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437:, palpebral conjunctiva, and intermandibular space. Mortality rate is between 50 and 70%, and survivors recover in 7 days. This form does not have such a high mortality rate, but the lymph nodes and above the eyes are not as swelled. The swelling above the eyes are a sign that the brain is swollen, and if it is too much the eyes will pop out. If treated correctly the animals has a higher chance of surviving.
241:
AHS virus was first recorded south of the Sahara Desert in the mid-1600s, with the introduction of horses to southern Africa. The virus is considered endemic to the equatorial, eastern, and southern regions of Africa. Several outbreaks have occurred in the
Equidae throughout Africa and elsewhere. AHS
295:
The common hosts of this disease are horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras. However, elephants, camels, and dogs can be infected, as well, but often show no signs of the disease and it is very rare. Dogs usually contract the disease by eating infected horse meat, although a recent report has been made
400:
and results in death in under 24 hours. This form of the disease has the second highest mortality rate. Other symptoms include swelling of the lymph nodes under the jaw, and levelled swelling above the eyes. This form does not have as much swelling on the brain as the
Cardiac form, the swelling is
531:
Infection was reported in Pak Chong district of Nakhon
Ratchasima province in Thailand in March 2020 when 42 racehorses died from an unknown illness which was later confirmed to be African Horse Sickness virus serotype 1.
391:
form of the disease is characterized by high fever, depression, and respiratory symptoms. The clinically affected animal has trouble breathing, starts coughing frothy fluid from nostril and mouth, and shows signs of
370:
Horses are the most susceptible host with close to 90% mortality of those affected, followed by mules (50%) and donkeys (10%). African donkeys and zebras very rarely display clinical symptoms, despite high virus
278:. Epidemiology is dependent on host-vector interaction, where cyclic disease outbreaks coincide with high numbers of competent vectors. The most important vector for AHS in endemic areas is the
528:
African horse sickness was diagnosed in Spain in 1987–90 and in
Portugal in 1989, but was eradicated using slaughter policies, movement restrictions, vector eradication, and vaccination.
465:. Affected horses show signs of both the pulmonary and cardiac forms of AHS. This form probably has the highest mortality rate of all the forms. Not many survive this.
489:
of infected tissues. Serological tests are only useful for detecting recovered animals, as sick animals die before they are able to mount effective immune responses.
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longer than that of the pulmonary form. Signs of disease start at day 7–12 after infection. High fever is a common symptom. The disease also manifests as
516:, a monovalent vaccine, and a monovalent inactivated vaccine. This disease can also be prevented by destroying the insect vector habitats and by using
749:
287:, which prefers warm, humid conditions. Larvae do not carry the virus, and long, cold winters are sufficient to break epidemics in nonendemic areas.
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508:. To prevent this disease, the affected horses are usually slaughtered, and the uninfected horses are vaccinated against the virus. Three
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The role of conserved residues in
African horsesickness virus protein NS3 in intracellular localisation and cytotoxicity
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433:. Additionally, edema is presented under the skin of the head and neck, most notably in swelling of the supraorbital
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lesions, and presence of competent vectors. Laboratory confirmation is by viral isolation, with such techniques as
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at World
Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database
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Carpenter, Simon; Mellor, Philip S.; Fall, Assane G.; Garros, Claire; Venter, Gert J. (2017-01-31).
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3D electron microscopy structures of the
African horse sickness virus from the EM Data Bank(EMDB)
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618:"Occurrence of African horse sickness in a domestic dog without apparent ingestion of horse meat"
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is seen in zebras and
African donkeys. Infected animals may have a low-grade fever and congested
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A map of
African horse sickness outbreaks that have occurred worldwide during the last century
217:. This disease can be caused by any of the nine serotypes of this virus. AHS is not directly
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Control of an outbreak in an endemic region involves quarantine, vector control, and
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The Merck
Veterinary Manual – African Horse Sickness – Clinical Findings and Lesions
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This disease is spread by insect vectors. The biological vector of the virus is the
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661:"African Horse Sickness Virus: History, Transmission, and Current Status"
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of the disease occurring in dogs with no known horse-meat ingestion.
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Disease card from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
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Presumptive diagnosis is made by characteristic clinical signs,
274:. AHS has never been reported in the Americas, eastern Asia, or
188:
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912:
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Transmission of African horse sickness virus by insect vector
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of the virus. AHS manifests itself in four different forms:
322:, but this disease can also be transmitted by species of
413:
Replication cycle of African horse sickness virus (AHSV)
759:. OIE - World Organisation for Animal Healthwww.oie.int
833:"Outbreak of African horse sickness in Thailand, 2020"
578:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
266:. More recently, outbreaks have been reported in the
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Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
888:Current status of African Horse Sickness worldwide
396:within four days. Serious lung congestion causes
718:"Lethal horse disease knocking on Europe's door"
8:
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757:OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health
481:for detecting viral RNA, antigen capture (
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894:CIDRAP Overview on African Horse Sickness
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173:) is a highly infectious and often fatal
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598:CIDRAP >> African Horse Sickness
429:, with abdominal pain and progressive
221:, but is known to be spread by insect
7:
720:(Press release). Unknown. 2007-03-28
375:in blood, and are thought to be the
837:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
684:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035010
25:
616:Van Sittert; et al. (2013).
544:and is spread by the same midge (
512:currently exist, which include a
441:Mild or horse sickness fever form
44:
350:, and species of ticks such as
1:
453:. The survival rate is 100%.
923:African horse sickness virus
831:King, Simon (27 June 2020).
180:African horse sickness virus
157:African horse sickness virus
34:African horse sickness virus
18:African horse sickness virus
666:Annual Review of Entomology
421:form of the disease has an
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401:mostly around the organs
39:
32:
804:"African Horse Sickness"
779:"African Horse Sickness"
750:"AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS"
567:"ICTV 9th Report (2011)
493:Treatment and prevention
635:10.4102/jsava.v84i1.948
603:July 12, 2010, at the
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183:. It commonly affects
167:African horse sickness
1037:Animal viral diseases
1032:Insect-borne diseases
811:Iowa State University
461:Diagnosis is made at
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307:
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783:Animal Research Info
250:, and has spread to
195:. It is caused by a
41:Virus classification
447:subclinical disease
398:respiratory failure
850:10.1111/tbed.13701
542:bluetongue disease
540:AHS is related to
514:polyvalent vaccine
501:for AHS is known.
487:immunofluorescence
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284:Culicoides imicola
248:sub-Saharan Africa
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915:Taxon identifiers
423:incubation period
377:natural reservoir
268:Iberian Peninsula
208:belonging to the
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108:Resentoviricetes
96:Duplornaviricota
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27:Species of virus
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506:vaccination
475:post mortem
276:Australasia
256:Middle East
1021:Categories
724:2007-03-27
645:2263/36753
583:17 January
569:Reoviridae
554:References
550:species).
547:Culicoides
457:Mixed form
347:A. aegypti
344:including
326:including
324:mosquitoes
315:Culicoides
219:contagious
214:Reoviridae
177:caused by
120:Reovirales
867:220130174
693:0066-4170
499:treatment
469:Diagnosis
335:Anopheles
318:(midges)
205:Orbivirus
151:Species:
144:Orbivirus
79:Kingdom:
72:Riboviria
978:11459028
938:Q4408311
932:Wikidata
859:32593205
701:28141961
628:(1): 5.
601:Archived
510:vaccines
463:necropsy
445:Mild to
419:subacute
389:peracute
353:Hyalomma
272:Thailand
264:Pakistan
127:Family:
91:Phylum:
816:29 June
788:29 June
763:29 June
524:History
485:), and
431:dyspnea
320:species
252:Morocco
244:endemic
223:vectors
199:of the
193:donkeys
175:disease
139:Genus:
115:Order:
103:Class:
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574:(html)
435:fossae
373:titres
338:, and
262:, and
254:, the
210:family
191:, and
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973:IRMNG
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863:S2CID
807:(PDF)
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483:ELISA
417:This
341:Aedes
329:Culex
260:India
201:genus
197:virus
189:mules
65:Realm
58:Virus
999:NCBI
855:PMID
818:2020
790:2020
765:2020
697:PMID
689:ISSN
585:2019
387:The
356:and
291:Host
270:and
986:ISC
960:EoL
947:CoL
845:doi
679:doi
640:hdl
630:doi
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246:in
171:AHS
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