35:
223:
399:
294:
426:, palpebral conjunctiva, and intermandibular space. Mortality rate is between 50 and 70%, and survivors recover in 7 days. This form does not have such a high mortality rate, but the lymph nodes and above the eyes are not as swelled. The swelling above the eyes are a sign that the brain is swollen, and if it is too much the eyes will pop out. If treated correctly the animals has a higher chance of surviving.
230:
AHS virus was first recorded south of the Sahara Desert in the mid-1600s, with the introduction of horses to southern Africa. The virus is considered endemic to the equatorial, eastern, and southern regions of Africa. Several outbreaks have occurred in the
Equidae throughout Africa and elsewhere. AHS
284:
The common hosts of this disease are horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras. However, elephants, camels, and dogs can be infected, as well, but often show no signs of the disease and it is very rare. Dogs usually contract the disease by eating infected horse meat, although a recent report has been made
389:
and results in death in under 24 hours. This form of the disease has the second highest mortality rate. Other symptoms include swelling of the lymph nodes under the jaw, and levelled swelling above the eyes. This form does not have as much swelling on the brain as the
Cardiac form, the swelling is
520:
Infection was reported in Pak Chong district of Nakhon
Ratchasima province in Thailand in March 2020 when 42 racehorses died from an unknown illness which was later confirmed to be African Horse Sickness virus serotype 1.
380:
form of the disease is characterized by high fever, depression, and respiratory symptoms. The clinically affected animal has trouble breathing, starts coughing frothy fluid from nostril and mouth, and shows signs of
359:
Horses are the most susceptible host with close to 90% mortality of those affected, followed by mules (50%) and donkeys (10%). African donkeys and zebras very rarely display clinical symptoms, despite high virus
267:. Epidemiology is dependent on host-vector interaction, where cyclic disease outbreaks coincide with high numbers of competent vectors. The most important vector for AHS in endemic areas is the
517:
African horse sickness was diagnosed in Spain in 1987–90 and in
Portugal in 1989, but was eradicated using slaughter policies, movement restrictions, vector eradication, and vaccination.
454:. Affected horses show signs of both the pulmonary and cardiac forms of AHS. This form probably has the highest mortality rate of all the forms. Not many survive this.
478:
of infected tissues. Serological tests are only useful for detecting recovered animals, as sick animals die before they are able to mount effective immune responses.
961:
882:
589:
876:
987:
414:
longer than that of the pulmonary form. Signs of disease start at day 7–12 after infection. High fever is a common symptom. The disease also manifests as
505:, a monovalent vaccine, and a monovalent inactivated vaccine. This disease can also be prevented by destroying the insect vector habitats and by using
738:
276:, which prefers warm, humid conditions. Larvae do not carry the virus, and long, cold winters are sufficient to break epidemics in nonendemic areas.
871:
892:
497:. To prevent this disease, the affected horses are usually slaughtered, and the uninfected horses are vaccinated against the virus. Three
726:
767:
1025:
1020:
893:
The role of conserved residues in
African horsesickness virus protein NS3 in intracellular localisation and cytotoxicity
586:
974:
654:
422:. Additionally, edema is presented under the skin of the head and neck, most notably in swelling of the supraorbital
663:
466:
lesions, and presence of competent vectors. Laboratory confirmation is by viral isolation, with such techniques as
34:
992:
879:
at World
Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database
1015:
903:
792:
232:
435:
211:
948:
29:
648:
Carpenter, Simon; Mellor, Philip S.; Fall, Assane G.; Garros, Claire; Venter, Gert J. (2017-01-31).
386:
888:
3D electron microscopy structures of the
African horse sickness virus from the EM Data Bank(EMDB)
851:
607:"Occurrence of African horse sickness in a domestic dog without apparent ingestion of horse meat"
530:
502:
475:
438:
is seen in zebras and
African donkeys. Infected animals may have a low-grade fever and congested
272:
236:
207:
966:
935:
843:
685:
677:
411:
365:
256:
226:
A map of
African horse sickness outbreaks that have occurred worldwide during the last century
206:. This disease can be caused by any of the nine serotypes of this virus. AHS is not directly
833:
667:
628:
618:
467:
198:
83:
555:
887:
593:
487:
439:
423:
407:
382:
672:
649:
415:
222:
119:
95:
398:
293:
1009:
855:
493:
Control of an outbreak in an endemic region involves quarantine, vector control, and
347:
335:
71:
727:
The Merck
Veterinary Manual – African Horse Sickness – Clinical Findings and Lesions
706:
301:
This disease is spread by insect vectors. The biological vector of the virus is the
940:
268:
506:
494:
264:
244:
926:
535:
312:
303:
202:
107:
681:
623:
606:
323:
193:
131:
59:
979:
847:
689:
920:
650:"African Horse Sickness Virus: History, Transmission, and Current Status"
377:
341:
260:
252:
838:
821:
498:
451:
419:
308:
240:
163:
633:
285:
of the disease occurring in dogs with no known horse-meat ingestion.
181:
897:
471:
397:
361:
329:
317:
292:
248:
221:
189:
185:
173:
46:
872:
Disease card from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
462:
Presumptive diagnosis is made by characteristic clinical signs,
263:. AHS has never been reported in the Americas, eastern Asia, or
177:
953:
901:
297:
Transmission of African horse sickness virus by insect vector
368:
of the virus. AHS manifests itself in four different forms:
311:, but this disease can also be transmitted by species of
402:
Replication cycle of African horse sickness virus (AHSV)
748:. OIE - World Organisation for Animal Healthwww.oie.int
822:"Outbreak of African horse sickness in Thailand, 2020"
567:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
255:. More recently, outbreaks have been reported in the
910:
611:
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
877:Current status of African Horse Sickness worldwide
385:within four days. Serious lung congestion causes
707:"Lethal horse disease knocking on Europe's door"
8:
898:
746:OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health
470:for detecting viral RNA, antigen capture (
18:
883:CIDRAP Overview on African Horse Sickness
837:
701:
699:
671:
632:
622:
162:) is a highly infectious and often fatal
547:
587:CIDRAP >> African Horse Sickness
418:, with abdominal pain and progressive
210:, but is known to be spread by insect
7:
709:(Press release). Unknown. 2007-03-28
364:in blood, and are thought to be the
826:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
673:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035010
14:
605:Van Sittert; et al. (2013).
533:and is spread by the same midge (
501:currently exist, which include a
430:Mild or horse sickness fever form
33:
339:, and species of ticks such as
1:
442:. The survival rate is 100%.
912:African horse sickness virus
820:King, Simon (27 June 2020).
169:African horse sickness virus
146:African horse sickness virus
23:African horse sickness virus
655:Annual Review of Entomology
410:form of the disease has an
1042:
390:mostly around the organs
28:
21:
793:"African Horse Sickness"
768:"African Horse Sickness"
739:"AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS"
556:"ICTV 9th Report (2011)
482:Treatment and prevention
624:10.4102/jsava.v84i1.948
592:July 12, 2010, at the
403:
298:
227:
172:. It commonly affects
156:African horse sickness
1026:Animal viral diseases
1021:Insect-borne diseases
800:Iowa State University
450:Diagnosis is made at
401:
296:
225:
772:Animal Research Info
239:, and has spread to
184:. It is caused by a
30:Virus classification
436:subclinical disease
387:respiratory failure
839:10.1111/tbed.13701
531:bluetongue disease
529:AHS is related to
503:polyvalent vaccine
490:for AHS is known.
476:immunofluorescence
404:
299:
273:Culicoides imicola
237:sub-Saharan Africa
228:
1003:
1002:
904:Taxon identifiers
412:incubation period
366:natural reservoir
257:Iberian Peninsula
197:belonging to the
153:
152:
1033:
996:
995:
983:
982:
970:
969:
957:
956:
944:
943:
931:
930:
929:
899:
860:
859:
841:
832:(5): 1764–1767.
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
797:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
743:
735:
729:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:
703:
694:
693:
675:
645:
639:
638:
636:
626:
602:
596:
584:
578:
577:
575:
573:
564:
552:
525:Related diseases
468:quantitative PCR
97:Resentoviricetes
85:Duplornaviricota
38:
37:
19:
16:Species of virus
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
978:
973:
965:
960:
952:
947:
939:
934:
925:
924:
919:
906:
868:
863:
819:
818:
814:
804:
802:
795:
791:
790:
786:
776:
774:
766:
765:
761:
751:
749:
741:
737:
736:
732:
725:
721:
712:
710:
705:
704:
697:
647:
646:
642:
604:
603:
599:
594:Wayback Machine
585:
581:
571:
569:
562:
554:
553:
549:
545:
527:
515:
484:
460:
440:mucous membrane
383:pulmonary edema
357:
291:
282:
231:is known to be
220:
149:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1016:Horse diseases
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
984:
971:
958:
945:
932:
916:
914:
908:
907:
902:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
867:
866:External links
864:
862:
861:
812:
784:
759:
730:
719:
695:
664:Annual Reviews
640:
597:
579:
546:
544:
541:
526:
523:
514:
511:
483:
480:
459:
456:
416:conjunctivitis
372:Pulmonary form
356:
355:Clinical signs
353:
290:
287:
281:
278:
219:
216:
151:
150:
143:
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
121:Sedoreoviridae
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
93:
89:
88:
81:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
57:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1038:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
994:
989:
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
928:
922:
918:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
900:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
801:
794:
788:
785:
773:
769:
763:
760:
747:
740:
734:
731:
728:
723:
720:
708:
702:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
644:
641:
635:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
598:
595:
591:
588:
583:
580:
568:
561:
559:
551:
548:
542:
540:
538:
537:
532:
524:
522:
518:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
448:
447:
443:
441:
437:
432:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
400:
396:
395:
391:
388:
384:
379:
374:
373:
369:
367:
363:
354:
352:
350:
349:
348:Rhipicephalus
344:
343:
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
310:
306:
305:
295:
288:
286:
279:
277:
275:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
224:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
204:
200:
196:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
157:
148:
147:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:Orthornavirae
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
24:
20:
911:
829:
825:
815:
803:. Retrieved
799:
787:
775:. Retrieved
771:
762:
750:. Retrieved
745:
733:
722:
711:. Retrieved
659:
653:
643:
614:
610:
600:
582:
570:. Retrieved
566:
557:
550:
534:
528:
519:
516:
507:insecticides
492:
485:
463:
461:
449:
445:
444:
433:
429:
428:
405:
394:Cardiac form
393:
392:
375:
371:
370:
358:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
302:
300:
289:Transmission
283:
271:
269:biting midge
229:
218:Epidemiology
201:
192:
168:
167:
159:
155:
154:
145:
144:
132:
120:
108:
96:
84:
72:
60:
53:
43:(unranked):
22:
666:: 343–358.
495:vaccination
464:post mortem
265:Australasia
245:Middle East
1010:Categories
713:2007-03-27
634:2263/36753
572:17 January
558:Reoviridae
543:References
539:species).
536:Culicoides
446:Mixed form
336:A. aegypti
333:including
315:including
313:mosquitoes
304:Culicoides
208:contagious
203:Reoviridae
166:caused by
109:Reovirales
856:220130174
682:0066-4170
488:treatment
458:Diagnosis
324:Anopheles
307:(midges)
194:Orbivirus
140:Species:
133:Orbivirus
68:Kingdom:
61:Riboviria
967:11459028
927:Q4408311
921:Wikidata
848:32593205
690:28141961
617:(1): 5.
590:Archived
499:vaccines
452:necropsy
434:Mild to
408:subacute
378:peracute
342:Hyalomma
261:Thailand
253:Pakistan
116:Family:
80:Phylum:
805:29 June
777:29 June
752:29 June
513:History
474:), and
420:dyspnea
309:species
241:Morocco
233:endemic
212:vectors
188:of the
182:donkeys
164:disease
128:Genus:
104:Order:
92:Class:
954:540097
854:
846:
688:
680:
563:(html)
424:fossae
362:titres
327:, and
251:, and
243:, the
199:family
180:, and
174:horses
993:40050
980:95041
962:IRMNG
941:65F3Z
852:S2CID
796:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
662:(1).
472:ELISA
406:This
330:Aedes
318:Culex
249:India
190:genus
186:virus
178:mules
54:Realm
47:Virus
988:NCBI
844:PMID
807:2020
779:2020
754:2020
686:PMID
678:ISSN
574:2019
376:The
345:and
280:Host
259:and
975:ISC
949:EoL
936:CoL
834:doi
668:doi
629:hdl
619:doi
486:No
235:in
160:AHS
1012::
990::
977::
964::
951::
938::
923::
850:.
842:.
830:67
828:.
824:.
798:.
770:.
744:.
698:^
684:.
676:.
660:62
658:.
652:.
627:.
615:84
613:.
609:.
565:.
509:.
351:.
321:,
247:,
214:.
176:,
56::
858:.
836::
809:.
781:.
756:.
716:.
692:.
670::
637:.
631::
621::
576:.
560:"
158:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
