1699:
75:
1734:
1527:(present-day western Libya) to present-day Morocco for several centuries after the completion of the Arab conquest by 700. A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria. There is also evidence of religious pilgrimages after 850 to tombs of Christian saints outside of the city of Carthage, and evidence of religious contacts with Christians of Arab Spain. In addition, calendrical reforms adopted in Europe at this time were disseminated amongst the indigenous Christians of Tunis, which would have not been possible had there been an absence of contact with Rome.
50:
30:
1547:
to live in Tunis and
Nefzaoua in the south of Tunisia until the early 15th century, and "n the first quarter of the fifteenth century, we even read that the native Christians of Tunis, though much assimilated, extended their church, perhaps because the last of the persecuted Christians from all over the Maghreb had gathered there." They were not in communion with the Catholic church of that time, however.
1223:
1809:
38:
1546:
around 680 as their administrative center after their conquest. A letter from the 14th century shows that there were then still four bishoprics left in North Africa, albeit a sharp decline from the over four hundred bishoprics in existence at the time of the Arab conquest. Berber
Christians continued
1966:
is a general challenge for all priests in the
Catholic Church, for instance because of cultural expectations for a man to have a family, Africa presents particular problems in the subject. Early in the 21st century, as celibacy continued to come under question, Africa was cited as a region where the
1670:
for granting protection to the
Christians and requested to allow them to create fortresses along the shores, but the Caliph rejected this request. GarcĂa PerĂ©z was the archdeacon of Morocco during 1250s, but the local church was unable to support him and he had to depend on the Castilian church.
1518:
heresy, and that this contributed to the early obliteration of the Church in the present day
Maghreb. Some historians contrast this with the strong monastic tradition in Coptic Egypt, which is credited as a factor that allowed the Coptic Church to remain the majority faith in that country until
1522:
Another view is that
Christianity in North Africa ended soon after conquest of North Africa by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate between AD 647–709 effectively. However, new scholarship has appeared that disputes this. There are reports that Christianity persisted in the region from
1509:
Many causes have been seen as to leading to the decline of
Christianity in Maghreb. One of them is the constant wars and conquests as well as persecutions. In addition many Christians also migrated to Europe. The Church at that time lacked the backbone of a
1614:
to dispatch
Franciscans to convert the Moroccan Muslims. This mission had proved very difficult due to the fact that Christianity was widely dispersed in the region. The first known bishop of Morocco was appointed by Pope
1906:
has said that an "African papacy is the logical outcome" given that the majority of
Catholics now live in the developing world, and in particular, the Catholic Church in Africa "has grown by 20 times since 1980."
2042:
1538:
came into power, and the record shows persecutions and demands made that the local
Christians of Tunis to convert to Islam. We still have reports of Christian inhabitants and a bishop in the city of
1265:
1698:
1351:
Yet, at least outside the Islamic majority parts of Northern Africa, the presence of the Catholic Church has grown in the modern era, in Africa as a whole, one of the reasons being the
3160:
2930:
146:
1519:
around after the 14th century despite numerous persecutions. In addition, the Romans and the Byzantines were unable to completely assimilate the indigenous people like the Berbers.
1506:
Archaeological and scholarly research has shown that Christianity existed after the Muslim conquests, though the Catholic church gradually declined along with local Latin dialect.
1089:
1875:. As Arinze was considered theologically conservative, Jenkins suggests he would have brought African "notions of authority and charisma" to the office, rather than democracy.
1251:
1039:
2166:
1714:, the Christian Portuguese and Spanish captured many ports in North Africa. The bishopric of Marrakesh continued to exist until the late 16th century and was borne by the
1971:. Isolation of priests working in rural Africa, and the low status of women, is said to add to the temptation. A breakaway sect of married previously Catholic priests in
1882:, three years before his own selection as Pope, labeled the prospect of an African pope as "entirely plausible" and a "wonderful sign for all Christianity." According to
3075:
291:
1842:
nations, and by 2001 they made up over 40 percent of the body. In 2002, Italian Cardinals made up just 15 percent of the College, a drop from 60 percent in the 1950s.
1367:, but there are also millions of members of the Eastern Catholic Churches. By 2025, one-sixth (230 million) of the world's Catholics are expected to be Africans.
1355:
of several countries in Africa. Catholic Church membership rose from 2 million in 1900 to 140 million in 2000. In 2005, the Catholic Church in Africa, including
1585:
to perform its duties and in 1200 wrote a letter to the Christians enslaved there. Rebel Castilians had also served the Almohad caliphs and resided in Morocco. Pope
2915:
2052:
131:
2270:
The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam C. J. Speel, II Church History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (December 1960), pp. 379–397
2280:
2935:
151:
657:
1722:
who had attempted to re-establish the mission was killed in 1631. A Franciscan monastery built in 1637 was destroyed in 1659 after the downfall of the
979:
707:
74:
1391:
1244:
1029:
1084:
2852:
1812:
1264:
1044:
939:
2332:
3186:
2633:
1715:
897:
722:
2950:
2502:
1049:
917:
902:
166:
3233:
3229:
1963:
1237:
1109:
907:
58:
1781:
Despite prevalent republican governments in contemporary time, Africa has a tradition of Catholic monarchs, such as in the kingdoms of
3264:
2402:
2374:
2234:
1119:
827:
822:
558:
505:
3242:
2611:
2542:
2512:
2485:
2457:
2429:
2342:
2447:
2990:
2782:
2558:
2016:
2011:
1147:
932:
787:
206:
2156:
3225:
3100:
3090:
2895:
1667:
642:
535:
480:
323:
306:
111:
1589:
had requested the Almohads to allow the Christians to freely practice their faith. In June 1225, Honorius III issued the bull
3105:
2995:
2925:
2568:
1099:
1034:
984:
944:
887:
453:
448:
383:
328:
211:
141:
2246:
1922:
was called "the most likely" candidate from Africa and was considered the favorite to win the papacy before the election of
1878:
Jenkins states, "The prospect of a Black African pope understandably excites Christians of all political persuasions." Even
1662:
for the Christians to freely practice their faith at Fernando III's insistence. Innocent IV asked emirs of Tunis, Ceuta and
3216:
3165:
3085:
3050:
3035:
3020:
2975:
2910:
2730:
2068:
1888:, an African such as Arinze would "boost the popularity" of the church, which is facing strong competition in Africa from
1733:
1624:
1398:, was once Africa's youngest cardinal at 64 years old, and was also one of several prelates from Africa estimated as
964:
857:
817:
797:
570:
540:
525:
460:
438:
413:
388:
316:
301:
266:
251:
236:
191:
126:
2392:
2364:
1599:
named Dominic and Martin to establish a mission in Morocco and look after the affairs of Christians there. The friars of
3040:
2419:
1976:
1849:
of Pope John Paul II as particularly attractive to Catholics in developing nations and likely to be a dominant force in
1378:
in western Africa, and Africa produces a large percentage of the world's priests. As of 26 June 2020, there are also 29
1209:
1154:
1069:
1019:
994:
792:
627:
515:
510:
428:
418:
256:
3140:
3115:
2965:
2960:
2940:
2905:
2890:
2676:
1199:
1189:
1174:
1079:
1004:
974:
949:
912:
872:
867:
842:
712:
590:
530:
500:
485:
475:
403:
363:
338:
181:
176:
156:
121:
106:
2475:
2284:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3125:
3095:
3080:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3010:
3005:
2955:
2900:
2875:
2845:
2021:
1996:
1710:
Another phase of Christianity in Africa began with the arrival of Portuguese in the 15th century. After the end of
1611:
1379:
1318:
1204:
1179:
1159:
1134:
1062:
1009:
989:
892:
847:
807:
767:
762:
757:
747:
737:
732:
727:
717:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
622:
585:
575:
565:
545:
490:
348:
311:
296:
281:
271:
261:
226:
221:
171:
116:
91:
66:
2757:
3135:
3130:
3070:
3025:
2985:
2880:
2193:
2006:
1951:
1943:
1766:
1758:
1356:
1184:
1164:
1129:
1024:
1014:
959:
954:
882:
862:
852:
837:
832:
812:
782:
777:
752:
742:
675:
652:
617:
612:
607:
580:
520:
398:
393:
358:
353:
286:
241:
201:
96:
3190:
3110:
3060:
3015:
3000:
2980:
2970:
2945:
2885:
1770:
1566:
1169:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1094:
999:
877:
802:
772:
662:
647:
637:
495:
470:
443:
433:
423:
408:
333:
276:
231:
216:
196:
186:
161:
101:
1930:
has been mentioned in the press as a possible candidate for the papacy, both in 2013 and in future conclaves.
1550:
Another group of Christians who came to North Africa after being deported from Islamic Spain were called the
3120:
3030:
2920:
2603:
2001:
1194:
1074:
969:
632:
602:
597:
465:
376:
343:
246:
136:
1911:
1762:
1591:
1407:
1387:
1352:
1345:
1326:
1967:
violation of celibacy is particularly rampant. Priests on the continent were accused of taking wives and
1754:
remains the largest throughout the continent. However, in eastern Africa, there has been an emergence of
2838:
2637:
2212:
2161:
1604:
1452:
1272:
1868:
1827:
1464:
2702:
1666:
to permit Lope and Franciscian friars to look after the Christians in those regions. He thanked the
2092:
2047:
1902:
1687:
1424:
2658:
1632:
1436:
1227:
1655:
2607:
2564:
2538:
2528:
2508:
2481:
2453:
2425:
2398:
2370:
2338:
2258:
2188:
2131:
2123:
2076:
1984:
1879:
1850:
1675:
1600:
1582:
1531:
1360:
2159:[Publication of the Pontifical Yearbook and the Statistical Yearbook of the Church].
1359:, embraced approximately 135 million of the 809 million people in Africa. In 2009, when
2477:
The Popes, the Catholic Church and the Transatlantic Enslavement of Black Africans 1418-1839
2421:
Thirteenth Century England XIV: Proceedings of the Aberystwyth and Lampeter Conference, 2011
1831:
1782:
1755:
1644:
2680:
2072:
1980:
1884:
1620:
1596:
1535:
1495:
1483:
1295:
1283:
2043:"How did the Catholic Church respond to Africa's decolonization? This new book explains"
1822:
had proclaimed, "The Church is Europe, and Europe is the Church." However, according to
1690:
had chosen Aimary de Aurrilac as the bishop of Morocco in place of Fray Diego de Jerez.
2591:
1897:
1889:
1854:
1823:
1819:
1738:
1491:
1472:
1330:
1299:
1279:
29:
3258:
2596:
2314:"citing Mohamed Talbi, "Le Christianisme maghrébin", in M. Gervers & R. Bikhazi,
1915:
1723:
1719:
1574:
1570:
1487:
1275:
1268:
1530:
Local Catholicism came under pressure when the Muslim fundamentalist regimes of the
1348:
in the 7th century resulted in a harsh decline for Christianity in Northern Africa.
1927:
1923:
1872:
1846:
1835:
1751:
1628:
1586:
1578:
1562:
1543:
1524:
1480:
1440:
1364:
1663:
2532:
2299:
2157:"Pubblicazione dell'Annuario Pontificio e dell'Annuario Statistico della Chiesa"
1954:, remains one of the hardest issues to solve for the Catholic Church in Africa.
1839:
1711:
1683:
1651:
1640:
1555:
1511:
2259:
Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition
2247:
Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition
2065:
1808:
1514:
and was still suffering from the aftermath of heresies including the so-called
1222:
1616:
1432:
2135:
2830:
2707:
1968:
1947:
1704:
Mappa Geographica exhibens Religionem Catholicam alicubi per Africam sparsam
1659:
1383:
1338:
17:
2300:"The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today"
2124:"On Africa Trip, Pope Will Find Place Where Church Is Surging Amid Travail"
1826:, the 20th century saw major changes for the Catholic Church. By 1960, the
1623:
in 1233 received a letter from the Pope referring to Bishop Agnello as the
37:
2813:
2093:
On Africa Trip, Pope Will Find Place Where Church Is Surging Amid Travail
1863:
1636:
1551:
1539:
1515:
1460:
1399:
1375:
1363:
visited Africa, it was estimated at 158 million. Most belong to the
1303:
1893:
1858:
1794:
1468:
1448:
1423:
Many important members of the early Church were from Africa, including
1371:
1334:
1686:
were established there. A document dated 10 March 1413 shows that the
1972:
1790:
1786:
1727:
1577:'s archbishop Martin to dispatch a priest for Christians in Morocco.
1444:
1428:
1403:
1314:
2809:
2313:
2207:
1542:
around 1150 – a significant report, since this city was founded by
1919:
1732:
1697:
1679:
1456:
1395:
1322:
1263:
36:
28:
1476:
1307:
2834:
1561:
Christians in Morocco had mostly become slaves by the time of
1554:. They were recognised as forming the Moroccan Church by Pope
2560:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 5
1603:
were dispatched to Morocco to evangelize to the Muslims but
2449:
The Spanish Church and the Papacy in the Thirteenth Century
2634:"King-maker cardinal hints at possibility of African pope"
1861:
Cardinal and adviser to Pope John Paul II, was considered
41:
Countries in Africa with an important catholic population.
2537:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 106.
2598:
The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity
1455:. Churches in eastern North Africa, such as those in
3174:
3149:
2868:
1467:, but those to the West (the area now known as the
2595:
2316:Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands
1726:. A small Franciscan chapel and monastery in the
2758:"Papabile of the Day: The Men Who Could Be Pope"
1635:but wasn't able to establish himself before the
1498:(492 to 496); all three were North African men.
2504:West African Christianity: The Religious Impact
2334:West African Christianity: The Religious Impact
2189:Synod to Address Ethnic and Religious Divisions
2391:Ibben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (10 September 2013).
2363:Ibben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (10 September 2013).
2846:
2659:The Guardian Profile: Francis Cardinal Arinze
2281:"Office of the President – Bethel University"
2110:International Bulletin of Missionary Research
1631:. Lope Fernandez de Ain was appointed as the
1245:
8:
1730:of the city existed until the 18th century.
1581:in 1198 requested the Almohads to allow the
2677:"Kenyans pledge to carry on papal projects"
2627:
2625:
2623:
2418:Olga Cecilia Méndez González (April 2013).
2853:
2839:
2831:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
1252:
1238:
44:
2087:
2085:
2783:"The unstoppable rise of Cardinal Sarah"
2394:Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
2366:Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
2358:
2356:
2354:
1807:
2033:
1463:, tended to align with the practice of
1325:was formed as one of the four original
65:
1813:Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Dakar
1610:Honorius III on 20 February 1226 told
1382:from Africa, out of 222, and 400,000
7:
2729:Le Bars, Stéphanie (12 March 2013).
2756:Allen Jr., John L. (1 March 2013).
1830:had its first Sub-Saharan African,
1370:The world's largest seminary is in
33:Catholicism in Africa by percentage
2703:"A mission to speak out of Africa"
2446:Peter Linehan (24 November 2005).
2169:from the original on 25 March 2020
2112:, Vol. 30, No 1, January 2006, 29.
1977:Catholic Apostolic National Church
1317:began in the 1st century when the
25:
2657:Carroll, Rory. 2003, 3 October. "
2261:By David E. Wilhite, page 336-338
2249:By David E. Wilhite, page 332-334
2122:Donadio, Rachel (15 March 2009).
1964:Catholic priestly vow of celibacy
1595:that permitted two friars of the
3161:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2931:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2017:Catholic Church in Latin America
2012:Catholic Church in North America
1650:The medieval Moroccan historian
1502:Under Islamic conquests and rule
1282:as the official language of the
1221:
1040:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
147:Democratic Republic of the Congo
73:
48:
2675:Andrew England (4 April 2005).
2632:Bruce Johnston (5 April 2002).
1979:, formed in 2010 following the
1926:in 2013. Furthermore, Cardinal
1654:stated that the Almohad caliph
2701:Greg Watts (2 November 2007).
2501:Lamin Sanneh (24 March 2015).
2474:Pius Onyemechi Adiele (2017).
1737:A Catholic church building in
1:
2318:; Toronto, 1990; pp. 344–345"
2165:(in Italian). 25 March 2020.
1838:selected many Cardinals from
2808:Lisa Miller (7 April 2010).
2162:Sala Stampa della Santa Sede
1619:on 12 June 1237. The sultan
2810:"The trouble with celibacy"
2235:Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten
3281:
2862:Catholic Church in Africa
2762:National Catholic Reporter
2022:Catholic Church in Oceania
1997:List of saints from Africa
1656:Abu al-Ala Idris al-Ma'mun
1490:(reigned c . 189 to 199),
1319:Patriarchate of Alexandria
67:Catholic Church by country
3265:Catholic Church in Africa
2731:"Portraits de "papabili""
2007:Catholic Church in Europe
1944:Persecution of Christians
1880:Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger
1767:Ethiopian Catholic Church
1759:Eastern Catholic Churches
1746:Eastern Catholic Churches
1494:(reigned 311 to 314) and
1475:in practice. Three early
1357:Eastern Catholic Churches
1294:is part of the worldwide
1292:Catholic Church in Africa
2916:Central African Republic
2071:14 November 2011 at the
1834:. By deliberate policy,
1771:Eritrean Catholic Church
1643:had named him bishop of
1567:Ferdinand III of Castile
1392:Archbishop of Cape Coast
132:Central African Republic
2604:Oxford University Press
2002:Catholic Church in Asia
1983:of a married priest by
1612:Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
2237:By Heinz Halm, page 99
2066:The Catholic Explosion
1912:papal conclave of 2013
1815:
1763:Coptic Catholic Church
1742:
1707:
1658:had built a church in
1639:captured Fez in 1248.
1592:Vineae Domini custodes
1471:) generally were more
1408:papal conclave of 2013
1388:Cardinal Peter Turkson
1327:Patriarchs of the East
1313:Christian activity in
1287:
1228:Catholicism portal
708:Bosnia and Herzegovina
42:
34:
3076:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2936:Republic of the Congo
2638:Sydney Morning Herald
2534:The History of Africa
2331:Lamin Sanneh (2012).
2298:Phillips, Fr Andrew.
2213:World Digital Library
1952:Boko Haram in Nigeria
1924:Jorge Mario Bergoglio
1811:
1736:
1716:suffragans of Seville
1701:
1647:on 19 December 1246.
1453:Clement of Alexandria
1267:
1030:Saint Kitts and Nevis
292:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
152:Republic of the Congo
40:
32:
2041:Seay, Laura (2019).
1939:Islamist persecution
1828:College of Cardinals
1465:Eastern Christianity
658:United Arab Emirates
3151:States with limited
2287:on 2 February 2007.
2048:The Washington Post
1903:The Daily Telegraph
1869:2005 papal conclave
1688:Antipope John XXIII
1676:Portuguese conquest
1534:and especially the
1425:Mark the Evangelist
1374:, which borders on
1353:French colonization
1045:Trinidad and Tobago
940:Antigua and Barbuda
2529:Shillington, Kevin
2197:, 12 October 2009.
2128:The New York Times
2079:, 11 November 2011
1816:
1743:
1708:
1702:Heinrich Scherer,
1512:monastic tradition
1437:Augustine of Hippo
1329:(the others being
1288:
980:Dominican Republic
43:
35:
3252:
3251:
3178:other territories
2951:Equatorial Guinea
2091:Rachel Donadio, "
2077:Zenit News Agency
2055:on 9 August 2019.
1985:Pope Benedict XVI
1851:Catholic politics
1777:Catholic monarchs
1633:bishop of Morocco
1601:Francis of Assisi
1583:Trinitarian Order
1361:Pope Benedict XVI
1262:
1261:
167:Equatorial Guinea
16:(Redirected from
3272:
3239:
3238:(United Kingdom)
3234:Tristan da Cunha
3230:Ascension Island
3222:
3209:
3200:
3176:Dependencies and
2869:Sovereign states
2855:
2848:
2841:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2666:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2601:
2588:
2575:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2283:. Archived from
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2204:
2198:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2099:, 16 March 2009.
2089:
2080:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2051:. Archived from
2038:
1871:, which elected
1845:Jenkins saw the
1832:Laurean Rugambwa
1756:Alexandrian Rite
1645:Church of Africa
1346:Islamic conquest
1278:who established
1254:
1247:
1240:
1226:
1225:
1110:Papua New Guinea
1085:Marshall Islands
908:Northern Ireland
77:
52:
51:
45:
21:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3220:
3207:
3198:
3179:
3177:
3170:
3154:
3152:
3145:
2864:
2859:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2789:. 10 March 2016
2787:Catholic Herald
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2681:Financial Times
2674:
2673:
2669:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2614:
2590:
2589:
2578:
2571:
2563:. BRILL. 1993.
2557:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:. Orbis Books.
2500:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2480:. Orbis Books.
2473:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2452:. Orbis Books.
2445:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2424:. Orbis Books.
2417:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2345:
2337:. Orbis Books.
2330:
2329:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2208:"Bona, Algeria"
2206:
2205:
2201:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2108:David Barrett,
2107:
2103:
2090:
2083:
2073:Wayback Machine
2064:
2060:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2030:
1993:
1981:excommunication
1960:
1941:
1936:
1900:denominations.
1885:Financial Times
1853:for some time.
1806:
1801:Modern African
1779:
1748:
1696:
1668:Caliph al-Sa'id
1621:Abd al-Wahid II
1597:Dominican Order
1504:
1496:Pope Gelasius I
1484:Africa Province
1443:in what is now
1421:
1416:
1296:Catholic Church
1284:Catholic Church
1258:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1120:Solomon Islands
1065:
1055:
1054:
935:
925:
924:
828:North Macedonia
678:
668:
667:
561:
551:
550:
379:
369:
368:
87:
49:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:Western Sahara
3240:
3223:
3210:
3201:
3187:Canary Islands
3183:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
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3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
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2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
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2953:
2948:
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2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
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2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2800:
2774:
2748:
2721:
2693:
2667:
2650:
2619:
2612:
2592:Philip Jenkins
2576:
2569:
2550:
2543:
2520:
2513:
2493:
2486:
2466:
2464:, page 103-104
2458:
2438:
2436:, page 103-104
2430:
2410:
2404:978-0812203066
2403:
2383:
2376:978-0812203066
2375:
2350:
2343:
2323:
2305:
2290:
2272:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2199:
2180:
2148:
2114:
2101:
2097:New York Times
2081:
2058:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1959:
1956:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1855:Francis Arinze
1824:Philip Jenkins
1820:Hilaire Belloc
1805:
1799:
1778:
1775:
1747:
1744:
1739:Lagos, Nigeria
1695:
1692:
1503:
1500:
1492:Pope Miltiades
1479:were from the
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1331:Constantinople
1300:full communion
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1231:
1230:
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1207:
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1197:
1192:
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1177:
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1127:
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1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
898:United Kingdom
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
679:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
594:
593:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
457:
456:
451:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
320:
319:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
83:
82:
79:
78:
70:
69:
63:
62:
54:
53:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3277:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Guinea-Bissau
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2613:0-19-514616-6
2609:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2544:9781137524812
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2514:9781608331499
2510:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2487:9783487422169
2483:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2459:9780521023351
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2431:9781843838098
2427:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2384:
2381:, page 117-20
2378:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:9789966150691
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:, called the
1974:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:Peter Turkson
1913:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:Saadi dynasty
1721:
1720:Juan de Prado
1717:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:Celestine III
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Pope Victor I
1486:. These were
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1344:However, the
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:Pope Victor I
1266:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:South America
1144:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1050:United States
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:North America
929:
928:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Liechtenstein
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:
672:
671:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:
555:
554:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
378:
373:
372:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
207:Guinea-Bissau
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
39:
31:
27:
19:
3226:Saint Helena
3197:
3101:South Africa
3091:Sierra Leone
2896:Burkina Faso
2861:
2817:. Retrieved
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2786:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2761:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2734:
2724:
2712:. Retrieved
2706:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2670:
2663:The Guardian
2662:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2597:
2559:
2553:
2533:
2523:
2503:
2496:
2476:
2469:
2448:
2441:
2420:
2413:
2393:
2386:
2365:
2333:
2326:
2315:
2308:
2293:
2285:the original
2275:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2220:25 September
2218:. Retrieved
2211:
2202:
2192:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2127:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2061:
2053:the original
2046:
2036:
1961:
1942:
1928:Robert Sarah
1909:
1901:
1883:
1877:
1873:Benedict XVI
1862:
1847:conservatism
1844:
1836:John Paul II
1817:
1802:
1780:
1752:Latin Church
1749:
1741:around 1917.
1709:
1706:, circa 1710
1703:
1673:
1649:
1609:
1590:
1587:Honorius III
1579:Innocent III
1563:Ibn al-Ahmar
1560:
1549:
1544:Arab Muslims
1529:
1525:Tripolitania
1521:
1508:
1505:
1441:Hippo Regius
1422:
1369:
1365:Latin Church
1350:
1343:
1312:
1291:
1289:
643:Saudi Arabia
536:Turkmenistan
324:South Africa
307:Sierra Leone
112:Burkina Faso
84:
26:
18:African pope
3153:recognition
3106:South Sudan
2996:Ivory Coast
2737:(in French)
1914:, Cardinal
1898:Evangelical
1890:Pentecostal
1867:before the
1840:Third World
1712:Reconquista
1684:Franciscans
1674:Before the
1652:Ibn Abi Zar
1641:Innocent IV
1605:were killed
1556:Innocent IV
1419:Ancient era
1390:, formerly
1286:in 195 A.D.
1100:New Zealand
1035:Saint Lucia
985:El Salvador
888:Switzerland
823:Netherlands
559:Middle East
506:Philippines
454:South Korea
449:North Korea
384:Afghanistan
329:South Sudan
212:Ivory Coast
3208:(Portugal)
3166:Somaliland
3086:Seychelles
3051:Mozambique
3036:Mauritania
3021:Madagascar
2976:The Gambia
2911:Cape Verde
2570:9004097910
2028:References
1969:concubines
1950:, such as
1769:, and the
1694:Modern era
1617:Gregory IX
1532:Almoravids
1433:Tertullian
1384:catechists
1090:Micronesia
965:Costa Rica
858:San Marino
818:Montenegro
798:Luxembourg
571:Azerbaijan
541:Uzbekistan
526:Tajikistan
461:Kyrgyzstan
439:Kazakhstan
414:East Timor
389:Bangladesh
317:Somaliland
302:Seychelles
267:Mozambique
252:Mauritania
237:Madagascar
127:Cape Verde
3041:Mauritius
2793:21 August
2767:21 August
2741:21 August
2708:The Times
2397:. BRILL.
2369:. BRILL.
2136:0362-4331
1962:Although
1948:Islamists
1660:Marrakech
1573:had told
1380:Cardinals
1339:Jerusalem
1302:with the
1273:Latinized
1210:Venezuela
1155:Argentina
1070:Australia
1020:Nicaragua
995:Guatemala
793:Lithuania
628:Palestine
516:Sri Lanka
511:Singapore
429:Indonesia
419:Hong Kong
257:Mauritius
3259:Category
3232: /
3228: /
3221:(France)
3215: /
3193: /
3189: /
3141:Zimbabwe
3116:Tanzania
2966:Ethiopia
2961:Eswatini
2941:Djibouti
2906:Cameroon
2891:Botswana
2814:Newsweek
2735:Le Monde
2714:20 April
2686:20 April
2643:20 April
2594:(2002).
2531:(2018).
2173:25 March
2167:Archived
2141:19 March
2069:Archived
1991:See also
1958:Celibacy
1864:papabile
1859:Nigerian
1818:In 1920
1803:papabili
1773:(2015).
1637:Marinids
1552:Mozarabs
1540:Kairouan
1536:Almohads
1516:Donatist
1461:Ethiopia
1435:, Saint
1402:for the
1400:papabile
1376:Cameroon
1304:Holy See
1200:Suriname
1190:Paraguay
1175:Colombia
1080:Kiribati
1005:Honduras
975:Dominica
950:Barbados
913:Scotland
873:Slovenia
868:Slovakia
843:Portugal
713:Bulgaria
591:Abkhazia
531:Thailand
501:Pakistan
486:Mongolia
481:Maldives
476:Malaysia
404:Cambodia
364:Zimbabwe
339:Tanzania
182:Ethiopia
177:Eswatini
157:Djibouti
122:Cameroon
107:Botswana
59:a series
57:Part of
3217:RĂ©union
3213:Mayotte
3204:Madeira
3199:(Spain)
3195:Melilla
3126:Tunisia
3096:Somalia
3081:Senegal
3066:Nigeria
3056:Namibia
3046:Morocco
3011:Liberia
3006:Lesotho
2956:Eritrea
2926:Comoros
2901:Burundi
2876:Algeria
2819:9 April
2194:America
1910:In the
1894:Baptist
1795:Burundi
1473:Western
1469:Maghreb
1449:Algeria
1414:History
1406:in the
1372:Nigeria
1335:Antioch
1205:Uruguay
1180:Ecuador
1160:Bolivia
1135:Vanuatu
1063:Oceania
1010:Jamaica
990:Grenada
945:Bahamas
903:England
893:Ukraine
848:Romania
808:Moldova
768:Ireland
763:Iceland
758:Hungary
748:Germany
738:Finland
733:Estonia
728:Denmark
723:Czechia
718:Croatia
703:Belgium
698:Belarus
693:Austria
688:Andorra
683:Albania
623:Lebanon
586:Georgia
576:Bahrain
566:Armenia
546:Vietnam
491:Myanmar
349:Tunisia
312:Somalia
297:Senegal
282:Nigeria
272:Namibia
262:Morocco
227:Liberia
222:Lesotho
172:Eritrea
142:Comoros
117:Burundi
92:Algeria
3236:
3219:
3206:
3136:Zambia
3131:Uganda
3071:Rwanda
3026:Malawi
2986:Guinea
2881:Angola
2610:
2567:
2541:
2511:
2484:
2456:
2428:
2401:
2373:
2341:
2216:. 1899
2134:
1973:Uganda
1934:Issues
1896:, and
1793:, and
1791:Rwanda
1787:Uganda
1765:, the
1761:: the
1728:mellah
1625:bishop
1575:Toledo
1451:) and
1445:Annaba
1439:(from
1429:Origen
1404:Papacy
1337:, and
1315:Africa
1276:Berber
1271:was a
1185:Guyana
1165:Brazil
1130:Tuvalu
1025:Panama
1015:Mexico
960:Canada
955:Belize
883:Sweden
863:Serbia
853:Russia
838:Poland
833:Norway
813:Monaco
783:Latvia
778:Kosovo
753:Greece
743:France
676:Europe
653:Turkey
618:Kuwait
613:Jordan
608:Israel
581:Cyprus
521:Taiwan
399:Brunei
394:Bhutan
359:Zambia
354:Uganda
287:Rwanda
242:Malawi
202:Guinea
192:Gambia
97:Angola
85:Africa
61:on the
3191:Ceuta
3111:Sudan
3061:Niger
3016:Libya
3001:Kenya
2981:Ghana
2971:Gabon
2946:Egypt
2886:Benin
1920:Ghana
1783:Congo
1680:Ceuta
1664:Bugia
1481:Roman
1477:popes
1457:Egypt
1396:Ghana
1323:Egypt
1280:Latin
1170:Chile
1125:Tonga
1115:Samoa
1105:Palau
1095:Nauru
1000:Haiti
918:Wales
878:Spain
803:Malta
773:Italy
663:Yemen
648:Syria
638:Qatar
496:Nepal
471:Macau
444:Korea
434:Japan
424:India
409:China
334:Sudan
277:Niger
232:Libya
217:Kenya
197:Ghana
187:Gabon
162:Egypt
102:Benin
3121:Togo
3031:Mali
2921:Chad
2821:2010
2795:2017
2769:2017
2743:2017
2716:2008
2688:2008
2645:2008
2608:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2222:2013
2175:2020
2143:2018
2132:ISSN
1857:, a
1750:The
1565:and
1459:and
1308:Rome
1290:The
1195:Peru
1075:Fiji
970:Cuba
633:Oman
603:Iraq
598:Iran
466:Laos
377:Asia
344:Togo
247:Mali
137:Chad
2661:."
2191:,"
2095:,"
1946:by
1918:of
1678:of
1629:Fez
1627:of
1341:).
1321:in
1306:in
1298:in
3261::
2812:.
2785:.
2760:.
2733:.
2705:.
2679:.
2636:.
2622:^
2606:.
2602:.
2579:^
2353:^
2210:.
2130:.
2126:.
2084:^
2075:,
2045:.
1987:.
1892:,
1797:.
1789:,
1785:,
1718:.
1682:,
1607:.
1569:.
1558:.
1447:,
1431:,
1427:,
1410:.
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2771:.
2745:.
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2665:.
2647:.
2616:.
2573:.
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2462:.
2434:.
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