1845:
2082:âthe fear that they will be judged to have traits associated with negative appraisals and/or stereotypes of their race or ethnic group which produces test anxiety and keeps them from doing as well as they could on tests. According to Steele, minority test takers experience anxiety, believing that if they do poorly on their test they will confirm the stereotypes about inferior intellectual performance of their minority group. As a result, a self-fulfilling prophecy begins, and the child performs at a level beneath his or her inherent abilities. Some researchers also hypothesize that in some cases, minorities, especially African American students, may stop trying in school because they do not want to be accused of "
2062:
same educational and employment opportunities as their white counterparts. In general, minority students are more likely to reside in lower or middle class inner city neighborhoods, meaning minority students are more likely to attend poorly funded schools based on the districting patterns within the school system. Schools in lower-income districts tend to employ less qualified teachers and have fewer educational resources. Research shows that teacher effectiveness is the most important in-school factor affecting student learning. Good teachers can actually close or eliminate the gaps in achievement on the standardized tests that separate white and minority students.
2018:, author John Yinger asserted that when applying for a home mortgage, African-American and Hispanic customers are 82% more likely to be turned down for a loan than were white customers. Black renters also favored a 10.7 percent chance of being totally excluded from housing made available to comparable white renters and a 23.3 percent chance of learning about fewer apartments. Discrimination in housing practices and residential segregation leads to substantial wealth gaps across races. Home ownership is typically a source of insurance against poverty. However, for blacks and Hispanics, home ownership rates have never made it past 50% .
1932:. Present-day income is thus an insufficient measure of household socioeconomic status. Looking at disparities between wealth accumulation among African-Americans and whites paints a far more accurate picture of racial socioeconomic differences. The estimated median wealth of black households is $ 36,000, while white households estimated their parents' median wealth at $ 150,000. African-Americans, who were historically denied access to housing wealth, face a substantial wealth disparity compared to whites. Asset poverty affects an African-American's ability to procure other forms of middle class lifestyle and other forms of wealth.
1952:
5227:
2102:
1646:
1916:$ 56,000 to $ 15,000. Looking at only "the occupational middle-class", an equally pronounced gap is visible: middle-class whites had $ 123,000 in median net worth and $ 60,000 in median net financial assets compared to $ 26,500 and $ 11,200 for middle-class African-Americans. According to Thomas Shapiro (2004), white families possess "between three and five times as much wealth as equally achieving Black middle class families."
6511:
1920:
amass the same level of wealth the average white family holds today in 2016... According to the
Institute on Assets and Social Policy, for each dollar of increase in average income an African-American household saw from 1984 to 2009 just $ 0.69 in additional wealth was generated, compared with the same dollar in increased income creating an additional $ 5.19 in wealth for a similarly situated white household."
1883:, which has also translated into better educational opportunities. By 1980, over 50% of the African-American population had graduated from high school and eight percent graduated from college. In 2006, 86% of blacks between age 25 and 29 had graduated from high school and 19% had completed a bachelor's degrees. As of 2003, the percentage of black householders is 48%, compared to 43% in 1990.
1879:, Black skill development, and the civil rights movement all contributed to the surfacing of a larger black middle class. The civil rights movement helped to remove barriers to higher education. As opportunities for African-Americans expanded, blacks began to take advantage of the new possibilities. Homeownership has been crucial in the rise of the black middle class, including the
1868:, while only 20% of the black population did the same. African-Americans had little to no access to higher education, and only 3% graduated from college. Those blacks who were professionals were mainly confined to serving the African-American population. Outside of the black community, they often worked in unskilled industrial jobs. Black women who worked were frequently
2086:" by their peers. It has also been suggested that some minority students simply stop trying because they do not believe they will ever see the true benefits of their hard work. As some researchers point out, minority students may feel little motivation to do well in school because they do not believe it will pay off in the form of a better job or upward
2061:
The disparity in expenditures on education between inner cities and affluent suburbs exist almost entirely due to the system of property taxes which most school systems rely on for funding. By attending spatially segregated school systems, children of the black middle class do not have access to the
1915:
As of 1999, Blacks and whites similarly situated within the "educational middle class" live in distinct wealth worlds. Whereas educationally middle-class whites possessed $ 111,000 in median net worth, educationally middle-class Black families had only $ 33,500; in terms of assets, the disparity was
1911:
and 18 times that of
Latinos. Whereas white families have accumulated $ 113,149 of wealth on average, black households have only accumulated $ 5,677 in wealth on average. As shown on Eurweb.com, of the 14 million black households in the U.S. in 2015, only 5% had more than $ 350,000 in net worth, and
1919:
A 2016 article entitled "Black Wealth Hardly Exists, Even When You
Include NBA, NFL and Rap Stars" related recent findings of the Corporation For Economic Development (CFED) and the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS), which calculated that "it would take 228 years for the average Black family to
2074:. One explanation that has been suggested for racial and ethnic differences in standardized test performance is that standardized IQ tests and testing procedures are culturally biased toward European-American middle class knowledge and experiences. Social psychologist
2032:
Segregated housing patterns also keep
African-Americans far from suburbanizing jobs and associated job information networks. This mismatch between residential locations and employment reduces the employment options for middle- and lower-class African-Americans.
1581:
1468:
2006:
is a related mechanism also used by redliners to keep track of groups, areas, and people that the discriminating party feels should be denied business or aid or other transactions. In the academic literature, redlining falls under the broader category of
1795:
Although the composition of the Black middle class varies by definition, the Black middle class is typically divided into a lower-middle class, core middle class, and an upper-middle class. The black lower-middle class is concentrated in
4599:
4594:
2300:
4606:
1453:
4347:
1385:
1463:
4611:
1448:
101:
1792:. 27.3% of black households earned an income between $ 25,000 and $ 50,000, 15.2% earned between $ 50,000 and $ 75,000, 7.6% earned between $ 75,000 and $ 100,000, and 9.4% earned more than $ 100,000.
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747:
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160:
112:
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1400:
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5127:
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303:
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3396:
144:
5587:
4811:
1899:
has been exacerbated by the housing market bubble in 2006 and the recession that followed from late 2007 to mid-2009, which took a far greater toll on depleting minority wealth.
1335:
1325:
1405:
82:
1395:
1390:
6540:
3506:
3018:
Steele, C., and J. Aronson, "Stereotype Threat and the Test
Performance of Academically Successful African Americans" (pp. 401â430), in C. Jencks and M. Phillips (Eds.),
4095:
3230:
1425:
1305:
1891:
The rise to the middle class for
African-Americans occurred throughout the 1960s; however, it leveled off and began to decline in the following decades due to multiple
4589:
2174:
5137:
4377:
2279:
621:
2048:
suburbs with weak tax bases, poor municipal services, and high levels of debt, compromising the secure middle-class lifestyle of its
African-American inhabitants.
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5181:
1660:
1561:
308:
180:
34:
5191:
5186:
4118:
1679:
3566:
3197:
4907:
4743:
4452:
4442:
4100:
4090:
2027:
1615:
1595:
1355:
847:
832:
319:
2677:
Conrad, Cecilia A.; Whitehead, John; Mason, Patrick; Stewart, James (2005). "The Racial Wealth Gap". In
Shapiro, Thomas M.; Kenty-Drane, Jessica L. (eds.).
6315:
6190:
4949:
4721:
1360:
1340:
1895:
that struck
America throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Blacks and other groups suffered the brunt of those recessions. There is also evidence to suggest the
6200:
5169:
4113:
4108:
2248:
626:
87:
6458:
4828:
4332:
3441:
1872:. However, black women in the post-slavery emerging middle class also worked as teachers, nurses, businesswomen, journalists and other professionals.
1290:
1167:
201:
2769:
5356:
5176:
4806:
4327:
3549:
3381:
1946:
1672:
1610:
1375:
1330:
6307:
6245:
5142:
5102:
4944:
4848:
4777:
4382:
1721:
1576:
1320:
1315:
1300:
2516:
6535:
6287:
5618:
5264:
5201:
5196:
5164:
4934:
4838:
4801:
4582:
2120:
1908:
1295:
1280:
1187:
3343:
3338:
2574:
129:
124:
6282:
5159:
5117:
4929:
3477:
3223:
2634:
1978:. Although informal discrimination and segregation had existed in the United States, the specific practice called "redlining" began with the
1789:
1247:
324:
313:
175:
97:
6545:
6292:
5107:
5092:
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4860:
4794:
3255:
2588:
2071:
1350:
1310:
1252:
1207:
67:
2040:
lag in which
African-Americans are less likely than others to adopt suburban residential patterns. Black suburbs tend to be areas of low
6325:
5082:
4919:
4889:
4671:
4250:
3462:
2528:
1237:
1217:
1062:
631:
477:
1951:
6473:
6453:
6432:
5072:
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4882:
4726:
4507:
4307:
3458:
3436:
1365:
1345:
899:
764:
196:
6437:
6320:
6163:
5219:
3609:
3260:
3185:
2744:
2491:
2466:
2387:
2360:
2232:
2158:
1711:. It is a societal level within the African-American community that primarily began to develop in the early 1960s, when the ongoing
1708:
245:
77:
6185:
5147:
5112:
5097:
4855:
4457:
3701:
3671:
3487:
3216:
1655:
1591:
1202:
852:
265:
165:
5154:
5077:
4872:
4748:
4716:
4447:
4312:
4017:
3656:
1896:
1157:
1024:
842:
769:
2992:
Helms, Janet E. (September 1992). "Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing?".
6175:
4924:
4818:
4733:
4337:
3133:
1983:
1566:
1242:
1192:
6468:
6240:
5719:
4961:
4894:
4877:
4823:
4772:
4711:
4616:
4577:
4517:
4317:
3686:
3493:
3472:
2506:
Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene, The Early Black History Movement, University of Illinois Press, 2007, p 85
2130:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1257:
1227:
1212:
1197:
1172:
1152:
774:
275:
2271:
6463:
6297:
6262:
6213:
5937:
4784:
4760:
4755:
4738:
4706:
4649:
3762:
3711:
3544:
2982:
Gordon, Kane & Staiger (2006). 'Identifying Effective Teachers Using Performance on the Job.' Brookings Institution.
2115:
1979:
1285:
1177:
1162:
1147:
1114:
413:
92:
6417:
6407:
6274:
5482:
5049:
5041:
4984:
4899:
4387:
4292:
4148:
4130:
4032:
3691:
3661:
3386:
3306:
3285:
3122:
2002:
showed that banks would often lend to lower-income whites but not to middle-income or upper-income blacks. The use of
1745:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1232:
704:
495:
465:
403:
352:
280:
170:
6397:
5736:
5257:
5067:
5004:
4994:
4544:
4302:
4262:
3619:
3313:
2708:
1809:
1765:
1725:
1523:
1503:
1006:
941:
714:
616:
583:
370:
255:
6422:
6362:
4976:
4789:
4621:
4182:
3681:
3519:
3326:
3163:
1785:
1773:
1749:
1741:
1478:
1222:
1182:
471:
6367:
6357:
5714:
5526:
4666:
4230:
4143:
3787:
3576:
3391:
3331:
3321:
3247:
3035:
Fordham, S.; Ogbu, J. U. (1986). "Black students' school success: Coping with the ?burden of ?acting white??".
1964:
1753:
1057:
837:
684:
568:
342:
223:
51:
1788:, black households had a median income of $ 32,068, which placed the median black household within the second
6514:
6412:
6347:
4999:
4549:
4203:
4172:
3952:
3892:
3757:
3500:
2736:
1967:'s Civil Rights and Labor History Program in 2010, it was found that records of more than 400 properties in
1571:
1513:
976:
936:
659:
558:
436:
250:
4914:
6372:
6001:
5743:
4644:
3882:
3676:
3666:
3604:
3414:
3353:
3097:
1971:
suburbs alone contained now-illegal discriminatory language that formerly excluded several ethnic groups.
1861:
1729:
270:
260:
240:
6427:
6402:
6392:
6382:
6377:
6230:
5298:
5250:
4989:
4502:
4367:
4322:
4138:
3857:
3822:
3641:
3624:
3431:
3348:
2125:
1857:
1712:
1704:
894:
884:
816:
779:
563:
553:
453:
134:
6488:
6483:
6387:
6257:
6208:
5602:
5568:
5553:
5389:
5336:
5231:
4639:
4402:
4213:
4165:
4037:
3927:
3832:
3599:
3589:
3561:
3426:
3280:
3137:
3103:
2430:
2107:
2041:
1817:
1650:
1102:
347:
139:
72:
5872:
5677:
5652:
5632:
5536:
5019:
5014:
4372:
4287:
3767:
3556:
3446:
3376:
3089:
2692:
Conrad; Whitehead; Mason; Stewart (2005). "The Racial Wealth Gap". In Shapiro; Kenty-Drane (eds.).
2662:
Conrad; Whitehead; Mason; Stewart (2005). "The Racial Wealth Gap". In Shapiro; Kenty-Drane (eds.).
1813:
1518:
1001:
996:
958:
375:
206:
1986:(FHA). During the heyday of redlining, the areas most frequently discriminated against were black
6029:
6011:
6006:
5994:
5828:
5647:
5627:
5597:
5379:
5351:
5087:
5024:
4767:
4225:
3992:
3972:
3877:
3802:
3629:
3534:
3524:
3512:
3403:
3300:
3275:
3052:
2965:
2726:
2205:
2168:
1805:
889:
674:
441:
418:
107:
2626:
6034:
5952:
5689:
5642:
5580:
5409:
4534:
4255:
3917:
3887:
3482:
3239:
3181:
2750:
2740:
2630:
2554:
2487:
2484:
Culturally Competent Practice: a framework for understanding diverse groups and justice issues
2462:
2383:
2356:
2228:
2154:
2079:
1869:
1074:
694:
535:
42:
1724:. The African American middle class exists throughout the United States, particularly in the
17:
6478:
6352:
6252:
6082:
5890:
5780:
5731:
5704:
5457:
5452:
5305:
4690:
4661:
4656:
4554:
4522:
4495:
4220:
3837:
3807:
3797:
3792:
3359:
3111:
3044:
3001:
2955:
2618:
2546:
2456:
2249:"Prince George's County's belt of high-income majority Black Census tracts really is unique"
2197:
2008:
1853:
1069:
926:
754:
689:
669:
578:
6223:
5915:
5726:
5472:
5462:
4685:
4512:
4422:
4417:
4198:
4153:
4007:
3997:
3977:
3962:
3862:
3737:
3727:
3366:
3159:
2087:
2037:
1856:
had limited opportunities for advancement to middle class status prior to 1961 because of
1097:
904:
654:
573:
6180:
6124:
5963:
5920:
5848:
5592:
5563:
5488:
5442:
5384:
5341:
5122:
4527:
4490:
4480:
4240:
4235:
4177:
4012:
3942:
3872:
3867:
3371:
3295:
3202:
1995:
1733:
1556:
981:
951:
709:
699:
530:
6529:
6021:
5818:
5607:
5477:
5467:
5425:
5399:
5394:
5331:
5291:
4080:
4062:
4052:
4022:
3967:
3922:
3907:
3852:
3842:
3827:
3777:
3772:
3742:
3539:
3467:
3290:
3177:
3169:
3056:
2969:
2619:
2547:
2377:
2075:
2045:
1876:
1732:, with the largest contiguous majority black middle-class neighborhoods being in the
1625:
1620:
6054:
5981:
5760:
5750:
5669:
5419:
5326:
5276:
4392:
4160:
4085:
4057:
4042:
4027:
3982:
3957:
3937:
3847:
3817:
3812:
3782:
3732:
3584:
3270:
2320:
2301:"San Antonio makes top 10 list in best cities for Black professionals, #1 in Texas"
2083:
1956:
1880:
1109:
921:
649:
512:
4348:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
6218:
6049:
6039:
5989:
5971:
5882:
5843:
5637:
5548:
5531:
4412:
4397:
4245:
4208:
4047:
4002:
3987:
3752:
3747:
3594:
3005:
2070:
The culture and environment in which children are raised may play a role in the
1999:
1929:
1865:
1833:
1275:
931:
784:
664:
448:
6064:
5404:
3947:
3932:
3902:
3897:
3646:
3614:
3453:
3421:
2589:"Only 5% of African American Households Have More than $ 350,000 in Net Worth"
2097:
1987:
380:
119:
2649:
2379:
The declining significance of race: Blacks and changing American institutions
6110:
6105:
6072:
6044:
5932:
5927:
5863:
5838:
5785:
5699:
5414:
5346:
4561:
4407:
3912:
3696:
3634:
3529:
3148:
2754:
2621:
The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality
2003:
1975:
1892:
1825:
1605:
946:
679:
458:
285:
2924:
2321:"Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010"
2960:
2943:
2652:"Black Wealth Hardly Exists, Even When You Include NBA, NFL and Rap Stars"
6119:
6091:
6077:
5944:
5910:
5868:
5853:
5813:
5558:
5034:
5029:
4539:
2188:
Collins, Sharon M. (April 1983). "The Making of the Black Middle Class".
1829:
1737:
991:
916:
909:
6115:
6100:
6096:
5858:
5808:
5800:
5790:
5694:
5682:
5541:
5437:
5431:
3651:
3198:
From Recession to Depression: The Destruction of the Black Middle Class
3048:
2820:
Housing Discrimination and Residential Segregation as Causes of Poverty
2016:
Housing Discrimination and Residential Segregation as Causes of Poverty
1991:
1968:
1959:, classifying various neighborhoods by estimated risk of mortgage loans
1717:
1079:
385:
4283:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
2209:
6087:
5900:
5833:
5773:
5768:
5575:
4485:
2353:
Blue-chip Black Race, class, and status in the new Black middle class
1821:
986:
3208:
2575:"Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs Between Whites, Blacks, Hispanics"
2078:
suggests that minority children and adolescents may also experience
3174:
Is Bill Cosby Right?: Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Minds?
2794:
2515:
Koditschek, Theodore, Cha-Jua, Sundiata Keita, and Neville, Helen.
2201:
1912:
less than 1% of black families had over $ 1 million in net assets.
5895:
5823:
5374:
4298:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
4297:
1808:, while the black upper-middle class (sometimes combined into the
1801:
1797:
759:
3145:
Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality
5905:
5447:
4342:
2319:
DeNavas-Walt, Carmen; Proctor, Bernadette D.; Smith, Jessica C.
2227:(Paperback ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
1974:
Another barrier is discriminatory mortgage lending patterns and
789:
6149:
5506:
5246:
5242:
3212:
2272:"Join us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca"
2461:(10th Anniversary ed.). New York: National Urban League.
1740:. The African American middle class is also prevalent in the
2732:
Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States
2573:
Kochhar, Rakesh; Taylor, Paul; Fry, Richard (26 July 2011).
3075:
Harris Jr., Robert. "The Rise of the Black Middle Class".
2942:
Roscigno, V. J.; Tomaskovic-Devey, D.; Crowley, M. (2006).
1909:
whites possess 20 times more wealth than African-Americans
1848:
Row houses in a historically black neighborhood of Chicago
1860:, segregation, and the fact that most lived in the rural
2770:"The Racist Housing Policy That Made Your Neighborhood"
2355:( ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
1812:) is characterized by highly educated professionals in
2382:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago press.
1998:-winning series of articles by investigative reporter
2151:
Living with racism: the Black middle-class experience
2314:
2312:
2310:
1907:
According to a 2011 study from Pew Research Center,
6446:
6338:
6306:
6273:
6199:
6162:
6063:
6020:
5980:
5962:
5881:
5799:
5759:
5668:
5661:
5616:
5519:
5365:
5319:
5060:
4975:
4699:
4632:
4570:
4470:
4431:
4356:
4271:
4191:
4129:
4071:
3720:
3575:
3246:
1582:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
3030:
3028:
3022:(Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1998).
2880:Housing Discrimination and Residential Segregation
2865:Housing Discrimination and Residential Segregation
2850:Housing Discrimination and Residential Segregation
2835:Housing Discrimination and Residential Segregation
3072:Landry, Bart. "The New Black Middle Class". 1987.
2568:
2566:
2564:
1864:. In 1960, 43% of the white population completed
4333:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2910:The New Geography of Inequality in Urban America
2895:The New Geography of Inequality in Urban America
1928:Most contemporary wealth is built in America on
4378:Black players in professional American football
4328:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2196:(4). University of California Press: 369â382.
309:Education of freed people during the Civil War
5258:
3224:
1680:
8:
5942:
4091:Historically black colleges and universities
2173:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2028:Residential segregation in the United States
1881:movement of African-Americans to the suburbs
320:Historically black colleges and universities
304:Education during the slave period in the US
6168:
6159:
6146:
5665:
5516:
5503:
5316:
5265:
5251:
5243:
4360:
3231:
3217:
3209:
2923:Karnasiewicz, Sarah (September 22, 2005).
2650:http://inequality.org/black-wealth-exists/
2486:(4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
2149:Sikes, / Joe R. Feagin, Melvin P. (1994).
1687:
1673:
1544:
1135:
1045:
872:
810:
735:
627:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
604:
500:
228:
56:
29:
6541:1960s establishments in the United States
4308:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
2959:
2944:"Education and the Inequalities of Place"
2545:Mink, Gwendolyn; O'Connor, Alice (2004).
2057:Structural and institutional explanations
83:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
2044:and population density. Many are former
1950:
1947:Housing segregation in the United States
1843:
2141:
1703:consists of African-Americans who have
1590:
1547:
1477:
1439:
1374:
1266:
1138:
1088:
1048:
1015:
967:
875:
824:
738:
640:
607:
544:
521:
503:
427:
394:
361:
333:
294:
231:
188:
152:
59:
41:
5207:Topics related to the African diaspora
4313:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
2346:
2344:
2166:
2121:Racial inequality in the United States
5187:Landmark African-American legislation
3079:. February 1999. Vol. 14, p. 40.
2612:
2610:
1955:A 1936 "residential security" map of
825:Athletic associations and conferences
314:History of African-American education
7:
4318:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
2625:. Oxford University Press. pp.
2405:"The Vulnerable and the Comfortable"
748:Association for the Study of African
4672:African-American Vernacular English
3156:Black Families in Corporate America
2897:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2709:"Racism shadows property covenants"
2694:African Americans in the US Economy
2679:African Americans in the US Economy
2664:African Americans in the US Economy
2153:( ed.). Boston: Beacon Press.
1562:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1063:African-American Vernacular English
632:National Conference of Black Mayors
5508:
4590:U.S. cities with large populations
4293:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3143:Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro,
2768:Madrigal, Alexis C. (2014-05-22).
2270:Graves, Earl G. Sr. (2016-12-08).
765:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
3463:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
3459:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
3266:African American founding fathers
2549:Poverty in the United States: A-K
2429:Lee, Andrea (February 21, 1999).
1469:Places by plurality of population
135:Civil rights movement (1954â1968)
125:Civil rights movement (1865â1896)
78:Abolitionism in the United States
27:Social class in the United States
6510:
6509:
5225:
4343:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
3488:Nadir of American race relations
2799:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2707:Latshaw, Greg (August 3, 2010).
2458:The State of Black America, 1984
2100:
1644:
166:Black Belt in the American South
3349:Civil rights movement 1954â1968
3339:Civil rights movement 1865â1896
2482:Doman Lum, ed. (10 June 2010).
2455:James D. Williams, ed. (1984).
2376:Wilson, William Julius (1980).
2282:from the original on 2019-08-20
1990:neighborhoods. For example, in
770:National Council of Negro Women
6151:
4338:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
3344:Civil right movement 1896â1954
3134:University of California Press
3020:The Black-White Test Score Gap
2529:African-American History Month
1984:Federal Housing Administration
1963:In a project conducted by the
1567:Racism against Black Americans
1:
6536:African-American middle class
4518:Cherokee freedmen controversy
3494:The Negro Motorist Green Book
2403:Lacy, Karyn (July 25, 2011).
2131:Mexican-American middle class
2036:There is a significant black
1701:African-American middle class
775:National Pan-Hellenic Council
18:African American middle class
2116:African-American upper class
1980:National Housing Act of 1934
1577:School segregation in the US
1115:Black American Sign Language
1089:Languages and other dialects
6546:Wealth in the United States
4388:Black players in ice hockey
4323:National Urban League (NUL)
4149:American Society of Muslims
3387:Selma to Montgomery marches
3307:Brown v. Board of Education
3123:University of Chicago Press
3006:10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1083
2793:Dedman, Bill (1988-05-01).
2617:Shapiro, Thomas M. (2004).
2328:United States Census Bureau
404:African-American businesses
6562:
5357:Weberian (three-component)
4545:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
4303:Nashville Student Movement
3314:Children of the plantation
3130:The New Black Middle Class
2225:The new Black middle class
2025:
1944:
1780:Definition of middle class
942:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
617:Congressional Black Caucus
584:African Diaspora Religions
371:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6505:
6171:
6158:
6145:
5515:
5502:
5315:
5286:
5215:
5182:Index of related articles
4363:
4183:Doctrine of Father Divine
3567:Women's suffrage movement
3520:Reconstruction Amendments
3327:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3164:Thousand Oaks, California
1924:Importance of home equity
1818:health care professionals
1449:US states and territories
750:American Life and History
472:Lift Every Voice and Sing
181:Treatment of the enslaved
6479:Pre-industrial East Asia
5232:United States portal
4667:African-American English
4096:Inventors and scientists
3788:George Washington Carver
3392:Chicago Freedom Movement
3077:The World and I Magazine
2893:Massey, Douglas (2004).
2014:In a 2001 book entitled
1982:, which established the
1965:University of Washington
1936:Impact of discrimination
1814:white-collar occupations
1715:led to the outlawing of
1709:American class structure
1651:United States portal
1058:African-American English
569:African-American Muslims
130:Jim Crow era (1896â1954)
5527:Administrative detainee
5155:African-American firsts
4204:Back-to-Africa movement
4173:Black Hebrew Israelites
3953:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3501:Partus sequitur ventrem
2737:Oxford University Press
2022:Residential segregation
1806:blue-collar occupations
1572:Reparations for slavery
660:Back-to-Africa movement
559:Black Hebrew Israelites
437:African-American beauty
5943:
5123:Spingarn Medal winners
4612:States and territories
4383:Black NFL quarterbacks
3883:Martin Luther King Jr.
3415:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3354:Montgomery bus boycott
2577:. Pew Research Center.
1960:
1941:Housing discrimination
1849:
1042:Dialects and languages
202:Second Great Migration
6484:Pre-industrial Europe
4433:Athletic associations
4368:Negro league baseball
4139:African-American Jews
3858:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3823:Henry Highland Garnet
3682:Negro National Anthem
3432:George Floyd protests
3397:Postâcivil rights era
2994:American Psychologist
2961:10.1353/sof.2006.0108
2818:Yinger, John (2001).
2223:Landry, Bart (1988).
2126:American middle class
2066:Cultural explanations
1954:
1858:racial discrimination
1847:
1713:Civil Rights Movement
1454:US metropolitan areas
1281:List of neighborhoods
895:Alabama Creole people
885:African-American Jews
817:Negro league baseball
780:National Urban League
732:Civic/economic groups
564:African-American Jews
454:African-American hair
316:, after the Civil War
145:Postâcivil rights era
6341: or countries
6152:By country or region
5390:Class discrimination
4640:Afro-Seminole Creole
4166:Azusa Street Revival
4038:Booker T. Washington
3562:Underground Railroad
3427:Free people of color
3281:Atlantic slave trade
3117:Mary Patillo-McCoy,
3104:Lawrence Otis Graham
2795:"The Color of Money"
2351:Lacy, Karyn (2007).
2108:United States portal
2042:socioeconomic status
1611:Criminal stereotypes
1386:District of Columbia
1103:Afro-Seminole Creole
545:Non-Christian groups
140:Black power movement
104:during the Civil War
73:Atlantic slave trade
5873:Vanniar (Chieftain)
5035:Trinidad and Tobago
4650:Black American Sign
4477:By African descent
4471:Ethnic subdivisions
4458:Southwestern (SWAC)
4373:Baseball color line
4288:Black Panther Party
4192:Political movements
4109:in computer science
3768:Carol Moseley Braun
3557:Tulsa race massacre
3550:Treatment of slaves
3382:March on Washington
3377:Birmingham movement
3119:Black Picket Fences
3090:E. Franklin Frazier
2925:"Apartheid America"
2727:Jackson, Kenneth T.
2595:. November 10, 2015
1705:middle-class status
1007:Sierra Leone Creole
968:Specific ancestries
853:Southwestern (SWAC)
376:Black History Month
207:New Great Migration
161:Agriculture history
6454:18th-century Spain
6308:Standard of living
6012:Upper middle class
6007:Lower middle class
5598:Political prisoner
5380:Chattering classes
5352:Spoon class theory
5133:US representatives
5128:US cabinet members
5020:Dominican Republic
4607:Metropolitan areas
4448:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
4273:Civic and economic
4251:Self-determination
4072:Education, science
3993:Fred Shuttlesworth
3973:A. Philip Randolph
3878:Coretta Scott King
3803:Frederick Douglass
3630:Harlem Renaissance
3535:Separate but equal
3525:Reconstruction era
3513:Plessy v. Ferguson
3404:Cornerstone Speech
3318:Civil Rights Acts
3301:Black Lives Matter
3276:American Civil War
3200:â video report by
3108:Our Kind of People
3049:10.1007/BF01112192
2251:. November 6, 2020
1961:
1850:
1802:clerical positions
1722:racial segregation
1016:Sexual orientation
890:Afro-Puerto Ricans
843:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
478:Self-determination
442:Black is beautiful
108:Reconstruction era
6523:
6522:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6334:
6333:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6035:Lumpenproletariat
5537:illegal immigrant
5498:
5497:
5410:Classless society
5240:
5239:
5068:African Americans
4940:DallasâFort Worth
4535:Black Southerners
4466:
4465:
3918:Thurgood Marshall
3888:Bernard Lafayette
3483:Million Man March
3240:African Americans
3160:Sage Publications
3094:Black Bourgeoisie
2636:978-0-19-518138-8
2080:stereotype threat
1903:Racial wealth gap
1875:Economic growth,
1870:domestic servants
1854:African-Americans
1810:black upper class
1697:
1696:
1634:
1633:
1532:
1531:
1306:Dallas-Fort Worth
1123:
1122:
1033:
1032:
977:Americo-Liberians
860:
859:
798:
797:
723:
722:
592:
591:
536:Womanist theology
486:
485:
428:Symbols and ideas
214:
213:
93:Antebellum period
88:Revolutionary War
43:African Americans
16:(Redirected from
6553:
6513:
6512:
6340:
6241:Mexican-American
6169:
6160:
6147:
5948:
5891:Business magnate
5781:Knowledge worker
5666:
5554:dual or multiple
5517:
5504:
5458:Social exclusion
5453:Social cleansing
5367:
5317:
5306:Economic classes
5267:
5260:
5253:
5244:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5192:Lynching victims
4691:Louisiana Creole
4662:American English
4550:Louisiana Creole
4523:Choctaw freedmen
4361:
3898:Huddie Ledbetter
3838:Fannie Lou Hamer
3808:W. E. B. Du Bois
3798:Claudette Colvin
3793:Shirley Chisholm
3610:Family structure
3478:Military history
3360:Browder v. Gayle
3233:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3154:Susan Tolliver,
3151:, New York, 1995
3114:, New York, 1999
3112:Harper Perennial
3100:, New York, 1957
3061:
3060:
3037:The Urban Review
3032:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3000:(9): 1083â1101.
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2624:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2542:
2536:
2535:, February 2003.
2533:US Census Bureau
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2276:Black Enterprise
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2146:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2009:credit rationing
1994:in the 1980s, a
1887:Rise and decline
1689:
1682:
1675:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1596:media depictions
1545:
1440:Population count
1136:
1070:Liberian English
1049:English dialects
1046:
1002:SamanĂĄ Americans
927:Creoles of color
873:
811:
755:Black conductors
736:
605:
579:Louisiana Voodoo
501:
246:Family structure
229:
176:Military history
171:Business history
102:military history
57:
30:
21:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6493:
6442:
6330:
6302:
6269:
6253:Underprivileged
6195:
6154:
6153:
6129:
6059:
6016:
5976:
5958:
5877:
5795:
5755:
5657:
5612:
5511:
5510:
5494:
5473:Social position
5463:Social mobility
5361:
5311:
5282:
5281:
5271:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5211:
5177:Historic places
5170:US state firsts
5056:
4971:
4695:
4628:
4600:2010 majorities
4595:2000 majorities
4566:
4513:Black Seminoles
4462:
4453:Southern (SIAC)
4436:
4435:and conferences
4434:
4427:
4423:Serena Williams
4418:Jackie Robinson
4352:
4276:
4274:
4267:
4187:
4154:Nation of Islam
4125:
4073:
4067:
4008:Sojourner Truth
3998:Clarence Thomas
3963:Gabriel Prosser
3863:Michael Jackson
3738:Crispus Attucks
3728:Ralph Abernathy
3716:
3672:Musical theater
3571:
3437:Great Migration
3409:COVID-19 impact
3367:Sit-in movement
3242:
3237:
3194:
3125:, Chicago, 2000
3086:
3084:Further reading
3069:
3064:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3017:
3013:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2908:Massey (2004).
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2878:Yinger (2001).
2877:
2876:
2872:
2863:Yinger (2001).
2862:
2861:
2857:
2848:Yinger (2001).
2847:
2846:
2842:
2833:Yinger (2001).
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2747:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2527:
2523:
2519:, p. 31. (2009)
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2431:"Black Like Us"
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2190:Social Problems
2187:
2186:
2182:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2088:social mobility
2072:achievement gap
2068:
2059:
2054:
2052:Achievement gap
2038:suburbanization
2030:
2024:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1926:
1905:
1889:
1842:
1790:income quintile
1782:
1693:
1645:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1586:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1473:
1435:
1411:Omaha, Nebraska
1376:Historic places
1370:
1262:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1084:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1011:
963:
905:Black Seminoles
870:
869:Sub-communities
862:
861:
848:Southern (SIAC)
808:
800:
799:
794:
749:
733:
725:
724:
719:
636:
602:
594:
593:
588:
574:Nation of Islam
540:
517:
498:
488:
487:
482:
423:
390:
357:
329:
290:
266:Musical theater
226:
216:
215:
197:Great Migration
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6474:Ottoman Empire
6471:
6466:
6461:
6459:Ancient Greece
6456:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6433:United Kingdom
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6326:Home-ownership
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6181:American Dream
6178:
6172:
6166:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6094:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5765:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5593:Migrant worker
5590:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5513:
5512:
5509:By demographic
5507:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5489:Status Anxiety
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5443:Ranked society
5440:
5435:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5385:Class conflict
5382:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5368: topics
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5342:Mudsill theory
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5143:Visual artists
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5103:Mathematicians
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4920:South Carolina
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4890:North Carolina
4887:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4835:Massachusetts
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4677:social context
4674:
4664:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4528:Creek Freedmen
4525:
4520:
4515:
4505:
4503:Alabama Creole
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Central (CIAA)
4439:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4236:Pan-Africanism
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4178:Black theology
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4119:in STEM fields
4116:
4111:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4074:and technology
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Harriet Tubman
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:Michelle Obama
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:Barbara Jordan
3870:
3868:Harriet Jacobs
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:Amelia Boynton
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3721:Notable people
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:LGBT community
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Freedom Riders
3369:
3364:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3296:Black genocide
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3203:Democracy Now!
3193:
3192:External links
3190:
3189:
3188:
3167:
3152:
3141:
3126:
3115:
3101:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3024:
3011:
2984:
2975:
2934:
2915:
2912:. p. 177.
2900:
2885:
2882:. p. 369.
2870:
2867:. p. 379.
2855:
2840:
2837:. p. 373.
2825:
2822:. p. 375.
2810:
2785:
2760:
2745:
2718:
2699:
2696:. p. 177.
2684:
2681:. p. 179.
2669:
2666:. p. 175.
2654:
2642:
2635:
2606:
2580:
2560:
2537:
2521:
2517:Race Struggles
2508:
2499:
2492:
2474:
2467:
2447:
2435:New York Times
2421:
2409:New York Times
2395:
2388:
2368:
2361:
2340:
2306:
2292:
2262:
2240:
2233:
2215:
2202:10.2307/800108
2180:
2159:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2095:
2092:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2026:Main article:
2023:
2020:
1996:Pulitzer Prize
1945:Main article:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1925:
1922:
1904:
1901:
1888:
1885:
1841:
1838:
1781:
1778:
1734:Washington, DC
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Black genocide
1553:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1464:US communities
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1421:South Carolina
1418:
1416:North Carolina
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:South Carolina
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:North Carolina
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1075:SamanĂĄ English
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1025:LGBT community
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
982:Creek Freedmen
979:
973:
970:
969:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
955:
954:
952:Carmel Indians
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
913:
912:
907:
897:
892:
887:
881:
878:
877:
871:
868:
867:
864:
863:
858:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:Central (CIAA)
827:
826:
822:
821:
820:
819:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
796:
795:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
744:
741:
740:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
720:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
700:Pan-Africanism
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
646:
643:
642:
638:
637:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
613:
610:
609:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
589:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
550:
547:
546:
542:
541:
539:
538:
533:
531:Black theology
527:
524:
523:
519:
518:
516:
515:
509:
506:
505:
499:
494:
493:
490:
489:
484:
483:
481:
480:
475:
468:
463:
462:
461:
451:
446:
445:
444:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
397:
396:
395:Economic class
392:
391:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
367:
364:
363:
359:
358:
356:
355:
350:
345:
339:
336:
335:
334:Academic study
331:
330:
328:
327:
322:
317:
311:
306:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
237:
234:
233:
227:
222:
221:
218:
217:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
199:
191:
190:
186:
185:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
155:
154:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
116:
115:
105:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
62:
61:
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6558:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6516:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6438:United States
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:Other regions
6337:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:United States
6161:
6157:
6148:
6144:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:Socioeconomic
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:Social stigma
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Social orphan
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5426:Nouveau riche
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5400:Class traitor
5398:
5396:
5395:Class society
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5332:Gilbert model
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5256:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:Neighborhoods
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Sports firsts
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4967:West Virginia
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:Pennsylvania
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4883:New York City
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4727:San Francisco
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:By state/city
4698:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4645:American Sign
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4578:Neighborhoods
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4508:Black Indians
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Black schools
4084:
4082:
4081:Black studies
4079:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4063:Whitney Young
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Oprah Winfrey
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Denmark Vesey
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Joseph Rainey
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Toni Morrison
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Joseph Lowery
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Jesse Jackson
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Kamala Harris
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Marcus Garvey
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Blanche Bruce
3776:
3774:
3773:Edward Brooke
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:James Bradley
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:James Baldwin
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Neighborhoods
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Silent Parade
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Jim Crow laws
3466:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Black cowboys
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:0-465-01719-3
3183:
3180:Books, 2005.
3179:
3178:Basic Civitas
3175:
3171:
3170:Michael Dyson
3168:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:Bart Landry,
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:Social Forces
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2746:0-19-504983-7
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2493:9780840034434
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2468:9780878559374
2464:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2389:9780226901299
2385:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2362:9780520251151
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2234:9780520064652
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2160:9780807009253
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:Claude Steele
2073:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2046:manufacturing
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:public policy
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1626:Minstrel show
1624:
1622:
1621:Magical Negro
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1431:West Virginia
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1366:San Francisco
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:New York City
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Nova Scotians
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
971:
966:
960:
957:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
901:
900:Black Indians
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
880:
879:
874:
866:
865:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:HBCU (HBCUAC)
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:
823:
818:
815:
814:
813:
812:
804:
803:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
746:
745:
743:
742:
739:Organizations
737:
729:
728:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
645:
644:
639:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
612:
611:
608:Organizations
606:
598:
597:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
549:
548:
543:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
526:
525:
520:
514:
511:
510:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
491:
479:
476:
473:
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276:Neighborhoods
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53:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
6489:Soviet Union
6464:Ancient Rome
6321:Homelessness
6246:Upper Middle
6235:
6118: /
6099: /
6090: /
6055:Working poor
5951:
5938:Robber baron
5761:Intellectual
5751:Royal family
5715:Ancient Rome
5569:second-class
5487:
5430:
5429: /
5424:
5420:High society
5327:Elite theory
5304:
5297:
5290:
5277:Social class
5118:Sportspeople
5088:Billionaires
5005:Sierra Leone
4908:Philadelphia
4744:Jacksonville
4571:Demographics
4403:Jack Johnson
4393:Muhammad Ali
4226:Conservatism
4161:Black church
4058:Andrew Young
4043:Ida B. Wells
4033:David Walker
4028:C. T. Vivian
3983:Paul Robeson
3978:Hiram Revels
3958:Colin Powell
3938:Barack Obama
3893:James Lawson
3848:Jimi Hendrix
3818:James Farmer
3813:Medgar Evers
3783:Ralph Bunche
3733:Maya Angelou
3707:Middle class
3706:
3585:Afrofuturism
3511:
3499:
3492:
3413:
3358:
3305:
3271:Afrocentrism
3261:Abolitionism
3201:
3176:, New York:
3173:
3155:
3144:
3129:
3118:
3107:
3093:
3076:
3040:
3036:
3019:
3014:
2997:
2993:
2987:
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2894:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2864:
2858:
2849:
2843:
2834:
2828:
2819:
2813:
2802:. Retrieved
2798:
2788:
2777:. Retrieved
2774:The Atlantic
2773:
2763:
2735:. New York:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2645:
2620:
2597:. Retrieved
2592:
2583:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2511:
2502:
2483:
2477:
2457:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:
2398:
2378:
2371:
2352:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:
2295:
2284:. Retrieved
2275:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2243:
2224:
2218:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2150:
2144:
2084:acting white
2069:
2060:
2035:
2031:
2015:
2013:
1973:
1962:
1957:Philadelphia
1927:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1890:
1874:
1851:
1794:
1783:
1716:
1700:
1698:
1524:Sierra Leone
1356:Philadelphia
1326:Jacksonville
922:Brass Ankles
675:Conservatism
650:Afrocentrism
622:Joint Center
513:Black church
504:Institutions
419:Billionaires
409:Middle class
408:
362:Celebrations
325:Fraternities
6408:New Zealand
6125:Untouchable
6050:Proletariat
6040:Pea-pickers
5990:Bourgeoisie
5678:Aristocracy
5564:naturalized
5559:native-born
5138:US senators
5108:Republicans
5093:Journalists
4950:San Antonio
4915:Puerto Rico
4856:Mississippi
4749:Tallahassee
4722:Los Angeles
4413:Jesse Owens
4398:Arthur Ashe
4256:Nationalism
4246:Raised fist
4209:Black power
4114:in medicine
4048:Roy Wilkins
4003:Emmett Till
3988:Al Sharpton
3753:Julian Bond
3748:James Bevel
3712:Upper class
3702:Stereotypes
3595:Black mecca
3507:Plantations
3286:Black Codes
2954:(4): 2121.
2000:Bill Dedman
1930:home equity
1866:high school
1834:accountants
1786:2010 Census
1770:San Antonio
1762:New Orleans
1758:Los Angeles
1736:suburbs in
1728:and in the
1707:within the
1592:Stereotypes
1519:Nova Scotia
1401:Mississippi
1361:San Antonio
1341:Los Angeles
1276:Black mecca
1203:Mississippi
1110:Negro Dutch
932:Dominickers
876:Multiethnic
785:TransAfrica
695:Nationalism
665:Black power
449:Black pride
414:Upper class
113:Politicians
6530:Categories
6398:Luxembourg
6288:Inequality
5953:Superclass
5744:Hereditary
5720:Post-Roman
5711:Patrician
5581:adolescent
5405:Classicide
5083:Astronauts
4873:New Jersey
4717:California
4221:Capitalism
4018:Nat Turner
3948:Rosa Parks
3933:Diane Nash
3903:John Lewis
3692:Newspapers
3662:Literature
3647:Juneteenth
3600:Businesses
3454:Exodusters
3422:Free Negro
3098:Free Press
3067:References
3043:(3): 176.
2804:2009-01-05
2779:2018-11-10
2593:Eurweb.com
2553:. p.
2286:2019-08-20
2004:blacklists
1988:inner city
1897:wealth gap
1893:recessions
1816:, such as
1784:As of the
1158:California
1132:Population
705:Patriotism
690:Liberalism
670:Capitalism
641:Ideologies
522:Theologies
381:Juneteenth
353:Literature
281:Newspapers
189:Migrations
120:Juneteenth
6423:Sri Lanka
6316:Education
6283:Household
6176:Affluence
6111:Rat tribe
6073:Ant tribe
6045:Precariat
6030:Lazzaroni
5972:Bohemians
5933:Overclass
5928:Old money
5864:Spartiate
5839:Kshatriya
5829:Hashashin
5786:Professor
5727:Political
5700:Oligarchy
5690:Hanseaten
5608:Stateless
5588:Convicted
5520:By status
5483:Subaltern
5415:Euthenics
5347:New class
5197:Monuments
5073:Activists
4925:Tennessee
4845:Michigan
4829:Baltimore
4819:Louisiana
4812:Lexington
4795:Davenport
4734:Cleveland
4633:Languages
4562:Melungeon
4540:Blaxicans
4408:Joe Louis
4263:Socialism
4199:Anarchism
3928:Bob Moses
3913:Malcolm X
3833:Fred Gray
3697:Soul food
3635:New Negro
3620:Folktales
3530:Redlining
3149:Routledge
3057:144414814
2970:145658531
2713:USA Today
2169:cite book
2137:Footnotes
1976:redlining
1830:engineers
1826:educators
1746:Charlotte
1726:Northeast
1616:Hollywood
1606:Blackface
1541:Prejudice
1459:US cities
1336:Lexington
1311:Davenport
1291:Baltimore
1267:US cities
1243:Tennessee
1193:Louisiana
1139:US states
947:Melungeon
917:Blaxicans
715:Socialism
680:Garveyism
655:Anarchism
459:Good hair
286:Soul food
256:Folktales
6515:Category
6447:Historic
6368:Colombia
6358:Cambodia
6293:Personal
6191:Mobility
6120:Freedman
6106:Plebeian
6092:Prisoner
6078:Commoner
5964:Creative
5945:Seigneur
5911:Nobility
5869:Vanniyar
5854:Pendekar
5814:Cossacks
5448:Snobbery
5320:Theories
5220:Category
5011:America
4977:Diaspora
4962:Virginia
4895:Oklahoma
4878:New York
4861:Nebraska
4824:Maryland
4807:Kentucky
4773:Illinois
4712:Arkansas
4617:Illinois
4555:of color
4241:Populism
4214:Movement
4131:Religion
3473:Lynching
3256:Timeline
3138:Berkeley
2755:11785435
2729:(1985).
2599:June 17,
2440:July 19,
2414:July 20,
2333:July 20,
2280:Archived
2255:July 21,
2094:See also
1766:New York
1738:Maryland
1656:Category
1479:Diaspora
1406:Missouri
1331:Kentucky
1258:Virginia
1228:Oklahoma
1213:New York
1208:Nebraska
1198:Maryland
1173:Illinois
1153:Arkansas
992:Merikins
937:Freedmen
910:Mascogos
710:Populism
601:Politics
496:Religion
466:Stepping
232:Lifeways
68:Timeline
35:a series
33:Part of
6418:Romania
6413:Nigeria
6298:Poverty
6201:Classes
6186:History
6097:Peasant
6083:Outcast
6022:Working
6002:Burgher
5859:Samurai
5849:OcÄlĹtl
5809:Chhetri
5801:Warrior
5791:Scholar
5705:Russian
5695:Magnate
5683:Aristoi
5662:By type
5549:Citizen
5542:refugee
5438:Poverty
5432:Parvenu
5366:Related
5337:Marxian
5299:Stratum
5148:Writers
5113:Singers
5098:Jurists
5046:Europe
5000:Liberia
4945:Houston
4849:Detroit
4785:Indiana
4778:Chicago
4761:Atlanta
4756:Georgia
4739:Florida
4707:Alabama
4657:English
4231:Leftism
4101:Museums
3652:Kwanzaa
3577:Culture
3545:Slavery
3248:History
1992:Atlanta
1969:Seattle
1840:History
1822:lawyers
1776:areas.
1774:Chicago
1750:Houston
1742:Atlanta
1718:de jure
1514:Liberia
1396:Georgia
1391:Florida
1321:Houston
1316:Detroit
1301:Chicago
1286:Atlanta
1178:Indiana
1168:Georgia
1163:Florida
1148:Alabama
1080:Tutnese
959:Redbone
685:Leftism
386:Kwanzaa
343:Studies
295:Schools
224:Culture
153:Aspects
98:Slavery
60:Periods
52:History
6373:France
6353:Belize
6348:Africa
6275:Income
6231:Middle
6224:Gentry
6088:Outlaw
5995:Petite
5982:Middle
5916:Landed
5901:Gentry
5834:Knight
5774:Priest
5769:Clergy
5732:Family
5670:Ruling
5619:collar
5576:Clique
5292:Status
5160:Mayors
5078:Actors
5050:France
5042:Israel
5030:Mexico
5015:Canada
4990:Gambia
4985:Africa
4935:Austin
4900:Oregon
4839:Boston
4802:Kansas
4768:Hawaii
4686:Gullah
4496:Yoruba
4486:Gullah
4357:Sports
4275:groups
4105:Women
3642:Hoodoo
3516:(1896)
3442:Second
3418:(1857)
3363:(1956)
3310:(1954)
3184:
3166:, 1998
3140:, 1987
3055:
2968:
2753:
2743:
2633:
2490:
2465:
2386:
2359:
2231:
2210:800108
2208:
2157:
1832:, and
1804:, and
1754:Dallas
1548:Racism
1509:Israel
1499:France
1494:Canada
1489:Africa
1296:Boston
1233:Oregon
1188:Kansas
1098:Gullah
987:Gullah
807:Sports
554:Hoodoo
6469:Aztec
6428:Tibet
6403:Nepal
6393:Italy
6383:India
6378:Haiti
6363:China
6263:Under
6258:Lower
6236:Black
6219:Donor
6214:Black
6209:Upper
6116:Slave
6065:Under
5921:Petty
5896:Elite
5883:Upper
5824:Harii
5819:CuÄuh
5653:White
5633:Green
5532:Alien
5375:Caste
5061:Lists
5025:Haiti
4995:Ghana
4930:Texas
4866:Omaha
4144:Islam
3677:Names
3667:Music
3605:Dance
3053:S2CID
2996:. 9.
2966:S2CID
2929:Salon
2629:â91.
2324:(PDF)
2206:JSTOR
1862:South
1852:Many
1798:sales
1730:South
1661:Index
1504:Ghana
1426:Texas
1351:Omaha
1248:Texas
760:NAACP
271:Names
261:Music
241:Dance
6388:Iran
6101:Serf
5906:Lord
5844:Nair
5737:List
5648:Pink
5638:Grey
5628:Blue
5617:By "
4957:Utah
4790:Iowa
4622:Ohio
4583:list
4491:Igbo
4481:Fula
3625:Hair
3615:Film
3332:1968
3322:1964
3182:ISBN
2751:OCLC
2741:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2601:2018
2488:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2442:2012
2416:2012
2384:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2335:2012
2257:2021
2229:ISBN
2175:link
2155:ISBN
1772:and
1699:The
1594:and
1253:Utah
1223:Ohio
1183:Iowa
790:UNCF
251:Film
100:and
5643:New
3590:Art
3447:New
3045:doi
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