African feminism - Knowledge (XXG)

2704: 2255:. For this reason, some scholars have critiqued the idea of any "African feminism." There exist regional, ethnic, political, and religious differences that impact how women conceptualize what feminism and freedom look like for them. While African women from, for example, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa and Senegal will have some commonalities, there will be variations in the way they understand gender and gender struggles. Different African women experience the world in vastly different ways. One must recognize and respect these differences, rather than attempting to merge all women under an unrealistic expectation of universal sisterhood. However, there is also some commonality to the struggles women face across the world. This common factor is male privilege. 2319:. For instance, a western feminist might ask the question: How can I free myself from oppression? In contrast, many African communities are ideologically founded on the concept of "we." In this communal context, a better question might be: How can we empower ourselves together? For Akob, the most significant problem with mainstream feminism is that it fails to recognize that women living in different parts of the world face very different kinds of oppression. The rigidity of western feminist ideals means that mainstream feminism does not accommodate tradition, and looks down upon women who choose traditional roles. So, feminism may not be suitable for Africa, but this does not mean that African women must just accept the patriarchy. Instead, Akob suggests 2796:

emerged in 2013 after a sixteen-year-old girl named Liz was gang-raped while walking home from her grandfather's funeral in Butula County, Kenya. Instead of facing real legal consequences, the suspected perpetrators were sentenced to mild manual labor at the local police station. This lack of legal justice in the wake of a horrific attack triggered protests in Nairobi. Outrage spread like wildfire online via the #JusticeForLiz. Similar online feminist justice communities emerged in the wake of two other acts of violence against Kenyan girls: #JusticeForKhadija and #JusticeForFatuma. In a society which has historically cast aside issues of women's rights in traditional media forms, social media has given a platform for women's stories and voices.

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misconception that African women do not have a long history of mobilization around gender issues. This history may not be referred to as "feminism," but it does include diverse gender struggles that are adjacent if not similar to the ones that western feminism hopes to organize. In many ways, the term "African feminism" is incongruous with the fight to attain gender equity amidst challenges specific to various parts of Africa. The case of Africa reminds us that feminism is not one-size-fits-all, and that western feminist ideologies do not always apply, whether in name or in concept.

2588:, Stiwanism focuses more on the structures that oppress women and the way women react to these institutionalized structures. "Stiwa" is an acronym which stands for Social Transformation Including Women in Africa. Ogundipe-Leslie argues that the struggle for African women is a result of colonial and neo-colonial structures that often place African males at the apex of social stratification. Furthermore, the struggles African women face are also relevant to the way they have internalized the patriarchy and have come to endorse the system themselves. 2622:

at all levels of human endeavor." A motherist is someone who is committed to the survival and maintenance of Mother Earth and someone who embraces the human struggle. Acholonu makes it clear, though, that a motherist can be a woman or a man. Motherism has no sex barriers because at the core of motherism is partnership, cooperation, tolerance, love, understanding, and patience. In order for motherism to work, there must be a male-female complementarity that ensures the wholeness of human existence in a balanced ecosystem.

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reaching agreements. In Nego-feminism, negotiations play the role of giving and taking. Nego-feminism suggests that in order to gain freedoms, African women must negotiate and sometimes compromise. Nnaemeka writes that African feminism works by knowing "when, where, and how to detonate and go around patriarchal land mines." This means that nego-feminism knows how to utilize the culture of negotiation in order to deconstruct the patriarchy for the woman's benefit.

2140: 2817: 2926:(Pro-Women All Together), which is composed to thirty-five different women's collectives. Generally, Rwandan feminism tends to be action-oriented. Rwandan feminism views power in relative terms; as constantly negotiated and re-negotiated. Various Rwandan feminist theories and movements often prioritize compromise, power-sharing, and inclusivity. Women play important roles in all aspects of political, economic, and social life in Rwanda. 2743: 6300: 2866: 6288: 2048: 2901: 6310: 2095: 2327: 2308:. This is in improvement upon the complete whiteness of original feminist ideology, but this shift is still insufficient to overcome the gap in the experiences of white women and black African women. Due to this marginalization, African women are often reluctant to call themselves feminists, despite their commitment to fighting gender justice. 2243:

includes numerous theories and movements that voice the realities of women in varying African countries. Women's needs, reality, oppression, and empowerment are best addressed via an inclusive and accommodating understanding of the generic and more general issues as well as the peculiarities and group attitude to self-definition as women.

2954:. Difference feminism acknowledges that there are ontological differences between men and women, but stresses the equality of the sexes. In accordance with the paradigm of difference feminist theory, many Rwandan women have organized their activism to prioritized perceived female strengths like caretaking, connection, and anti-violence. 2783:. The movement believes that the wellbeing of women in Kenya and similar African countries must be inextricably linked to the preservation of the environment. In other words, there can be no gender justice for many African women without climate justice. By 2000, this grassroots organization had expanded its mission to include 2557:

women's experiences with culture, colonialism, and many other forms of domination and subjugation that impact African women's lives. Womanism "aims at identifying the problems relating to male dominance in society while seeking solutions to women’s marginalization by looking inward and outward." According to Nigerian scholar

2576:. She argues a complete break from white feminism, a movement which was created by and for white women without any incorporation of the African experience. She also argues that Africana men and women have more in common than Africana women do with white women, and for this reason, a new kind of activism is needed. 2646:. This feminism encourages Nigerian woman to work slowly like a snail's movement in her dealings with men in the "tough and very difficult patriarchal society they live in." Ezeigbo proposes that women "must learn survival strategies to be able to overcome the impediments placed before her and live a good life." 2922:, women organized to provide services that would aid other Rwandan women, including cooperatives to assist survivors of sexual violence, refugees, orphans, and widows. These women sought to politically and economically empower women while rebuilding the nation. One such organization of Rwandan women is 2292:

The original version of feminism was white women's response to the patriarchal forces attempting to limit them to domestic spheres. But these white women, primarily housewives, already had immense privilege and freedom compared to black women on the continent. Their African counterparts, on the other

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Regardless of its possible origins, African feminism is not merely a response to the exclusion of the African woman from the white feminist vision. African women have had the ingenuity and desire to create manifestations of feminism that embrace their own backgrounds and experiences. African feminism

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pushes women towards increasing marginalization. Within such a society, only paid labor is valued and exploitation is the norm. These trends, although particularly detrimental to Botswanan women, harm Black and Indigenous people of all genders. As a counterbalance, the Botswanan feminist agenda must

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These modes of feminisms share several commonalities. First, they all challenge the western label "feminism," bringing to the forefront the experiences of African women. Second, because they are dependent on indigenous blueprints, they take from the histories and cultures of African peoples in order

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has incorrectly come to signify a movement that is anti-male, anti-culture, and anti-religion. On the contrary, many feminist women prefer to include men in gender theory and activism. Numerous branches of African feminism acknowledge that men face hardships of their own, and that collaboration with

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writes: "African feminists are sharply divided, with the bulk of the majority resistant to challenging heterosexism and homophobia in their praxis against patriarchy. ... Only a few radical African feminists address heteronormativity, while a much smaller corpus of individual queer African feminists

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notes that white feminism attempts to deal with the normative experience of all women. She writes, "History has constructed our sexuality and our femininity as deviating from those qualities with which white women, as the prize of the Western world, have been endowed." However, white feminism cannot

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From its inception, Women in Nigeria sponsored research projects while engaging in policy advocacy and activism that holistically aimed towards enhancing the socio-economic conditions under which many women in Nigeria experienced. Furthermore, the uniqueness of WIN derives from its consciousness of

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writes that Africa's alternative to Western feminism is Motherism, and Motherism is composed of motherhood, nature, and nurture. Motherism is a multidimensional theory that involves the "dynamics of ordering, reordering, creating structures, building and rebuilding in cooperation with mother nature

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have been engaged in gender struggle since long before the existence of the western-inspired label "African feminism," and this history is often neglected. Despite this caveat, this page will use the term feminism with regard to African theories and movements in order to fit into a relevant network

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includes ethnic divisions, genocide, and patriarchal domination. Rwandan feminism has overcome each of these obstacles to become a powerful national movement. Rwandan feminism faces a practical challenge: how to unite the efforts of a small subset of the elite who consider themselves feminists and

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FAKA, a black queer femme performance duo from South Africa, has created what they call Siyakaka feminism. Siyakaka feminism literally means “we’re shitting all over you” and emerges from the intersectional experiences of being black, queer, femme, gender nonconforming, and working class. Siyakaka

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legends, some women even held the title of king. However, around the 20th century, patriarchy and colonialism undermined the position of African women in society. Female chiefs lost their power as male chiefs began to negotiate with colonial powers. Western ideas about patriarchy that promoted the

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During its first ten years, WIN facilitated the development of many of the self-identified feminists in Nigeria today. WIN adopted an open membership policy of ‘come one - come all’, where anyone, male or female, was accepted as long as such a person accepted the provisions of WIN's Constitution.

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Since the global rise of social media, Kenyan feminists have adapted their tactics in order to take advantage of powerful new platforms. One prominent example of this trend has been organized campaigns in response to sexual violence against Kenyan women. For instance, the #JusticeForLiz movement

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However, others see womanism as emerging from both the African-American and African variants. African Womanism addresses feminism from (1) an African perspective; (2) an African geopolitical location; (3) and an African ideological viewpoint. Womanism is important because it is focused on black

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She writes, "Nego-feminism is the feminism of negotiation; second, nego-feminism stands for 'no ego' feminism and is structured by cultural imperatives and modulated by evershifting local and global exigencies." Most African cultures have a culture of negotiation and compromise when it comes to

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was not created with African black women in mind. Western feminism, a predominantly white ideology, has historically excluded the experiences of black women and continental African women. This white feminism fails to account for the particular issues black women face at the intersection of both

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prioritize general human rights, not just gender equity. For Mogwe, it is critical that Indigenous perspectives and colonial histories are taken into account in Botswanan feminism. By fulfilling these objectives, a Botswanan feminist theory can succeed where Western feminism continually fails.

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After much success at the grassroots level, the NFF effectively expanded and replaced Women in Nigeria (WIN) as the official Nigerian Feminist Movement. Furthermore, these newly evolved Nigerian feminist movements took part of the continental (Pan African) feminist movement, where thousands of

2199:(which is perceived as by and for African women in the diaspora, rather than African women on or recently from the continent). This page covers general principles of African feminism, several distinct theories, and a few examples of feminist movements and theories in various African countries. 2836:

In South Africa, feminism has always been related to issues of race. This trend has been analyzed and called to attention in the "difference debate," which refers to interactions between black and white gender activists. Historically, the voices of white women have dominated the South African

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Kenyan feminists again took to social media in the lead-up to the 2017 election. This time, they rallied around the campaign #WeAre52, which advocated for a rule mandating that no governing body be composed of more than two-thirds members of a single gender. Via social media, Kenyan feminists

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were the origins of inequality amongst African men and women. In the pre-colonial area, African women held positions of prominence, contributing socially and economically in a patrilineal society by managing the younger family members and being involved with international trade. According to

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The experiences of women in Kenya are not monolithic, but incredibly diverse. The same principle applies to Kenyan feminism. Therefore, this section does not exist to suggest that all Kenyan feminist movements are categorically the same. Rather, it provides an umbrella structure to organize

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Due to these problems with western feminism, many African men and women distrust it. Some of its African critics consider it just another exploitative colonial framework from the west. In fact, many women who have fought for gender equity in Africa have never called themselves "feminists."

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which serves as an informative guide for African Feminists that clearly states how African feminists define themselves, it delivers the understanding of Feminism and Patriarchy, and amplifies the identity, ethics and proper knowledge of feminist leadership across the continent of Africa.

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Certainly, these conversations proved the need for a set of African gender theories as diverse as the continent itself. But the argument that an African gender discourse labelled "feminism" is specifically needed may just be an issue of terminology biased by western perspectives. It is a

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feminist discourse, marginalizing black voices. This was particularly noted as a concern by black feminists in attendance at the Women and Gender in Southern Africa Conference held in January 1991. The difference debate disrupted the white feminist ideology which dominated the 1990s:

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feminism presents "abjection and deviance" as a philosophy of "unbecoming normatively human" and is "a contemporary antiracist, anticlassist, antihomophobic, and anti-trans-phobic feminism." Siyakaka feminism is "the pursuit of black-queer world-making through black erotic freedom."

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In January 2008, the Nigerian feminist movement inaugurated the Nigerian Feminist Forum (NFF) - which established a larger and more coherent coalition than WIN. In the early 2000s, the NFF was created after an incubation period that started with the launching of the

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men is a critical part of achieving change. After all, the majority of current policy-makers across the continent are men, and African feminists need some support from these bodies in order to gain ground in policy change. Many African women place great value upon

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to create the necessary tools needed to embolden women and educate men. Third, they incorporate "gender inclusion, collaboration, and accommodation to ensure that both women and men contribute (even if not equally) to improving the material conditions of women."

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Nyanzi, Stella. 2015. "Knowledge is Requisite Power: Making a Case for Queer African Scholarship." In Boldly Queer: African Perspectives on Same-sex Sexuality and Gender Diversity, edited by Theo Sandfort, Fabienne Simenel, Kevin Mwachiro, Vasu Reddy and HIVOS.

2700:(WIN) presented feminism in its present form - consistent, organized, with clear objectives and ideology. In spite of rough beginnings, many scholars pay tribute to WIN for acting as training grounds for the emergence of organized feminist struggles in Nigeria. 2265:

Some scholars have called for more attention in African feminist theory to sex work, the white savior complex, violence against African women, women in the military, fieldwork with African women, same-sex intimacies, contemporaneity, and activists' thought.

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writes: African feminism "strives to create a new, liberal, productive, and self-reliant African woman within the heterogeneous cultures of Africa. Feminisms in Africa, ultimately, aim at modifying culture as it affects women in different societies."

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of Nigerian women. Therefore, WIN recognized the Nigerian female experience as essentially as “double jeopardy,” where exploitation and oppression of women marked as dual forms of injustices, both as members of the subordinate class and as women.

2938:. This feminist theory prioritizes identity and difference, with an emphasis on diversity and change. In Rwanda, third wave feminism is particularly associated with efforts to help widows and survivors of sexual violence that occurred during the 2886:

writes: "Sisterhood may be global in some respects, but only if the differences are acknowledged as being essential to the experiences of women." Mogwe argues that the donor-aid economic development model which dominates Botswana and much of the

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calls multiple jeopardy: many African women deal with patriarchal oppression on account of their sex, capitalist exploitation on account of their socioeconomic class, and colonialism on account of their race and geographic location in the

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In contrast with white, western feminism, any African movement for gender equity must address specific historical and cultural conditions in Africa in order to provide value. Specifically, any brand of African "feminism" must address what

2634:. Opara describes femalism as "A hue of African feminism, is a softer tone than liberal feminism and highly polarized from radical feminism." At its core, femalism is African and it emphasizes the importance of the African woman's body. 3130: 2918:

the vast majority of non-feminist elites and women at the grassroots level. Furthermore, there is the issue of reconciliation between Hutu and Tutsi women in the aftermath of a history fraught with violence. In the wake of the

2779:. This movement centers planting trees and protecting the environment while also empowering Kenyan women. The Green Belt Movement emerged because women in rural Kenya were among the first to experience the adverse effects of 2473:

is a dominant religion in many African regions, African feminism must take into account the particular ideological complexities and patriarchal structures that may accompany its practice. For more context, please view the

2413:, gender roles in precolonial African societies were complementary. It was only in the colonial and post-colonial era that African women transitioned from a position of "power and self-sovereignty" to "man's helper". In 2861:

theoretical frameworks tend to dominate the South African feminist discourse, leaving room for multiple identity standpoints and subjectivity. Even still, South African feminism continues to witness and combat racism.

2703: 2191:). Because Africa is not a monolith, no single feminist theory or movement reflects the entire range of experiences African women have. African feminist theories are sometimes aligned, in dialogue, or in conflict with 2283:

often classifies African women simply as "women of color," which overlooks the African woman's historical trajectory and specific experience. In "White Women Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood,"

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provides yet another case in which Western feminism falls short within an African context. Regarding the tendency of Western feminism to universalize the experiences of all women, Botswanan scholar-activist

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cultures, Queen-mother was an honorable title for a king's mother or a free woman with notable status. These women, assisted by subordinate title-holders, would officiate meetings. According to Yoruba and

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Because Womanism was developed for women of the African diaspora and not continental African women, it can be argued that Womanism is not part of African feminism. Womanism has developed as a critique of

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and family, and these values also motivate collaboration with men in solving gender issues. The role of African men in feminism is nuanced and dependent on location, environment, and personal ideology.

2853:. The difference debate framework acknowledges that South African women are "simultaneously classed, raced, and gendered." Today, this perspective is often referred to in international contexts as the 6578: 2289:

erase Africa or African women from feminist theory or feminist advocacy. Africa is the Mother Continent of humanity, and the narratives and experiences of African women will always be relevant.

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and have long been recognizing each other's contributions. Others believe that African feminism is a more recent phenomenon; a response to shortcomings in mainstream, western feminist theory.

2572:, terminology which she coined in the mid-1980s. Her use of the term "Africana" indicates that women-focused activism should be inclusive of women on the African continent and women in the 2497:

has a rich tradition of feminist theory. In her article, "West African Feminisms and Their Challenges," Naomi Nkealah discusses the various forms of African feminisms. First, she points to

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initially believed that any movement labelled feminism would only harm African home and family life, but she demonstrated a more positive stance on this label in her 1991 novel

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In Kenya, feminism is often met with hostility both in physical and digital spaces. Women's rights activists in Kenya are often targets of violent threats and hateful speech.

2561:, Womanism is rooted in "the ideals of Black life," and is concerned "as much with the Black sexual power tussle as with the world power structure that subjugates Blacks." 6701: 4741: 2323:

as an alternative for black women, including African black women. While feminism focuses on the equality of the sexes, Womanism engages with racism, classism, and sexism.

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suggesting that western feminism is incompatible with African history, norms, and cultures. She argues that current mainstream western feminism is based on the concept of

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Swaim-Fox, Callan (2018-11-01). "Decade for Women Information Resources #5Images of Nairobi, Reflections and Follow-Up, International Women's Tribune Center".

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The modern African woman is strong, smart, and resilient. She seeks to create new possibilities for the generations of African women that will come after her.

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Busia, Abena P. A. (2018-11-01). "Creating the Archive of African Women's WritingReflecting on Feminism, Epistemology, and the Women Writing Africa Project".

7061: 2501:, which she argues is not part of African feminism, as it pertains to African women of the diaspora and not continental African women. Second, she looks at 7076: 6583: 6516: 6778: 2076: 2486:

A broad range of African feminist principles have been designed in response to the diverse, complex experiences of women across the African continent.

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incorporates non-essentialist fluid and dynamic understandings of gender that digress the fixed binary opposition of men and women, male and female."

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WIN's open membership policy allowed the entry of many persons who had no clue about the core values of feminism and principles of gender justice.

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includes theories and movements which specifically address the experiences and needs of continental African women (African women who reside on the

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Mougoué, Jacqueline-Bethel Tchouta (2018-11-01). "Gender and (Militarized) Secessionist Movements in Africa: An African Feminist's Reflections".

6954: 6783: 6676: 5825: 1386: 79: 6720: 6139: 5613: 5427: 4204: 4177: 4097: 3019: 2025: 1871: 1073: 74: 2371:, have accepted some mainstream feminist values, while also making clear their reservations around using "feminism" in the African context. 7007: 6740: 6237: 6207: 2800:

bypassed traditional media outlets and joined the political conversation, a space from which Kenyan women have been historically excluded.

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George, Abosede (2018-11-01). "Saving Nigerian GirlsA Critical Reflection on Girl-Saving Campaigns in the Colonial and Neoliberal Eras".

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idea of female dependency on men were superimposed on colonized communities' educational, political, and economic sectors in Africa.

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Pereira, Charmaine (2018-11-01). "Beyond the SpectacularContextualizing Gender Relations in the Wake of the Boko Haram Insurgency".

2126: 2030: 1944: 1912: 727: 5253: 2009: 899: 2505:, which centers African women and is deeply rooted in the diverse experiences and realities of African women. Third, she looks at 2343:

For some African women, attitudes towards the label "feminism" have grown more accepting over time. For instance, Ghanaian writer

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hand, have been stripped of their femininity and systematically exploited by colonial and neo-colonial forces. Facing issues like

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serves as a prime example of African feminism. Following the 1982 national conference, the inauguration of the organization

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feminists, for example, contribute to such efforts by using social media to change the public discourse around feminism.

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African Feminism strives to achieve gender equality, not to subjugate men. For some people on the continent, the term

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Philosophising Experiences and Vision of the Female Body, Mind, and Soul: Historical Context and Contemporary Theory

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Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo (1985). "Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English".

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Makana, Selina (2018-11-01). "Contested EncountersToward a Twenty-First-Century African Feminist Ethnography".

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Ouguir, Aziza; Sadiqi, Fatima (2018-11-01). "Reflecting on Feminisms in Africa: A Conversation from Morocco".

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Moraa, Anne (2018-11-01). "Smoke Is Everywhere, but No One Is RunningA Kenyan Activist Speaks Out".

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Musangi, Neo Sinoxolo (2018-11-01). "Homing with My Mother / How Women in My Family Married Women".

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Yingwana, Ntokozo (2018-11-01). ""We Fit in the Society by Force"Sex Work and Feminism in Africa".

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feminist activists from all over the region were brought together to fight against the Patriarchy.

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Madunagu, Bene E. (2010), "The Nigerian Feminist Movement: Lessons from Women in Nigeria (WIN)",

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McFadden, Patricia (2018-11-01). "ContemporaritySufficiency in a Radical African Feminist Life".

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Many women who have worked towards peace and healing in Rwanda have embraced certain elements of

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Conceptualizing Feminism(s) in Africa: The Challenges Facing African Women Writers and Critics

3103: 3060: 2995: 2854: 2569: 2305: 2196: 2180: 2172: 1907: 1771: 1734: 1729: 1709: 1704: 1674: 1639: 1592: 1582: 1546: 1541: 1526: 1521: 1435: 1170: 1163: 1138: 1128: 1113: 983: 956: 847: 806: 787: 782: 691: 657: 637: 624: 585: 580: 575: 548: 448: 387: 289: 23: 2517:, which puts the woman's body at the center of feminist conversations. Finally, she looks at 2154:). From a western perspective, these theories and movements fall under the umbrella label of 6982: 6919: 6124: 6119: 6029: 5957: 5952: 5912: 5865: 5788: 5682: 5578: 5512: 5397: 5285: 5210: 5198: 5178: 5139: 5112: 5075: 5011: 4981: 4917: 4912: 4890: 4870: 4811: 4796: 4644: 4441: 4286: 4278: 4129: 4120:

Nnaemeka, Obioma (2004). "Nego‐Feminism: Theorizing, Practicing, and Pruning Africa's Way".

4007: 3954: 3708: 3640: 3597: 3554: 3511: 3468: 3425: 3382: 3294: 3251: 3198: 3095: 3052: 2999: 2975: 2939: 2919: 2697: 2573: 2550: 2475: 2466: 2225: 1856: 1851: 1761: 1689: 1684: 1644: 1597: 1509: 1381: 1309: 1158: 1043: 931: 842: 796: 772: 696: 669: 632: 480: 475: 468: 463: 458: 438: 382: 365: 311: 306: 59: 2553:, which excludes the narratives and experiences of women of color, especially black women. 39: 7211: 7083: 6964: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6924: 6706: 6623: 6494: 6421: 6404: 6292: 5749: 5608: 5541: 5417: 5362: 5342: 5300: 5217: 5205: 5144: 5090: 5038: 5001: 4922: 4885: 4821: 4088:

Musingafi, Maxwell Constantine Chando; Mafumbate, Racheal; Khumalo, Thandi Fredah (2021).

2816: 2776: 2655: 2597: 2585: 2368: 2356: 2213: 2139: 2052: 1460: 1269: 1257: 1063: 1008: 988: 946: 811: 701: 647: 605: 543: 538: 504: 416: 370: 4046:"Transcending Incongruities: Rethinking Feminisms and the Dynamics of Identity in Africa" 2158:, but this categorization is misleading for many branches of African "feminism". African 3187:"Transcending incongruities: Rethinking feminism and the dynamics of identity in Africa" 2742: 2216:

and Alicia C. Decker argue that African women were the first feminists. Figures such as

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The Dangers of Western Feminism to African Women | Elma Akob | TEDxUniversityofPretoria

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Although noteworthy feminist movements have sprouted across the African continent, the

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has been a prominent ecofeminist movement since 1977, when it was founded by activist

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Modern mainstream feminism has moved away from strictly white feminism and towards

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also bears relevance to the development of African feminist theories. Because

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as performing the necessary task of nurturing society. Fourth, she looks at

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Different branches of African feminism diverge around issues of sexuality.

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Out in Africa: Same-sex Desire in Sub-Saharan Literatures & Cultures

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Nkealah, Naomi (2016). "(West) African Feminisms and Their Challenges".

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Nkealah, Naomi (2016). "(West) African Feminisms and Their Challenges".

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Postcolonial Francophone Autobiographies: From Africa to the Antilles

3736:"White Women Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of sisterhood" 2914: 2151: 4445: 4072: 4474:"Human Rights in Botswana: Feminism, Oppression, and "Integration"" 4133: 4011: 6324: 2899: 2864: 2815: 2741: 2470: 2325: 2159: 2138: 2602:

Nego-Feminism: Theorizing, Practicing, and Pruning Africa's Way."

6328: 4546: 3858:(Fall–Winter 1997). "Issues in African Feminism: A Syllabus". 2756:

information about vastly different Kenyan feminist movements.

2670:. She defines cultural feminism as "feminism with a small f." 2414: 2088: 4542: 2715:

both class and gender in relation to the struggle for the

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Cultural feminism is a theory invented by Nigerian author

4434:"Introduction: South African Feminism, Race and Racism" 4092:. Hershey: Information Science Reference. p. 244. 2934:

In the late 1990s, many Rwandan women began to embrace

2654:

Misovirism is a theory Invented by Cameroonian thinker

2330:

Awa Thiam, Senegalese politician and scholar-activist.

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Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)

7096: 7025: 6963: 6896: 6841: 6760: 6648: 6565: 6525: 6482: 6375: 6366: 6220: 6159: 6152: 5833: 5540: 5234: 5167: 5064: 4784: 4773: 4665: 4632: 4589: 4580: 2311:Elma Akob, a Cameroonian scholar, delivered a 2022 3776:Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism 2615:Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism 3006:, Chinyere Ukpokolo, Molara Leslie-Ogundipe, and 2235:African women were already deeply engaged at the 4354:"Women, Climate Change and Liberation in Africa" 2600:defines the term "Nego-feminism" in her article 4122:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6340: 4558: 2728:(AFF) in Accra, Ghana. The AFF published the 2642:Snail-sense feminism is a theory proposed by 2398:Colonial roots of gender inequality in Africa 2224:movement to empower and educate women in the 2070: 8: 3983:(2009). "The Quest for an African Variant". 3827:"African Feminist Discourse: A Review Essay" 2220:, an 18th-century African princess, and her 4277:, Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 155–165, 3231:. English Academy Review. pp. 133–141. 2143:A satellite photo of the African continent. 6902: 6845: 6766: 6654: 6571: 6372: 6347: 6333: 6325: 6156: 5316:African-American women's suffrage movement 4781: 4586: 4565: 4551: 4543: 4438:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 4318:Lappé, Anna; Lappé, Frances Moore (2004). 4050:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 3924:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 3831:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 2077: 2063: 1890: 1262: 1192: 962:African-American women's suffrage movement 294: 52: 18: 4290: 4172:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 148. 2964:Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Ransome-Kuti 2127:Learn how and when to remove this message 5261:Discrimination against transgender women 3740:Black British Cultural Studies: A Reader 2702: 2509:, a maternal form of feminism that sees 907:Discrimination against transgender women 4522:The Indian Journal of Political Science 4074:Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves 3035: 2998:, Esther Kimani, Modupe Mary Kolawole, 2017: 1893: 1330: 437: 354: 170: 133: 100: 30: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4478:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 4467: 4465: 4463: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 3850: 3848: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3185:Kolawole, Mary Modupe (January 2002). 2820:A map of South Africa and its regions. 2596:African feminist, writer, and scholar 2279:blackness and womanhood. Furthermore, 5604:Post-structuralist discourse analysis 4881:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary 4396:"Kenyan Feminisms in the Digital Age" 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4347: 4345: 4313: 4311: 4161: 4159: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4039: 4037: 3774:Acholonu Obianuju, Catherine (1995). 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3020:Women in the decolonisation of Africa 2962:Well-known African feminists include 7: 3222: 3220: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 2630:The femalist model was developed by 2228:are considered precursors to modern 2111:Please help consolidate the article. 2564:A variant of Womanism put forth by 2444:The Role of Men in African Feminism 3985:The Journal of Pan African Studies 2731:Charter of the Feminist Principles 2251:At the same time, Africa is not a 2167:pages on global feminism (such as 14: 6993:Confederation of African Football 3920:"Introduction: African Feminisms" 6308: 6299: 6298: 6286: 5846:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5271:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 4352:Steady, Filomina Chioma (2014). 4199:. University of Virginia Press. 3885:Anunobi, Fredoline (Fall 2002). 3328:Orakwue, Amaka (19 March 2018). 2966:, Lady Kofoworola Aina Ademola, 2812:South African Feminist Movements 2490:West African Feminist Principles 2093: 2046: 1578:Democratic Republic of the Congo 917:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 38: 4320:"The Genius of Wangari Maathai" 3742:. University of Chicago Press. 3360:D+C - Development + Cooperation 2237:World Conference on Women, 1985 2208:Development of African Feminism 4518:"FEMINIST AWAKENING IN RWANDA" 4193:Sankara, Edgard (2011-08-03). 4071:Hudson-Weems, Clenora (1994). 4044:Kolawole, Mary Modupe (2002). 3825:Guy-Sheftall, Beverly (2003). 2482:Principles of African Feminism 2431:African Feminism and Sexuality 2392:Colonialism and the Patriarchy 2270:Problems with Western Feminism 2010:Women's suffrage organizations 1: 4227:Ellapen, Jordache A. (2021). 3959:10.1080/02564718.2016.1198156 3891:African Social Science Review 3713:10.1080/02564718.2016.1198156 3203:10.1080/10130950.2002.9676183 2946:Difference Feminism in Rwanda 2930:Third Wave Feminism in Rwanda 6208:Suffragists and suffragettes 3981:Ebunoluwa, Sotunsa Mobolanle 2874:Botswanan Feminist Movements 2694:feminist movement in Nigeria 2683:Examples of African feminism 1995:Suffragists and suffragettes 1925:American feminist literature 6721:International organisations 3947:Journal of Literary Studies 3701:Journal of Literary Studies 3330:"What is African Feminism?" 2958:Prominent African feminists 2688:Nigerian feminist movements 2619:Catherine Obianuju Acholonu 1235:Views on transgender topics 1225:Views on sexual orientation 7254: 6973:Africa Cricket Association 6779:Countries by GDP (nominal) 4432:Rey, Cheryl de la (1997). 4166:Zabus, Chantal J. (2013). 2896:Rwandan Feminist Movements 2791:Digital Feminist Movements 2763:for historical reference. 2541: 2462:Islam and African Feminism 7189: 6988:Australian-rules football 6905: 6848: 6769: 6657: 6579:Countries and territories 6574: 6280: 5291:Female genital mutilation 4700:Majority-Muslim countries 4400:Women's Studies Quarterly 4394:Nyabola, Nanjala (2018). 4292:10.1080/03056240802574136 3860:Women's Studies Quarterly 2751:Kenyan feminist movements 2559:Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi 2533:African Feminist Theories 2295:Female genital mutilation 2026:Women's rights by country 937:Female genital mutilation 6255:Women's studies journals 6213:Women's rights activists 4776:Movements and ideologies 4516:Parmar, Shubhra (2013). 4358:Race, Gender & Class 4283:10.1057/9780230114326_11 3645:10.1215/15366936-7176472 3602:10.1215/15366936-7176560 3559:10.1215/15366936-7176549 3516:10.1215/15366936-7176516 3473:10.1215/15366936-7176483 3430:10.1215/15366936-7176461 3387:10.1215/15366936-7176439 3299:10.1215/15366936-7176428 3256:10.1215/15366936-7176417 3100:10.1215/15366936-7176406 3057:10.1215/15366936-7176450 3002:, Nkiru Uwachia Nzegwu, 2968:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 2857:model. In recent years, 2826:Feminism in South Africa 2746:Wangari Maathai in 2001. 2189:feminism in South Africa 2106:too many section headers 2031:Feminists by nationality 2005:Women's studies journals 2000:Women's rights activists 728:Movements and ideologies 7035:Countries by population 6748:United States of Africa 5801:International relations 3918:Lewis, Desiree (2001). 3227:Nkealah, Naomi (2006). 2767:The Green Belt Movement 2586:Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie 1419:International relations 290:Intersectional variants 6784:Countries by GDP (PPP) 6726:Pan-African Parliament 6517:Science and technology 6228:Conservative feminisms 5530:Women in the workforce 5498:Violence against women 5473:Sexual objectification 5433:Opposition to feminism 4640:Bicycling and feminism 4406:(3 & 4): 261–272. 3353:Gyamfi Asiedu, Kwasi. 2924:Pro-Femmes Twese Hamwe 2905: 2870: 2821: 2747: 2726:African Feminist Forum 2707: 2644:Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo 2478:Knowledge (XXG) page. 2331: 2144: 1945:Conservative feminisms 1200:Bicycling and feminism 1176:Women in the workforce 1144:Violence against women 1119:Sexual objectification 1079:Opposition to feminism 346:Vegetarian ecofeminism 6437:European colonisation 6400:Pre-colonial kingdoms 6268:Women in peacekeeping 5811:Revisionist mythology 5254:Children's literature 4472:Mogwe, Alice (1994). 4077:. Bedford Publishers. 3734:Carby, Hazel (1996). 2903: 2868: 2832:The Difference Debate 2819: 2745: 2706: 2329: 2142: 1975:Feminist rhetoricians 1965:Feminist philosophers 1517:Revisionist mythology 1220:Views on prostitution 1205:Criticism of marriage 900:Children's literature 7008:Stadiums by capacity 6955:World Heritage Sites 6432:European exploration 5713:Pathways perspective 5559:Gender mainstreaming 5478:Substantive equality 5458:Reproductive justice 5408:Matriarchal religion 5266:Diversity (politics) 4324:Alternatives Journal 3334:Urban Woman Magazine 3129:Ahikire, Josephine. 2638:Snail-sense feminism 2566:Clenora Hudson-Weems 2523:snail-sense feminism 2335:The Label "Feminism" 1955:Feminist art critics 1930:Feminist comic books 1887:Lists and categories 1566:By continent/country 1397:Pathways perspective 1280:Gender mainstreaming 1215:Views on pornography 1124:Substantive equality 1104:Reproductive justice 1054:Matriarchal religion 912:Diversity (politics) 853:Political lesbianism 163:Other women's rights 6692:Freedom of religion 6677:Heads of government 6469:Scramble for Africa 6293:Feminism portal 6173:Ecofeminist authors 6023:Trinidad and Tobago 5963:Republic of Ireland 5826:Composition studies 5508:Women's empowerment 5463:Sex workers' rights 5388:Feminist capitalism 5368:Internalized sexism 5306:Feminism in culture 5189:Kurdish (Jineology) 3856:Azodo, Ada Uzoamaka 3778:. Afa Publications. 3025:Feminism in Senegal 2952:difference feminism 2936:third wave feminism 2904:The Flag of Rwanda. 2843:socioeconomic class 2773:Green Belt Movement 2650:Misovirism feminism 2185:feminism in Germany 2053:Feminism portal 1960:Feminist economists 1950:Ecofeminist authors 1755:Trinidad and Tobago 1695:Republic of Ireland 1387:Composition studies 1154:Women's empowerment 1109:Sex workers' rights 1034:Feminist capitalism 1014:Internalized sexism 952:Feminism in culture 65:History of feminism 7238:Feminism in Africa 6417:Indian Ocean trade 5671:Literary criticism 5549:Complementarianism 5276:Effects on society 5244:Complementarianism 5056:Women's liberation 2906: 2871: 2869:Alice Mogwe, 2010. 2859:post-structuralist 2851:sexual orientation 2822: 2804:Hostile Resistance 2748: 2708: 2411:Ada Uzoamaka Azodo 2361:Micere Githae Mugo 2332: 2177:feminism in Mexico 2169:feminism in Sweden 2145: 1365:Literary criticism 1230:Views on sexuality 922:Effects on society 890:Complementarianism 870:Women's liberation 625:Religious variants 599:trans-exclusionary 317:Radical lesbianism 7225: 7224: 7092: 7091: 7021: 7020: 6837: 6836: 6814:Natural resources 6756: 6755: 6702:Linguistic rights 6644: 6643: 6561: 6560: 6322: 6321: 6276: 6275: 5688:Political ecology 5594:Écriture féminine 5493:Triple oppression 5483:Toxic masculinity 5468:Sexual harassment 5333:Feminist stripper 5311:Feminist movement 5230: 5229: 5168:Ethnic and racial 4769: 4768: 4206:978-0-8139-3176-0 4179:978-1-84701-082-7 4099:978-1-79984-091-6 3363:, 14 August 2019. 2996:Pumla Dineo Gqola 2855:Triple oppression 2674:Siyakaka feminism 2662:Cultural feminism 2570:Africana Womanism 2396:The principle of 2306:Intersectionality 2181:feminism in Japan 2173:feminism in India 2152:African continent 2137: 2136: 2129: 2087: 2086: 2038: 2037: 1557: 1556: 1547:womanist theology 1490:Political ecology 1321:Écriture féminine 1248: 1247: 1139:Triple oppression 1129:Toxic masculinity 1114:Sexual harassment 979:Feminist stripper 957:Feminist movement 518: 517: 449:Africana womanism 280: 279: 7245: 7205: 7198: 6983:Afro-Asian Games 6903: 6846: 6824:Renewable energy 6789:Countries by HDI 6767: 6655: 6572: 6373: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6326: 6312: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6157: 6140:History of women 5619:Political theory 5520: 5513:Women-only space 5398:Likeability trap 5286:Female education 4782: 4777: 4737:African-American 4667:Women's suffrage 4658: 4645:Feminist history 4587: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4513: 4494: 4493: 4469: 4458: 4457: 4429: 4416: 4415: 4391: 4374: 4373: 4364:(1/2): 312–333. 4349: 4340: 4339: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4294: 4270: 4249: 4248: 4233:Feminist Studies 4224: 4211: 4210: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4041: 4032: 4031: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3866:(3/4): 201–207. 3852: 3843: 3842: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3801: 3780: 3779: 3771: 3754: 3753: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3696: 3665: 3664: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3370: 3364: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3182: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3136:. Archived from 3135: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3040: 3000:Oyeronke Oyewumi 2982:, Fatma Karume, 2976:Nawal El Saadawi 2940:Rwandan genocide 2920:Rwandan genocide 2698:Women in Nigeria 2574:African Diaspora 2551:liberal feminism 2476:Islamic feminism 2467:Islamic feminism 2274:As an ideology, 2226:Sokoto Caliphate 2197:African womanism 2148:African feminism 2132: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2051: 2050: 2049: 1990:Feminist parties 1985:Muslim feminists 1980:Jewish feminists 1891: 1872:History of women 1495:Political theory 1263: 1193: 1166: 1159:Women-only space 1044:Likeability trap 932:Female education 746:Anti-pornography 601: 600: 596: 312:Lesbian of color 295: 172:Women's suffrage 148:Muslim countries 143:Women's suffrage 60:Feminist history 53: 42: 19: 16:Type of feminism 7253: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7185: 7088: 7084:Youth in Africa 7062:Life expectancy 7017: 6959: 6935:Africanfuturism 6892: 6833: 6829:Stock exchanges 6752: 6640: 6599:Natural history 6557: 6521: 6478: 6427:Muslim conquest 6422:Bantu expansion 6362: 6353: 6323: 6318: 6309: 6287: 6285: 6272: 6216: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6055:Northern Cyprus 5829: 5821:Science fiction 5614:Oedipus complex 5574:Women's studies 5536: 5535: 5534: 5518: 5428:Oedipus complex 5418:Men in feminism 5383:Language reform 5363:Ideal womanhood 5343:Gender equality 5338:Formal equality 5301:Feminationalism 5226: 5194:Native American 5163: 5162: 5161: 5060: 4970:Post-structural 4775: 4765: 4661: 4654: 4650:Women's history 4628: 4576: 4571: 4541: 4515: 4514: 4497: 4471: 4470: 4461: 4446:10.2307/4066146 4431: 4430: 4419: 4393: 4392: 4377: 4351: 4350: 4343: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4303: 4272: 4271: 4252: 4226: 4225: 4214: 4207: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4100: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4043: 4042: 4035: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3854: 3853: 3846: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3783: 3773: 3772: 3757: 3750: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3698: 3697: 3668: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3184: 3183: 3148: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3016: 2960: 2948: 2932: 2913:The history of 2911: 2898: 2876: 2834: 2814: 2806: 2793: 2777:Wangari Maathai 2769: 2753: 2690: 2685: 2676: 2664: 2656:Werewere Liking 2652: 2640: 2628: 2611: 2598:Obioma Nnaemeka 2594: 2582: 2546: 2540: 2535: 2492: 2484: 2464: 2446: 2433: 2394: 2369:Obioma Nnaemeka 2357:Molara Ogundipe 2337: 2272: 2214:Gabeba Baderoon 2210: 2205: 2165:Knowledge (XXG) 2133: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2098: 2094: 2083: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2039: 1941: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1787:Northern Cyprus 1567: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1375:Science fiction 1326: 1305:Women's studies 1270:Feminist method 1260: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1190: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1164: 1074:Oedipus complex 1064:Men in feminism 1029:Language reform 1009:Ideal womanhood 989:Gender equality 984:Formal equality 947:Feminationalism 884: 876: 875: 874: 831:Post-structural 730: 720: 719: 718: 627: 617: 616: 615: 598: 595:Gender-critical 594: 593: 544:Femonationalism 528: 520: 519: 514: 493:Native American 433: 388:Critical theory 350: 292: 282: 281: 276: 231:Second Republic 159: 129: 96: 70:Women's history 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7251: 7249: 7241: 7240: 7230: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7207: 7206: 7199: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7102: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7031: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7013:Tour d'Afrique 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6969: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6868:Climate change 6865: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6804:Infrastructure 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6733: 6731:Pan-Africanism 6728: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6707:Women's rights 6704: 6699: 6694: 6684: 6682:Heads of state 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6589:Impact craters 6586: 6584:Highest points 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6502: 6500:Historiography 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6474:Decolonisation 6471: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6379: 6377: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6306: 6296: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6261:SCUM Manifesto 6257: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6230: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6130:United Kingdom 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5806:Existentialism 5803: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762:Existentialism 5759: 5758: 5757: 5755:Justice ethics 5747: 5742: 5737: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5554:Gender studies 5551: 5546: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5525:Women's rights 5522: 5519:Women's health 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5403:Male privilege 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5372:International 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4739: 4734: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4715:United Kingdom 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4540: 4539: 4528:(4): 687–698. 4495: 4484:(2): 189–193. 4459: 4417: 4375: 4341: 4307: 4301: 4250: 4239:(1): 114–146. 4212: 4205: 4185: 4178: 4155: 4142:10.1086/378553 4134:10.1086/378553 4128:(2): 357–385. 4105: 4098: 4080: 4063: 4033: 4012:10.1086/494200 3990: 3972: 3937: 3910: 3900: 3877: 3844: 3817: 3781: 3755: 3748: 3726: 3666: 3639:(2): 325–330. 3623: 3596:(2): 415–431. 3580: 3553:(2): 401–414. 3537: 3510:(2): 361–375. 3494: 3467:(2): 338–358. 3451: 3424:(2): 309–324. 3408: 3381:(2): 279–295. 3365: 3346: 3320: 3293:(2): 269–278. 3277: 3250:(2): 246–268. 3234: 3216: 3146: 3143:on 2016-08-02. 3121: 3094:(2): 233–245. 3078: 3051:(2): 296–308. 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3012: 2984:Meaza Ashenafi 2959: 2956: 2947: 2944: 2931: 2928: 2910: 2907: 2897: 2894: 2875: 2872: 2833: 2830: 2824:Main page at: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2792: 2789: 2781:Climate change 2771:In Kenya, the 2768: 2765: 2761:Women in Kenya 2752: 2749: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2668:Buchi Emecheta 2663: 2660: 2651: 2648: 2639: 2636: 2627: 2624: 2610: 2607: 2593: 2590: 2581: 2578: 2542:Main article: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2463: 2460: 2445: 2442: 2432: 2429: 2400:suggests that 2393: 2390: 2353:Buchi Emecheta 2336: 2333: 2299:Child marriage 2281:white feminism 2271: 2268: 2212:Scholars like 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2193:Black Feminism 2135: 2134: 2101: 2099: 2092: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970:Feminist poets 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1939: 1937:Feminist songs 1934: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1913:by nationality 1905: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1862:United Kingdom 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1473:Existentialism 1470: 1469: 1468: 1466:Justice ethics 1458: 1453: 1448: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1424:Constructivism 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331:Areas of study 1328: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1275:Gender studies 1272: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1240:SCUM Manifesto 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1171:Women's rights 1168: 1165:Women's health 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1049:Male privilege 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1018:International 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 975: 974: 969: 964: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 903: 902: 892: 886: 885: 882: 881: 878: 877: 873: 872: 867: 865:Technofeminism 862: 861: 860: 855: 850: 840: 839: 838: 828: 823: 822: 821: 820: 819: 809: 804: 794: 793: 792: 791: 790: 775: 770: 765: 764: 763: 758: 748: 743: 738: 732: 731: 726: 725: 722: 721: 717: 716: 711: 710: 709: 699: 694: 689: 688: 687: 682: 677: 667: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 640: 635: 629: 628: 623: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 608: 603: 590: 589: 588: 583: 578: 568: 563: 562: 561: 551: 546: 541: 536: 530: 529: 527:Other variants 526: 525: 522: 521: 516: 515: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 496: 495: 485: 484: 483: 473: 472: 471: 466: 461: 451: 445: 442: 441: 435: 434: 432: 431: 426: 425: 424: 419: 409: 408: 407: 397: 396: 395: 390: 380: 375: 374: 373: 362: 359: 358: 352: 351: 349: 348: 343: 342: 341: 331: 326: 325: 324: 319: 314: 304: 298: 293: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 277: 275: 274: 273: 272: 262: 261: 260: 255: 253:Cayman Islands 248:United Kingdom 245: 240: 239: 238: 233: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 179: 176: 175: 168: 167: 166: 165: 158: 157: 156: 155: 150: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 106: 103: 102: 98: 97: 95: 94: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 67: 62: 56: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7250: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052:Ethnic groups 7050: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978:African Games 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6863:Caste systems 6861: 6859: 6858:Birth control 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6774:Central banks 6772: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6662:African Union 6660: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6462:Trans-Saharan 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6315: 6307: 6305: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6135:United States 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5983:Latin America 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:Technoscience 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666:Art criticism 5664: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:Men's studies 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488:Transmisogyny 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Purplewashing 5446: 5444: 5443:Protofeminism 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5358:Honor killing 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5034:Transnational 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Individualist 4901: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802:Anti-abortion 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4772: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4727:United States 4725: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4302:9781349290345 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275:African Women 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4052:(54): 92–98. 4051: 4047: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3833:(58): 31–36. 3832: 3828: 3821: 3818: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749:9780226144801 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3355:"Clicktivism" 3350: 3347: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3197:(54): 92–98. 3196: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2992:Stella Nyanzi 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980:Maria Sarungi 2977: 2973: 2972:Mona Eltahawy 2969: 2965: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839:non-racialism 2831: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2785:Pro-democracy 2782: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2613:In her book, 2608: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2592:Nego-feminism 2591: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2519:nego-feminism 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437:Stella Nyanzi 2430: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2351:Others, like 2350: 2346: 2345:Ama Ata Aidoo 2341: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2317:individualism 2314: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2245:Naomi Nkealah 2240: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2131: 2128: 2120: 2108: 2107: 2102:This article 2100: 2091: 2090: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2044: 2043: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1867:United States 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1715:Latin America 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1562: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1537:Technoscience 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1360:Art criticism 1358: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1310:Men's studies 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1210:Views on BDSM 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1134:Transmisogyny 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1094:Purplewashing 1092: 1090: 1089:Protofeminism 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1004:Honor killing 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 901: 898: 897: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 880: 879: 871: 868: 866: 863: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 837: 834: 833: 832: 829: 827: 824: 818: 815: 814: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 795: 789: 786: 785: 784: 781: 780: 779: 778:Individualist 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 752: 751:Cyberfeminism 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 729: 724: 723: 715: 712: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 671: 668: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 626: 621: 620: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 591: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 567: 564: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 534:Anti-abortion 532: 531: 524: 523: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 494: 491: 490: 489: 486: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 444: 443: 440: 439:Multicultural 436: 430: 427: 423: 422:Transnational 420: 418: 415: 414: 413: 410: 406: 403: 402: 401: 398: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 384: 381: 379: 376: 372: 369: 368: 367: 364: 363: 361: 360: 357: 353: 347: 344: 340: 339:Postgenderism 337: 336: 335: 334:Transfeminism 332: 330: 327: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 297: 296: 291: 286: 285: 271: 268: 267: 266: 265:United States 263: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 244: 241: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 226: 224: 221: 219: 218:Liechtenstein 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 178: 177: 173: 169: 164: 161: 160: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 144: 141: 140: 138: 137: 132: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 105: 104: 99: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 72: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 57: 55: 54: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 29: 25: 21: 20: 7067:Urbanization 7027:Demographics 7003:Rugby Africa 6910:Architecture 6794:Billionaires 6711: 6687:Human rights 6457:Indian Ocean 6388:North Africa 6284: 6259: 6203:Rhetoricians 6193:Philosophers 6085:Saudi Arabia 5881:South Africa 5745:Epistemology 5698:Anthropology 5693:Architecture 5656:Legal theory 5564:Gynocentrism 5503:War on women 5438:Pro-feminism 5393:Gender-blind 5348:Gender quota 5321:Art movement 5118:Dianic Wicca 4997:Sex-positive 4960:Postcolonial 4827:Conservative 4807:Anti-fascist 4525: 4521: 4481: 4477: 4440:(32): 6–10. 4437: 4403: 4399: 4361: 4357: 4330:(5): 30–31. 4327: 4323: 4274: 4236: 4232: 4195: 4188: 4168: 4125: 4121: 4089: 4083: 4073: 4066: 4049: 4006:(1): 63–80. 4003: 3999: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3953:(2): 61–74. 3950: 3946: 3940: 3926:(50): 4–10. 3923: 3913: 3903: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3863: 3859: 3830: 3820: 3810:, retrieved 3805: 3775: 3739: 3729: 3707:(2): 61–74. 3704: 3700: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3358: 3349: 3337:. Retrieved 3333: 3323: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3228: 3194: 3190: 3138:the original 3124: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3004:Ifi Amadiume 2961: 2949: 2933: 2912: 2889:Global South 2877: 2835: 2823: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2770: 2758: 2754: 2737: 2729: 2722: 2717:emancipation 2713: 2709: 2691: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2632:Chioma Opara 2629: 2614: 2612: 2601: 2595: 2583: 2563: 2555: 2547: 2527: 2493: 2485: 2465: 2449: 2447: 2434: 2395: 2386: 2382:global south 2373: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2310: 2303: 2291: 2273: 2264: 2257: 2250: 2241: 2234: 2232:in Africa. 2211: 2147: 2146: 2123: 2114: 2103: 1817:Saudi Arabia 1613:South Africa 1572: 1456:Epistemology 1431:Legal theory 1350:Architecture 1340:Anthropology 1319: 1285:Gynocentrism 1149:War on women 1084:Pro-feminism 1039:Gender-blind 994:Gender quota 967:Art movement 741:Anti-fascist 675:Dianic Wicca 554:Postfeminism 429:Xenofeminism 412:Postcolonial 329:Sex-positive 7077:urban areas 6998:FIBA Africa 6697:LGBT rights 6395:Archaeology 6243:Comic books 6168:Art critics 6090:South Korea 6070:Philippines 6050:New Zealand 6045:Netherlands 5779:Pornography 5767:Metaphysics 5708:Criminology 5703:Archaeology 5676:Film theory 5378:Women's Day 5128:Ecofeminist 4987:Reactionary 4935:Materialist 4710:Switzerland 4705:New Zealand 4624:Fourth-wave 4607:Second-wave 3008:Bolanle Awe 2884:Alice Mogwe 2584:Founded by 2511:rural women 2495:West Africa 2455:communalism 2406:colonialism 2286:Hazel Carby 2218:Nana Asma'u 1822:South Korea 1802:Philippines 1782:New Zealand 1777:Netherlands 1500:Pornography 1478:Metaphysics 1392:Criminology 1370:Film theory 1345:Archaeology 1024:Women's Day 826:Libertarian 768:Ecofeminism 685:Ecofeminist 566:Reactionary 559:Neofeminism 500:Multiracial 405:Ecofeminist 400:Materialist 243:Switzerland 223:New Zealand 7047:Emigration 6950:Philosophy 6930:Literature 6376:Chronology 6233:Literature 6178:Economists 5898:Bangladesh 5834:By country 5784:Psychology 5740:Empiricism 5735:Aesthetics 5730:Philosophy 5589:Patriarchy 5569:Matriarchy 5374:Girl's Day 5353:Girl power 5326:In hip hop 5249:Literature 5184:Indigenous 5123:Reclaiming 5019:Standpoint 4992:Separatism 4965:Postmodern 4859:Vegetarian 4849:Difference 4792:Analytical 4619:Third-wave 4602:First-wave 3987:: 227–234. 3812:2023-05-06 3031:References 2365:Amina Mama 2203:Background 2117:April 2020 2018:Categories 1920:Literature 1630:Bangladesh 1505:Psychology 1451:Empiricism 1446:Aesthetics 1441:Philosophy 1315:Patriarchy 1300:Matriarchy 1020:Girl's Day 999:Girl power 972:In hip hop 895:Literature 858:Separatist 836:Postmodern 802:Difference 736:Analytical 680:Reclaiming 488:Indigenous 393:Standpoint 322:Separatist 174:by country 6883:Languages 6873:Etiquette 6799:Education 6672:Democracy 6667:Elections 6567:Geography 6526:By region 6510:conflicts 6383:Antiquity 5988:Argentina 5948:Indonesia 5938:Hong Kong 5893:Australia 5796:Seriality 5720:Geography 5646:Sociology 5599:Economics 5584:Kyriarchy 5086:Christian 5066:Religious 5007:Socialist 4797:Anarchist 4742:States of 4680:Australia 4534:0019-5510 4490:0304-3754 4454:1013-0950 4412:0732-1562 4370:1082-8354 4336:1205-7398 4245:2153-3873 4150:146260844 4058:1013-0950 4028:143836306 3967:148328015 3932:1013-0950 3839:1013-0950 3721:148328015 3661:150250539 3653:1536-6936 3633:Meridians 3618:150319558 3610:1536-6936 3590:Meridians 3567:1536-6936 3547:Meridians 3532:149794011 3524:1536-6936 3504:Meridians 3481:1536-6936 3461:Meridians 3438:1536-6936 3418:Meridians 3403:149496162 3395:1536-6936 3375:Meridians 3315:149913026 3307:1536-6936 3287:Meridians 3272:149904738 3264:1536-6936 3244:Meridians 3211:143100895 3116:150024694 3108:1536-6936 3088:Meridians 3073:149775782 3065:1536-6936 3045:Meridians 2847:ethnicity 2609:Motherism 2580:Stiwanism 2507:Motherism 2503:stiwanism 2377:Awa Thiam 2313:TEDx Talk 2104:may have 1908:Feminists 1720:Argentina 1680:Indonesia 1670:Hong Kong 1625:Australia 1532:Sociology 1414:Geography 1404:Economics 1295:Male gaze 1290:Kyriarchy 761:Networked 643:Christian 378:Jineology 366:Anarchist 356:Socialist 236:Francoist 188:Australia 134:Timelines 7232:Category 7212:Category 7057:HIV/AIDS 6888:Religion 6853:Abortion 6809:Internet 6736:Politics 6712:feminism 6650:Politics 6505:Military 6483:By topic 6447:Atlantic 6410:Sahelian 6360:articles 6304:Category 6238:American 6110:Thailand 6065:Pakistan 6035:Malaysia 6018:Paraguay 6008:Honduras 5856:Ethiopia 5725:Pedagogy 5651:Rhetoric 5641:Sexology 5634:Womanist 5629:Thealogy 5624:Theology 5423:Misogyny 5296:Femicide 5281:Equality 5235:Concepts 5150:Orthodox 5113:Neopagan 5101:Womanist 5081:Buddhist 5049:Africana 5044:Womanism 4940:Maternal 4930:Lipstick 4896:Activism 4866:Equality 4832:Cultural 4817:Carceral 4752:Virginia 4732:Timeline 4675:Timeline 4612:timeline 4597:Timeline 4574:Feminism 3872:40003384 3575:56975316 3489:86863491 3446:85536005 3339:21 March 3014:See also 2988:Zara Kay 2909:Overview 2879:Botswana 2626:Femalism 2544:Womanism 2538:Womanism 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