39:
3190:
1074:
61:. Among Johnson's projects was calculating the flight path for the United States' first mission into space in 1961. She is credited as co-author of 26 scientific papers. The practice in 1960 was to list only the head of the division as author. The crediting of Johnson as an author in a peer-reviewed NASA report is significant.
95:
There has been a decline in women of all races in computing in the United States; the representation of Black women in the field has continued to be lower than that of white female peers. For example, in 1985 when the number of women in computing was at a high, 77% of the related degrees were earned
68:
programmers, who programmed the first digital computer for the US Army. Their stories have not been documented. Given the dearth of information regarding the contributions of women in early computer science, it is likely that other Black women have made significant contributions to computer science
199:(CRA) Taulbee Survey reported there were "merely 56 Black/African American computer science tenure-track faculty members at PhD-granting institutions, which includes 12 (or 0.6%), 21 (or 1.4%), and 23 (or 3.0%) Full, Associate, and Assistant Professors, respectively."
91:
In the mid-1980s, the representation of women in computer science peaked at approximately 40%. The decline in the representation of women has been attributed by some analysts to the increased marketing of personal computers and video games to boys.
2562:
2557:
1117:
2569:
2310:
2574:
2245:
96:
by White women, while fewer than 8% were earned by Black women. In 2002, 1.3% of the computer science doctorate degrees earned were awarded to Black women. In 2017, two female computer scientists
779:
212:
192:
Between 1977 and 2013 (the years in which data has been recorded by the NCES), the greatest number of Black women to earn a doctorate degree in computer science in one year was 10 (2008).
3095:
3090:
2639:
1371:
1228:
2902:
1359:
2774:
1469:
84:
became the first Black woman to earn a doctorate degree in computer science (then part of the applied mathematics program) from
Harvard University. A year later, in 1982
2058:
1193:
1154:
2552:
1138:
Sanders, Yolanda. "Voices of
African American Women in Computer Science: Implications for K-12 Stem Education and Beyond" (PhD. Diss. Loyola University Chicago, 2020)
3100:
2340:
3169:
3144:
124:
3235:
3154:
3149:
2081:
502:
1529:
2870:
2706:
2415:
2405:
2063:
2053:
49:
African-American women were hired as mathematicians to do technical computing needed to support aeronautical and other research. They included such women as
721:
3240:
2912:
2684:
3250:
3132:
2076:
1139:
771:
3225:
2791:
2295:
1404:
828:
3139:
2769:
2290:
1512:
1344:
1084:
Cheryan, S., Drury, B.J., & Vichayapai, M. "Enduring influence of stereotypical computer science role models on women’s academic aspirations."
3105:
3065:
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2811:
2740:
2345:
605:
1106:
3164:
3159:
3127:
2897:
2801:
2764:
2545:
1306:
1301:
3245:
3215:
3122:
3080:
2892:
1440:
1186:
963:
3070:
3055:
2919:
2828:
2823:
2757:
1218:
1075:
Navigating underrepresented STEM spaces: Experiences of Black women in US computing science higher education programs who actualize success
3045:
2882:
2852:
2634:
2213:
1425:
1107:
Discrimination as a
Barrier to Diversity: Sexism and Microaggressions against African American Women in Computer Science and Engineering
390:
77:
73:
30:
were among early pioneers in computing in the United States, and there are notable
African-American women working in computer science.
3220:
3035:
2929:
2845:
2689:
2470:
2270:
1421:
1399:
3182:
1572:
1223:
848:
522:
3110:
3075:
3060:
2818:
2420:
1664:
1634:
1450:
1179:
1129:
Being vs. Becoming: Transcending STEM Identity
Development through Afropessimism, Moving toward a Black X Consciousness in STEM.
3117:
3040:
2835:
2711:
2679:
2410:
2275:
1980:
1619:
2887:
2781:
2696:
2300:
1091:
Hanson, S. L. "African
American women in science: Experiences from high school through the postsecondary years and beyond".
270:
196:
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2857:
2840:
2786:
2735:
2674:
2579:
2540:
2480:
2280:
1669:
1649:
1456:
1435:
2747:
2723:
2718:
2701:
2669:
2612:
1725:
1674:
1507:
636:
3230:
3012:
3004:
2947:
2862:
2350:
2255:
2111:
2093:
1995:
1654:
1624:
1349:
1269:
1248:
497:
208:
38:
3030:
2967:
2957:
2507:
2265:
2225:
1582:
1276:
1043:"2011 Taulbee Survey: continued increase in undergraduate CS degree production; slight rise in doctoral production"
553:
216:
2939:
2752:
2584:
2145:
1644:
1482:
1289:
1161:
699:
2629:
2193:
2106:
1750:
1539:
1354:
1294:
1284:
1210:
1042:
265:
81:
1162:"Intersectionality in the narratives of black women in computing through the education and workforce pipeline
2962:
2512:
2166:
2135:
1915:
1855:
1720:
1463:
470:
405:
350:
320:
112:
2877:
2607:
1845:
1639:
1629:
1567:
1377:
1316:
131:
Computer
Science Degree Completion Rates for Black and White Women (from IPEDS Completion Survey by Race)
17:
2952:
2465:
2330:
2285:
2101:
1820:
1785:
1604:
1587:
1394:
1311:
746:
672:
432:
310:
222:
The following is a list of notable Black women in computer science, in alphabetical order by last name:
1151:
2018 Research on Equity and
Sustained Participation in Engineering, Computing, and Technology (RESPECT)
613:
3194:
2602:
2365:
2176:
2128:
2000:
1890:
1795:
1562:
1552:
1524:
1389:
1243:
558:
492:
428:
415:
355:
85:
380:
2982:
2977:
2335:
2250:
1730:
1519:
1409:
1339:
1110:
659:
Williams, Marsha Rhea (1982). "The design of the
Computer Assisted Query Language (CAQL) System".
3050:
2987:
2730:
2188:
1955:
1935:
1840:
1765:
1592:
1497:
1487:
1475:
1366:
1263:
1238:
1128:
1096:
1063:
994:
986:
937:
896:
854:
400:
340:
260:
803:"Meet Rediet Abebe, the Ethiopian Computer Scientist Using AI to Fight Socioeconomic Inequality"
76:(ACM) was founded in 1947, but computer science developed later as an academic field. In 1969,
2497:
2218:
1880:
1850:
1445:
1202:
1064:
What makes the difference? Black women's undergraduate and graduate experiences in mathematics
964:"Underrepresentation Of Girls And Women In Computer Science: Classification OF 1990s Research"
844:
660:
454:
439:
335:
325:
300:
290:
50:
2653:
2624:
2619:
2517:
2485:
2458:
2183:
1800:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1322:
978:
927:
888:
836:
466:
450:
345:
42:
2648:
2475:
2385:
2380:
2161:
2116:
1970:
1960:
1940:
1925:
1825:
1700:
1690:
1329:
685:
462:
458:
395:
385:
255:
54:
1146:
833:
Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on
International computing education research
211:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
3085:
2490:
2453:
2443:
2203:
2198:
2140:
1975:
1905:
1835:
1830:
1334:
1258:
530:
444:
370:
360:
330:
285:
275:
245:
88:
further integrated the field when she earned her doctorate degree in computer science.
111:
in order to help increases the presence and inclusion of Black people in the field of
3209:
2043:
2025:
2015:
1985:
1930:
1885:
1870:
1815:
1805:
1790:
1740:
1735:
1705:
1502:
1430:
1253:
990:
474:
434:
Hidden Figures: The Story of the African-American Women Who Helped Win the Space Race
375:
365:
315:
235:
123:
The representation of black women in computer science has been historically low. The
941:
900:
802:
80:
became the first Black man to earn a doctorate degree in computer science. In 1981,
2355:
2123:
2048:
2020:
2005:
1990:
1945:
1920:
1900:
1810:
1780:
1775:
1745:
1695:
1547:
1233:
858:
305:
295:
280:
227:
101:
97:
2311:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
2375:
2360:
2208:
2171:
2010:
1965:
1950:
1715:
1710:
1557:
982:
487:
410:
240:
106:
1910:
1895:
1865:
1860:
1609:
1577:
1416:
1384:
250:
2524:
2370:
1875:
1659:
1597:
1492:
892:
879:
Ong, Maria (July 2011). "The status of women of color in computer science".
840:
664:
442:
and other African-American women at NASA. It was adapted as a feature film,
1020:
747:"ncsesdata.nsf.gov – WebCASPAR|Home – US National Science Foundation (NSF)"
915:
2997:
2992:
2502:
932:
1614:
1147:
Not Just Black and Not Just a Woman: Black Women Belonging in Computing
1100:
2246:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
554:"Meet Katherine Johnson, the computer who helped send men to the moon"
2448:
827:
Hodari, Apriel; Ong, Maria; Ko, Lily T.; Kachchaf, Rachel R. (2014).
1171:
2261:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2260:
772:"Black AI Workshop Becomes Latest Flashpoint in Techs Culture War"
65:
2305:
58:
1175:
580:
1127:
Morton, Terrell R., Destiny S. Gee, and Ashley N. Woodson. "
722:"The Forgotten Female Programmers Who Created Modern Tech"
1023:. Vol. 34, no. 2. ACM. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin
3023:
2938:
2662:
2595:
2533:
2433:
2394:
2319:
2234:
2154:
2092:
2034:
1683:
1538:
1209:
741:
739:
638:
Alumni profile: Deborah Washington Brown, Ph.D. '81
2296:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2341:Black players in professional American football
2291:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
125:Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System
1187:
503:List of African American women in STEM fields
8:
2054:Historically black colleges and universities
1118:The troubled success of Black women in STEM.
1088:(2013) 37:72–79 doi:10.1177/0361684312459328
2323:
1194:
1180:
1172:
829:"New enactments of mentoring and activism"
28:African-American women in computer science
18:African American women in computer science
2271:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
931:
1079:Journal of Diversity in Higher Education
129:
37:
1160:Yamaguchi, Ryoko, and Jamika D. Burge.
514:
3170:Topics related to the African diaspora
2276:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
681:
670:
3150:Landmark African-American legislation
1116:McGee, Ebony O., and Lydia Bentley. "
782:from the original on October 20, 2017
7:
3236:African-American computer scientists
2281:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
127:(IPEDS) reports the following data:
2635:African-American Vernacular English
1166:Journal for Multicultural Education
74:Association for Computing Machinery
3241:American women computer scientists
2553:U.S. cities with large populations
2256:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1062:Borum, Viveka, and Erica Walker. "
25:
3251:African-American women scientists
1426:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
1422:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
1229:African American founding fathers
1113:, 2020), bibliography pp 135–145.
971:J. Educational Computing Research
801:Walton, Abriana (March 3, 2021).
700:"Marsha Rhea Williams (1948- ) •"
186:3,620 (BS), 1,141 (MS), 81 (PhD)
164:9,388 (BS), 1,488 (MS), 40 (PhD)
3226:Lists of African-American people
3188:
2306:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
1451:Nadir of American race relations
64:Black women were also among the
57:, who had careers of decades at
1312:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
1302:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
641:, Harvard School of Engineering
523:"Katherine Johnson - NasaCRgis"
183:1,624 (BS), 345 (MS), 12 (PhD)
175:3,599 (BS), 965 (MS), 66 (PhD)
153:1,275 (BS), 364 (MS), 18 (PhD)
2301:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
1307:Civil right movement 1896–1954
1073:Charleston, LaVar J., et al. "
197:Computing Research Association
172:1,179 (BS), 182 (MS), 1 (PhD)
1:
2481:Cherokee freedmen controversy
1457:The Negro Motorist Green Book
1086:Psychology of Women Quarterly
1021:"Women of color in computing"
438:recounts the achievements of
423:Representation in other media
161:1,536 (BS), 81 (MS), 1 (PhD)
45:, an early programmer at NASA
3246:American computer scientists
3216:Lists of computer scientists
835:. Icer '14. pp. 83–90.
635:Zewe, Adam (June 24, 2020),
2351:Black players in ice hockey
2286:National Urban League (NUL)
2112:American Society of Muslims
1350:Selma to Montgomery marches
1270:Brown v. Board of Education
983:10.2190/8ryv-9jwh-xqmb-qf41
606:"Focus on Women of Color |"
581:"ENIAC Programmers Project"
498:List of computer scientists
449:released in 2016. It stars
150:139 (BS), 26 (MS), 0 (PhD)
3267:
2508:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
2266:Nashville Student Movement
1277:Children of the plantation
1133:Journal of Negro Education
1068:Journal of Negro Education
962:Dryburgh, Heather (2000).
914:Frenkel, Karen A. (1990).
206:
3221:Lists of women scientists
3178:
3145:Index of related articles
2326:
2146:Doctrine of Father Divine
1530:Women's suffrage movement
1483:Reconstruction Amendments
1290:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1122:Cognition and Instruction
920:Communications of the ACM
881:Communications of the ACM
585:ENIAC Programmers Project
3195:United States portal
2630:African-American English
2059:Inventors and scientists
1751:George Washington Carver
1355:Chicago Freedom Movement
1145:Solomon, Amber, et al. "
266:Deborah Washington Brown
82:Deborah Washington Brown
3118:African-American firsts
2167:Back-to-Africa movement
2136:Black Hebrew Israelites
1916:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1464:Partus sequitur ventrem
893:10.1145/1965724.1965737
841:10.1145/2632320.2632357
406:Alicia Nicki Washington
351:Victoria Chibuogu Nneji
113:artificial intelligence
3086:Spingarn Medal winners
2575:States and territories
2346:Black NFL quarterbacks
1846:Martin Luther King Jr.
1378:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1317:Montgomery bus boycott
680:Cite journal requires
477:has a supporting role.
142:White Women (degrees)
139:Black Women (degrees)
46:
2396:Athletic associations
2331:Negro league baseball
2102:African-American Jews
1821:Ketanji Brown Jackson
1786:Henry Highland Garnet
1645:Negro National Anthem
1395:George Floyd protests
1360:Post–civil rights era
1135:88.3 (2020): 327–342.
1124:35.4 (2017): 265–289.
1070:81.4 (2012): 366–378.
916:"Women and computing"
610:www.cdc-computing.org
311:Evelyn Boyd Granville
104:founded the workshop
78:Clarence "Skip" Ellis
41:
2603:Afro-Seminole Creole
2129:Azusa Street Revival
2001:Booker T. Washington
1525:Underground Railroad
1390:Free people of color
1244:Atlantic slave trade
778:. October 20, 2017.
493:Data for Black Lives
455:Katherine G. Johnson
429:Margot Lee Shetterly
416:Marsha Rhea Williams
356:Andrea Grimes Parker
213:adding missing items
51:Katherine G. Johnson
2998:Trinidad and Tobago
2613:Black American Sign
2440:By African descent
2434:Ethnic subdivisions
2421:Southwestern (SWAC)
2336:Baseball color line
2251:Black Panther Party
2155:Political movements
2072:in computer science
1731:Carol Moseley Braun
1520:Tulsa race massacre
1513:Treatment of slaves
1345:March on Washington
1340:Birmingham movement
1111:University of Akron
1081:7#3 (2014): 166–76.
933:10.1145/92755.92756
132:
3231:Women in computing
3096:US representatives
3091:US cabinet members
2983:Dominican Republic
2570:Metropolitan areas
2411:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
2236:Civic and economic
2214:Self-determination
2035:Education, science
1956:Fred Shuttlesworth
1936:A. Philip Randolph
1841:Coretta Scott King
1766:Frederick Douglass
1593:Harlem Renaissance
1498:Separate but equal
1488:Reconstruction era
1476:Plessy v. Ferguson
1367:Cornerstone Speech
1281:Civil Rights Acts
1264:Black Lives Matter
1239:American Civil War
1105:McCurdy, Eric R. "
1095:(2004) 16:96–115.
926:(11). ACM: 34–46.
702:. January 27, 2018
527:crgis.ndc.nasa.gov
401:Talitha Washington
341:Yeshimabeit Milner
261:Meredith Broussard
130:
86:Marsha R. Williams
47:
3203:
3202:
3031:African Americans
2903:Dallas–Fort Worth
2498:Black Southerners
2429:
2428:
1881:Thurgood Marshall
1851:Bernard Lafayette
1446:Million Man March
1203:African Americans
1019:Taylor, Valerie.
1000:on April 16, 2015
751:ncsesdata.nsf.gov
616:on April 15, 2015
440:Katherine Johnson
336:Brandeis Marshall
326:Katherine Johnson
301:Carol Espy-Wilson
291:Tawanna Dillahunt
190:
189:
16:(Redirected from
3258:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3155:Lynching victims
2654:Louisiana Creole
2625:American English
2513:Louisiana Creole
2486:Choctaw freedmen
2324:
1861:Huddie Ledbetter
1801:Fannie Lou Hamer
1771:W. E. B. Du Bois
1761:Claudette Colvin
1756:Shirley Chisholm
1573:Family structure
1441:Military history
1323:Browder v. Gayle
1196:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
999:
993:. Archived from
968:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
935:
911:
905:
904:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
743:
734:
733:
731:
729:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
696:
690:
689:
683:
678:
676:
668:
656:
650:
649:
648:
646:
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
612:. Archived from
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
577:
571:
570:
568:
566:
549:
543:
542:
540:
538:
529:. Archived from
519:
451:Taraji P. Henson
346:Melba Roy Mouton
217:reliable sources
133:
43:Melba Roy Mouton
21:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3174:
3140:Historic places
3133:US state firsts
3019:
2934:
2658:
2591:
2563:2010 majorities
2558:2000 majorities
2529:
2476:Black Seminoles
2425:
2416:Southern (SIAC)
2399:
2398:and conferences
2397:
2390:
2386:Serena Williams
2381:Jackie Robinson
2315:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2150:
2117:Nation of Islam
2088:
2036:
2030:
1971:Sojourner Truth
1961:Clarence Thomas
1926:Gabriel Prosser
1826:Michael Jackson
1701:Crispus Attucks
1691:Ralph Abernathy
1679:
1635:Musical theater
1534:
1400:Great Migration
1372:COVID-19 impact
1330:Sit-in movement
1205:
1200:
1059:
1057:Further reading
1054:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
966:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
913:
912:
908:
878:
877:
873:
863:
861:
851:
826:
825:
821:
811:
809:
800:
799:
795:
785:
783:
770:
769:
765:
755:
753:
745:
744:
737:
727:
725:
720:
719:
715:
705:
703:
698:
697:
693:
679:
669:
658:
657:
653:
644:
642:
634:
633:
629:
619:
617:
604:
603:
599:
589:
587:
579:
578:
574:
564:
562:
559:Massive Science
552:Howard, Jenny.
551:
550:
546:
536:
534:
521:
520:
516:
511:
484:
473:, an engineer.
463:Dorothy Vaughan
459:Octavia Spencer
425:
420:
396:Dorothy Vaughan
386:Latanya Sweeney
271:Kimberly Bryant
256:Khalia Braswell
232:Monica Anderson
220:
205:
203:Notable persons
121:
55:Dorothy Vaughan
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3106:Visual artists
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Mathematicians
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2883:South Carolina
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:North Carolina
2850:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2798:Massachusetts
2796:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2640:social context
2637:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:Creek Freedmen
2488:
2483:
2478:
2468:
2466:Alabama Creole
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Central (CIAA)
2402:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Pan-Africanism
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:Black theology
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2082:in STEM fields
2079:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2037:and technology
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Harriet Tubman
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:Michelle Obama
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1836:Barbara Jordan
1833:
1831:Harriet Jacobs
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:Amelia Boynton
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1684:Notable people
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:LGBT community
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1335:Freedom Riders
1332:
1327:
1319:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1259:Black genocide
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1143:
1136:
1125:
1114:
1109:" (PhD. Diss.
1103:
1089:
1082:
1071:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1034:
1011:
977:(2): 181–202.
954:
906:
871:
849:
819:
793:
763:
735:
713:
691:
682:|journal=
651:
627:
597:
572:
544:
533:on May 3, 2016
513:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
483:
480:
479:
478:
445:Hidden Figures
424:
421:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
391:Valerie Taylor
388:
383:
381:Cheryl Swanier
378:
373:
371:Nashlie Sephus
368:
363:
361:Kristen Ransom
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
331:Miriam D. Mann
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
286:Shaundra Daily
283:
278:
276:Joy Buolamwini
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
246:Carlotta Berry
243:
238:
233:
230:
224:
204:
201:
188:
187:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
148:
144:
143:
140:
137:
120:
117:
35:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Neighborhoods
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Sports firsts
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2930:West Virginia
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:Pennsylvania
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:New York City
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:San Francisco
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:By state/city
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:American Sign
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:Neighborhoods
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2471:Black Indians
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Black schools
2047:
2045:
2044:Black studies
2042:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2026:Whitney Young
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Oprah Winfrey
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Denmark Vesey
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Joseph Rainey
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Toni Morrison
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Joseph Lowery
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Jesse Jackson
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Kamala Harris
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Marcus Garvey
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:Blanche Bruce
1739:
1737:
1736:Edward Brooke
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:James Bradley
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:James Baldwin
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Neighborhoods
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:Silent Parade
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Jim Crow laws
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Black cowboys
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1022:
1015:
1012:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
958:
955:
943:
939:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
860:
856:
852:
850:9781450327558
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
820:
808:
804:
797:
794:
781:
777:
773:
767:
764:
752:
748:
742:
740:
736:
723:
717:
714:
701:
695:
692:
687:
674:
666:
662:
655:
652:
640:
639:
631:
628:
615:
611:
607:
601:
598:
586:
582:
576:
573:
561:
560:
555:
548:
545:
532:
528:
524:
518:
515:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
476:
475:Kevin Costner
472:
468:
467:Janelle Monáe
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
446:
441:
437:
435:
430:
427:
426:
422:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
376:Window Snyder
374:
372:
369:
367:
366:Lyndsey Scott
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Ayanna Howard
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
236:Donna Auguste
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
223:
218:
214:
210:
202:
200:
198:
195:In 2012, the
193:
185:
182:
179:
178:
174:
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3081:Sportspeople
3051:Billionaires
2968:Sierra Leone
2871:Philadelphia
2707:Jacksonville
2534:Demographics
2366:Jack Johnson
2356:Muhammad Ali
2189:Conservatism
2124:Black church
2071:
2021:Andrew Young
2006:Ida B. Wells
1996:David Walker
1991:C. T. Vivian
1946:Paul Robeson
1941:Hiram Revels
1921:Colin Powell
1901:Barack Obama
1856:James Lawson
1811:Jimi Hendrix
1781:James Farmer
1776:Medgar Evers
1746:Ralph Bunche
1696:Maya Angelou
1670:Middle class
1548:Afrofuturism
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1224:Abolitionism
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281:Marian Croak
228:Rediet Abebe
221:
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102:Rediet Abebe
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3101:US senators
3071:Republicans
3056:Journalists
2913:San Antonio
2878:Puerto Rico
2819:Mississippi
2712:Tallahassee
2685:Los Angeles
2376:Jesse Owens
2361:Arthur Ashe
2219:Nationalism
2209:Raised fist
2172:Black power
2077:in medicine
2011:Roy Wilkins
1966:Emmett Till
1951:Al Sharpton
1716:Julian Bond
1711:James Bevel
1675:Upper class
1665:Stereotypes
1558:Black mecca
1470:Plantations
1249:Black Codes
488:Black in AI
411:Gladys West
241:Erica Baker
107:Black in AI
3210:Categories
3046:Astronauts
2836:New Jersey
2680:California
2184:Capitalism
1981:Nat Turner
1911:Rosa Parks
1896:Diane Nash
1866:John Lewis
1655:Newspapers
1625:Literature
1610:Juneteenth
1563:Businesses
1417:Exodusters
1385:Free Negro
812:August 22,
786:August 22,
509:References
251:Aisha Bowe
207:This is a
119:Statistics
3160:Monuments
3036:Activists
2888:Tennessee
2808:Michigan
2792:Baltimore
2782:Louisiana
2775:Lexington
2758:Davenport
2697:Cleveland
2596:Languages
2525:Melungeon
2503:Blaxicans
2371:Joe Louis
2226:Socialism
2162:Anarchism
1891:Bob Moses
1876:Malcolm X
1796:Fred Gray
1660:Soul food
1598:New Negro
1583:Folktales
1493:Redlining
1027:April 15,
1004:April 15,
991:146393660
947:April 15,
864:April 15,
776:Bloomberg
756:April 15,
728:April 15,
620:April 15,
590:April 15,
537:April 15,
431:'s book,
3183:Category
2974:America
2940:Diaspora
2925:Virginia
2858:Oklahoma
2841:New York
2824:Nebraska
2787:Maryland
2770:Kentucky
2736:Illinois
2675:Arkansas
2580:Illinois
2518:of color
2204:Populism
2177:Movement
2094:Religion
1436:Lynching
1219:Timeline
1157:, 2018).
942:18384629
901:26535427
807:AfroTech
780:Archived
706:March 7,
665:12957337
565:June 20,
482:See also
3111:Writers
3076:Singers
3061:Jurists
3009:Europe
2963:Liberia
2908:Houston
2812:Detroit
2748:Indiana
2741:Chicago
2724:Atlanta
2719:Georgia
2702:Florida
2670:Alabama
2620:English
2194:Leftism
2064:Museums
1615:Kwanzaa
1540:Culture
1508:Slavery
1211:History
1168:(2019).
1140:excerpt
1101:4317036
859:9241684
34:History
3123:Mayors
3041:Actors
3013:France
3005:Israel
2993:Mexico
2978:Canada
2953:Gambia
2948:Africa
2898:Austin
2863:Oregon
2802:Boston
2765:Kansas
2731:Hawaii
2649:Gullah
2459:Yoruba
2449:Gullah
2320:Sports
2238:groups
2068:Women
1605:Hoodoo
1479:(1896)
1405:Second
1381:(1857)
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1273:(1954)
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465:, and
436:(2016)
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2988:Haiti
2958:Ghana
2893:Texas
2829:Omaha
2107:Islam
1640:Names
1630:Music
1568:Dance
1097:JSTOR
1046:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
987:S2CID
967:(PDF)
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897:S2CID
855:S2CID
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215:with
180:2007
169:1997
158:1987
147:1977
136:Year
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2753:Iowa
2585:Ohio
2546:list
2454:Igbo
2444:Fula
1588:Hair
1578:Film
1295:1968
1285:1964
1155:IEEE
1029:2015
1006:2015
949:2015
866:2015
845:ISBN
814:2021
788:2021
758:2015
730:2015
708:2022
686:help
661:OCLC
647:2023
622:2015
592:2015
567:2019
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