1935:
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38:
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2143:
whose struggles were highlighted in the press, displaced Black women to the background of a movement they spearheaded. A woman's issue, and a Black woman's issue, was being covered by the press. However, reporting diminished the roles of the women fighting for teacher salary equalization and “diminished the presence of the teachers’ salary equalization fight” in national debates over equality in education.
2193:
Many Black newspapers that began publishing in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s went out of business because they could not attract enough advertising. They were also victims of their own substantial efforts to eradicate racism and promote civil rights. As of 2002, about 200 Black newspapers remained.
2142:
During the 1930s and 1940s, the Black southern press both aided and, to an extent, hindered the equal payment movement of Black teachers in the southern United States. Newspaper coverage of the movement served to publicize the cause. However, the way in which the movement was portrayed, and those
2028:
Many
African American newspapers struggled to keep their circulation going due to the low rate of literacy among African Americans. Many freed African Americans had low incomes and could not afford to purchase subscriptions but shared the publications with one another.
1601:
1488:
1924:
as a time for social and political advancement. This newspaper did so by publishing articles that referenced
African American mobilization during that era that had not only local support but had gained support from the global community as well. The name
1819:
were published in the North and then distributed, often covertly, to
African Americans throughout the country. The newspaper often covered regional, national, and international news. It also addressed the issues of American slavery and The
6706:
6701:
1779:, virtually every large city with a significant African American population had newspapers directed towards African Americans. These newspapers gained audiences outside African American circles. Demographic changes continued with
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2127:"with correspondents and stringers in all major centers of black population". In 1940, Sengstacke led African American newspaper publishers in forming the trade association known in the 21st century as the
121:
6389:
767:
180:
132:
3145:
Odum-Hinmon, Maria E. "The
Cautious Crusader: How the Atlanta Daily World Covered the Struggle for African American Rights from 1945 to 1985." (PhD Dissertation University of Maryland, 2005).
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African
American newspapers flourished in the major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. By the 20th century, daily papers appeared in
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2016:
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87:
3199:
The
African American press: a history of news coverage during national crises, with special reference to four black newspapers, 1827–1965
2306:
The
African American press: a history of news coverage during national crises, with special reference to four black newspapers, 1827–1965
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in response to the dominance of the
Internet in terms of providing free news and information, and providing cheap advertising.
1177:
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is
Minnesota's oldest black-owned newspaper and one of the United States' oldest ongoing minority publication, second only to
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Wade-Gayles, Gloria. "Black Women
Journalists in the South, 1880–1905: An Approach to the Study of Black Women's History."
7068:
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2759:"'Do We Have Any Men to Follow in Her Footsteps?': The Black Southern Press and the Fight for Teacher Salary Equalization"
1821:
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1998:
1528:
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1513:
1508:
1252:
724:
515:
485:
423:
372:
300:
190:
37:
2194:
With the decline of print media and proliferation of internet access, more black news websites emerged, most notably
1987:
3114:
Meier, August. "Booker T. Washington and the Negro Press: With Special Reference to the Colored American Magazine."
2021:
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7101:
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1969:
1498:
1242:
1202:
491:
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5498:
5438:
5428:
5354:
4585:
4514:
4206:
4038:
3556:
3433:
2054:
2007:, the first nationally distributed newspaper published by and for African American women in the United States.
1912:
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362:
243:
71:
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3405:
2120:
1892:
290:
280:
260:
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Jones, Allen W. "The Black Press in The" New South": Jesse C. Duke's Struggle for Justice and Equality."
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1991:
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A question of sedition: The federal government's investigation of the black press during World War II
2255:
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1974:
1883:
1860:
1752:
1670:
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367:
159:
92:
42:
2560:"Black Women Journalists in the South, 1880-1905: An Approach to the Study of Black Women's History"
7126:
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Guskin, Emily, Paul Moore, and Amy Mitchell. "African American media: Evolving in the new era." in
2208:
2119:-affiliated National Negro Press Association filled that role from 1909 to 1939. The Chicago-based
2088:
1943:
1927:
1747:
1538:
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978:
395:
226:
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1955:
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127:
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Radicals, Volume 2: Memoir, Essays, and Oratory: Audacious Writings by American Women, 1830-1930
2003:
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2289:
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2172:
2068:
2038:
1964:
1094:
714:
555:
62:
3288:
Alone Atop the Hill: The Autobiography of Alice Dunnigan, Pioneer of the National Black Press
2696:
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Jacqueline Bacon, "The history of Freedom's Journal: A study in empowerment and community."
2196:
2063:
2050:
1920:
was a New York-based paper that served as an outlet to inspire African Americans to use the
1758:
1739:
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17:
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A black national news service: the Associated Negro Press and Claude Barnett, 1919–1945
2828:
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1803:
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Chronicles of a Two-front War: Civil Rights and Vietnam in the African American Press
2158:
1735:
1645:
1640:
46:, considered the first African American newspaper published within the United States
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4024:
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1854:
1129:
941:
669:
532:
2977:
2537:
6455:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
3043:
2953:
6519:
6504:
6352:
6315:
6154:
6109:
6094:
5859:
5854:
5701:
4556:
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4108:
3949:
2124:
2093:
2083:
1950:
1806:'s illustration celebrating the 116th anniversary of African American newspapers
1295:
951:
804:
684:
468:
31:
3213:
The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide
2286:
The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide
6054:
6039:
6009:
6004:
5753:
5721:
5560:
5528:
4799:
4613:
3833:
3064:
Louis Austin and the Carolina Times: A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle
2223:
1787:
from 1941 to 1970. In the 21st century, papers (like newspapers of all sorts)
400:
139:
2989:
2784:
2654:
American Journalism: The history of newspapers in the United States 1690–1950
2579:
6668:
6514:
6019:
5803:
5741:
5636:
4641:
2888:
2523:
2495:
2046:
1960:
1731:
1625:
966:
699:
478:
305:
3192:
A Register and History of Negro Newspapers in the United States: 1827–1950.
2667:
2603:
Mary Ann Shadd Carry: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century
2460:
Organizing Black America: an Encyclopedia of African American Associations
7141:
7136:
6646:
3331:
2505:
2202:
1011:
936:
929:
3204:
Stevens, John D. "Conflict-cooperation content in 14 Black newspapers."
2978:"Selective Bibliography on Ethnic Minorities, Racism and the Mass Media"
2836:
2798:
2775:
2758:
2429:
5758:
4655:
3237:
3119:
3095:
2922:
2906:
Robert L. Vann of the Pittsburgh courier: politics and Black journalism
2587:
2559:
2329:
2042:
1099:
405:
6390:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
3045:
News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media
2025:, to create journalism career opportunities for Southern black women.
6592:
4648:
3253:(Northwestern University Press, 2006); covers 1827–1900; emphasis on
1783:
from southern states to northern states from 1910 to 1930 and during
1006:
5315:
2571:
3133:
Eye on the Struggle: Ethel Payne, the First Lady of the Black Press
2858:
Eye on the Struggle: Ethel Payne, the First Lady of the Black Press
1931:
was used by various newspapers established in the 1860s and later.
6405:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
6404:
3146:
2145:
2133:
2115:(American Press Association) operated as a trade association. The
1933:
1798:
779:
36:
2165:. These men broke a wall that let black people into society. The
2157:
There were many specialized black publications, such as those of
1775:
As African Americans moved to urban centers beginning during the
6449:
809:
5319:
4858:
3335:
2877:
Check list of Negro newspapers in the United States (1827–1946)
2729:"The National Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA) (1940– )"
2375:"LibGuides: African American Studies: Newspapers: 19th century"
2108:. In the 1940s, the number of newspapers grew from 150 to 250.
2077:
and president of the National Afro-American Press Association;
1824:
which involved the repatriation of free blacks back to Africa.
30:"Black press" redirects here. For the Canadian publisher, see
2019:
in 1895. It was also one of the first newspapers, along with
1911:
emerged in California as a result of black participation in
3215:(Greenwood, 2001), pp. 216–230, with long bibliography
2936:
The Black Press, 1827–1890: The Quest for National Identity
2605:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 120–123.
3305:
with over 80 interviews with Black publishers and editors
2917:
Burma, John H. "An analysis of the present Negro Press."
2349:"Honoring African American Contributions: The Newspapers"
2015:, and grew in import and impact with the founding of the
1815:
Most of the early African American publications, such as
3066:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.
1983:
was established in the 1880s and continued for decades.
2829:
Freedom's journal: the first African-American newspaper
2627:
Freedom's journal: the first African-American newspaper
1934:
1832:
Some notable black newspapers of the 19th century were
1761:, other African American newspapers sprang up, such as
4774:
National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame
3078:
Bibliographic Checklist of African American Newspapers
3036:
Forum for protest: The black press during World War II
2547:– via Lewis H. Beck Center at Emory University.
2261:
List of African American newspapers and media outlets
2941:
Davis, Ralph N. "The Negro Newspapers and the War."
2175:, and recently celebrated its 75th anniversary. The
2138:
Poster from the U.S. Office of War Information, 1943
7167:
7082:
6806:
6739:
6677:
6577:
6538:
6463:
6378:
6298:
6236:
6178:
5827:
5682:
5353:
5210:
5172:
5158:
4897:
4808:
4787:
4756:
4570:
3988:
3966:
3864:
3741:
3457:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3317:
List of black-owned newspapers in the United States
3018:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895
1602:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
3211:Strickland, Arvarh E., and Robert E. Weems, eds.
6440:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
3251:The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom
3172:Pride, Armistead Scott; Clint C. Wilson (1997).
2909:. University of Pittsburgh Press. Archived from
2848:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
2640:The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom
6485:Black players in professional American football
6435:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2284:Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, eds.
1750:started the first African American periodical,
27:Newspapers serving African American communities
329:Education of freed people during the Civil War
5331:
4870:
3347:
3227:The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865–1985
2897:The Afro-American Periodical Press, 1838–1909
2102:(1879–1940), the publisher and editor of the
1700:
8:
6198:Historically black colleges and universities
3038:(Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1975)
340:Historically black colleges and universities
3322:African American Newspapers 1829 to present
3016:Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2006). "Newspapers".
324:Education during the slave period in the US
6467:
5338:
5324:
5316:
4877:
4863:
4855:
3380:
3373:
3354:
3340:
3332:
2017:National Federation of Afro American Women
1707:
1693:
1564:
1155:
1065:
892:
830:
755:
647:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
624:
520:
248:
76:
49:
6415:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
4779:National Newspaper Publishers Association
4769:National Association of Black Journalists
3327:Black Press USA: List of local newspapers
2774:
2500:. University of Iowa Press. p. 173.
2129:National Newspaper Publishers Association
2011:began as the official publication of the
103:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
3020:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press.
2481:
2153:meets with newspaper publishers in 1965.
4165:The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)
4151:The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia)
3220:The Black press in the south, 1865–1979
3164:The Afro-American Press and Its Editors
3135:(New York: Amistad, 2015). xii, 466 pp.
3109:A survey of Black newspapers in America
2277:
2266:List of newspapers in the United States
2091:(1919–2019), publisher emeritus of the
1940:The Afro American Press and its Editors
1610:
1567:
1497:
1459:
1394:
1286:
1158:
1108:
1068:
1035:
987:
895:
844:
758:
660:
627:
564:
541:
523:
447:
414:
381:
353:
314:
251:
208:
172:
79:
61:
7314:Topics related to the African diaspora
6420:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
3087:(Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1984)
3042:Gonzalez, Juan; Joseph Torres (2011).
7294:Landmark African-American legislation
2385:from the original on November 5, 2016
2013:National Association of Colored Women
845:Athletic associations and conferences
334:History of African-American education
7:
6425:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
4158:The Colored American (New York City)
3012:(University of Missouri Press, 2012)
2955:The Negro Press in the United States
2668:"National Colored Press Association"
2434:Star Quest Production Network (SQPN)
1967:", which he later expanded into the
768:Association for the Study of African
6779:African-American Vernacular English
3290:(University of Georgia Press, 2015)
3080:(Genealogical Publishing Com, 1995)
2982:Electronic Journal of Communication
2326:Journal of African American History
1582:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1083:African-American Vernacular English
652:National Conference of Black Mayors
6697:U.S. cities with large populations
6400:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2113:National Colored Press Association
785:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
5570:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
5566:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
5373:African American founding fathers
4795:Perry Publishing and Broadcasting
4102:Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune
2709:from the original on June 8, 2008
2405:"History 313: Manual – Chapter 3"
1789:have shut down, merged, or shrunk
1489:Places by plurality of population
155:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
145:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
98:Abolitionism in the United States
7332:
6450:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
5595:Nadir of American race relations
4829:Genius of Universal Emancipation
3466:African-American News and Issues
3267:(Oxford University Press, 1986).
3229:(Greenwood Press, 1996). 416 pp.
3071:The State of the News Media 2011
2757:Aiello, Thomas (February 2018).
2288:(Greenwood, 2001), pp. 216–230.
2240:
2226:
2053:Representative leaders included
1664:
186:Black Belt in the American South
5456:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
5446:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
4886:Newspapers in the United States
4487:Southwestern Christian Advocate
3167:. Massachusetts: Willey and Co.
2996:from the original on 2019-10-05
2958:. University of Chicago Press.
2739:from the original on 2022-02-07
2678:from the original on 2022-02-07
2440:from the original on 2020-06-11
2355:from the original on 2023-08-13
2123:(1919–1964) was a subscription
2061:(1912–1997), publishers of the
1988:Afro-American Press Association
790:National Council of Negro Women
6445:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
5451:Civil right movement 1896–1954
2763:History of Education Quarterly
2705:, Chicago Historical Society,
2117:National Negro Business League
2081:(1865–1946), publisher of the
2022:the National Association Notes
1587:Racism against Black Americans
1:
6625:Cherokee freedmen controversy
5601:The Negro Motorist Green Book
4607:The Colored American Magazine
3297:, oral history collection at
2943:Sociology and Social Research
2727:Osgood, Harley (2018-09-30).
2540:. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
1899:In the 1860s, the newspapers
1822:American Colonization Society
795:National Pan-Hellenic Council
4417:The Philadelphia Independent
3827:Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder
3441:The Washington Afro-American
2875:Brown, Warren Henry (1946).
2803:Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder
2558:Wade-Gayles, Gloria (1981).
2178:Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder
1597:School segregation in the US
1135:Black American Sign Language
1109:Languages and other dialects
7360:African-American newspapers
6495:Black players in ice hockey
6430:National Urban League (NUL)
6256:American Society of Muslims
5494:Selma to Montgomery marches
5414:Brown v. Board of Education
5280:Serving cities over 100,000
3536:The Burning Spear Newspaper
3295:Black Pulitzers and Hearsts
3176:. Howard University Press.
3111:(Mercer House Press, 1973).
2950:Detweiler, Frederick German
2837:The Black Press in Illinois
2652:Mott, Frank Luther (1950).
2071:(1863–1929), editor of the
1999:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
1720:African American newspapers
424:African-American businesses
7386:
6652:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
6410:Nashville Student Movement
5421:Children of the plantation
4347:The Mississippi Enterprise
3174:History of the Black Press
3008:Eldridge, Lawrence Allen.
2458:Nina Mjagkij, ed. (2001),
1864:in Cleveland (1853–1855),
1785:the Second Great Migration
962:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
637:Congressional Black Caucus
604:African Diaspora Religions
391:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
29:
18:African American newspaper
7322:
7289:Index of related articles
6470:
6290:Doctrine of Father Divine
5674:Women's suffrage movement
5627:Reconstruction Amendments
5434:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4816:Abolitionist publications
3620:The Jacksonville Advocate
3585:Florida Sentinel Bulletin
3263:Washburn, Patrick Scott.
2656:. Macmillan. p. 794.
2494:Stabel, Meredith (2021).
2308:. McFarland, 2006, p. 2.
1973:, purported to the first
1970:American Catholic Tribune
1867:Frederick Douglass' Paper
1469:US states and territories
770:American Life and History
492:Lift Every Voice and Sing
201:Treatment of the enslaved
7365:African-American society
7339:United States portal
6774:African-American English
6203:Inventors and scientists
5895:George Washington Carver
5499:Chicago Freedom Movement
5192:Northern Mariana Islands
4586:Black Issues Book Review
4515:The Winter Park Advocate
3557:The Charleston Chronicle
3434:The Philadelphia Tribune
3274:(Wiley-Blackwell, 1990).
3270:Wolseley, Roland Edgar.
3225:Suggs, Henry Lewis, ed.
3218:Suggs, Henry Lewis, ed.
3116:Journal of Negro History
3092:Journal of Negro History
2856:Bradshaw, Katherine A. "
2697:"Associated Negro Press"
2055:Robert Sengstacke Abbott
1671:United States portal
1078:African-American English
589:African-American Muslims
150:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
7262:African-American firsts
6311:Back-to-Africa movement
6280:Black Hebrew Israelites
6060:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
5608:Partus sequitur ventrem
4326:Metro Herald (Virginia)
4116:The Chicago Conservator
3929:The Sacramento Observer
3732:Winston-Salem Chronicle
3662:The New Orleans Tribune
3627:Jacksonville Free Press
3501:Baltimore Afro-American
3448:The Washington Informer
3420:New York Amsterdam News
3293:La Brie, Henry G. III,
3236:11/13 (1981): 138–152.
3131:Morris, James McGrath.
2879:. Jefferson City, Mo.:
2832:(Lexington Books, 2007)
2702:Encyclopedia of Chicago
2379:Libguides.princeton.edu
2171:was founded in 1939 by
2111:From 1881 to 1909, the
1959:, said to be the first
1592:Reparations for slavery
680:Back-to-Africa movement
579:Black Hebrew Israelites
457:African-American beauty
7370:African-American press
7230:Spingarn Medal winners
6719:States and territories
6490:Black NFL quarterbacks
5990:Martin Luther King Jr.
5522:Dred Scott v. Sandford
5461:Montgomery bus boycott
4822:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
4764:Associated Negro Press
4691:Our Women and Children
4543:Afro-American Sentinel
4473:The Seattle Republican
3936:San Francisco Bay View
3841:The St. Louis American
3820:The Michigan FrontPage
3571:The Christian Recorder
3406:New Pittsburgh Courier
3362:African American press
3094:64.3 (1979): 215–228.
2883:School of Journalism.
2154:
2139:
2121:Associated Negro Press
1990:was formed in 1890 in
1946:
1893:The Christian Recorder
1807:
1062:Dialects and languages
222:Second Great Migration
47:
6540:Athletic associations
6475:Negro league baseball
6246:African-American Jews
5965:Ketanji Brown Jackson
5930:Henry Highland Garnet
5789:Negro National Anthem
5539:George Floyd protests
5504:Post–civil rights era
4144:The Cleveland Gazette
3806:Indianapolis Recorder
3778:The Cincinnati Herald
3655:New Journal and Guide
3606:Houston Forward Times
3249:Washburn, Patrick S.
3208:47#3 (1970): 566–568.
3190:Prides, Armistead S.
3138:Oak, Vishnu Vitthal.
3076:Henritze, Barbara K.
2903:Buni, Andrew (1974).
2895:Bullock, Penelope L.
2835:Belles, A. Gilbert. "
2638:Patrick S. Washburn,
2601:Rhodes, Jane (1998).
2149:
2137:
1992:Indianapolis, Indiana
1980:The Cleveland Gazette
1938:Pdf of the 1892 book
1937:
1917:The American Freedman
1888:Travers Benjamin Pinn
1879:The People's Advocate
1838:Philip Alexander Bell
1802:
1474:US metropolitan areas
1301:List of neighborhoods
915:Alabama Creole people
905:African-American Jews
837:Negro league baseball
800:National Urban League
752:Civic/economic groups
584:African-American Jews
474:African-American hair
336:, after the Civil War
165:Post–civil rights era
40:
6747:Afro-Seminole Creole
6273:Azusa Street Revival
6145:Booker T. Washington
5669:Underground Railroad
5534:Free people of color
5388:Atlantic slave trade
5295:Supermarket tabloids
4740:Visions Metro Weekly
4333:The Michigan Citizen
4256:Indianapolis Freeman
4018:Arkansas State Press
4011:The Aliened American
4004:The Alaska Spotlight
3894:Los Angeles Sentinel
3771:The Chicago Defender
3764:The Chicago Crusader
3711:The Triangle Tribune
3634:The Louisiana Weekly
3515:The Baptist Vanguard
3272:The black press, USA
3206:Journalism Quarterly
3197:Simmons, Charles A.
3159:Penn, Irvine Garland
3062:Gershenhorn, Jerry.
2506:10.2307/j.ctv1m9x358
2304:Simmons, Charles A.
2256:Black-owned business
2248:United States portal
1977:national newspaper.
1963:"printed by and for
1884:John Wesley Cromwell
1861:The Aliened American
1757:in 1827. During the
1631:Criminal stereotypes
1406:District of Columbia
1123:Afro-Seminole Creole
565:Non-Christian groups
160:Black power movement
124:during the Civil War
93:Atlantic slave trade
7142:Trinidad and Tobago
6757:Black American Sign
6584:By African descent
6578:Ethnic subdivisions
6565:Southwestern (SWAC)
6480:Baseball color line
6395:Black Panther Party
6299:Political movements
6216:in computer science
5875:Carol Moseley Braun
5664:Tulsa race massacre
5657:Treatment of slaves
5489:March on Washington
5484:Birmingham movement
5212:Lists of newspapers
5202:U.S. Virgin Islands
4733:Transition Magazine
4438:The Progressive Era
4340:Mirror of the Times
4312:Memphis Free Speech
4263:Indianapolis Leader
4193:Detroit Plaindealer
4046:Atlanta Independent
3792:Fort Wayne Ink Spot
3683:Richmond Free Press
3641:Louisville Defender
3543:Carolina Peacemaker
3480:Atlanta Daily World
3299:Columbia University
3140:The Negro Newspaper
3083:Hogan, Lawrence D.
2945:27 (1943): 378–380.
2826:Bacon, Jacqueline.
2776:10.1017/heq.2017.50
2328:88.1 (2003): 1–20.
2089:Garth C. Reeves Sr.
1944:Irvine Garland Penn
1928:The Colored Citizen
1781:the Great Migration
1768:founded in 1847 by
1748:John Brown Russwurm
1027:Sierra Leone Creole
988:Specific ancestries
873:Southwestern (SWAC)
396:Black History Month
227:New Great Migration
181:Agriculture history
7240:US representatives
7235:US cabinet members
7127:Dominican Republic
6714:Metropolitan areas
6555:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
6380:Civic and economic
6358:Self-determination
6179:Education, science
6100:Fred Shuttlesworth
6080:A. Philip Randolph
5985:Coretta Scott King
5910:Frederick Douglass
5737:Harlem Renaissance
5642:Separate but equal
5632:Reconstruction era
5620:Plessy v. Ferguson
5511:Cornerstone Speech
5425:Civil Rights Acts
5408:Black Lives Matter
5383:American Civil War
4501:The Washington Sun
4494:The Washington Bee
4424:Pittsburgh Courier
4410:The People's Voice
4305:The McDowell Times
4095:The Carolina Times
4053:The Black Dispatch
3855:St. Louis Sentinel
3813:Michigan Chronicle
3718:Tri-State Defender
3564:The Charlotte Post
3473:Atlanta Black Star
3255:Pittsburgh Courier
3243:2019-04-28 at the
3201:(McFarland, 2006).
3151:2023-12-07 at the
3125:2021-04-25 at the
3107:La Brie, Henry G.
3101:2016-11-07 at the
2928:2019-05-22 at the
2899:(LSU Press, 1981).
2881:Lincoln University
2869:Journalism History
2863:2019-05-02 at the
2842:2018-11-17 at the
2625:Jacqueline Bacon,
2566:(11/13): 138–152.
2373:Knowlton, Steven.
2335:2016-11-07 at the
2155:
2140:
2105:Pittsburgh Courier
2059:John H. Sengstacke
1947:
1922:Reconstruction era
1817:Freedom's Journal,
1808:
1777:Reconstruction era
1770:Frederick Douglass
1036:Sexual orientation
910:Afro-Puerto Ricans
863:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
498:Self-determination
462:Black is beautiful
128:Reconstruction era
48:
7347:
7346:
7175:African Americans
7047:Dallas–Fort Worth
6642:Black Southerners
6573:
6572:
6025:Thurgood Marshall
5995:Bernard Lafayette
5590:Million Man March
5347:African Americans
5313:
5312:
4852:
4851:
4566:
4565:
4466:The Rights of All
4298:Louisville Leader
4284:Jackson Eagle Eye
4235:Frost Illustrated
4228:Freedom's Journal
4172:Daily Negro Times
4060:The Black Panther
4032:Athens Republique
3984:
3983:
3915:Portland Observer
3873:Arizona Informant
3785:The Columbus Post
3704:Tennessee Tribune
3676:The Orlando Times
3578:The Dallas Weekly
3399:Buffalo Criterion
3286:Dunnigan, Alice.
3142:(Greenwood, 1970)
2974:Dijk, Teun A. van
2965:978-0-7426-4265-2
2921:(1947): 172–180.
2850:(1975): 344–352.
2538:"The Woman's Era"
2515:978-1-60938-768-6
2234:Journalism portal
2173:Fleming Alexander
2069:John Mitchell Jr.
1890:(1876–1891), and
1870:(1851–1863), the
1852:(1847–1860), the
1846:(1837–1841), the
1834:Freedom's Journal
1753:Freedom's Journal
1732:news publications
1717:
1716:
1654:
1653:
1552:
1551:
1326:Dallas-Fort Worth
1143:
1142:
1053:
1052:
997:Americo-Liberians
880:
879:
818:
817:
743:
742:
612:
611:
556:Womanist theology
506:
505:
448:Symbols and ideas
234:
233:
113:Antebellum period
108:Revolutionary War
63:African Americans
43:Freedom's Journal
16:(Redirected from
7377:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7299:Lynching victims
6798:Louisiana Creole
6769:American English
6657:Louisiana Creole
6630:Choctaw freedmen
6468:
6005:Huddie Ledbetter
5945:Fannie Lou Hamer
5915:W. E. B. Du Bois
5905:Claudette Colvin
5900:Shirley Chisholm
5717:Family structure
5585:Military history
5467:Browder v. Gayle
5340:
5333:
5326:
5317:
5285:Spanish-language
5220:African-American
5166:Washington, D.C.
5160:Federal district
4879:
4872:
4865:
4856:
4843:The National Era
4579:Black Enterprise
4480:The Shining Star
4431:Portland New Age
4389:New National Era
4088:California Eagle
3901:Los Angeles Wave
3725:The Village Beat
3697:Savannah Tribune
3613:Jackson Advocate
3599:Houston Defender
3592:The Florida Star
3522:Birmingham Times
3487:Atlanta Inquirer
3413:The New York Age
3392:Bay State Banner
3381:
3374:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3333:
3259:Chicago Defender
3222:(Praeger, 1983).
3187:
3168:
3059:
3031:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2969:
2934:Dann, Martin E.
2914:
2892:
2871:41.1 (2015): 53+
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2407:. Archived from
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2351:. 30 July 2020.
2345:
2339:
2322:
2316:
2302:
2296:
2282:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2197:Black Voice News
2183:The Jewish World
2064:Chicago Defender
2057:(1870–1940) and
2051:Washington, D.C.
1873:Douglass Monthly
1843:Colored American
1759:Antebellum South
1740:African American
1728:Black newspapers
1709:
1702:
1695:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1616:media depictions
1565:
1460:Population count
1156:
1090:Liberian English
1069:English dialects
1066:
1022:Samaná Americans
947:Creoles of color
893:
831:
775:Black conductors
756:
625:
599:Louisiana Voodoo
521:
266:Family structure
249:
196:Military history
191:Business history
122:military history
77:
50:
21:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7333:
7331:
7318:
7284:Historic places
7277:US state firsts
7163:
7078:
6802:
6735:
6707:2010 majorities
6702:2000 majorities
6673:
6620:Black Seminoles
6569:
6560:Southern (SIAC)
6543:
6542:and conferences
6541:
6534:
6530:Serena Williams
6525:Jackie Robinson
6459:
6383:
6381:
6374:
6294:
6261:Nation of Islam
6232:
6180:
6174:
6115:Sojourner Truth
6105:Clarence Thomas
6070:Gabriel Prosser
5970:Michael Jackson
5845:Crispus Attucks
5835:Ralph Abernathy
5823:
5779:Musical theater
5678:
5544:Great Migration
5516:COVID-19 impact
5474:Sit-in movement
5349:
5344:
5314:
5309:
5255:German-language
5250:French-language
5206:
5168:
5154:
4893:
4883:
4853:
4848:
4804:
4783:
4752:
4712:Sister 2 Sister
4562:
4522:The Woman's Era
4459:Richmond Planet
4445:Ravenswood Post
4368:Nashville Globe
4361:Muhammad Speaks
4200:Detroit Tribune
4186:The Denver Star
4074:Boston Guardian
3980:
3962:
3880:Black Lens News
3860:
3848:St. Louis Argus
3737:
3690:Roanoke Tribune
3648:The Miami Times
3529:Black Chronicle
3508:Baltimore Times
3453:
3363:
3360:
3313:
3308:
3282:
3280:Primary sources
3277:
3245:Wayback Machine
3184:
3171:
3157:
3153:Wayback Machine
3127:Wayback Machine
3118:(1953): 67–90.
3103:Wayback Machine
3056:
3048:. Verso Books.
3041:
3028:
3015:
2999:
2997:
2972:
2966:
2948:
2930:Wayback Machine
2902:
2874:
2865:Wayback Machine
2844:Wayback Machine
2822:
2820:Further reading
2817:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2740:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2572:10.2307/3043847
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2516:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2441:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2337:Wayback Machine
2323:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2191:
2168:Roanoke Tribune
2163:John H. Johnson
2100:Robert Lee Vann
2079:Anthony Overton
2074:Richmond Planet
2035:
2009:The Woman's Era
2004:The Woman's Era
1965:Black Americans
1830:
1813:
1797:
1724:the Black press
1722:(also known as
1713:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1606:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1493:
1455:
1431:Omaha, Nebraska
1396:Historic places
1390:
1282:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1104:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1031:
983:
925:Black Seminoles
890:
889:Sub-communities
882:
881:
868:Southern (SIAC)
828:
820:
819:
814:
769:
753:
745:
744:
739:
656:
622:
614:
613:
608:
594:Nation of Islam
560:
537:
518:
508:
507:
502:
443:
410:
377:
349:
310:
286:Musical theater
246:
236:
235:
217:Great Migration
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7383:
7381:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7352:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7329:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7250:Visual artists
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7210:Mathematicians
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7088:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7034:
7029:
7027:South Carolina
7024:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6997:North Carolina
6994:
6993:
6992:
6982:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6965:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6942:Massachusetts
6940:
6939:
6938:
6928:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6911:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6843:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6821:
6816:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6784:social context
6781:
6771:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6716:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6635:Creek Freedmen
6632:
6627:
6622:
6612:
6610:Alabama Creole
6607:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6550:Central (CIAA)
6546:
6544:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6343:Pan-Africanism
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6285:Black theology
6282:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6226:in STEM fields
6223:
6218:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6181:and technology
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6120:Harriet Tubman
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6050:Michelle Obama
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5980:Barbara Jordan
5977:
5975:Harriet Jacobs
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5865:Amelia Boynton
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5828:Notable people
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5764:LGBT community
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5616:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5479:Freedom Riders
5476:
5471:
5463:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5423:
5418:
5410:
5405:
5403:Black genocide
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:By circulation
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5182:American Samoa
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5100:South Carolina
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5065:North Carolina
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4550:The Enterprise
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4403:Pacific Appeal
4399:
4396:The North Star
4392:
4385:
4378:
4375:The Negro Star
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4277:Iowa Bystander
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4179:Dallas Express
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3975:The Final Call
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3943:Seattle Medium
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3669:Oklahoma Eagle
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3550:The Carolinian
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3427:Our Time Press
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3311:External links
3309:
3307:
3306:
3303:Butler Library
3291:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3247:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3183:978-0882581927
3182:
3169:
3155:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3112:
3105:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3055:978-1844679423
3054:
3039:
3032:
3027:978-0195167771
3026:
3013:
3006:
2970:
2964:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2915:
2913:on 2013-10-29.
2900:
2893:
2872:
2854:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2818:
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2814:
2790:
2749:
2719:
2688:
2659:
2644:
2631:
2618:
2611:
2593:
2550:
2529:
2514:
2486:
2474:
2469:978-0815323099
2468:
2450:
2436:. 2020-02-03.
2421:
2396:
2365:
2340:
2317:
2314:978-0786403875
2297:
2294:978-0313298387
2276:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2237:
2221:
2218:
2190:
2187:
2151:Lyndon Johnson
2034:
2031:
1913:the Gold Rush.
1908:Pacific Appeal
1829:
1826:
1812:
1809:
1804:Charles Alston
1796:
1793:
1764:The North Star
1744:Samuel Cornish
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
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1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Black genocide
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1484:US communities
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:South Carolina
1438:
1436:North Carolina
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1258:South Carolina
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:North Carolina
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1095:Samaná English
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1045:LGBT community
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:Creek Freedmen
999:
993:
990:
989:
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
975:
974:
972:Carmel Indians
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
933:
932:
927:
917:
912:
907:
901:
898:
897:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
878:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Central (CIAA)
847:
846:
842:
841:
840:
839:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
816:
815:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
764:
761:
760:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
741:
740:
738:
737:
732:
727:
722:
720:Pan-Africanism
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
633:
630:
629:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
609:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
567:
566:
562:
561:
559:
558:
553:
551:Black theology
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
536:
535:
529:
526:
525:
519:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
503:
501:
500:
495:
488:
483:
482:
481:
471:
466:
465:
464:
453:
450:
449:
445:
444:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
420:
417:
416:
415:Economic class
412:
411:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
384:
383:
379:
378:
376:
375:
370:
365:
359:
356:
355:
354:Academic study
351:
350:
348:
347:
342:
337:
331:
326:
320:
317:
316:
312:
311:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
257:
254:
253:
247:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
219:
211:
210:
206:
205:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
175:
174:
170:
169:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
136:
135:
125:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
82:
81:
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
59:
58:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7382:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7340:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7309:Neighborhoods
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7272:Sports firsts
7270:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7074:West Virginia
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7011:Pennsylvania
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6990:New York City
6988:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6834:San Francisco
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6807:By state/city
6805:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6752:American Sign
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6685:Neighborhoods
6683:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6615:Black Indians
6613:
6611:
6608:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6193:Black schools
6191:
6189:
6188:Black studies
6186:
6185:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6170:Whitney Young
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6160:Oprah Winfrey
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6130:Denmark Vesey
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6075:Joseph Rainey
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Toni Morrison
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6015:Joseph Lowery
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Jesse Jackson
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5950:Kamala Harris
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:Marcus Garvey
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5885:Blanche Bruce
5883:
5881:
5880:Edward Brooke
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5870:James Bradley
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:James Baldwin
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:Neighborhoods
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:Silent Parade
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5575:Jim Crow laws
5573:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:Black cowboys
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:International
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:West Virginia
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:New Hampshire
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Massachusetts
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4890:North America
4887:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4836:The Liberator
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:Organizations
4755:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4529:Omaha Monitor
4526:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:The Reflector
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:Gary American
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3922:Richmond Post
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3799:Gary Crusader
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3757:Call and Post
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3494:Atlanta Voice
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3034:Finkle, Lee.
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3005:(includes US)
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:Social forces
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2769:(1): 94–121.
2768:
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2487:
2483:
2482:Gonzalez 2011
2478:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:"Daniel Rudd"
2425:
2422:
2411:on 2016-04-01
2410:
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2199:
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2188:
2186:
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2180:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:Marcus Garvey
2152:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2126:
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2048:
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2040:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:The national
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1896:(1861–1902).
1895:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1882:, founded by
1881:
1880:
1876:(1859–1863),
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1851:
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1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:(1827–1829),
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1794:
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1786:
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1742:communities.
1741:
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1736:United States
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1647:
1646:Minstrel show
1644:
1642:
1641:Magical Negro
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1451:West Virginia
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1386:San Francisco
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1366:New York City
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1025:
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1018:
1017:Nova Scotians
1015:
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1005:
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948:
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931:
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922:
921:
920:Black Indians
918:
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911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
899:
894:
886:
885:
874:
871:
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866:
864:
861:
859:
858:HBCU (HBCUAC)
856:
854:
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850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
835:
834:
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832:
824:
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766:
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763:
762:
759:Organizations
757:
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723:
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631:
628:Organizations
626:
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332:
330:
327:
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322:
321:
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318:
313:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Neighborhoods
294:
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289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
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264:
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259:
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68:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
45:
44:
39:
33:
19:
7225:Sportspeople
7195:Billionaires
7112:Sierra Leone
7015:Philadelphia
6851:Jacksonville
6678:Demographics
6510:Jack Johnson
6500:Muhammad Ali
6333:Conservatism
6268:Black church
6165:Andrew Young
6150:Ida B. Wells
6140:David Walker
6135:C. T. Vivian
6090:Paul Robeson
6085:Hiram Revels
6065:Colin Powell
6045:Barack Obama
6000:James Lawson
5955:Jimi Hendrix
5925:James Farmer
5920:Medgar Evers
5890:Ralph Bunche
5840:Maya Angelou
5814:Middle class
5798:
5692:Afrofuturism
5618:
5606:
5599:
5520:
5465:
5412:
5378:Afrocentrism
5368:Abolitionism
5245:Family-owned
5197:Puerto Rico
5105:South Dakota
5095:Rhode Island
5090:Pennsylvania
5070:North Dakota
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4788:Corporations
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4684:Negro Digest
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4536:Western Post
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4444:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4416:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4319:Memphis Post
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4207:The Elevator
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4137:The City Sun
4135:
4128:
4123:Chicago Whip
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4081:The Broad Ax
4079:
4072:
4066:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4039:Athens Voice
4037:
4030:
4025:Athens Blade
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3997:The Advocate
3995:
3973:
3957:Sun-Reporter
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3908:Oakland Post
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3368:
3294:
3287:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3173:
3163:
3139:
3132:
3115:
3108:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3044:
3035:
3017:
3009:
2998:. Retrieved
2981:
2954:
2942:
2935:
2918:
2911:the original
2905:
2896:
2876:
2868:
2847:
2827:
2806:. Retrieved
2802:
2793:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2741:. Retrieved
2732:
2722:
2711:, retrieved
2700:
2691:
2680:. Retrieved
2672:nkaa.uky.edu
2671:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2621:
2602:
2596:
2563:
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2532:
2524:j.ctv1m9x358
2496:
2489:
2477:
2459:
2453:
2442:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:the original
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2378:
2368:
2357:. Retrieved
2343:
2325:
2320:
2305:
2300:
2285:
2280:
2214:Black Voices
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2189:21st century
2182:
2176:
2166:
2156:
2141:
2110:
2103:
2092:
2082:
2072:
2062:
2036:
2033:20th century
2027:
2020:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1968:
1956:Ohio Tribune
1954:
1948:
1939:
1926:
1915:
1906:
1902:The Elevator
1900:
1898:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1855:National Era
1853:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1828:19th century
1816:
1814:
1774:
1762:
1751:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1544:Sierra Leone
1376:Philadelphia
1346:Jacksonville
942:Brass Ankles
695:Conservatism
670:Afrocentrism
642:Joint Center
533:Black church
524:Institutions
439:Billionaires
429:Middle class
382:Celebrations
345:Fraternities
41:
7245:US senators
7215:Republicans
7200:Journalists
7057:San Antonio
7022:Puerto Rico
6963:Mississippi
6856:Tallahassee
6829:Los Angeles
6520:Jesse Owens
6505:Arthur Ashe
6363:Nationalism
6353:Raised fist
6316:Black power
6221:in medicine
6155:Roy Wilkins
6110:Emmett Till
6095:Al Sharpton
5860:Julian Bond
5855:James Bevel
5819:Upper class
5809:Stereotypes
5702:Black mecca
5614:Plantations
5393:Black Codes
5300:Underground
5225:Alternative
5174:Territories
5020:Mississippi
4935:Connecticut
4663:The Horizon
4557:Omaha Guide
4382:Negro World
4291:Louisianian
4214:The Equator
4130:The Circuit
4109:Chicago Bee
4067:Black Times
3950:The Skanner
2462:, Garland,
2389:October 25,
2125:news agency
2094:Miami Times
2084:Chicago Bee
1975:Black-owned
1953:formed the
1951:Daniel Rudd
1612:Stereotypes
1539:Nova Scotia
1421:Mississippi
1381:San Antonio
1361:Los Angeles
1296:Black mecca
1223:Mississippi
1130:Negro Dutch
952:Dominickers
896:Multiethnic
805:TransAfrica
715:Nationalism
685:Black power
469:Black pride
434:Upper class
133:Politicians
32:Black Press
7354:Categories
7190:Astronauts
6980:New Jersey
6824:California
6328:Capitalism
6125:Nat Turner
6055:Rosa Parks
6040:Diane Nash
6010:John Lewis
5799:Newspapers
5769:Literature
5754:Juneteenth
5707:Businesses
5561:Exodusters
5529:Free Negro
5135:Washington
5055:New Mexico
5050:New Jersey
4925:California
4800:Real Times
4614:The Crisis
4508:The Appeal
3834:Omaha Star
3369:Newspapers
3000:2017-04-05
2808:2024-02-12
2743:2022-02-07
2733:Black Past
2682:2022-02-07
2612:0253213509
2544:2024-02-12
2444:2020-10-20
2415:2016-07-27
2359:2023-08-13
2272:References
1849:North Star
1178:California
1152:Population
725:Patriotism
710:Liberalism
690:Capitalism
661:Ideologies
542:Theologies
401:Juneteenth
373:Literature
301:Newspapers
209:Migrations
140:Juneteenth
7304:Monuments
7180:Activists
7032:Tennessee
6952:Michigan
6936:Baltimore
6926:Louisiana
6919:Lexington
6902:Davenport
6841:Cleveland
6740:Languages
6669:Melungeon
6647:Blaxicans
6515:Joe Louis
6370:Socialism
6306:Anarchism
6035:Bob Moses
6020:Malcolm X
5940:Fred Gray
5804:Soul food
5742:New Negro
5727:Folktales
5637:Redlining
5145:Wisconsin
5110:Tennessee
5015:Minnesota
4990:Louisiana
4698:Right On!
4642:The Fader
4571:Magazines
3887:The Facts
3384:Northeast
2990:1183-5656
2785:0018-2680
2713:March 20,
2580:0161-2492
2047:Baltimore
1997:In 1894,
1961:newspaper
1949:In 1885,
1636:Hollywood
1626:Blackface
1561:Prejudice
1479:US cities
1356:Lexington
1331:Davenport
1311:Baltimore
1287:US cities
1263:Tennessee
1213:Louisiana
1159:US states
967:Melungeon
937:Blaxicans
735:Socialism
700:Garveyism
675:Anarchism
479:Good hair
306:Soul food
276:Folktales
7327:Category
7118:America
7084:Diaspora
7069:Virginia
7002:Oklahoma
6985:New York
6968:Nebraska
6931:Maryland
6914:Kentucky
6880:Illinois
6819:Arkansas
6724:Illinois
6662:of color
6348:Populism
6321:Movement
6238:Religion
5580:Lynching
5363:Timeline
5275:National
5230:Business
5130:Virginia
5080:Oklahoma
5060:New York
5035:Nebraska
5025:Missouri
5010:Michigan
5000:Maryland
4985:Kentucky
4965:Illinois
4940:Delaware
4930:Colorado
4920:Arkansas
4705:The Root
4249:Harambee
3967:National
3750:The Call
3257:and the
3241:Archived
3238:in JSTOR
3234:Callaloo
3161:(1891).
3149:Archived
3123:Archived
3120:in JSTOR
3099:Archived
3096:in JSTOR
2994:Archived
2976:(1995).
2952:(1922).
2926:Archived
2923:in JSTOR
2889:36983520
2861:Archived
2840:Archived
2737:Archived
2707:archived
2676:Archived
2564:Callaloo
2438:Archived
2383:Archived
2353:Archived
2333:Archived
2330:in JSTOR
2220:See also
2209:The Root
2203:The Grio
2001:founded
1905:and the
1738:serving
1676:Category
1499:Diaspora
1426:Missouri
1351:Kentucky
1278:Virginia
1248:Oklahoma
1233:New York
1228:Nebraska
1218:Maryland
1193:Illinois
1173:Arkansas
1012:Merikins
957:Freedmen
930:Mascogos
730:Populism
621:Politics
516:Religion
486:Stepping
252:Lifeways
88:Timeline
55:a series
53:Part of
7255:Writers
7220:Singers
7205:Jurists
7153:Europe
7107:Liberia
7052:Houston
6956:Detroit
6892:Indiana
6885:Chicago
6868:Atlanta
6863:Georgia
6846:Florida
6814:Alabama
6764:English
6338:Leftism
6208:Museums
5759:Kwanzaa
5684:Culture
5652:Slavery
5355:History
5290:Student
5240:Defunct
5150:Wyoming
5125:Vermont
5030:Montana
4970:Indiana
4950:Georgia
4945:Florida
4915:Arizona
4905:Alabama
4809:Related
4656:theGrio
4635:Essence
4221:Freedom
3989:Defunct
3742:Midwest
3073:(2011).
2938:(1972).
2799:"About"
2642:(2006).
2629:(2007).
2588:3043847
2043:Chicago
2039:Norfolk
1811:Origins
1795:History
1734:in the
1534:Liberia
1416:Georgia
1411:Florida
1341:Houston
1336:Detroit
1321:Chicago
1306:Atlanta
1198:Indiana
1188:Georgia
1183:Florida
1168:Alabama
1100:Tutnese
979:Redbone
705:Leftism
406:Kwanzaa
363:Studies
315:Schools
244:Culture
173:Aspects
118:Slavery
80:Periods
72:History
7267:Mayors
7185:Actors
7157:France
7149:Israel
7137:Mexico
7122:Canada
7097:Gambia
7092:Africa
7042:Austin
7007:Oregon
6946:Boston
6909:Kansas
6875:Hawaii
6793:Gullah
6603:Yoruba
6593:Gullah
6464:Sports
6382:groups
6212:Women
5749:Hoodoo
5623:(1896)
5549:Second
5525:(1857)
5470:(1956)
5417:(1954)
5305:Weekly
5265:Jewish
5085:Oregon
5040:Nevada
4980:Kansas
4955:Hawaii
4910:Alaska
4898:States
4649:Fire!!
4628:Emerge
4600:Clutch
3377:Active
3194:(1950)
3180:
3052:
3024:
2988:
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2887:
2852:online
2783:
2609:
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2522:
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2292:
2212:, and
1730:) are
1568:Racism
1529:Israel
1519:France
1514:Canada
1509:Africa
1316:Boston
1253:Oregon
1208:Kansas
1118:Gullah
1007:Gullah
827:Sports
574:Hoodoo
7168:Lists
7132:Haiti
7102:Ghana
7037:Texas
6973:Omaha
6251:Islam
5784:Names
5774:Music
5712:Dance
5270:LGBTQ
5115:Texas
4995:Maine
4960:Idaho
4621:Ebony
3458:South
2584:JSTOR
2520:JSTOR
1681:Index
1524:Ghana
1446:Texas
1371:Omaha
1268:Texas
780:NAACP
291:Names
281:Music
261:Dance
7064:Utah
6897:Iowa
6729:Ohio
6690:list
6598:Igbo
6588:Fula
5732:Hair
5722:Film
5439:1968
5429:1964
5187:Guam
5120:Utah
5075:Ohio
4975:Iowa
4726:Tint
4719:Soul
4677:King
4354:Mojo
3865:West
3178:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3022:ISBN
2986:ISSN
2960:ISBN
2885:OCLC
2781:ISSN
2715:2017
2607:ISBN
2576:ISSN
2510:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2391:2017
2310:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2161:and
2098:and
2049:and
1886:and
1746:and
1614:and
1273:Utah
1243:Ohio
1203:Iowa
810:UNCF
271:Film
120:and
5697:Art
5554:New
4747:YSB
4670:Jet
4593:BLK
4270:Ink
3301:'s
2867:."
2846:."
2771:doi
2568:doi
2502:doi
1942:by
1840:'s
1726:or
368:Art
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