1268:
images. The strongly
Christian identity of post-Roman society in Northwest Africa is exemplified in the later instances of Northwest African lamps, on which scenes of Christian images like saints, crosses, and biblical figures became commonly articulated topics. Traditional mythological symbols had enduring popularity as well, which can be traced back to Northwest Africa's Punic heritage. Many of the early Northwest African lamps that have been excavated, especially those of high quality, have the name of the manufacturer inscribed on the base, which gives evidence of a highly competitive and thriving local market that developed early and continued to influence and bolster the economy.
126:
36:
531:
3716:
2277:
1204:
457:
1224:
tied to the agrarian spheres of production. As Rome's population grew, so did her demand for
Northwest African produce. This flourishing trade allowed the Northwest African provinces to increase artisan production in rapidly developing cities, making them highly organized urban centers. Many Roman cities shared both consumer and producer model city aspects, as artisanal activity was directly related to the economic role cities played in long-distance trade networks.
1193:
1128:
1264:
production process took several stages. The decorative motifs were created using small individual molds, and were then added as appliqué to a plain archetype of the lamp. The embellished lamp was then used to make two plaster half molds, one lower half and one upper half mold, and multiple copies were then able to be mass-produced. Decorative motifs ranged according to the lamp's function and to popular taste.
317:
1144:
278:
1293:
trace distribution patterns from their source through the regions and across the
Mediterranean. Some major ARS centers in central Tunisia are Sidi Marzouk Tounsi, Henchir el-Guellal (Djilma), and Henchir es-Srira, all of which have ARS lamp artifacts attributed to them by the microscopic chemical makeup of the clay fabric as well as macroscopic style prevalent in that region.
565:, the two provinces were unified, possibly in 35 BC, in consequence of border conflicts: governors of the province won three triumphs between 34 and 28 BC. Further expansion of the province continued under the emperor Augustus, with conflicts recorded through to AD 6. By 27 BC, Africa was assigned as one of the senatorial provinces in the
303:
1159:
1284:
ARS ware was produced from the last third of the 1st century AD onwards, and was of major importance in the mid-to-late Roman periods. Famous in antiquity as "fine" or high-quality tableware, it was distributed both regionally and throughout the
Mediterranean basin along well-established and heavily
1259:
manufacture, as a crucial industry. Lamps provided the most common form of illumination in Rome. They were used for public and private lighting, as votive offerings in temples, lighting at festivals, and as grave goods. As the craft developed and increased in quality and craftsmanship, the
Northwest
1292:
These characteristic pottery lamps were produced in large quantities by efficiently organized production centers with large-scale manufacturing abilities. They can be attributed to specific pottery-making centers in northern and central
Tunisia by way of chemical analysis, allowing archeologists to
1227:
The urban population became increasingly engaged in the craft and service sectors and less in agrarian employment, until a significant portion of the town's vitality came from the sale or trade of products through middlemen to markets in areas both rural and abroad. The changes that occurred in the
1223:
The incorporation of colonial cities into the Roman Empire brought an unparalleled degree of urbanization to vast areas of territory, particularly in
Northwest Africa. This level of rapid urbanization had a structural impact on the town economy, and artisan production in Roman cities became closely
1104:
The willing acceptance of Roman citizenship by members of the ruling class in
African cities produced such Roman Africans as the comic poet Terence, the rhetorician Fronto of Cirta, the jurist Salvius Julianus of Hadrumetum, the novelist Apuleius of Madauros, the emperor Septimius Severus of Leptis
1267:
Ornate patterning of squares and circles were later added to the shoulder with a stylus, as well as palm trees, small fish, animals, and flower patterns. The discus was reserved for conventional scenes of gods, goddesses, mythological subjects, scenes from daily life, erotic scenes, and natural
1296:
Local pottery markets fueled the economy of not only the towns, but the entire region and supported markets abroad. Certain vessel forms, fabrics, and decorative techniques like rouletting, appliqué, and stamped décor, are specific for a certain region and even for a certain pottery center. If
1263:
The innovative use of molds around the 1st century BC allowed for a much greater variety of shapes and decorative style, and the skill of the lamp maker was demonstrated by the quality of the decoration found typically on the flat top of the lamp, or discus, and the outer rim, or shoulder. The
1215:
The prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. Called the "granary of the empire", Northwest Africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. By the 2nd
1288:
Initially, the ARS lamp designs imitated the simple design of 3rd- to 4th-century courseware lamps, often with globules on the shoulder or with fluted walls. More ornate designs appeared before the early 5th century as demand spurred on the creative process. The development and widespread
1228:
infrastructure for agricultural processing, like olive oil and wine production, as trade continued to develop both cities and commerce directly influenced the volume of artisan production. The scale, quality, and demand for these products reached its acme in Roman
Northwest Africa.
1297:
neither form nor decoration of the material is identifiable, it is possible to trace an item using chemical analysis, not just to a certain region but even to its place of production by comparing its makeup to a matrix of important northeastern and central
Tunisian potteries.
1045:
The Roman military presence of Northwest Africa was relatively small, consisting of about 28,000 troops and auxiliaries in Numidia and the two Mauretanian provinces. Starting in the 2nd century AD, these garrisons were manned mostly by local inhabitants. A sizable
1216:
century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery such as
1065:, said that "What made the Berbers accept the Roman way of life all the more readily was that the Romans, though a colonizing people who captured their lands by the might of their arms, did not display any racial exclusiveness and were remarkably tolerant of
1105:
Magna, the Christians Tertullian and Cyprian of Carthage, and Arnobius of Sicca and his pupil Lactantius; the angelic doctor Augustine of Thagaste, the epigrammatist Luxorius of Vandal Carthage, and perhaps the biographer Suetonius, and the poet Dracontius.
1073:. However, the Roman territory in Africa was unevenly penetrated by Roman culture. Pockets of non-Romanized Berbers continued to exist throughout the Roman period, even such as in the rural areas of the deeply romanised regions of Tunisia and Numidia."
1034:
1841:
1793:
Mackensen, Michael; Schneider, Gerwulf (2015). "Production centres of African Red Slip ware (2nd-3rd c.) in northern and central Tunisia: archaeological provenance and reference groups based on chemical analysis".
1276:
After a period of artisanal, political, and social decline in the 3rd century AD, lamp-making revived and accelerated. The introduction of fine local red-fired clays in the late 4th century triggered this revival.
3805:
3740:
3735:
1836:
Reforesting Roman Africa: Woodland Resources, Worship, and Colonial Erasures. Matthew M. McCarty. The Journal of Roman Studies, Volume 112, November 2022, pp. 105 - 141. Published online 04 July 2022. DOI:
3760:
2319:
3770:
678:, a priest of Egypt). Towards the end of the 5th century, the Vandal state fell into decline, abandoning most of the interior territories to the Mauri and other Berber tribes of the region.
1842:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/reforesting-roman-africa-woodland-resources-worship-and-colonial-erasures/474CBE535CDD521775945765400D8393
3642:
3615:
1861:
Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (180-235 n. Chr.): prosopographische Untersuchungen zur senatorischen Elite im römischen Kaiserreich
2312:
2016:
3646:
3547:
3522:
3621:
542:
attempted to reunify the smaller kingdoms. However, upon his death, much of Jugurtha's territory was placed in the control of the Berber Mauritanian client king
3631:
3593:
3589:
513:, which had fought on the side of the Romans in the war, was formed as the administrative capital. The remaining territory was left in the domain of the Berber
3715:
2276:
3684:
3680:
3604:
3600:
1305:
Pine forests, with a herb layer of grasses, were widespread and economically significant, especially in the humid zone, the northeast of modern Tunisia (the
3611:
3581:
2305:
1454:
1242:
The Northwest African provinces spanned across regions rich with olive plantations and potters' clay sources, which led to the early development of fine
3585:
3502:
3452:
3557:
3665:
3661:
3552:
1285:
trafficked trade routes. Northwest Africa's economy flourished as its products were dispersed and demand for its products dramatically increased.
1097:
1084:. Roman Africans enjoyed a high level of prosperity. This prosperity (and romanisation) touched partially even the populations living outside the
3795:
3765:
3755:
697:
in triumph and re-established Roman rule over the province. The restored Roman administration was successful in fending off the attacks of the
3532:
1869:
1774:
1692:
3636:
3626:
2009:
57:
663:. The Vandals controlled the country as a warrior-elite but faced strong resistance from the native Berbers. The Vandals also persecuted
3676:
3562:
3800:
3705:
3695:
3671:
3577:
3572:
3537:
3527:
2825:
566:
3542:
3810:
3785:
3690:
3657:
3482:
3472:
2974:
1944:
1918:
1508:
1372:
644:
79:
3745:
3700:
3477:
3492:
3790:
3775:
3512:
3496:
3399:
2650:
2002:
713:
3507:
3488:
1050:-speaking population developed that was multinational in background, sharing the northwest African region with those speaking
2718:
2642:
2631:
1011:
751:
717:
3652:
2383:
established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
3445:
2785:
2419:
1481:
1329:
was also practiced on forested land. Olive plantations were also widespread, usually on land previously forested, and the
1003:
701:
desert tribes, and by means of an extensive fortification network managed to extend its rule once again to the interior.
3517:
3222:
2328:
2221:
1260:
African creations began to rival their Italian and Grecian models and eventually surpassed them in merit and in demand.
1070:
486:
3567:
2705:
2099:
50:
44:
125:
2206:
2297:
553:, Caesar created a new African province from territory taken from the Numidians. The original province was called
2902:
2844:
2655:
2129:
194:
61:
3438:
3242:
3227:
3051:
2780:
2727:
2723:
2685:
2617:
2438:
2266:
2256:
2139:
2104:
2084:
2064:
1633:
1066:
747:
744:
414:
to facilitate shipping. Carthage, rising to prominence in the 8th century BC, became the predominant of these.
233:
1610:. Vol. 1. Translated by John Pory. New York Franklin. p. 22 (A General Description of all Africa).
3046:
2993:
2930:
2770:
2589:
2559:
2211:
2196:
2134:
2039:
1361:
1077:
911:
743:
After 640, the exarchate managed to stave off the Muslim Conquest, but in 698, the Muslim Umayyad army from
3252:
2695:
2579:
2184:
2044:
1652:
A Dictionary of Ancient Geography: Explaining the Local Appellations in Sacred, Grecian, and Roman History
1477:
1414:
3267:
3036:
2849:
2775:
2368:
2079:
1974:
Dick Whittaker, "Ethnic discourses on the frontiers of Roman Africa", in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.),
1404:
1243:
971:
523:. At this time, the Roman policy in Africa was simply to prevent another great power from rising on the
1978:(Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), pp. 189–206.
1503:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 590–91.
550:
530:
2690:
3750:
3405:
2922:
2574:
2406:
2376:
2216:
2109:
1353:
1337:
1306:
1015:
918:
639:
The region remained a part of the Roman empire until the Germanic migrations of the 5th century. The
1629:
1497:
Whittaker, CR (1996). "Roman Africa: Augustus to Vespasian". In Bowman, Alan K; et al. (eds.).
1289:
distribution of ARS finewares marks the most distinctive phase of Northwest African pottery-making.
3411:
3366:
3184:
3174:
2836:
2665:
2612:
2607:
2380:
2114:
2089:
1334:
721:
465:
220:
160:
1889:
Segni e immagini del potere tra antico e tardoantico: I Severi e la provincia Africa proconsularis
1203:
3262:
3237:
3144:
3119:
3008:
2892:
2742:
2554:
2351:
2201:
2159:
2154:
1891:. Seconda edizione rivista ed aggiornata (Catania: Prisma, 2007) (Testi e studi di storia antica)
1819:
1736:
1554:
1486:. Vol. VIII, Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. Cambridge University Press. p. 144.
1357:
1344:, and many lesser monuments elsewhere, are evidence of the importance of forests to local trade.
562:
1127:
1994:
1573:
1058:. Imperial security forces began to be drawn from the local population, including the Berbers.
456:
3389:
3096:
3086:
3081:
2985:
2955:
2752:
2602:
2493:
2483:
2458:
2453:
2286:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
2246:
2241:
2169:
2164:
1940:
1914:
1865:
1811:
1770:
1728:
1688:
1660:
1646:
1611:
1546:
1504:
1469:
1409:
1007:
725:
620:
500:
411:
168:
1656:
1444:
1281:
ware (ARS), or African Terra Sigillata, revolutionized the pottery and lamp-making industry.
3325:
3320:
3277:
3232:
3139:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2812:
2549:
2541:
2174:
2144:
1803:
1720:
1585:
1394:
1278:
1247:
1237:
1217:
1110:
1055:
999:
773:
660:
496:
367:
283:
3780:
3305:
3295:
3202:
3154:
3109:
3028:
2950:
2935:
2854:
2597:
2501:
2473:
2448:
2430:
2059:
1711:
Wilson, Andrew (2013). "Urban Production in the Roman World: the View from North Africa".
1382:
1251:
1192:
1132:
504:
371:
181:
1139:, 136 AD. An allegory of Africa wearing an elephant headdress is depicted on the reverse.
628:), which generally includes the areas mentioned, was also known by the Romans (Pliny) as
3461:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3247:
3192:
3003:
2897:
2869:
2859:
2737:
2526:
2521:
2478:
2468:
2149:
2069:
2025:
1962:
The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier
1028:
737:
667:
510:
492:
399:
363:
355:
296:
164:
146:
142:
106:
102:
1766:
From Hannibal to Saint Augustine: Ancient Art of North Africa from the Musée Du Louvre
3729:
3197:
3149:
3114:
3104:
3013:
2713:
2516:
2511:
2463:
2443:
2372:
2356:
2094:
2074:
2054:
1823:
1740:
1603:
1473:
1449:
1314:
1014:, from Diocletianic provincial reforms to Vandalic conquest, i.e. during the rule of
387:
1650:
17:
3395:
3212:
3207:
3159:
2945:
2912:
2907:
2732:
2506:
2384:
2119:
1388:
1170:
1143:
949:
690:
664:
473:
442:
418:
207:
110:
1859:
1764:
1682:
1574:"On the origins of Africa proconsularis, III : the era of the Cereres again"
1498:
3418:
3290:
3257:
3169:
3124:
2998:
2940:
2261:
2190:
2124:
1399:
1085:
843:
517:
422:
2391:
and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
1333:
residue after oil extraction was also locally important as fuel. The temple of
3285:
3129:
2531:
2360:
2287:
1807:
1724:
1151:
1089:
792:
686:
581:
520:
430:
138:
1815:
1732:
1615:
1550:
728:. The Exarchate prospered, and from it resulted the overthrow of the emperor
685:, using a Vandal dynastic dispute as pretext, sent an army under the general
3071:
2960:
2569:
2564:
2179:
1838:
1589:
786:
733:
682:
593:
574:
543:
407:
403:
1989:
1664:
1076:
By the end of the Western Roman Empire nearly all of the Maghreb was fully
1158:
3164:
3134:
3056:
2765:
2680:
2388:
1377:
1322:
1318:
1256:
956:
779:
694:
671:
656:
633:
598:
539:
438:
426:
310:
3361:
3217:
3076:
3018:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2236:
1558:
1534:
1458:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 359.
1326:
1208:
1196:
1166:
1147:
1136:
1038:
807:
705:
698:
652:
640:
603:
524:
514:
461:
450:
391:
379:
375:
343:
335:
736:
in 610. Heraclius briefly considered moving the imperial capital from
417:
Africa was one of the wealthiest provinces in the western part of the
3371:
2251:
2231:
2226:
1341:
1330:
1185:
1093:
729:
709:
648:
446:
434:
359:
1443:
3417: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
546:; and, by that time, the romanisation of Africa was firmly rooted.
3430:
3066:
3061:
3041:
1174:
1157:
1142:
1051:
1047:
1033:
994: Roman 'direct' control, i.e. excluding vassal/client states.
675:
611:
529:
455:
383:
339:
2781:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
491:
Rome's first province in northern Africa was established by the
3434:
3350:
2810:
2404:
2340:
2301:
1998:
1976:
Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition
29:
1763:
Baratte, François (1994). Brouillet, Monique Seefried (ed.).
1211:
Red Slip dish with simple rouletted decoration, 4th century
2375:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
1788:
1786:
1307:
areas known as the Tell and parts of the Dorsal mountains
390:. The territory was originally and still is inhabited by
3806:
States and territories disestablished in the 5th century
3741:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
3736:
States and territories established in the 2nd century BC
398:
indigenous to all of North Africa west of Egypt. In the
1472:(1989). "Roman expansion in the West". In J. A. Crook;
1313:, land used for non-agricultural exploitation. Timber,
754:, ending Roman and Christian rule in Northwest Africa.
464:(ruled 117–138 AD), showing, in northern Africa, the
374:. It roughly comprised the territory of present-day
3761:
2nd-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
3276:
3183:
3095:
3027:
2984:
2973:
2921:
2883:
2835:
2824:
2751:
2704:
2641:
2630:
2588:
2540:
2492:
2429:
2418:
331:
230:
217:
204:
191:
178:
156:
134:
96:
1937:Between Sahara and sea: Africa in the Roman Empire
3771:5th-century disestablishments in the Roman Empire
610:(corresponding to southern Tunisia and northwest
643:crossed into Northwest Africa from Spain in 429
1687:. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 35–37.
1102:
429:, other large settlements in the province were
1894:Elizabeth Fentress, "Romanizing the Berbers,"
1769:. Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University.
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1684:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
670:and Berbers, as the Vandals were adherents of
362:. It was established in 146 BC, following the
130:The province of Africa within the Roman Empire
3446:
3398:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
2313:
2010:
1706:
1704:
1325:, and charcoal would all have been produced.
1199:Red Slip flagons and vases, 2nd–4th centuries
764:
584:'s administrative reforms, it was split into
8:
3421:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
1939:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1913:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1531:to 27 BC. This is no longer believed.
1523:Older scholarship dated the unification of
1340:, a god of commerce related to forests, in
936:
928:
909:
906:
893:
879:
865:
862:
836:
819:
801:
693:, Belisarius defeated the Vandals, entered
3453:
3439:
3431:
3347:
2981:
2832:
2821:
2807:
2638:
2426:
2415:
2401:
2337:
2320:
2306:
2298:
2017:
2003:
1995:
358:on the northern coast of the continent of
124:
93:
2355:. Provincial administration reformed and
1905:(Princeton, PUP, 2010), pp. 197–222.
1839:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075435822000338
647:and founded their own kingdom, including
410:built settlements along the coast of the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2329:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
1911:A companion to North Africa in antiquity
1533:Fishwick, Duncan; Shaw, Brent D (1977).
1437:
1435:
1202:
1191:
1126:
1032:
761:
43:This article includes a list of general
1964:(New York and London, Routledge, 2003).
1535:"The formation of Africa proconsularis"
1431:
1098:Roman expeditions to Sub-Saharan Africa
133:
1630:Africa – Roman Territory, North Africa
1115:The North African Stones Speak (1969)
1037:The amphitheatre of Thysdrus (modern
577:rather than a legate of the emperor.
495:in 146 BC, following its conquest of
472:(E. Algeria/Tunisia/Tripolitania). 1
250:
246:
229:
216:
203:
190:
177:
173:
151:
7:
2026:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
1713:Papers of the British School at Rome
765:Evolution of the province of Africa
674:(the semi-trinitarian doctrines of
534:Roman Province of Africa in 146 BC.
1163:Triumph of Poseidon and Amphitrite
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1903:Rethinking the Other in Antiquity
1608:History and Description of Africa
1373:List of Roman governors of Africa
1321:and waterproof ships), firewood,
1082:The Provinces of the Roman Empire
998:Mauretania Tingitana belonged to
944:
925:
903:
890:
876:
859:
833:
816:
798:
769:
557:with the newer province suffixed
3714:
2761:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
2387:in c. 640–660, although in
2275:
1500:The Augustan empire, 43 BC–AD 69
618:, all of which were part of the
614:) to the south and southeast of
460:The Roman empire in the time of
315:
301:
276:
34:
2371:established after the death of
1655:. London: G. Robinson. p.
1309:). Many areas are described as
1071:borrowed from the Carthaginians
979:
976:
969:
966:
961:
954:
947:
939:
931:
916:
841:
714:Praetorian prefecture of Africa
569:and eventually became known as
538:In 118 BC, the Numidian prince
219:• Reorganization into the
206:• Byzantine reconquest by
2719:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
2643:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
1858:Leunissen, Paul M. M. (1989).
1442:Babelon, Ernest C. F. (1911).
1301:Forests, economy, and religion
1080:, according to Mommsen in his
1012:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
718:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
710:the Roman possessions in Spain
27:Roman province in north Africa
1:
3796:Provinces of the Roman Empire
3766:5th-century disestablishments
3756:2nd-century BC establishments
2786:Tripolitania (Roman province)
2364:
1483:The Cambridge Ancient History
1178:
1004:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul
180:• Established after the
1990:Roman Africa at www.unrv.com
1935:Mattingly, David J. (2023).
1898:, 190 (2006), pp. 3–33.
1796:Journal of Roman Archaeology
1681:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987).
1620:(reprinted from London 1896)
1606:(1974). Robert Brown (ed.).
487:History of Roman-era Tunisia
3394: Re-established after
2706:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
1909:Hitchner, R. Bruce (2022).
645:and overran the area by 439
437:, Tunisia), the capital of
382:, and the coast of western
195:Vandal Conquest of Carthage
3827:
1864:. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben.
1351:
1235:
1026:
716:, this time separate from
602:(corresponding to eastern
592:, as it was governed by a
484:
3801:Roman provinces in Africa
3712:
3468:
3384:
3367:Quaestura exercitus (536)
3357:
3346:
2820:
2806:
2414:
2400:
2347:
2336:
2284:
2273:
2035:
1969:African states and rulers
1957:, 3rd ed. (London, 1993).
1808:10.1017/S1047759400006322
1725:10.1017/S0068246200002166
1572:Fishwick, Duncan (1996).
1096:), who were reached with
898:
885:
882:
828:
806:
784:
772:
708:provinces, together with
588:(which retained the name
255:
251:
247:
243:
174:
152:
123:
116:
101:
3811:Tunisia in the Roman era
3786:Algeria in the Roman era
3243:Palaestina III Salutaris
2439:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
2065:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
1887:Orietta Dora Cordovana,
1634:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1117:, UNC Press, 2000, p.326
1069:, be they indigenous or
1063:A History of the Maghrib
977:Mauretania Caesariensis
937:Mauretania Caesariensis
712:, were grouped into the
689:to recover Africa. In a
394:, known in Latin as the
3746:Africa (Roman province)
3643:Mauretania Caesariensis
3410: Placed under the
2771:Mauretania Caesariensis
2590:Diocese of the Britains
2212:Mauretania Caesariensis
1669:Carthago, inis, Romans.
1590:10.3406/antaf.1996.1248
1455:Encyclopædia Britannica
1362:Archdiocese of Carthage
1272:African Terra Sigillata
912:Mauretania Caesariensis
752:conquered the Exarchate
573:, as it was ruled by a
64:more precise citations.
3791:Libya in the Roman era
3776:140s BC establishments
3616:Hispania Tarraconensis
3253:Phoenice II Libanensis
2956:Macedonia II Salutaris
2369:praetorian prefectures
2331:(4th–7th centuries AD)
2185:Hispania Tarraconensis
1415:Byzantine North Africa
1212:
1200:
1189:
1155:
1140:
1120:
1067:Berber religious cults
1042:
535:
477:
2975:Praetorian prefecture
2850:Noricum mediterraneum
2826:Praetorian prefecture
2776:Mauretania Sitifensis
2671:Picenum Suburbicarium
2632:Praetorian prefecture
2420:Praetorian prefecture
2367: 293. Permanent
1578:Antiquités africaines
1476:; M. W. Frederiksen;
1445:"Africa, Roman"
1405:Roman roads in Africa
1244:Ancient Roman pottery
1206:
1195:
1161:
1146:
1130:
1036:
980:Mauretania Tingitana
972:Mauretania Sitifensis
940:Mauretania Tingitana
929:Africa Proconsularis
907:Africa Proconsularis
720:, and transferred to
533:
485:Further information:
459:
3647:Mauretania Tingitana
3543:Corsica and Sardinia
3483:Africa proconsularis
3406:Diocese of Illyricum
3400:Prefecture of Africa
3155:Galatia II Salutaris
2923:Diocese of Macedonia
2813:Eastern Roman Empire
2575:Mauretania Tingitana
2407:Western Roman Empire
2217:Mauretania Tingitana
2110:Corsica and Sardinia
2050:Africa proconsularis
1354:Early African Church
1184:–325 AD, now at the
1016:Western Roman Empire
919:Mauretania Tingitana
895:Africa Proconsularis
606:) to its south, and
590:Africa Proconsularis
571:Africa proconsularis
567:Augustan settlements
470:Africa Proconsularis
97:Africa Proconsularis
18:Africa Proconsularis
3548:Crete and Cyrenaica
3523:Bithynia and Pontus
3412:Quaestura exercitus
3185:Diocese of the East
3175:Pontus Polemoniacus
2837:Diocese of Pannonia
2666:Lucania et Bruttium
2613:Maxima Caesariensis
2608:Flavia Caesariensis
2115:Crete and Cyrenaica
2090:Bithynia and Pontus
1255:tableware and clay
1169:, detail of a vast
1165:showing the couple
1018:in a broader sense.
872:Western Mauretania
869:Eastern Mauretania
855:Western Mauretania
852:Eastern Mauretania
770:Pre-Roman Conquest
722:Exarchate of Africa
681:In AD 533, Emperor
608:Africa Tripolitania
466:senatorial province
402:, Semitic-speaking
378:, the northeast of
161:Classical antiquity
3632:Lycia et Pamphylia
3594:Gallia Narbonensis
3590:Gallia Lugdunensis
3263:Syria II Salutaris
3120:Armenian Satrapies
2893:Dacia Mediterranea
2815:(395–c. 640)
2743:Venetia et Histria
2651:Apulia et Calabria
2352:Notitia Dignitatum
2202:Lycia et Pamphylia
2180:Hispania Lusitania
2160:Gallia Narbonensis
2155:Gallia Lugdunensis
1929:Roman North Africa
1896:Past & Present
1470:Harris, William V.
1358:Church of Carthage
1232:Pottery production
1213:
1201:
1190:
1156:
1141:
1061:Abun-Nasr, in his
1043:
563:Second Triumvirate
551:Caesar's civil war
536:
478:
3723:
3722:
3685:Pannonia Superior
3681:Pannonia Inferior
3605:Germania Superior
3601:Germania Inferior
3428:
3427:
3390:Septem Provinciae
3380:
3379:
3352:Other territories
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3125:Armenia III (536)
3097:Diocese of Pontus
3087:Phrygia Salutaris
3082:Phrygia Pacatiana
2986:Diocese of Thrace
2969:
2968:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2753:Diocese of Africa
2626:
2625:
2494:Diocese of Vienne
2484:Maxima Sequanorum
2396:
2395:
2295:
2294:
2247:Pannonia Superior
2242:Pannonia Inferior
2170:Germania Superior
2165:Germania Inferior
2029:
1960:Duane R. Roller,
1871:978-90-6053-028-3
1776:978-0-9638169-1-7
1694:978-0-521-33767-0
1410:Kingdom of Africa
1008:Diocese of Africa
984:
983:
785:Western Numidia (
778:Eastern Numidia (
706:northwest African
636:was the capital.
621:Dioecesis Africae
561:. But during the
501:Scipio Aemilianus
425:. In addition to
421:, second only to
412:Mediterranean Sea
349:
348:
327:
326:
323:
322:
289:
288:
169:Early Middle Ages
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
3818:
3718:
3612:Hispania Baetica
3582:Gallia Aquitania
3455:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3404: Later the
3388: Later the
3348:
3326:Thebais Inferior
3321:Thebais Superior
3278:Diocese of Egypt
3268:Theodorias (528)
3130:Armenia IV (536)
2982:
2885:Diocese of Dacia
2875:Valeria ripensis
2833:
2822:
2808:
2691:Tuscia et Umbria
2639:
2542:Diocese of Spain
2427:
2416:
2402:
2366:
2349:As found in the
2338:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2279:
2175:Hispania Baetica
2145:Gallia Aquitania
2027:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1950:
1924:
1901:Erich S. Gruen,
1875:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1745:
1744:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1643:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1447:
1439:
1395:Fossatum Africae
1279:African Red Slip
1248:African Red Slip
1238:African Red Slip
1218:African Red Slip
1207:A typical plain
1183:
1180:
1177:, Roman Africa (
1118:
1111:Paul MacKendrick
1056:Berber languages
1000:Diocese of Spain
993:
963:Africa Zeugitana
926:193 AD – 314 AD
849:Western Numidia
826:Western Numidia
823:Eastern Numidia
799:146 BC – 105 BC
762:
596:) in the north,
586:Africa Zeugitana
525:Northwest Africa
476:deployed in 125.
319:
318:
305:
304:
293:
292:
284:Ancient Carthage
280:
279:
273:
272:
257:
256:
234:Fall of Carthage
128:
94:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3710:
3666:Moesia Superior
3662:Moesia Inferior
3493:Alpes Maritimae
3464:
3462:Roman governors
3459:
3429:
3424:
3376:
3353:
3330:
3306:Augustamnica II
3272:
3179:
3091:
3029:Diocese of Asia
3023:
2976:
2965:
2951:Macedonia Prima
2917:
2879:
2855:Noricum ripense
2827:
2816:
2790:
2747:
2700:
2633:
2622:
2584:
2536:
2502:Alpes Maritimae
2488:
2474:Lugdunensis III
2431:Diocese of Gaul
2421:
2410:
2409:(395–476)
2392:
2359:established by
2343:
2332:
2326:
2296:
2291:
2280:
2271:
2232:Moesia Superior
2227:Moesia Inferior
2060:Alpes Maritimae
2031:
2023:
1986:
1981:
1947:
1934:
1927:Lennox Manton,
1921:
1908:
1883:
1881:Further reading
1878:
1872:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1831:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1762:
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1709:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1679:
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1644:
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1624:
1602:
1601:
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1570:
1566:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1383:African Romance
1369:
1364:
1352:Main articles:
1350:
1303:
1274:
1252:terra sigillata
1240:
1234:
1181:
1125:
1119:
1109:
1031:
1025:
995:
991:
957:Africa Byzacena
904:41 AD – 193 AD
817:105 BC – 46 BC
760:
748:sacked Carthage
616:Africa Byzacena
599:Africa Byzacena
505:Third Punic War
489:
483:
372:Third Punic War
366:'s conquest of
342:
338:
316:
302:
277:
236:
223:
210:
197:
184:
182:Third Punic War
129:
118:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
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3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
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3728:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3674:
3669:
3655:
3650:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3608:
3597:
3586:Gallia Belgica
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Arabia Petraea
3500:
3497:Alpes Poeninae
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Libya Inferior
3313:
3311:Libya Superior
3308:
3303:
3301:Augustamnica I
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Lycaonia (370)
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Dacia Ripensis
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Carthaginensis
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:Novempopulania
2524:
2522:Narbonensis II
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2479:Lugdunensis IV
2476:
2471:
2469:Lugdunensis II
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2398:
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2285:
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2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:Gallia Belgica
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Arabia Petraea
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:External links
1982:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1967:John Stewart,
1965:
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1955:Rome in Africa
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1545:(3): 369–380.
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1236:Main article:
1233:
1230:
1124:
1121:
1107:
1029:Roman Africans
1027:Main article:
1024:
1023:Roman Africans
1021:
1020:
1019:
1006:, rather than
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888:
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877:30 BC – 25 BC
874:
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861:
860:40 BC – 30 BC
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835:
834:46 BC – 40 BC
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738:Constantinople
691:short campaign
668:Roman Africans
630:Africa propria
624:. Old Africa (
493:Roman Republic
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479:
400:9th century BC
364:Roman Republic
356:Roman province
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3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:Alpes Cottiae
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Palaestina II
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Cappadocia II
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Armenia Maior
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Alpes Cottiae
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2580:Tarraconensis
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Narbonensis I
2515:
2513:
2512:Aquitanica II
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Lugdunensis I
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:Constantine I
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Alpes Cottiae
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:Susan Raven,
1952:
1948:
1946:9780472133451
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:9781444350012
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:Leo Africanus
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1510:0-521-26430-8
1506:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:R. M. Ogilvie
1475:
1474:F. W. Walbank
1471:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:, especially
1245:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:in procession
1164:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
986:
985:
974:
973:
964:
959:
958:
952:
951:
945:since 314 AD
943:
934:
924:
921:
920:
914:
913:
902:
896:
889:
880:Africa Vetus
875:
871:
868:
863:Africa Vetus
858:
854:
851:
848:
846:
845:
839:
832:
825:
822:
815:
811:
809:
804:
797:
794:
791:
788:
781:
777:
775:
768:
763:
757:
755:
753:
749:
746:
741:
740:to Carthage.
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
532:
528:
526:
522:
519:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
488:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Gulf of Sidra
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
341:
337:
334:
332:Today part of
330:
314:
312:
309:
308:
300:
298:
295:
294:
291:
285:
282:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
254:
242:
238:
235:
225:
222:
212:
209:
199:
196:
186:
183:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
148:
144:
140:
137:
127:
122:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
92:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3641:Mauretania (
3372:Spania (552)
3233:Palaestina I
3213:Euphratensis
3160:Helenopontus
3140:Cappadocia I
3047:Hellespontus
2946:Epirus Vetus
2913:Praevalitana
2828:of Illyricum
2760:
2618:Valentia (?)
2603:Britannia II
2507:Aquitanica I
2385:theme system
2350:
2189:
2049:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1936:
1928:
1910:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1860:
1832:
1799:
1795:
1765:
1716:
1712:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1651:
1641:
1625:
1607:
1598:
1584:(1): 13–36.
1581:
1577:
1567:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1499:
1492:
1482:
1464:
1453:
1389:Lex Manciana
1387:
1348:Christianity
1310:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1250:
1241:
1226:
1222:
1220:, and wool.
1214:
1162:
1114:
1103:
1088:(mainly the
1081:
1075:
1062:
1060:
1044:
970:
962:
955:
950:Tripolitania
948:
932:
917:
910:
894:
866:Africa Nova
842:
838:Africa Vetus
837:
802:
742:
703:
680:
665:Chalcedonian
638:
629:
626:Africa Vetus
625:
619:
615:
607:
597:
589:
585:
579:
570:
558:
555:Africa vetus
554:
548:
537:
509:
490:
469:
443:Hippo Regius
419:Roman Empire
416:
395:
351:
350:
266:Succeeded by
265:
260:
208:Vandalic War
111:Roman Empire
91:
76:
67:
48:
3751:Roman Libya
3653:Mesopotamia
3419:Justinian I
3291:Aegyptus II
3223:Mesopotamia
3170:Paphlagonia
2999:Haemimontus
2977:of the East
2941:Epirus Nova
2865:Pannonia II
2598:Britannia I
2459:Germania II
2290:'s reforms.
2222:Mesopotamia
1802:: 163–190.
1719:: 231–273.
1647:Macbean, A.
1525:Africa nova
1400:Roman limes
1086:Roman limes
899:Mauretania
886:Mauretania
844:Africa Nova
829:Mauretania
812:Mauretania
724:by Emperor
632:, of which
518:client king
404:Phoenicians
261:Preceded by
62:introducing
3730:Categories
3610:Hispania (
3599:Germania (
3533:Cappadocia
3396:reconquest
3286:Aegyptus I
3248:Phoenice I
3203:Cilicia II
3110:Armenia II
2860:Pannonia I
2532:Viennensis
2454:Germania I
2449:Belgica II
2389:Asia Minor
2361:Diocletian
2288:Diocletian
2100:Cappadocia
1421:References
1182: 315
1152:Mauretania
1150:, king of
1090:Garamantes
793:Mauretania
687:Belisarius
582:Diocletian
521:Massinissa
431:Hadrumetum
386:along the
139:Zama Regia
70:April 2016
45:references
3637:Macedonia
3627:Lusitania
3528:Britannia
3198:Cilicia I
3150:Galatia I
3105:Armenia I
3072:Pamphylia
3004:Moesia II
2961:Thessalia
2738:Raetia II
2570:Lusitania
2565:Gallaecia
2555:Balearica
2444:Belgica I
2207:Macedonia
2095:Britannia
1824:232344623
1816:1047-7594
1741:128875968
1733:0068-2462
1616:830857464
1551:0018-0777
1426:Citations
1323:pine nuts
1078:romanised
787:Masaesyli
758:Timetable
734:Heraclius
683:Justinian
661:Balearics
594:proconsul
575:proconsul
408:West Asia
221:Exarchate
3677:Pannonia
3563:Dalmatia
3478:Aegyptus
3165:Honorias
3135:Bithynia
2908:Moesia I
2903:Dardania
2845:Dalmatia
2766:Byzacena
2733:Raetia I
2681:Sardinia
2656:Campania
2634:of Italy
2357:dioceses
2130:Dalmatia
2045:Aegyptus
2028:(117 AD)
1649:(1773).
1480:(eds.).
1378:Ifriqiya
1367:See also
1319:amphorae
1257:oil lamp
1108:—
1092:and the
967:Numidia
883:Numidia
780:Massylii
774:Carthage
695:Carthage
672:Arianism
659:and the
657:Sardinia
634:Carthage
540:Jugurtha
515:Numidian
497:Carthage
445:(modern
439:Byzacena
433:(modern
427:Carthage
368:Carthage
311:Ifriqiya
147:Carthago
103:Province
3706:Thracia
3696:Sicilia
3672:Noricum
3573:Galatia
3538:Cilicia
3518:Assyria
3508:Armenia
3487:Alpes (
3362:Taurica
3296:Arcadia
3258:Syria I
3228:Osroene
3218:Isauria
3077:Pisidia
3052:Islands
3019:Thracia
3014:Scythia
3009:Rhodope
2728:Aemilia
2724:Liguria
2696:Valeria
2686:Sicilia
2676:Samnium
2661:Corsica
2550:Baetica
2422:of Gaul
2377:Ravenna
2342:History
2267:Thracia
2257:Sicilia
2237:Noricum
2140:Galatia
2105:Cilicia
2085:Assyria
2075:Armenia
1931:(1988).
1851:Sources
1665:6478604
1559:4476024
1452:(ed.).
1338:Silvius
1335:Mercury
1327:Grazing
1148:Juba II
1137:Hadrian
1123:Economy
1039:El Djem
933:Numidia
820:Africa
808:Numidia
726:Maurice
699:Amazigh
653:Corsica
641:Vandals
604:Tunisia
549:During
544:Bocchus
503:in the
481:History
462:Hadrian
451:Algeria
392:Berbers
380:Algeria
376:Tunisia
370:in the
344:Algeria
336:Tunisia
232:•
193:•
145:, then
135:Capital
119:534–698
105:of the
58:improve
3781:146 BC
3691:Raetia
3658:Moesia
3622:Judaea
3568:Epirus
3553:Cyprus
3473:Achaia
3414:in 536
3208:Cyprus
3193:Arabia
2994:Europa
2931:Achaea
2381:Africa
2252:Raetia
2197:Iudaea
2191:Italia
2135:Epirus
2120:Cyprus
2040:Achaia
1971:(2006)
1943:
1917:
1868:
1822:
1814:
1773:
1739:
1731:
1691:
1663:
1614:
1557:
1549:
1539:Hermes
1507:
1360:, and
1342:Dougga
1331:pomace
1311:saltus
1209:berber
1197:Berber
1186:Louvre
1171:mosaic
1131:Roman
1094:Getuli
1010:under
1002:under
992:
987:Legend
803:Africa
730:Phocas
649:Sicily
580:After
474:legion
447:Annaba
441:, and
435:Sousse
396:Mauri,
360:Africa
354:was a
352:Africa
200:439 AD
187:146 BC
47:, but
3701:Syria
3558:Dacia
3067:Lydia
3062:Lycia
3042:Caria
2936:Creta
2870:Savia
2262:Syria
2125:Dacia
1820:S2CID
1737:S2CID
1555:JSTOR
1529:vetus
1448:. In
1315:pitch
1175:Cirta
1173:from
1052:Punic
1048:Latin
745:Egypt
676:Arius
612:Libya
511:Utica
423:Italy
406:from
384:Libya
340:Libya
143:Utica
3683:and
3664:and
3645:and
3614:and
3603:and
3592:and
3578:Gaul
3513:Asia
3495:and
3037:Asia
2379:and
2080:Asia
1941:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1812:ISSN
1771:ISBN
1729:ISSN
1689:ISBN
1661:OCLC
1612:OCLC
1547:ISSN
1527:and
1505:ISBN
1054:and
750:and
704:The
559:nova
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