475:("Hymn of the Fascist Bombers"). Krige later recalled, "I needed only a line or two, then the poem wrote itself. My hand could hardly keep pace. I did not have to correct anything. Well... that seldom happens to you." The poem condemned the bombing raids by pro-Nationalist German and Italian pilots. Inspired, according to Jack Cope, by Krige's upbringing within
829:
assumptions". Many other writers in
Afrikaans were, according to Brink, "torn between attachment to their language, situation, and people on the one hand and their desire to bring about innovations, which are rejected or misunderstood. The writers find themselves too far ahead of their people and may become isolated, aliens in their own land - the fate of
490:
According to Jack Cope, "The poem starts on a note of military pride – the eyes of the
Fascist pilots fixed on themselves in their joyful and triumphant, their holy task. The tone of bitter irony rises as the pace becomes faster, climbing to height after height of savagery and contempt. The lines of
951:
in 1994, the status of
Afrikaans within South Africa has been much reduced. Afrikaans went from having equal status with English to being just one of 11 official languages, leading to a renewed dominance of English in the public sphere. Attempts to reverse the marginalisation of Afrikaans have been
828:
and face up to the loneliness of full creative independence." Cope also said that there were many
Afrikaans, "writers of genuine insight who firmly believe themselves to be good patriots and conformers (Nationalists and Calvinists) but whose work turn on its head their own system of comfortable
938:
said, "I cannot speak for the sum of thinking people, I only can say that I wonder if there remains a writer in the country who still has any respect for our government's apartheid policy." Rabie also spoke of a, "growing cleavage between the government and the intellectuals."
805:
alleged, "essentially more than ninety-percent of the
Afrikaans writers are more or less pro-establishment, pro-system, pro-government", and called this, "a very simple, if disgusting fact." Brink elaborated, however, that to be a writer in Afrikaans was to be a cultural
798:(January Suite). Since then she has published several further volumes, one in English. Much of her poetry deals with love, apartheid, the role of women, and the politics of gender. Her poetry has been translated into English, Dutch, and several other languages.
810:, "The average Afrikaans writer deems it sufficient to utter some neatly phrased remarks against censorship or the government. Nothing vital, nothing that can really upset anyone – but all very beautifully worded. We have the gift of the gab, praise the Lord."
959:
At the same time, however, the
Afrikaans language poets, writers, and intellectuals who were part of the opposition to National Party rule have gained worldwide attention and admiration. In particular, Afrikaans poet
246:
English. In response, Afrikaans was standardized as a language and was first used in a standard form in memoirs written by Boer men and women about their experiences in the war. Furthermore, Milner's coercive
499:
itself is rolled in the blood. The lovely place-names of Spain rise in gleams above the dust and smoke. In the end the hymn becomes an insane scream of violence and bloody destruction mocking even
59:. Afrikaans was historically one of the two official languages of South Africa, the other being English, but it currently shares the status of an "official language" with ten other languages.
816:, however, argued that the situation was more complex than Brink suggested. While a number of writers in Afrikaans were, "on the right wing", and were even thought to be members of the
756:
to South Africa. Authors involved in the movement established a publishing house, Taurus, which printed writings that were controversial and that the government attempted to censor.
679:
formed one of the strongest forces in opposition to the ruling Party, and the most acclaimed
Afrikaans authors openly criticized the government's domestic and foreign policies.
1496:
1176:
Afrikaans literature: recollection, redefinition, restitution : papers held at the 7th
Conference on South African Literature at the Protestant Academy, Bad Boll
824:, others were what was often termed, "cultural nationalists"; men and women who were firmly opposed to racial discrimination, but were terrified to, "cut the
530:. Krige responded by asking whether South African Catholics approved of the destruction of what he considered the lawful Spanish Government or in the ongoing
220:. For this reason, the first Afrikaans writers and poets were considered heroes for defending their people, language, and culture against efforts by the
292:
led him to conclude that a termite colony ought to be considered a single organism, a prescient insight that predated the elaboration of this idea by
682:
By the 1960s, Afrikaner writers and poets had gone from being widely revered to being regularly condemned by politicians and from the pulpits of
1093:
468:
251:
campaign significantly backfired and instead mobilized the
Afrikaners to take back control of both the government and the educational system.
1240:
430:
took control of the political process in the 1920s and the decades that followed, poets and authors writing in
Afrikaans became some of the
308:. Moreover, he observed a specific troop of baboons at length, and from these studies there sprang numerous magazine articles and the books
840:, did speak out and, as a result, faced long prison terms under trumped up charges, as described in Breytenbach's ironically titled memoir
1384:
892:
Organisation." In the end, the judge found him guilty only of having smuggled letters and poems out of jail for which he was fined $ 50.
853:
227:
1489:
689:. Afrikaner poets and writers who spoke out faced being disowned by friends and even by relatives, while also having their books and
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1446:
1158:
1016:
911:
723:
431:
1002:
523:
880:, Breytenbach was retried in June 1977 on fanciful charges that among other things, he had planned a submarine attack by the
1609:
1628:
672:
435:
70:
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Bettina Baron; Helga Kotthoff (12 April 2002). "Chapter 2 - Afrikaner nationalism and the discovery of the vernacular".
518:, a left-leaning literary journal published in English. Krige's poem elicited vehement condemnations from both extreme
208:, the first literary works in Afrikaans were born out of the despondent atmosphere that followed the defeat of the two
155:
Lied ter eere van de Swellendamsche en diverse andere helden bij de bloedige actie aan Muizenberg in dato 7 August 1795
953:
389:, Dominee. It's a matter between you and the Almighty. I really had nothing to do with the creation of the Universe."
344:
327:, Marais' literary output was heavily influenced by, "the pure poetry," he learned through his friendships with local
274:
194:
1490:"Constructing an inclusive speech community from two mutually excluding ones: The third Afrikaans language movement"
269:, switched from writing in English and Dutch to in Afrikaans during the era that followed the British defeat of the
931:
794:(Daughter of Jephta) at the age of seventeen. Within the next two years, she published a second collection titled:
553:
during the 20th century. Krige has therefore had a considerable influence on all subsequent Afrikaans literature.
1088:
1098:
969:
1343:
Barnard, Ian (Winter 1992). "The "Tagtigers"?: The (Un) Politics of Language in the "New" Afrikaans Fiction".
577:
565:
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is the highest award for South African literature generally, as well as for literature written in Afrikaans.
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149:
as contemporary Dutch, as both languages stem from 17th-century Dutch. One of the oldest examples of written
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541:, Krige's linguistic and literary talent combined with his passion for modern French, Spanish, Italian and
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become mixed with the brutal exultation of the mercenaries raining down death from their safe altitude.
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Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch (Pragmatics & Beyond New)
779:-speaking, and Pro-National Party community and bringing the national media to her parents' doorstep.
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316:. He is acknowledged as the father of the scientific study of the behaviour of animals, known as
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Give me a land where black and white hand in hand, Can bring peace and love to my beautiful land
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Gee vir my 'n land waar swart en wit hand aan hand, vrede en liefde kan bring in my mooi land
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Song in Honour of the Swellendam and various others Heroes at the Bloody Action at Muizenberg
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463:("The Writers of the Thirties"). Krige's opposition to the National Party went back to the
1001:. As part of an effort to overcome the traditional hostility of Afrikaans speakers to the
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36:
712:. Due in large part to Krige's influence, membership in both literary bohemia and in the
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addicted poet, scientist, and former journalist whose newspaper criticisms of President
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During the 1950s, '60s, and '70s, Uys Krige served as a mentor and father figure to
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published 8 collections of poetry in Afrikaans, as well as his translations of the
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as president in 1994. Ingrid Jonker has since been portrayed on the big screen by
284:('Water Mountain'), a wilderness area north of Pretoria, and wrote in his native
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and was written ten years before its author's death by his own hand in 1936.
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date from 1875, the movement did not spread in a major way until after the
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Furthermore, following both his release from imprisonment and the end of
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161:) while the earliest Afrikaans publications are generally believed to be
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as nothing less than "a cultural revolt in the heart of Afrikanerdom."
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52:
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and its polemics against an allegedly corrupt Pre-Reformation Church,
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James, Jeffrey (Summer 1977). "Heat and Light on Southern Africa".
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known as "The Pope of the Highveld", confronted Marais during a
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Ever since free elections toppled the National Party and ended
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Perspektief en profiel: 'n Afrikaanse literatuurgeskiedenis
1600:
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Notable authors writing or who wrote in Afrikaans include
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Conversations between Klaas Waarzegger and Jan Twyfelaar
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that, in an interview later in his life, Afrikaner poet
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Breytenbach was incarcerated between 1975 and 1982 for
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of Afrikaans", Krog published her first book of verse,
526:, which "protested vehemently" and called Krige's poem
403:
The first female poet in Afrikaans to be published was
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and published his stories in Afrikaans under the title
722:("The Writers of the Sixties") became synonymous with
163:
Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar
81:
said, "One of the biggest mistakes is to identify the
1550:. ABSA/LitNet Living Legends series. 24 November 2004
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During his imprisonment, Breytenbach wrote the poem,
23:. Afrikaans is the daughter language of 17th-century
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The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
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The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
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The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
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The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
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The Adversary Within, Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
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The Adversary Within, Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
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The Adversary Within, Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
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The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
1203:
The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
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The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans
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penned an anti-racist poem for her school magazine:
1235:(in Afrikaans). Pretoria: Van Schaik. p. 180.
1174:Kriger, Robert (1996). "The Genesis of Afrikaans".
370:Several years before his death, Rev. A.J. Louw, an
296:. Also in the Waterberg, Marais also studied the
896:
415:in 1944. In 1925, they were joined by novelist
39:South Africans in other parts of South Africa,
27:and is spoken by the majority of people in the
381:, or ministerial visitation, for believing in
351:. Marais also collected a very large store of
288:about the animals he observed. His studies of
265:had made him a highly unpopular figure in the
708:, which gathered in the beach-side suburb of
8:
564:into Afrikaans. He also translated works by
471:. In 1937, Krige wrote the Afrikaans poem,
1592:Afdeling Zuid-Afrikaanse literatuur in DBNL
345:the recent uprising and subsequent genocide
930:In a 1978 talk before the students at the
556:Uys Krige translated many of the works of
467:, when he campaigned passionately for the
355:in the Waterberg District from an elderly
1317:, David Philip, Cape Town 1982, pp.37–38.
230:, the Royal Governor of the newly formed
62:Such was the opposition of the Afrikaner
1259:, Jacana Media, Auckland Park 2012, p.17
627:also led him to translate the poetry of
1596:Department Afrikaans literature on DBNL
1441:. London: Faber and Faber. p. 11.
1110:
842:True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist
545:made him the principal translator from
457:, who first became known as one of the
280:From 1905 Marais studied nature in the
1605:Afrikaans Language and Culture Society
1338:
1336:
1330:, David Philip, Cape Town 1982, pp.38.
1094:Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal
993:has become overwhelmingly seen as the
396:("Deep River"), is an ode to the drug
85:language with the Nationalist Party."
1351:(4). Indiana University Press: 77–95.
1304:, David Philip, Cape Town 1982, p.38.
1153:. John Benjamins Pub Co. p. 45.
659:into Afrikaans from both Spanish and
7:
1614:Dictionary of the Afrikaans language
1601:Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuurvereniging
1437:André Brink (1985). "Introduction".
905:of Unfaithful Lovers"). Inspired by
611:Krige's electrifying encounter with
483:also leveled savage attacks against
1502:from the original on 16 August 2017
1463:Ingrid Jonker: Poet under Apartheid
1119:"The World Factbook – South Africa"
836:Others, such as the Afrikaans poet
512:Lied van die fascistiese bomwerpers
481:Lied van die fascistiese bomwerpers
473:Lied van die fascistiese bomwerpers
1610:Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal
997:among speakers and readers of the
854:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
733:In her biography of Sestiger poet
14:
915:, Breytenbach compared Afrikaner
671:During the 1948–1994 rule of the
510:dared to publish it, Uys Krige's
453:to oppose the National Party was
385:. Marais replied, "Don't pick on
1383:Scholtz, Hettie (October 2000).
1017:Catechism of the Catholic Church
912:Ballade des Dames du Temps Jadis
204:According to literary historian
1345:Research in African Literatures
1003:Catholic Church in South Africa
737:, Louise Viljoen has described
726:to both the National Party and
524:Catholic Church in South Africa
171:Uiteensetting van die godsdiens
1391:(in Afrikaans). Archived from
976:in the 2011 biographical film
964:was singled out for praise by
782:Described by her contemporary
600:from French, and the poems of
359:storyteller locally nicknamed
273:. As the leader of the Second
169:) by L.H. Meurant in 1861 and
1:
1257:South Africa at War 1939–1945
193:Even though the roots of the
898:Ballade van ontroue bemindes
888:through the conspiratorial "
954:Afrikaans language movement
449:One of the first Afrikaner
392:One of Marais' last poems,
275:Afrikaans Language Movement
195:Afrikaans language movement
1650:
1495:. University of Pretoria.
932:University of Stellenbosch
801:Writing in 1971, novelist
775:) scandalising her rural,
763:'s leadership, a teenaged
759:In 1970, at the height of
615:whilst stationed with the
323:As a moderate believer in
175:Exposition of the Religion
31:of South Africa and among
1291:Cope (1983), pages 33–36.
1231:Van Coller, H.P. (1998).
1089:Languages of South Africa
1005:, between 1981 and 2014,
693:banned by National Party
675:, however, the Afrikaner
534:by the Nationalist side.
19:is literature written in
1634:South African literature
1548:"Own a piece of history"
1099:South African literature
970:South African Parliament
752:that attempted to bring
145:Afrikaans can claim the
1461:Louise Viljoen (2012),
1385:"Boekwurm: Antjie Krog"
629:Jacinto Fombona-Pachano
580:from Spanish, works by
432:most vocal opponents of
421:Onder bevoorregte mense
367:("Wandering Stories").
349:German Southwest Africa
189:Resisting anglicisation
897:
851:and for violating the
520:Afrikaner nationalists
428:Afrikaner nationalists
310:My Friends the Baboons
224:to destroy all three.
92:poets and authors are
1522:"Bonaventure Hinwood"
1282:Cope (1983), page 36.
1273:Cope (1983), page 33.
1178:. Rodopi. p. 51.
1139:Cope (1983), page 38.
952:described as a third
641:Jorge Carrera Andrade
613:Latin American poetry
566:Federico GarcĂa Lorca
543:Portuguese literature
407:in 1921, followed by
325:Afrikaner nationalism
267:Republic of Transvaal
232:Union of South Africa
218:Second Anglo-Boer War
199:Treaty of Vereeniging
1629:Afrikaans literature
1571:The Wilson Quarterly
1439:A Season in Paradise
667:The adversary within
426:However, as extreme
17:Afrikaans literature
1037:Breyten Breytenbach
1013:Bonaventure Hinwood
991:Breyten Breytenbach
917:political dissident
838:Breyten Breytenbach
684:Afrikaner Calvinist
602:Salvatore Quasimodo
562:Elizabethan English
558:William Shakespeare
477:Afrikaner Calvinism
383:Darwinian evolution
372:Afrikaner Calvinist
314:The Soul of the Ape
212:and the systematic
147:same literary roots
126:Bonaventure Hinwood
1474:Jack Cope (1982),
1423:Jack Cope (1982),
1410:Jack Cope (1982),
1361:Jack Cope (1982),
1217:Jack Cope (1982),
1201:Jack Cope (1982),
1188:Jack Cope (1982),
999:Afrikaans language
704:'s racially mixed
633:Jose Ramon Heredia
617:South African Army
606:Giuseppe Ungaretti
578:Juan Ramón Jiménez
214:British war crimes
141:Prestandardisation
1242:978-0-62702-406-1
979:Black Butterflies
974:Carice Van Houten
884:on the prison at
750:literary movement
724:public opposition
714:literary movement
547:Romance languages
485:Roman Catholicism
465:Spanish Civil War
440:White Supremacist
228:Sir Alfred Milner
110:N.P. van Wyk Louw
68:White Supremacist
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754:world literature
706:literary bohemia
637:Vicente Huidobro
514:appeared in the
508:literary journal
506:As no Afrikaans
434:both the ruling
409:Elisabeth Eybers
353:African folklore
183:Arabic Afrikaans
179:Abu Bakr Effendi
88:Other important
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1027:Notable authors
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907:François Villon
876:. According to
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657:Manuel Bandeira
645:Nicolas Guillen
590:Jacques Prévert
586:François Villon
501:the Crucifixion
469:Republican side
405:Sarah Goldblatt
294:Richard Dawkins
240:Coloured people
191:
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138:
12:
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1586:External links
1584:
1581:
1580:
1561:
1539:
1528:(in Afrikaans)
1513:
1480:
1467:
1454:
1447:
1429:
1427:, pages 39–40.
1416:
1398:
1395:on 9 May 2003.
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1255:Nasson, Bill,
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1207:
1205:, pages 14–18.
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1045:Etienne Leroux
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1021:Book of Psalms
966:Nelson Mandela
944:
943:Post-apartheid
941:
864:by marrying a
861:Immorality Act
826:umbilical cord
818:secret society
796:Januarie-suite
677:intelligentsia
673:National Party
668:
665:
608:from Italian.
594:Arthur Rimbaud
436:National Party
343:refugees from
302:spitting cobra
271:Boer Commandos
222:British Empire
210:Boer Republics
190:
187:
142:
139:
137:
134:
118:Dalene Matthee
94:André P. Brink
71:National Party
64:intelligentsia
13:
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3:
2:
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1577:(4): 172–174.
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1542:
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1525:
1516:
1506:23 September
1504:. Retrieved
1483:
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1462:
1457:
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1393:the original
1388:
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1322:
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1113:
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910:
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849:high treason
846:
841:
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788:Pablo Neruda
781:
772:
768:
761:John Vorster
758:
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610:
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570:Pablo Neruda
555:
536:
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528:sacrilegious
515:
511:
505:
489:
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420:
419:, who wrote
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365:Dwaalstories
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322:
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162:
158:
154:
153:is the poem
144:
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29:Western Cape
16:
15:
1488:Webb, Vic.
1465:, page 136.
1061:Bartho Smit
1041:Reza de Wet
1033:André Brink
934:, novelist
882:Soviet Navy
878:André Brink
872:descent in
822:Broederbond
803:André Brink
765:Antije Krog
691:stage plays
598:Paul Éluard
417:Marie Linde
413:Olga Kirsch
394:Diep Rivier
379:haus bezoek
361:Ou Hendrick
339:, and from
337:Khoi people
333:Nama people
298:black mamba
263:Paul Kruger
106:Marie Linde
1623:Categories
1526:Versindaba
1478:, page 40.
1414:, page 39.
1125:24 October
1105:References
1057:Adam Small
1007:Franciscan
921:Peter Blum
870:Vietnamese
661:Portuguese
582:Baudelaire
442:policy of
329:San people
306:puff adder
236:Afrikaners
151:Cape Dutch
114:Deon Meyer
33:Afrikaners
1221:, page 2.
1049:Jan Rabie
987:Apartheid
949:Apartheid
936:Jan Rabie
868:woman of
814:Jack Cope
777:Afrikaans
746:Sestigers
728:Apartheid
716:known as
702:Cape Town
551:Afrikaans
539:Jack Cope
497:The Bible
460:Dertigers
455:Uys Krige
444:Apartheid
286:Afrikaans
282:Waterberg
244:switch to
206:Jack Cope
201:in 1902.
185:in 1877.
90:Afrikaans
83:Afrikaans
79:Uys Krige
75:Apartheid
21:Afrikaans
1554:30 March
1497:Archived
1365:, pages
1078:See also
786:as "the
687:dominees
451:literati
438:and its
398:morphine
318:Ethology
290:termites
259:morphine
57:Eswatini
49:Botswana
45:Zimbabwe
37:Coloured
903:Ballade
710:Clifton
695:censors
623:during
375:Dominee
216:of the
136:History
73:and to
66:to the
53:Lesotho
41:Namibia
1532:4 June
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1019:, the
919:poets
890:Okhela
866:French
596:, and
341:Herero
128:, and
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560:from
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1556:2010
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1155:ISBN
1127:2016
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