1956:, Harding's campaign manager responded, "no family in the state (of Ohio) has a clearer, a more honorable record than the Hardings', a blue-eyed stock from New England and Pennsylvania, the finest pioneer blood." "Many biographers have dismissed the rumors of Harding's mixed-race family as little more than a political scandal and Chancellor himself as a Democratic mudslinger and racist ideologue." According to Chancellor, Harding got his only academic degree from
2033:
1643:
2465:. These sources together claim six American Presidents who were believed to have had "Black blood": Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Dwight David Eisenhower. These sources, however, do not offer compelling empirical evidence to support their claims. A more empirically grounded source is the article titled "Harding was first 'black president'" that appeared in the
2047:
2021:'s mother was said to be of mixed blood from Africa and mulatto. This claim seems to be ultimately based on nothing more than her appearance on an 1885 wedding photograph. Historians and biographers of Eisenhower had documented his parents' German and Swiss German ancestry and long history in America. Some of his immigrant ancestors settled in Pennsylvania in 1741 and after, migrated west to Kansas.
1803:. Hazard interviewed Paris Gardiner, who said he was present during the 1796 presidential campaign, when one speaker states that Thomas Jefferson was a mean-spirited son of a half-breed Indian squaw and a Virginia mulatto father." An overlapping claim is that, in an 18th-century presidential campaign, someone speaking against Jefferson's candidacy and in favor of that of
1776:. Vaughn and BaKhufu have added little substantive research to their claims, but there have been more rumors of the potential African heritage of other presidents in the decades since Rogers published his pamphlet. These rumors are considered unsubstantiated and have not been acknowledged by historians.
3384:
Moor is a variant of Moore. Moore Name
Meaning and History: 1. English: from Middle English more 'moor', 'marsh', 'fen', 'area of uncultivated land' (Old English mor), hence a topographic name for someone who lived in such a place or a habitational name from any of the various places named with this
1807:
accused
Jefferson of being "half Injun, half nigger, half Frenchman" and born to a "mulatto father" or slave and "a half-breed Indian squaw", this birth to a mulatto and an Indian allegedly "well-known in the neighbourhood where he was raised" but otherwise unproven. These claims are based on damning
2644:. Vaughn's research shows Jefferson was not the only former black U.S. president. Who were the others? Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. But why was this unknown? How were they elected president? All five of these presidents never acknowledged their black ancestry.
2513:
This fall, America could elect its first black president, but according to some, the country has already had a black commander-in-chief. Over time, rumormongers and amateur historians have claimed that Andrew
Jackson, Thomas Jefferson, Warren Harding, Dwight Eisenhower, Calvin Coolidge, and Abraham
1856:
referred to an accusation that his "Mother ... held to public scorn as a prostitute who intermarried with a Negro, and ... eldest brother sold as a slave in
Carolina." Less specific was a rumor of Jackson having "colored blood", meaning having "Negro" ancestry; this rumor was unproven.
2639:
Were there other "black" presidents? Some historians have reason to believe people don't really understand the genealogy of past U.S. Presidents. Research shows at least five U.S. presidents had black ancestors and Thomas
Jefferson, the nation's third president, was considered the first black
3385:
word, as for example Moore in
Cheshire or More in Shropshire. 2. English: from Old French more 'Moor' (Latin maurus). The Latin term denoted a native of northwestern Africa, but in medieval England the word came to be used informally as a nickname for any swarthy or dark-skinned person.
2675:
Rumors about
Lincoln's racial heritage have been circulating for years, as well as other presidents' including Thomas Jefferson, Warren Harding and Dwight Eisenhower (here, here). These claims, however, are considered unsubstantiated and have not been acknowledged by historians (here,
1763:
Leroy
William Vaughn, and psychologist Auset BaKhufu. All base their theories chiefly on the work of J. A. Rogers, who apparently self-published a pamphlet in 1965 claiming that five presidents of the United States, widely accepted as white, also had African ancestry. Historian
1975:
on the subject, which he perhaps meant to be dismissive: "How do I know, Jim? One of my ancestors may have jumped the fence." However, while there are gaps in the historical record, studies of his family tree have not found evidence of an
African-American ancestor.
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1771:
Historians' and biographers' studies of these presidents have not supported such claims, and they lack empirical evidence. These authors are generally ignored by scholars. They have been classified as "rumormongers and amateur historians" as well as
1917:
described him as being "of ... the dirtiest complexion", as part of anti-abolitionist race-baiting. Rumors of
Lincoln's alleged black racial heritage are considered unsubstantiated and have not been acknowledged by historians.
2247:
1450:
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This article includes information on the African heritage of presidents of the United States, together with information on unsubstantiated claims that certain presidents of the United States had African ancestry. (All
1382:
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98:
2599:, who received his doctorate in sociology from Iowa State University. 'But we have six presidents whose parents — five mothers, one father — had black blood. But we never claimed that for these folks.'
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744:
1907:, Lincoln had "very dark skin" although "his cheeks were leathery and saffron-colored" and "his face was ... sallow," and "his hair was dark, almost black". Abraham Lincoln described himself
157:
109:
1944:
and that other blacks might be found in his family tree. Chancellor publicized rumors, based on supposed family research, but perhaps reflecting no more than local gossip. In an era when the "
1455:
1407:
2010:. People's surnames were often based on such landscape features when surnames became generally adopted in 14th century England. Moor/Moore is a common name in England, Scotland, and Ireland.
1417:
1412:
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1953:
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2408:"Virtually, all we know came from J.A. Rogers," said Dr. Vaughn, who based his chapter on black presidents on Mr. Rogers' research and that of Dr. Auset Bakhufu. Dr. Bakhufu's 1993 book
1792:
was of mixed-race ancestry. The academic consensus does not support such claims. In her recent analyses of historical evidence about the Hemings and Jeffersons, for example, the scholar
2060:
1397:
300:
141:
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79:
1895:, a rumor "current in various forms in several sections of the South" was that Lincoln's biological father was Abraham Enloe, which Barton dismissed as "false". According to
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1387:
2595:'(I)f we go with George Washington as our first (American president), then Obama would be No. 7,' said Terrell, department chairman and associate professor of sociology at
1422:
1302:
2741:(N.Y.: Hill & Wang (American Century ser.), 1st Am. Century ser. edn September 1960, 3rd printing November 1963, copyright 1926 (apparently )), p. 141, citing
1831:
as one frequently repeated, but it is attributed in written sources to the 1800 rather than the 1796 election campaign and clearly is one made by political opponents.
1839:, in his essay "Thomas Jefferson, The Gentle Radical," discusses various portrayals of Jefferson by his political enemies, and mentions that "the Jonnycake [
1983:
of Harding's descendants determined, with more than a 95% percent chance of accuracy, that he lacked sub-Saharan African forebears within four previous generations.
618:
1903:
allegedly fought him, biting off a piece of his nose. Another claim was that Lincoln was "part Negro", but that was unproven. According to Lincoln's law partner
1657:
1558:
305:
177:
31:
1723:, who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017, had an African father and an American mother of mostly European ancestry. His father,
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1676:
2158:
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has written that Rogers' pamphlet "would get the 'Black History Wishful Thinking Prize,' hands down". Vaughn's and BaKhufu's books were also self-published.
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1592:
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was a successful planter and surveyor and his mother Jane Randolph a member of one of Virginia's most distinguished families." They describe the quote in
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84:
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1911:
1838–39 as a "long black fellow" and his "complexion" in 1859 as "dark", but whether he meant either in an ancestral sense is unknown. The anti-Lincoln
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2128:
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1937:
and Harding's great-grandmother was black. During Harding's campaign, Democratic opponents spread rumors that Harding's great-great-grandfather was a
1785:
1287:
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198:
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descend from ancestors on the African continent, but "African heritage" here means descent from sub-Saharan Africans in roughly the past 500 years.)
1881:
1669:
1607:
1372:
1327:
3340:
1573:
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Another rendering is the one using C. Stone Brown's article titled "Who were the 5 Black Presidents" that appeared in a February 2004 edition of
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1184:
126:
121:
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Claims that certain U.S. presidents other than Barack Obama had African or African-American ancestry have been made by the amateur historian
1244:
321:
310:
172:
94:
2544:
3424:
2573:
2286:"Obama Has Ties to Slavery Not by His Father but His Mother, Research-in-obamas-family-tree/ "Surprising link found in Obama's family tree"
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1307:
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64:
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242:
74:
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3114:(Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1960), p. 155 (author graduate of Princeton & Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute).
2934:(Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1960), p. 127 (author graduate of Princeton & Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute).
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17:
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2791:, September 27, 1964, last page of article, as accessed in ProQuest April 30, 2012, 7:15:39 p.m. (campaign in 1796).
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711:
613:
580:
367:
252:
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1929:
was said to have African ancestry; one claim was by his political opponent, a controversial and racist historian,
1960:, which had been "founded to educate fugitive slaves." The college was founded by abolitionist supporters in the
1475:
1219:
1179:
468:
2415:
Vaughn's publisher, Lulu, advertised a self-publication service at its home page, as accessed February 21, 2013.
1799:
Specifically, Vaughn says, "The chief attack on Jefferson was in a book written by Thomas Hazard in 1867 called
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834:
681:
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433:
247:
3022:
The Paternity of Abraham Lincoln: Was He the Son of Thomas Lincoln? An Essay on the Chastity of Nancy Hanks
2659:
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1949:
267:
257:
237:
2501:
1765:
891:
881:
813:
776:
560:
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131:
1835:
were a collection of folk tales published in 1879, not 1867, and only one tale commented on Jefferson.
2583:
2469:
on October 7, 1998 (p.2A) written by Theo Lippman. The following is a retelling of Lippman's findings.
1823:, the major public history site on Jefferson, characterizes Jefferson's parents this way: "His father
2038:
2018:
1957:
1773:
1647:
1099:
344:
136:
69:
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3053:
2621:
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1961:
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1515:
998:
993:
955:
372:
203:
2534:
2449:
3175:
The Lincoln Encyclopedia: The Spoken and Written Words of A. Lincoln Arranged For Ready Reference
2539:
2496:
2256:
2227:
1913:
1744:
886:
671:
438:
415:
104:
1888:
was claimed to be of African descent (Ethiopian). Since then it has been proven she was white.
1743:
found a strong likelihood that Obama—through his mother, Stanley Ann Dunham—was descended from
3373:
3307:
3236:
3061:
3057:
3046:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2921:, vol. 29, no. 2, April 1921, p. 191, and see p. 192 (letter dated August 16, 1828).
2763:(N.Y.: Macaulay, 1936), p. 77 and see p. 76 (campaign of 1796), citing Nock, A. J.,
2710:
2327:
1972:
1926:
1892:
1071:
691:
532:
39:
3030:
2219:
2180:"From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election"
1866:
1724:
1066:
923:
751:
686:
666:
575:
3449:
Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum, including Home and Tomb, and photo of parents
3406:, includes Home and Tomb, and photo of parents, Official website, accessed 30 January 2009.
2660:"Fact check: Photograph of unidentified black man mislabeled as 'the real Abraham Lincoln'"
3403:
3088:, the latter referencing a "pamphlet by a western author adducing evidence" for the claim.
2734:
2578:
2311:
2251:
2052:
2006:. He did not note that another meaning of her surname is the landscape feature of moor or
1991:
1980:
1824:
1760:
1094:
901:
651:
570:
1971:
The rumors may have been sustained by a statement Harding allegedly made to newspaperman
3442:
3396:
1900:
1853:
1553:
978:
948:
706:
696:
527:
2159:"The fascinating tribal tradition that gave Obama his last name - The Washington Post"
2046:
3457:
3418:
3365:
3020:
2865:
2492:
2386:
2231:
1945:
1862:
1858:
1622:
1617:
2076:
2003:
1941:
1870:
1836:
1809:
1756:
1740:
1720:
1702:
1106:
918:
646:
509:
1948:" would classify a person with any African ancestry as black, and black people in
2425:
2269:
1938:
1885:
1272:
928:
781:
661:
445:
2110:"Obama Has Ties to Slavery Not by His Father but His Mother, Research Suggests"
2073:, 1998 description of US president Bill Clinton by Nobel laureate Toni Morrison
2430:
2203:"Law and the Cultural Production of Race and Racialized Systems of Oppression"
2028:
1820:
1804:
377:
116:
3181:(To Josephus Hewett, February 13, 1848, I, 355) ("nearly ten years ago" thus
2223:
1896:
1735:, Kenya. In July 2012, drawing on a combination of historical documents and
1602:
943:
676:
455:
282:
3101:(N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace,1928), vol. 2, p. 381 (in chap.champ;154).
3048:
The Raising of a President: The Mothers and Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders
1865:, in current-day Northern Ireland, around 1738. Scholars Hendrik Booraem,
2981:
2289:
988:
913:
906:
2324:
The Five Negro Presidents: According to What White People Said They Were
1808:
stories from Jefferson's political opponents and are best understood as
2301:
1995:
1934:
1076:
382:
3084:(N.Y.: Rinehart & Co., 1948), p. 191, citing Burr, Chauncey,
2973:
3125:
The Hidden Lincoln: from the Letters and Papers of William H. Herndon
983:
1994:'s mother Victoria Moor was claimed to be of a mixed-race family in
2775:
2773:
1899:, Enloe made a public boast that he was Lincoln's real father, and
2629:
North Dallas Gazette (published from Diversity original from 2008)
1999:
1736:
756:
3341:"DNA Shows Warren Harding Wasn't America's First Black President"
3329:, Cleveland Live, February 4, 2008, retrieved December 23, 2010.
2999:
Andrew Jackson: The Course of American Empire, 1767–1821. Vol. 1
1965:
786:
1747:, known as the "first official slave in the English colonies."
2066:
African-American candidates for President of the United States
2007:
1841:
3304:
Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren Gamaliel Harding
18:
African-American heritage of presidents of the United States
3233:
The Shadow of Blooming Grove–Warren G. Harding In His Times
1751:
Unsubstantiated claims that presidents had African ancestry
2640:
president, according to historian Leroy Vaughn, author of
1796:
makes no claim of African descent in the Randolph family.
2387:"Racial heritage of six former presidents is questioned"
2061:
Ancestral background of presidents of the United States
1696:
Claims and debunked claims of African-American heritage
3194:
Both quotations: Shaw, Archer H., compiler & ed.,
2730:
2728:
2726:
3135:
3133:
2851:, p. 77 and see p. 76, citing Nock, A. J.,
2839: Without hyphen & "u": Taylor, Coley,
2453:
magazine, ophthalmologist Leroy Brown's book titled
3431:
The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum
2755:
2753:
2751:
2273:
Obama Related to First Documented Slave in America"
1845:] Papers later burlesqued such caricatures..."
1579:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
3045:
2958:First Fathers: The Men Who Inspired Our Presidents
1998:. Vaughn noted that her surname was derived from "
3443:Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library & Museum
3127:(N.Y.: Viking Press, February 1938), p. 413.
2866:"Brief Biography of Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)"
2426:"Barack Obama is Not the First "Black President""
2410:The Six Black Presidents Black Blood: White Masks
3464:Conspiracy theories involving race and ethnicity
3164:, p. 414 and see p. 413 ("dark hair").
1812:rather than evidence about his actual lineage.
3437:Victoria Josephine Moor Coolidge photo and data
3291:Making the Connections: Women, Work, and Abuse.
3003:The Papers of Andrew Jackson. Vol. 1, 1770–1803
2947:(N.Y.: Rinehart & Co., 1948), p. 190.
2919:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
2785:Why the Candidates are Targets for Mudslingers
2326:(St. Petersburg, Fla.: Helga M. Rogers, 1965;
306:Education of freed people during the Civil War
2960:(Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2004;
2642:Black People and Their Place in World History
1968:for students of both genders and all races.
1677:
8:
3397:Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum
3177:(N.Y.: Macmillan, 1950), p. 190, entry
2497:"Has America Already Had a Black President?"
317:Historically black colleges and universities
3474:United States presidency in popular culture
3202:(To F. W. Fell, December 20, 1859, V, 288).
2995:Young Hickory: The Making of Andrew Jackson
2357:"Were There Black Presidents Before Obama?"
301:Education during the slave period in the US
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
1684:
1670:
1541:
1132:
1042:
869:
807:
732:
624:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
601:
497:
225:
53:
26:
3285:
3283:
3211:Taylor, Coley, & Samuel Middlebrook,
3179:Lincoln, Abraham, personal description of
2915:Letters from Andrew Jackson to R. K. Call
2759:Taylor, Coley, & Samuel Middlebrook,
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2304:Black People & Their Place in History
2071:The first Black president (Toni Morrison)
1933:. Chancellor said Harding's father was a
80:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
2833:(in another ed., possibly p. 233),
2745:(in another ed., possibly p. 233).
2707:Black People and Their Place in History
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2455:Black People and Their Place in History
2087:
1873:have agreed he had no black ancestors.
1857:President Jackson's father was born in
1587:
1544:
1474:
1436:
1371:
1263:
1135:
1085:
1045:
1012:
964:
872:
821:
735:
637:
604:
541:
518:
500:
424:
391:
358:
330:
291:
228:
185:
149:
56:
38:
2622:"Obama Won't Be First Black President"
2547:from the original on December 10, 2008
3439:, Calvin Coolidge Memorial Foundation
3419:"Brief Biography of Thomas Jefferson"
3173:Shaw, Archer H., compiler & ed.,
2943:Both quotations: Jacobson, David J.,
2893:Monticello Foundation. Archived from
2891:"Son of a half-breed Indian squaw..."
2654:
2652:
2574:"Is Obama the first black president?"
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2108:Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (30 July 2012).
822:Athletic associations and conferences
311:History of African-American education
7:
2438:from the original on 26 January 2009
2399:from the original on 22 January 2009
2245:"Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests"
745:Association for the Study of African
3370:Dictionary of American Family Names
2385:Haynes, Monica (February 5, 2008).
1559:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1060:African-American Vernacular English
629:National Conference of Black Mayors
3219:, p. 106 and see p. 109.
3099:Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years
3007:Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times
2693:Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings
2572:Mlynar, Bobbi (November 5, 2008).
2461:and William Herndon's book titled
2178:David R Arnott (7 November 2012).
2129:"Kenyans Enthusiastic About Obama"
2127:Kipkemboi, Andrew (June 1, 2008).
762:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
3445:, Forbes Library, Northampton, MA
2002:", a European term for people of
1466:Places by plurality of population
132:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
122:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
75:Abolitionism in the United States
3339:Baker, Peter (August 18, 2015).
2783:(sidebar), in Broder, David S.,
2045:
2031:
1710:Presidents with African ancestry
1641:
163:Black Belt in the American South
2872:from the original on 2008-08-01
2533:Gage, Beverly (April 6, 2008).
767:National Council of Negro Women
3427:, North Carolina State Library
2984:). Retrieved January 14, 2010.
2275:, Ancestry.com. July 30, 2012.
1564:Racism against Black Americans
1:
2705:Leroy William Vaughn (2002).
2211:American Behavioral Scientist
772:National Pan-Hellenic Council
3271:The Shadow of Blooming Grove
3254:The Shadow of Blooming Grove
2535:"Our First Black President?"
1931:William Estabrook Chancellor
1574:School segregation in the US
1112:Black American Sign Language
1086:Languages and other dialects
3372:. Oxford University Press.
3019:Barton, William E. (1920).
2689:The Hemingses of Monticello
2457:, J.A. Roger's book titled
2355:Adams, Cecil (2017-01-04).
1817:Thomas Jefferson Foundation
401:African-American businesses
3500:
3484:African-American genealogy
3402:February 23, 2009, at the
2514:Lincoln had black lineage.
1819:, which owns and operates
939:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
614:Congressional Black Caucus
581:African Diaspora Religions
368:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
3306:(Houghton Mifflin, 1939;
3082:The Affairs of Dame Rumor
2945:The Affairs of Dame Rumor
2868:. Monticello Foundation.
2709:. Lulu.com. p. 142.
2310:January 24, 2009, at the
1446:US states and territories
747:American Life and History
469:Lift Every Voice and Sing
178:Treatment of the enslaved
3196:The Lincoln Encyclopedia
3112:Ordeal of the Presidency
2932:Ordeal of the Presidency
2597:Emporia State University
2224:10.1177/0002764203256190
1784:Vaughn and others claim
1648:United States portal
1055:African-American English
566:African-American Muslims
127:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
3433:, Springfield, Illinois
3421:, Monticello Foundation
3302:Adams, Samuel Hopkins,
3027:George H. Doran Company
2997:(2001); Robert Remini,
2620:Hussain, Aysha (2009).
2392:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1891:According to historian
1790:Jane Randolph Jefferson
1569:Reparations for slavery
657:Back-to-Africa movement
556:Black Hebrew Israelites
434:African-American beauty
3110:Coyle, David Cushman,
3005:(1980); H. W. Brands,
2930:Coyle, David Cushman,
2829:, p. 141, citing
1833:The Johnny Cake Papers
1829:The Johnny Cake Papers
1801:The Johnny Cake Papers
1039:Dialects and languages
199:Second Great Migration
3235:(Easton Press, 1962;
2831:The Johnnycake Papers
2743:The Johnnycake Papers
2687:Annette Gordon-Reed,
2502:National Public Radio
2459:Five Black Presidents
2361:Washington City Paper
2284:Stolberg, Sheryl Gay
1952:had been effectively
1451:US metropolitan areas
1278:List of neighborhoods
892:Alabama Creole people
882:African-American Jews
814:Negro league baseball
777:National Urban League
729:Civic/economic groups
561:African-American Jews
451:African-American hair
313:, after the Civil War
142:Post–civil rights era
3080:Jacobson, David J.,
3054:Simon & Schuster
2586:on December 10, 2008
2412:includes Eisenhower.
2139:on February 22, 2020
2039:United States portal
2019:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2014:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1774:conspiracy theorists
1608:Criminal stereotypes
1383:District of Columbia
1100:Afro-Seminole Creole
542:Non-Christian groups
137:Black power movement
101:during the Civil War
70:Atlantic slave trade
3293:PMD Press, p. xxxi.
3289:Murphy, P. (1993),
3260:, pp. 403–405.
3044:Wead, Doug (2005).
2956:Gullan, Harold I.,
2164:The Washington Post
1962:Presbyterian Church
1794:Annette Gordon-Reed
1727:(1936–1982), was a
1004:Sierra Leone Creole
965:Specific ancestries
850:Southwestern (SWAC)
373:Black History Month
204:New Great Migration
158:Agriculture history
3345:The New York Times
3269:Russell, Francis,
3252:Russell, Francis,
3158:The Hidden Lincoln
3141:The Hidden Lincoln
2821:Nock, Albert Jay,
2789:The New York Times
2540:The New York Times
2463:The Hidden Lincoln
2302:Dr. Leroy Vaughn,
2257:The New York Times
2250:2015-04-02 at the
2114:The New York Times
1914:Charleston Mercury
1905:William H. Herndon
1013:Sexual orientation
887:Afro-Puerto Ricans
840:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
475:Self-determination
439:Black is beautiful
105:Reconstruction era
3326:Warren G. Harding
3324:Millner, Gloria,
3213:The Eagle Screams
3033:, 203, & 319.
2993:Hendrik Booraem,
2845:The Eagle Screams
2806:The Eagle Screams
2761:The Eagle Screams
2495:(June 24, 2008).
1973:James W. Faulkner
1927:Warren G. Harding
1922:Warren G. Harding
1893:William E. Barton
1766:Henry Louis Gates
1694:
1693:
1631:
1630:
1529:
1528:
1303:Dallas-Fort Worth
1120:
1119:
1030:
1029:
974:Americo-Liberians
857:
856:
795:
794:
720:
719:
589:
588:
533:Womanist theology
483:
482:
425:Symbols and ideas
211:
210:
90:Antebellum period
85:Revolutionary War
40:African Americans
16:(Redirected from
3491:
3425:"Andrew Jackson"
3407:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3278:
3267:
3261:
3250:
3244:
3229:Russell, Francis
3226:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3156:Hertz, Emanuel,
3154:
3148:
3139:Hertz, Emanuel,
3137:
3128:
3123:Hertz, Emanuel,
3121:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3097:Sandburg, Carl,
3095:
3089:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3051:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3016:
3010:
2991:
2985:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2819:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2777:
2768:
2757:
2746:
2735:Nock, Albert Jay
2732:
2721:
2720:
2702:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2582:. Archived from
2569:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2530:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2489:
2472:
2471:
2444:
2443:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2292:. July 30, 2012.
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2260:. July 30, 2012.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2135:. Archived from
2124:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2099:
2096:A Singular Woman
2092:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
1786:Thomas Jefferson
1780:Thomas Jefferson
1733:Nyang'oma Kogelo
1725:Barack Obama Sr.
1686:
1679:
1672:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1593:media depictions
1542:
1437:Population count
1133:
1067:Liberian English
1046:English dialects
1043:
999:Samaná Americans
924:Creoles of color
870:
808:
752:Black conductors
733:
602:
576:Louisiana Voodoo
498:
243:Family structure
226:
173:Military history
168:Business history
99:military history
54:
27:
21:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3469:Fringe theories
3454:
3453:
3415:
3410:
3404:Wayback Machine
3395:
3391:
3380:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3318:
3314:), p. 280.
3301:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3268:
3264:
3251:
3247:
3243:), p. 372.
3227:
3223:
3210:
3206:
3193:
3189:
3172:
3168:
3155:
3151:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2992:
2988:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2925:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2838:
2820:
2816:
2800:Taylor, Coley,
2799:
2795:
2778:
2771:
2758:
2749:
2733:
2724:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2686:
2682:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2605:
2589:
2587:
2579:Emporia Gazette
2571:
2570:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2532:
2531:
2520:
2507:
2505:
2491:
2490:
2475:
2441:
2439:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2402:
2400:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2338:
2322:Rogers, J. A.,
2321:
2317:
2312:Wayback Machine
2300:
2296:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2252:Wayback Machine
2243:
2239:
2205:
2201:Coates (2003).
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2053:Politics portal
2051:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2016:
1992:Calvin Coolidge
1989:
1987:Calvin Coolidge
1981:genetic testing
1954:disenfranchised
1924:
1882:Abraham Lincoln
1879:
1877:Abraham Lincoln
1851:
1825:Peter Jefferson
1782:
1761:ophthalmologist
1753:
1717:
1712:
1697:
1690:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1583:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1470:
1432:
1408:Omaha, Nebraska
1373:Historic places
1367:
1259:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1081:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1008:
960:
902:Black Seminoles
867:
866:Sub-communities
859:
858:
845:Southern (SIAC)
805:
797:
796:
791:
746:
730:
722:
721:
716:
633:
599:
591:
590:
585:
571:Nation of Islam
537:
514:
495:
485:
484:
479:
420:
387:
354:
326:
287:
263:Musical theater
223:
213:
212:
194:Great Migration
51:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3497:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3413:External links
3411:
3409:
3408:
3389:
3378:
3357:
3331:
3316:
3295:
3279:
3277:, p. 404.
3262:
3245:
3221:
3204:
3187:
3166:
3149:
3147:, p. 414.
3129:
3116:
3103:
3090:
3073:
3066:
3036:
3011:
2986:
2949:
2936:
2923:
2907:
2882:
2857:
2814:
2793:
2769:
2747:
2722:
2715:
2697:
2680:
2648:
2603:
2557:
2518:
2493:Chideya, Farai
2473:
2417:
2372:
2336:
2315:
2294:
2277:
2262:
2237:
2218:(3): 329–351.
2193:
2170:
2150:
2119:
2100:
2094:Scott, Janny,
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2042:
2026:
2023:
2015:
2012:
1988:
1985:
1958:Iberia College
1923:
1920:
1901:Thomas Lincoln
1878:
1875:
1854:Andrew Jackson
1850:
1849:Andrew Jackson
1847:
1781:
1778:
1752:
1749:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
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1620:
1615:
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1605:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:Black genocide
1550:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1461:US communities
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1418:South Carolina
1415:
1413:North Carolina
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
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1305:
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1275:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:South Carolina
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:North Carolina
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1072:Samaná English
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1022:LGBT community
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
979:Creek Freedmen
976:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
959:
958:
953:
952:
951:
949:Carmel Indians
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
910:
909:
904:
894:
889:
884:
878:
875:
874:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
830:Central (CIAA)
824:
823:
819:
818:
817:
816:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
793:
792:
790:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
741:
738:
737:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
718:
717:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
697:Pan-Africanism
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
640:
639:
635:
634:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
610:
607:
606:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
587:
586:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
536:
535:
530:
528:Black theology
524:
521:
520:
516:
515:
513:
512:
506:
503:
502:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
481:
480:
478:
477:
472:
465:
460:
459:
458:
448:
443:
442:
441:
430:
427:
426:
422:
421:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
397:
394:
393:
392:Economic class
389:
388:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
364:
361:
360:
356:
355:
353:
352:
347:
342:
336:
333:
332:
331:Academic study
328:
327:
325:
324:
319:
314:
308:
303:
297:
294:
293:
289:
288:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
234:
231:
230:
224:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
188:
187:
183:
182:
181:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
152:
151:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
113:
112:
102:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
59:
58:
52:
47:
46:
43:
42:
36:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3496:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Pseudohistory
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3379:0-19-508137-4
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:Patrick Hanks
3361:
3358:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3312:0-374-90051-5
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3241:0-07-054338-0
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3067:0-7434-9726-0
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:0-471-46597-6
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2897:on 2012-07-31
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2812:, p. 67.
2811:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:0-9715920-0-4
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:Baltimore Sun
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:0-9602294-8-5
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2182:. Nbcnews.com
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2138:
2134:
2133:Baltimore Sun
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:one-drop rule
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:Robert Remini
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1863:County Antrim
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1859:Carrickfergus
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1618:Magical Negro
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897:Black Indians
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835:HBCU (HBCUAC)
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3383:
3369:
3360:
3348:. Retrieved
3344:
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2989:
2957:
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2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:the original
2885:
2874:. Retrieved
2860:
2852:
2848:
2844:
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2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
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2738:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2674:
2668:. Retrieved
2666:. 2020-06-11
2663:
2641:
2638:
2632:. Retrieved
2628:
2594:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:the original
2577:
2549:. Retrieved
2538:
2512:
2506:. Retrieved
2500:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:DiversityInc
2448:
2446:
2440:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2409:
2407:
2401:. Retrieved
2390:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2323:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2280:
2270:Plante, Bill
2265:
2255:
2240:
2215:
2209:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2173:
2162:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:the original
2132:
2122:
2113:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2077:Urban legend
2017:
2004:North Africa
1990:
1978:
1970:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1890:
1880:
1871:H. W. Brands
1852:
1840:
1837:Dixon Wecter
1832:
1828:
1814:
1810:race-baiting
1800:
1798:
1783:
1770:
1757:J. A. Rogers
1754:
1741:Ancestry.com
1721:Barack Obama
1718:
1715:Barack Obama
1703:Homo sapiens
1701:
1698:
1521:Sierra Leone
1353:Philadelphia
1323:Jacksonville
919:Brass Ankles
672:Conservatism
647:Afrocentrism
619:Joint Center
510:Black church
501:Institutions
416:Billionaires
406:Middle class
359:Celebrations
322:Fraternities
3029:. pp.
2779:B., D. S.,
2186:January 16,
2143:January 16,
1939:West Indian
1886:Nancy Hanks
1589:Stereotypes
1516:Nova Scotia
1398:Mississippi
1358:San Antonio
1338:Los Angeles
1273:Black mecca
1200:Mississippi
1107:Negro Dutch
929:Dominickers
873:Multiethnic
782:TransAfrica
692:Nationalism
662:Black power
446:Black pride
411:Upper class
110:Politicians
3458:Categories
3350:August 18,
3185:1838–'39).
3056:. p.
2974:2003-20625
2901:2009-01-31
2876:2009-01-31
2670:2022-07-29
2634:2016-01-29
2590:2009-01-20
2551:2009-01-20
2508:2009-01-20
2442:2009-01-29
2431:All Africa
2403:2009-01-28
2366:2022-07-29
2083:References
1884:'s mother
1821:Monticello
1805:John Adams
1788:'s mother
1745:John Punch
1739:analysis,
1729:Luo Kenyan
1719:President
1155:California
1129:Population
702:Patriotism
687:Liberalism
667:Capitalism
638:Ideologies
519:Theologies
378:Juneteenth
350:Literature
278:Newspapers
186:Migrations
117:Juneteenth
3086:Catechism
2853:Jefferson
2823:Jefferson
2765:Jefferson
2739:Jefferson
2232:146357699
1950:the South
1897:Doug Wead
1613:Hollywood
1603:Blackface
1538:Prejudice
1456:US cities
1333:Lexington
1308:Davenport
1288:Baltimore
1264:US cities
1240:Tennessee
1190:Louisiana
1136:US states
944:Melungeon
914:Blaxicans
712:Socialism
677:Garveyism
652:Anarchism
456:Good hair
283:Soul food
253:Folktales
3400:Archived
3368:(2003).
3275:op. cit.
3258:op. cit.
3217:op. cit.
3200:op. cit.
3162:op. cit.
3145:op. cit.
3001:(1999);
2982:53090968
2870:Archived
2849:op. cit.
2835:op. cit.
2827:op. cit.
2810:op. cit.
2781:Dim View
2545:Archived
2436:Archived
2434:. 2008.
2397:Archived
2308:Archived
2290:CBS News
2248:Archived
2025:See also
1979:In 2015
1653:Category
1476:Diaspora
1403:Missouri
1328:Kentucky
1255:Virginia
1225:Oklahoma
1210:New York
1205:Nebraska
1195:Maryland
1170:Illinois
1150:Arkansas
989:Merikins
934:Freedmen
907:Mascogos
707:Populism
598:Politics
493:Religion
463:Stepping
229:Lifeways
65:Timeline
32:a series
30:Part of
3009:(2006).
2664:Reuters
2098:(2011).
1996:Vermont
1935:mulatto
1511:Liberia
1393:Georgia
1388:Florida
1318:Houston
1313:Detroit
1298:Chicago
1283:Atlanta
1175:Indiana
1165:Georgia
1160:Florida
1145:Alabama
1077:Tutnese
956:Redbone
682:Leftism
383:Kwanzaa
340:Studies
292:Schools
221:Culture
150:Aspects
95:Slavery
57:Periods
49:History
3376:
3310:
3239:
3064:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2841:et al.
2802:et al.
2713:
2676:here).
2330:
2230:
1869:, and
1545:Racism
1506:Israel
1496:France
1491:Canada
1486:Africa
1293:Boston
1230:Oregon
1185:Kansas
1095:Gullah
984:Gullah
804:Sports
551:Hoodoo
2917:, in
2787:, in
2625:(PDF)
2228:S2CID
2206:(PDF)
1942:black
1737:Y-DNA
1731:from
1658:Index
1501:Ghana
1423:Texas
1348:Omaha
1245:Texas
757:NAACP
268:Names
258:Music
238:Dance
3374:ISBN
3352:2015
3308:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3062:ISBN
2978:OCLC
2970:LCCN
2962:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2691:and
2328:ISBN
2188:2020
2145:2020
2000:Moor
1966:Ohio
1815:The
1591:and
1250:Utah
1220:Ohio
1180:Iowa
787:UNCF
248:Film
97:and
3183:ca.
3058:101
2220:doi
2008:bog
1964:in
1842:sic
345:Art
3460::
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3343:.
3282:^
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3060:.
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3031:19
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1909:c.
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34:on
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2116:.
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20:)
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