1857:
1842:
1837:
1823:Eastern Siberia
1813:Central America
1801:
1794:
1788:
1783:Terra Australis
1750:
1734:
1728:
1724:Pangaea Proxima
1707:
1702:
1696:
1635:
1631:microcontinents
1620:
1596:
1591:
1537:East Antarctica
1485:
1480:
1474:
1423:
1419:supercontinents
1415:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1336:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1283:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1184:
1175:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1086:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1054:www.scotese.com
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
973:
972:
968:
963:
941:
874:
869:
867:
860:
853:
846:
841:
839:
832:
827:
825:
822:
785:
770:
713:
681:Cape Chelyuskin
656:
648:
628:Pangaea Proxima
598:
586:Isthmus of Suez
519:Sinai Peninsula
511:Anatolian Plate
487:
384:Eurasian Plates
344:Kaapvaal Craton
340:
320:
298:
208:
151:comprising the
56:
55:
52:
45:
42:
35:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1961:
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1951:
1950:
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1818:Eastern Africa
1815:
1810:
1805:
1791:
1789:
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1134:External links
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1068:Cloud, Preston
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1050:"Future World"
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773:180th meridian
768:
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712:
709:
708:
707:
697:
687:
677:
671:180th meridian
667:
655:
652:
647:
646:Extreme points
644:
601:Paleogeologist
597:
594:
491:Eurasian Plate
486:
483:
471:Zanclean Flood
447:Betic corridor
380:North American
339:
336:
328:supercontinent
310:Eurasian Plate
297:
294:
293:
292:
253:H.J. Mackinder
244:
224:
219:: a term from
207:
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169:compound words
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1797:Subcontinents
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1762:Kumari Kandam
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1300:South America
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1110:New Scientist
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1085:0-393-01952-7
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876:Europe portal
866:
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838:
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789:Mount Everest
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714:
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706:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
657:
653:
651:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:Ronald Blakey
602:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:Okhotsk Plate
552:
548:
547:Yangtze Plate
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Gulf of Aqaba
520:
516:
515:Arabian Plate
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:African Plate
492:
484:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Gibraltar Arc
448:
444:
443:Iranian Plate
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Iranian Plate
424:
420:
419:Arabian Plate
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:African Plate
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Arabian Plate
303:
302:African Plate
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:British Isles
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
225:
222:
218:
217:
213:
212:
211:
206:Related terms
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
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127:
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116:
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109:
105:
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97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
50:
40:
30:
23:
1913:Afro-Eurasia
1856:
1795:
1781:
1745:hypothesised
1735:
1703:
1621:
1552:Kazakhstania
1527:Congo Craton
1481:
1417:Prehistoric
1416:
1375:
1360:
1345:
1338:Afro-Eurasia
1337:
1330:
1292:
1277:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1217:
1202:
1121:28 September
1119:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1108:
1098:
1089:
1074:. New York:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:The Atlantic
1026:
1001:
989:
978:
969:
930:
804:
786:
769:
750:South Africa
746:Cape Agulhas
728:Cape Fligeli
695:South Africa
691:Cape Agulhas
661:Cape Dezhnev
649:
599:
571:
535:Indian Plate
499:Somali Plate
488:
477:through the
416:
400:Indian Plate
394:remained in
354:and western
341:
321:
318:Somali Plate
261:geopolitical
248:World Island
246:
226:
214:
209:
185:
144:
140:
137:Afro-Eurasia
136:
135:
103:Dependencies
20:Afro-Eurasia
1719:Novopangaea
1587:South China
1567:North China
862:Asia portal
761:Santo Antão
718:Big Diomede
620:Novopangaea
578:land bridge
557:, with the
543:Sunda Plate
539:Burma Plate
489:Today, the
459:desiccation
374:around 200
141:Afroeurasia
1907:Categories
1855:See also:
1757:Hyperborea
1747:continents
1682:Seychelles
1667:Madagascar
1647:Doggerland
1542:Euramerica
1497:Asiamerica
1225:Antarctica
1178:Continents
961:References
809:, between
793:Qomolangma
765:Cape Verde
582:Suez Canal
551:Amur Plate
449:along the
441:chains of
390:while the
348:Madagascar
324:continents
275:, and the
273:Madagascar
153:continents
145:Eurafrasia
111:Time zones
69:Population
1828:Greenland
1692:Zealandia
1657:Jan Mayen
1642:Cathaysia
1562:Laurentia
1557:Laramidia
1547:Kalaharia
1502:Atlantica
1435:Kenorland
1255:Australia
955:Eurafrica
945:Afro-Asia
783:Elevation
752:. If the
455:Messinian
410:with the
404:Himalayas
366:around 3
237:New World
228:Old World
177:New World
173:Old World
119:UTC+12:00
115:UTC−01:00
95:Countries
1886:Category
1752:Atlantis
1737:Mythical
1672:Mauritia
1637:Beringia
1522:Cimmeria
1517:Chilenia
1507:Avalonia
1487:Amazonia
1470:Vaalbara
1455:Pannotia
1440:Laurasia
1430:Gondwana
1425:Columbia
1353:Americas
1070:(1988).
820:See also
807:Dead Sea
654:Mainland
640:Americas
636:Atlantic
608:drifting
529:via the
396:Gondwana
388:Laurasia
360:Vaalbara
255:in his "
241:Americas
181:Americas
149:landmass
53:Flat map
1772:Meropis
1767:Lemuria
1582:Siberia
1532:Cuyania
1512:Baltica
1492:Arctica
1460:Rodinia
1450:Pangaea
1383:Oceania
1368:Eurasia
1034:22 July
950:Eurasia
705:Senegal
632:Pacific
584:at the
574:Eurasia
565:in the
485:Present
461:of the
431:Miocene
372:Pangaea
296:Geology
239:of the
216:Ecumene
147:) is a
125:Part of
86:Demonym
1808:Arabia
1803:Alaska
1743:, and
1714:Aurica
1709:Amasia
1572:Pampia
1270:Europe
1210:Africa
1082:
815:Jordan
811:Israel
740:Russia
722:Russia
685:Russia
675:Russia
665:Russia
626:, and
624:Amasia
596:Future
590:Sicily
527:Levant
465:, the
439:Zagros
435:Alborz
378:, the
316:, and
289:Europe
287:, and
281:Africa
267:, the
165:Europe
163:, and
157:Africa
139:(also
1687:Sunda
1677:Sahul
1627:lands
1577:Sahul
1182:Earth
801:Nepal
797:China
408:fused
200:Earth
129:Earth
1741:lost
1629:and
1445:Nena
1240:Asia
1123:2009
1080:ISBN
1036:2014
813:and
799:and
771:The
553:and
513:and
493:and
437:and
417:The
382:and
338:Past
285:Asia
161:Asia
143:and
61:Area
1180:of
791:or
362:or
202:.
183:.
155:of
98:147
1909::
1777:Mu
1739:,
1465:Ur
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1088:.
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1013:^
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738:,
734:,
730:,
720:,
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683:,
673:,
663:,
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622:,
592:.
569:.
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545:,
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509:,
481:.
414:.
364:Ur
334:.
312:,
308:,
304:,
283:,
271:,
159:,
117:–
106:17
1625:/
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1156:v
1143:.
1125:.
1056:.
1038:.
983:.
291:.
243:.
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