4209:
1279:
1359:
1303:
1331:
891:, who by the late 5th century BC were moving to the east along the upper Istros and initially settled in Transistria before moving into the Pannonian Steppe where lived the Sigynnae and later into the mountainous regions where lived the Agathyrsi. The relations between the Celtic incomers and the Iranic nomads appear to have remained peaceful, with the Celts later intermarrying with the local populations of the Pannonian Basin, thus exposing the Celts to the influence of the beliefs, practices and art styles of the steppe nomads so that motifs borrowed from and influenced by the steppe nomads started appearing in La Tène
798:
63:
502:
5873:
786:
5893:
5883:
1124:, which the aristocracy of the Agathyrsi performed to distinguish themselves from the common people: the tattoos of the Agathyrsi consisted of checkered designs in blue-black ink on their faces and limbs, and their intensity, intricacy and vibrancy was proportional to their bearers' social status and the prestige of their lineage.
1278:
844:
According to the Greek author
Herodotus of Halicarnassus, during the campaign the fleeing Scythians and the Persian army pursuing them passed through the territories of the Melanchlaeni, Androphagi, and Neuri, before they reached the borders of the Agathyrsi, who refused to let the Scythian divisions
1135:
According to
Herodotus of Halicarnassus, the Agathyrsian tribe of the Trausi, who lived in southern Thrace, practised a custom which was unique among the peoples of all of Thrace: the relatives of newborns would sit around them and mourn all the misfortunes they would have to go through in life, and
458:
The
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus developed natively in the North Pontic region over the course of the 9th to mid-7th centuries BC from elements which had earlier arrived from Central Asia, due to which it itself exhibited similarities with the other early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian
898:
Among these borrowed artistic influences were images of predatory carnivores, sometimes attacking herbivorous beasts, as well as motifs of pairs of animals facing each other, giving rise to Celtic motif of the "dragon pairs" which decorated the tops of Celtic sword scabbards. Another motif borrowed
767:
In the 6th century BC, some splinter
Scythian groups followed the earlier route of the nomads of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk wave, passed through the passes of the Carpathian Mountains, and settled in the Pannonian Basin, where some of them settled in the territory of the Agathyrsi while others
613:
The conquest of their territories by the
Scythians from the east pushed the Agathyrsi westwards, out of the Pontic Steppe, with the Scythians themselves replacing them as the main population of the Pontic Steppe, thus completing the process of the Scythians becoming the main dominant population of
998:, as well as in the region of the Carpathian Mountains and to their east and north of the Danube river where was located the source of the Maris river, that is in the regions corresponding to present-day Moldavia and Oltenia, and they may have been one of the peoples who had free access to the
948:
The displacement of the
Agathyrsi by the Scythians is expressed in the genealogical myth by how the Snake-Legged Goddess banished her two eldest sons, Agathyrsus and Gelonus, from her country and instead crowned as king her youngest son, Scythes, who was the ancestor of the Scythians proper.
337:
to become nomadic pastoralists, so that by the 9th century BC all the steppe settlements of the sedentary Bronze Age populations had disappeared, and therefore led to the development of population mobility and the formation of warrior units necessary to protect herds and take over new areas.
1173:
of
Central Europe came under Scythian influence, resulting in them becoming more Scythianised: the Agathyrsi thus corresponded to a local group of the Scythian culture located in Transylvania, around the valley of the Mures river, with scattered groups being present in areas of Romania and
929:
The peoples of the
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of which the Agathyrsi were part of introduced the use of trousers into Central Europe, whose local native populations did not wear trousers before the arrival of the first wave of steppe nomads of Central Asian origin into Europe.
899:
by Celtic art from steppe art are pairs of predatory birds around shield circular bosses, reflecting not only the mere artistic influence of the steppe nomads, but also of the borrowing by the Celts of Iranic steppe nomad belief systems expressed through the image of predatory beasts.
1185:: the inhumations were themselves buried in simple Scythian-type catacomb tombs, and the grave goods included Scythian-type weapon sets and jewellery from the 6th and 5th centuries BC. The pottery of the Agathyrsi was derived from traditions native to the Transylvanian region.
470:, these nomads from the Pontic-Caspian Steppes were able to gradually infiltrate into Central and Southeast Europe and therefore expand deep into this region over a very long period of time, so that the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex covered a wide territory ranging from
915:
The
Agathyrsi appear to have eventually become fully assimilated into the Geto-Thracian populations among whom they lived, and the Getic groups organised around the Agathyrsian fortified settlements eventually evolved into the Dacian culture, with a large part of the later
911:
described them in the 5th century BC, and it is unknown for how long they were able to maintain their
Agathyrsian identity. However, the Graeco-Roman author Claudius Ptolemy and an inscription from Rome, both from the middle of the 1st century AD, mentioned the Agathyrsi.
920:
being consequently descended from the Agathyrsi. The Agathyrsi hence disappeared from history in a process typical of most Scythic peoples who back then formed the substrate of the many powerful tribal federations of the Ponto-Danubian region.
3588:
3363:
533:
from Central Asia into the Caucasian Steppe, which started in the 9th century BC, when a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the Eurasian Steppe started after the early Scythians were expelled out of Central Asia by either the
1358:
1302:
3846:
1330:
828:
and Sauromatians joined the Scythian-led alliance in resisting the Persian invasion, and Idanthyrsus led the joint forces of the Scythians and their allied neighbours in resisting the Persian invasion. Meanwhile, the Agathyrsi,
1072:
Herodotus of Halicarnassus claimed that the men of the Agathyrsi had their wives in common so that all of their people would be each other's siblings and members of a single family living together without jealousy or hatred.
671:, and intermarried with these local peoples and gradually assimilated into these local peoples' culture. And, beginning in the 6th century BC, the Agathyrsi were organising into fortified settlements, such as the ones at
4208:
768:
moved into the Pannonian Steppe and settled in the territory of the Sigynnae, and subsequently intermarried with the local populations while remaining in contact with the Pontic Steppe through trade.
1177:
The archaeological remains of the Agathyrsi exhibited a unique character due to the absorption of Thracian elements by Iranic incomers, and consist of multiple hundred burials in the form of both
982:, who themselves also belonged to the grouping of Iranic nomads of Central Asian origin belonging to the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex and were therefore closely related to the Agathyrsi.
493:
of Central Europe: among these influences was the adoption of trousers, which were not used by the native populations of Central Europe before the arrival of the Central Asian steppe nomads.
384:
in the Pannonian Steppe. The archaeological and historical records regarding these migrations are however scarce, and permit to sketch only a very broad outline of this complex development.
809:
In the late 6th century BC, the Achaemenid Persian Empire started expanding into Europe, beginning with the Persian annexation of all of Thrace, after which the Achaemenid king of kings
585:
The arrival of the Scythians corresponded to a disturbance of the development of the Cimmerian peoples' Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, which was thus replaced over the course of
448:
of Ciscaucasia also played an important contribution in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, especially regarding the adoption of Kuban culture-types of
1044:
The assimilation of the Scythic Agathyrsi into the Getic population of the areas they had settled in is attested by how their culture combined Iranic and Thracian elements.
3658:
1207:
type in the 6th century BC. Objects found isolated or in graves in territories identifiable with the Agathyrsi are characteristic of the Scythian culture, and consist of:
990:
At the time when the Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus described them, in the 5th century BC, the Agathyrsi were living in the region which later became known as
545:
This western migration of the early Scythians lasted through the middle 8th century BC, and archaeologically corresponded to the movement of a population originating from
5935:
5294:
4900:
4446:
306:. The archaeological and historical records regarding these migrations are however scarce, and permit to sketch only a very broad outline of this complex development.
5491:
1136:
would celebrate with joy during funerals since they believed that death had instead brought happiness to the deceased by freeing them from the miseries of life.
682:
A section of the displaced Agathyrsi might also have migrated more southwards into Thrace proper, where a group of this people was located on the Haemus Mons by
4387:
771:
These migrations and trade connections contributed to the transformation of the culture of the Agathyrsi and the Sigynnae into a more Scythian-like form.
571:, thus following the same migration general path as the first wave of Central Asian Iranic nomads who had formed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
466:
Thanks to their development of highly mobile mounted nomadic pastoralism and the creation of effective weapons suited to equestrian warfare, all based on
463:, so that these various pre-Scythian early nomadic cultures were thus part of a unified Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia.
387:
The Agathyrsi thus corresponded to a part of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, to whose development three main cultural influences contributed to:
5730:
5521:
5516:
5442:
4451:
4441:
813:
crossed the Istros river in 513 BC and attacked the Scythian kingdom with an army of 700,000 to 800,000 soldiers, possibly with the goal of annexing it.
628:. The Agathyrsi henceforth became the immediate neighbours of the Scythians to their west and the relations between these two tribes remained hostile.
2788:
5835:
937:
of the Scythians proper, according to which Agathyrsus was the eldest of the three ancestors of the Scythian peoples born of the union of the god
357:
The Agathyrsi originated as a section of the first wave of the nomadic populations who originated in the parts of Central Asia corresponding to
4879:
4319:
521:, who themselves also belonged to the grouping of Iranic nomads of Central Asian origin belonging to the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
3901:
3836:
3778:
3736:
3701:
3666:
3608:
3573:
3535:
3500:
3465:
3434:
3383:
3345:
3305:
3271:
3195:
3130:
3107:
3025:
2989:
2935:
2901:
2859:
2828:
2778:
2748:
2694:
538:, who were a powerful nomadic Iranic tribe from Central Asia closely related to the Scythians, or by another Central Asian people called the
599:
by the early Scythian culture in southern Europe, which itself nevertheless still showed links to the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
5447:
4418:
1170:
1153:
978:
The neighbours of the Agathyrsi to the east, in the Ciscaucasian Steppe and the steppe regions to the north of the Caspian Sea were the
370:
345:
pastoralists constantly moving their herds from one pasture to another in the steppe, and to search for better pastures to the west, in
290:
which lasted from the 1st millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD, and to which also later participated other Iranic nomads such as the
3868:
3227:
1052:
Unlike the nomads of the Pontic Steppe, the Pannonian Basin nomads such as the Agathyrsi appear to not have possessed an elite class.
1200:
672:
3933:
582:
to the south, and the Maeotian Sea to the west, in the Ciscaucasian Steppe where were located the Scythian kingdom's headquarters.
574:
The westward migration of the Scythians brought them to the lands of the Cimmerians, after which the Scythians settled between the
602:
From their base in the Ciscaucasian Steppe, the Scythians over the course of the 8th to 7th centuries BC conquered the Pontic and
5930:
3039:
872:
517:, while their neighbours to the east, in the Ciscaucasian Steppe and the steppe regions to the north of the Caspian Sea were the
4757:
4363:
4231:
2675:
Scythians and Greeks: Cultural Interaction in Scythia, Athens and the Early Roman Empire (sixth Century BC - First Century AD)
1029:
By the time the Agathyrsi were living in the Balkans, they had become a people of mixed Scytho-Thracian origin, composed of a
4367:
3792:
3728:
323:
5896:
820:
summoned the kings of the peoples surrounding his kingdom to a council to decide how to deal with the Persian invasion. The
2793:"An Observation on the Getic-Schythian Ethnic and Cultural Interactions in the 8th-5th Century BC : Contact in Motion"
365:, and who had, beginning in the 10th century BC and lasting until the 9th to 8th centuries BC, migrated westwards into the
4742:
4696:
4347:
3816:
3796:
3758:
3457:
3414:
3394:
2973:
2953:
2881:
2728:
2708:
790:
780:
712:
3893:
1293:
1199:
The Agathyrsi themselves corresponded to the archaeological culture which had created the fortified settlements of the
542:, thus forcing the early Scythians to the west, across the Araxes river and into the Caspian and Ciscaucasian Steppes.
5829:
1162:
To the early phase of the Agathyrsian presence in Transylvania belongs a cemetery from the 8th to 7th centuries BC at
5886:
5843:
5809:
5299:
4872:
4777:
4545:
4530:
3828:
3770:
3426:
3337:
3297:
3122:
2981:
2893:
2740:
2686:
1204:
934:
676:
4326:
968:
663:
In these regions, the Agathyrsi established themselves as a ruling class over the indigenous population, who were
510:
366:
4782:
4772:
3813:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
3411:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
3009:
1060:
Reflecting their Scythic origin, the names of the kings of Agathyrsi, such as Agathyrsus and Spargapeithes, were
5920:
5379:
3017:
5596:
5588:
4411:
3251:
5735:
5684:
5641:
5606:
4302:
3855:
3214:
2820:
2770:
967:
From the 9th to the late 8th or early 7th centuries BC, the Agathyrsi occupied the eastern sections of the
797:
5925:
5620:
5531:
5339:
4767:
4762:
4716:
4297:
4284:
4136:
3584:
3359:
1041:-Scythic ruling class, as attested by how their kings, such as Agathyrsus and Spargapeithes, were Iranic.
703:
683:
358:
1369:
1341:
1313:
4896:
4865:
4243:
3926:
3677:
3527:
3492:
3289:
2704:
230:
185:
2927:
391:
present in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex is a strong impact of the native
62:
2725:
The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C
1193:
5745:
5304:
5257:
5063:
3720:
3596:
3371:
942:
933:
The role of the Agathyrsi as the oldest Scythic population of the Pontic Steppe was reflected in the
637:
3515:
3480:
5773:
5763:
5627:
5456:
5150:
4721:
4599:
4049:
3885:
3693:
3449:
3183:
3067:
3055:
2961:
402:
315:
501:
5699:
5314:
4706:
4404:
4248:
3788:
3746:
3164:
603:
579:
362:
223:
108:
5722:
5715:
3646:
3618:
884:
413:
cultures from Central Asia and Siberia is visible in the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of
333:
to become cooler and drier than before. These changes caused the sedentary mixed farmers of the
272:
The arrival of the Agathyrsi in Europe was part of the larger process of westwards movement of
5635:
5399:
5324:
5271:
4726:
4656:
4609:
4559:
4525:
4253:
3897:
3832:
3808:
3774:
3732:
3697:
3662:
3604:
3569:
3545:
3531:
3496:
3461:
3430:
3406:
3379:
3341:
3301:
3267:
3191:
3126:
3103:
3047:
3035:
3021:
2985:
2931:
2897:
2869:
2855:
2824:
2774:
2744:
2720:
2690:
1061:
845:
to pass into their territories and find refuge there, thus forcing the Scythians to return to
695:
553:
in the late 9th century BC towards the west, and arriving in the 8th to 7th centuries BC into
490:
489:
This in turn allowed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex itself to strongly influence the
392:
319:
181:
128:
124:
2171:
5783:
5778:
5768:
5694:
5614:
5561:
5526:
5263:
4798:
4711:
4472:
4383:
4372:
4352:
4307:
4238:
3919:
3872:
3804:
3800:
3750:
3402:
3398:
3323:
3263:
3248:
The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World
3231:
3205:
3156:
2999:
2957:
2949:
2873:
2851:
2716:
2712:
1157:
999:
810:
653:
460:
406:
283:
739:
On the Rhodopes, the Trausi initially lived to the north-east of the Thracian tribe of the
509:
Within the western sections of the Eurasian Steppe, the Agathyrsi lived in the part of the
5689:
5329:
5281:
4828:
4701:
4535:
4477:
4342:
4163:
1038:
1003:
694:
Stephanus of Byzantium also suggested that a section of the Agathyrsi were present on the
657:
483:
475:
449:
410:
376:
Among these tribal confederations were the Agathyrsi in the Pontic Steppe, as well as the
276:
112:
3712:
3043:
3622:
5876:
5753:
5704:
5542:
5023:
4752:
4467:
4038:
3850:
3824:
3766:
3453:
3422:
3355:
3333:
3315:
3281:
3075:
2965:
2889:
2808:
2736:
2682:
723:
636:
After their displacement, the Agathyrsi settled in the regions surrounding the Eastern
471:
346:
287:
5914:
5758:
5674:
5496:
5486:
5319:
5309:
4747:
4614:
4540:
4269:
4168:
3889:
3864:
3860:
3724:
3600:
3375:
3293:
3223:
3219:
3083:
3079:
3059:
3013:
3003:
2945:
2923:
2911:
1106:
802:
755:, and they soon disappeared from history after being conquered by the kingdom of the
467:
445:
78:
5804:
5662:
5578:
5476:
5422:
5252:
5110:
5085:
4998:
4948:
4943:
4502:
4226:
4151:
4018:
3685:
3209:
2915:
2838:
den Boeft, Jan; Drijvers, Jan Willem; Hengst, Daniël den; Teitler, Hans C. (2018).
1365:
1337:
1309:
1235:
995:
834:
649:
438:
342:
299:
273:
89:
3512:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"
67:
The Agathyrsi lived in Transylvania when they first appeared in historical records
652:, although they also may have been one of the peoples who had free access to the
5658:
5053:
5008:
5003:
4188:
4054:
3319:
3259:
2847:
2758:
972:
817:
514:
426:
256:
3051:
2671:"Scythian Kings and 'Royal' Burial-Mounds of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC"
785:
5858:
5799:
5384:
5374:
5105:
4914:
4844:
4635:
4584:
4579:
4104:
4074:
4045:
4033:
3996:
3976:
3882:
Telling Wonders: Ethnographic and Political Discourse in the Work of Herodotus
3583:
Petrenko, Vladimir G. (1995). "1. Scythian Culture in the North Caucasus". In
3565:
1391:
1289:
1229:
979:
892:
883:
In the middle of the 5th century BC, the Hallstatt culture developed into the
830:
535:
529:
A second wave of migration of Iranic nomads corresponded arrival of the early
518:
459:
steppe and forest steppe which existed before the 7th century BC, such as the
430:
414:
377:
334:
303:
291:
160:
152:
140:
5848:
5427:
5289:
5156:
5138:
5126:
5048:
5013:
4963:
4813:
4589:
4497:
4427:
4357:
4141:
4121:
4084:
4079:
4069:
4028:
4013:
3820:
3762:
3446:
The Children of Herodotus: Greek and Roman Historiography and Related Genres
3418:
3329:
3140:
3095:
2977:
2885:
2792:
2732:
1406:
1285:
1189:
1178:
1109:
1034:
1010:
938:
908:
825:
668:
610:, whose mouth henceforth formed the western boundary of Scythian territory.
539:
530:
422:
295:
193:
168:
164:
5901:
Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state
3523:
3488:
369:
regions, where they formed new tribal confederations which constituted the
3477:"The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources"
743:. By the early 2nd century BC, the Trausi had migrated to the east of the
401:
attesting of the Inner Asian origin, a strong material influence from the
17:
5853:
5481:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5409:
5389:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5132:
5100:
5080:
5038:
5018:
4993:
4968:
4953:
4672:
4604:
4594:
4574:
4492:
4482:
4314:
4279:
4089:
3991:
3981:
3651:
Iranische Personennamen in der griechischen Literatur vor Alexander d. Gr
3119:
The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions
1411:
1163:
1087:
756:
748:
740:
641:
479:
381:
85:
35:
3286:
The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World
3190:. Vol. 1. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press.
1196:, to which belonged Scythian-type weapons, horse harnesses and pottery.
5404:
5234:
5219:
5201:
5144:
4988:
4973:
4958:
4919:
4823:
4487:
4173:
4131:
4114:
4099:
3971:
3942:
3561:
3393:
Mihailov, G. (1991). "Thrace Before the Persian Entry into Europe". In
3168:
3144:
1396:
1377:
1349:
1321:
917:
846:
744:
645:
550:
327:
255:, in Greek because the ancient Greeks associated Scythian peoples with
252:
144:
93:
341:
These climatic conditions in turn caused the nomadic groups to become
5709:
5679:
5394:
5354:
5196:
5173:
5095:
5090:
5043:
5033:
4938:
4929:
4818:
4630:
4289:
4274:
4178:
4109:
4094:
3986:
3966:
3956:
3655:
Iranian personal names in Greek literature before Alexander the Great
3557:
3255:
3099:
3091:
3071:
2843:
2816:
2766:
2678:
1220:
1182:
1121:
821:
607:
554:
418:
330:
211:
3681:
3511:
3160:
2670:
3476:
907:
The Agathyrsi were barely mentioned again in outside sources after
5190:
5075:
4983:
4978:
4934:
4924:
4888:
4640:
4198:
4183:
4156:
4146:
4064:
4059:
4006:
4001:
3087:
2447:
2445:
2443:
1573:
1571:
1401:
1030:
1018:
1014:
991:
888:
838:
796:
784:
664:
575:
557:, especially into Ciscaucasia, which it reached some time between
434:
279:
189:
148:
3657:]. Iranisches Personennamenbuch (in German). Vol. 5.5a.
3117:
Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012).
395:, especially in the form of pottery styles and burial traditions;
5556:
5551:
5028:
4909:
4808:
4803:
4193:
4126:
4023:
3717:
From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire
2970:
Persian, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c. 525 to 479 B.C
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
1373:
1345:
1317:
1094:
752:
546:
156:
31:
4861:
4400:
3915:
1144:
The Agathyrsi traditionally memorised their laws in song form.
2840:
Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus
2592:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2113:
1864:
1862:
1460:
1458:
246:
233:
has reconstructed the original Scythian form of this name as
217:
4396:
2549:
2547:
2346:
2344:
2041:
2039:
1849:
1847:
1845:
2763:
Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity
2522:
2520:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
717:
3911:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2100:
2098:
1754:
1752:
1588:
1586:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1428:
1426:
1127:
Tattooing was especially practised among Agathyrsi women.
2576:
2574:
2182:
2180:
1812:
1810:
1086:
The clothing of the Agathyrsi likely included the use of
4857:
3631:
Annali dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli l'Orientale
3064:
From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D
1970:
1968:
3659:
Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
2464:
2462:
2460:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2026:
2024:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
2167:
1500:
1445:
1443:
1441:
326:
which caused the environment in the Central Asian and
234:
51:
3593:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
3368:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
3005:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
1120:
The Agathyrsi had followed Thracian customs such as
1090:, which was a typical part of steppe nomads' dress.
801:
Persian soldiers (left) fighting against Scythians.
505:
The Agathyrsi initially inhabited the Pontic steppe.
5822:
5792:
5744:
5657:
5605:
5587:
5574:
5540:
5505:
5440:
5347:
5338:
5280:
5245:
5232:
5210:
5183:
5166:
5119:
5062:
4895:
4837:
4791:
4735:
4689:
4665:
4649:
4623:
4567:
4558:
4518:
4511:
4460:
4434:
4335:
4262:
4219:
3949:
3690:
A Thousand Judgements: Festschrift for Maria Macuch
240:
205:
134:
118:
102:
72:
49:
3358:(1995). "2. Scythians of Southeastern Europe". In
2952:(1988). "Persia in Europe, Apart from Greece". In
2386:
2362:
2335:
2287:
1112:to distinguish themselves from the common people.
640:corresponding to the territories presently called
349:and the forest steppe regions of western Eurasia.
1009:The eastern neighbours of the Agathyrsi were the
871:, Ariapeithes was killed by the Agathyrsian king
679:, which acted as important centres of the Getae.
444:in addition to this Central Asian influence, the
398:the two other influences were of foreign origin:
4447:List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes
3635:Annals of the University of Naples "L'Orientale"
2451:
1577:
3625:[Scythian Personal Names in Herodotus]
698:by his mention that the Greeks referred to the
2604:
1169:In the 6th century BC, the populations of the
210:is the Latinisation of the Ancient Greek name
196:'s description of them in the 5th century BC.
4873:
4412:
3927:
3688:; Durkin, Desmond; Naumann, Claudius (eds.).
1364:Scythian artefacts originating from sites in
1336:Scythian artefacts originating from sites in
1308:Scythian artefacts originating from sites in
222:), which was itself the Hellenized form of a
8:
4388:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia
1188:A related culture from the region of future
841:and Tauri refused to support the Scythians.
736:) tribe who lived there as being Agathyrsi.
44:
3623:"Die skythischen Personennamen bei Herodot"
3318:(1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". In
2813:The Scythians: Nomad Warriors of the Steppe
1013:, while their northern neighbours were the
731:
27:Ancient people of the Transylvanian Plateau
5667:
5584:
5492:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains
5344:
5242:
5068:
4880:
4866:
4858:
4564:
4515:
4452:List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia
4442:List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia
4419:
4405:
4397:
3934:
3920:
3912:
2640:
2628:
2580:
2553:
2511:
2350:
2207:
2089:
2045:
1816:
226:name whose original form is not attested.
61:
43:
3682:"Some Interlinguistic Iranian Conundrums"
3325:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
2526:
2492:
2480:
2434:
2374:
2314:
2308:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2015:
1974:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1899:
1880:
1853:
1801:
1731:
1689:
1625:
1619:
1592:
1531:
1512:
1464:
1432:
1292:, Romania, 6th century BC. In display at
4207:
2652:
2565:
2410:
2398:
2320:
2302:
2272:
2249:
2219:
2201:
2186:
2155:
2136:
2119:
2104:
1911:
1868:
1770:
1758:
1743:
1664:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1604:
1562:
1543:
606:to the north of the Black Sea up to the
500:
380:in the Caspian Steppe, and possibly the
180:were an ancient people belonging to the
34:tribe native to north of Black Sea, see
5936:Tribes described primarily by Herodotus
3520:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
3485:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
3149:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
2422:
1488:
1476:
1422:
1274:
1093:The Agathyrsi lived in luxury and wore
887:, whose people are identified with the
353:The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
192:. The Agathyrsi are largely known from
4320:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea
513:situated on the northern shore of the
2616:
2538:
2468:
2213:
2068:
2030:
2003:
1986:
1712:
1449:
614:the Pontic-Steppe over the course of
253:the composite vegetal wand of Bacchus
245:", with the final part modified into
7:
5882:
3038:(1996). "10.4.1. The Scythians". In
2168:Hartley, Yazicioğlu & Smith 2012
73:Regions with significant populations
5892:
5167:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia
3143:; Godolphin, Francis R. B. (1973).
1171:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
1154:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
482:in the east, including present-day
371:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
5213:southern Moldavia and Transylvania
3755:The Median and Achaemenian Periods
2878:The Median and Achaemenian Periods
1501:Schwartz & Manaster Ramer 2019
188:, in the region that later became
25:
1105:The aristocracy of the Agathyrsi
1006:Plains along with the Scythians.
849:with the Persians pursuing them.
660:Plains along with the Scythians.
239:, meaning "prospering the friend/
5891:
5881:
5872:
5871:
5258:Art, jewellery, treasures, tools
4212:Scythian and related populations
3880:Vignolo Munson, Rosaria (2001).
3008:. Translated by Walford, Naomi.
1357:
1329:
1301:
1277:
5295:Words of possible Dacian origin
5211:Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and
4758:Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka
3869:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
3378:: Zinat Press. pp. 27–61.
3228:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
816:In response, the Scythian king
775:The Persian invasion of Scythia
429:with stirrup-shaped terminals,
5120:Dacian nucleus in Transylvania
3729:University of California Press
3603:: Zinat Press. pp. 5–25.
2669:Alekseyev, Andrey Yu. (2005).
2387:Sherwin-White & Kuhrt 1993
2363:Herodotus & Godolphin 1973
2336:Herodotus & Godolphin 1973
2288:Herodotus & Godolphin 1973
1249:personal accessories such as:
971:on the northern shores of the
1:
4743:Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo
4697:Valley of the Thracian Rulers
4362:Iranian origin hypotheses of
4348:History of the western steppe
3817:The Cambridge Ancient History
3759:The Cambridge History of Iran
3510:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000b).
3475:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000a).
3458:Cambridge Scholars Publishing
3415:The Cambridge Ancient History
3145:"Herodotus: On the Scythians"
2974:The Cambridge Ancient History
2882:The Cambridge History of Iran
2729:The Cambridge Ancient History
865:
858:
791:Scythian campaign of Darius I
781:Scythian campaign of Darius I
622:
615:
593:
586:
565:
558:
525:Displacement of the Agathyrsi
452:heads and bimetallic daggers.
318:itself happened in the early
3894:University of Michigan Press
3795:(1991). "The Scythians". In
2452:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
1578:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
1294:National Museum of the Union
1221:
1192:on the lower Danube was the
718:
310:Beginning of steppe nomadism
235:
212:
52:
3811:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
3409:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
903:Ethnogenesis of the Dacians
747:river in the hinterland of
241:
206:
5952:
5810:Eastern Romance substratum
4778:Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari
4531:Classification of Thracian
3829:Cambridge University Press
3771:Cambridge University Press
3427:Cambridge University Press
3338:Cambridge University Press
3298:Princeton University Press
3252:Handbuch der Orientalistik
3123:Cambridge University Press
2982:Cambridge University Press
2920:Thrace & the Thracians
2894:Cambridge University Press
2741:Cambridge University Press
2687:University of Exeter Press
2673:. In Braund, David (ed.).
1151:
994:and is presently known as
935:Scythian genealogical myth
909:Herodotus of Halicarnassus
778:
707:
425:types, horse gear such as
247:
218:
194:Herodotus of Halicarnassus
29:
5867:
5769:Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)
5670:
5418:
5184:Dacian kingdom of Dobruja
5071:
4783:Thracian tomb Shushmanets
4773:Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak
4381:
4205:
3749:(1985). "The Scyths". In
3711:Sherwin-White, Susan M.;
3587:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.;
3362:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.;
3246:Jacobson, Esther (1995).
314:The formation of genuine
139:
123:
107:
77:
60:
3062:; Zhou, Yiliang (eds.).
3018:Rutgers University Press
5931:Ancient tribes in Dacia
5642:Battle of Sarmizegetusa
3585:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
3518:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
3483:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
3360:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
3188:History of Ukraine-Rus'
2821:Oxford University Press
2771:Oxford University Press
1211:military gear such as:
417:origin were especially
5621:Second Battle of Tapae
4768:Thracian tomb Helvetia
4763:Thracian tomb Griffins
4717:Panagyurishte Treasure
4285:Parama Kamboja Kingdom
4213:
3678:Manaster Ramer, Alexis
2629:Fol & Marazov 1977
2351:Fol & Hammond 1988
1264:and dress attachments.
857:At some point between
806:
794:
732:
727:
684:Stephanus of Byzantium
506:
5597:First Battle of Tapae
4327:Pontic–Caspian steppe
4211:
3847:Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R.
3528:Księgarnia Akademicka
3493:Księgarnia Akademicka
3444:Pigoń, Jakub (2008).
2707:(1982). "Urartu". In
2593:den Boeft et al. 2018
800:
788:
504:
367:Pontic-Caspian Steppe
231:Alexis Manaster Ramer
186:Transylvanian Plateau
135:Related ethnic groups
3856:Encyclopædia Iranica
3831:. pp. 547–590.
3773:. pp. 149–199.
3589:Yablonsky, Leonid T.
3530:. pp. 101–140.
3516:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
3481:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
3429:. pp. 591–618.
3364:Yablonsky, Leonid T.
3300:. pp. 143–144.
3215:Encyclopædia Iranica
3184:Hrushevsky, Mykhailo
3102:. pp. 181–182.
2984:. pp. 234–253.
2872:(1985). "Media". In
2743:. pp. 314–371.
1284:Offering pot from a
963:In the Pontic Steppe
943:Snake-Legged Goddess
853:Death of Ariapeithes
638:Carpathian Mountains
497:In the Pontic Steppe
97:(7th–3rd century BC)
82:(9th–8th century BC)
5628:Battle of Adamclisi
4722:Valchitran Treasure
3789:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
3694:Harrassowitz Verlag
3637:] (in German).
3556:] (in German).
3495:. pp. 71–100.
3340:. pp. 97–117.
3068:History of Humanity
2896:. pp. 36–148.
2605:Vignolo Munson 2001
2425:, pp. 354–355.
1370:Aiud History Museum
1342:Aiud History Museum
1314:Aiud History Museum
1048:Social organisation
1037:population with an
953:Culture and society
316:nomadic pastoralism
46:
5700:Dacia Mediterranea
5315:Sinaia lead plates
5300:Dacian plant names
4707:Decebalus Treasure
4214:
3676:Schwartz, Martin;
3546:Parzinger, Hermann
3356:Melyukova, Anna I.
2928:St. Martin's Press
2789:Choureshki, Stefan
2689:. pp. 39–56.
2514:, p. 183-184.
2483:, p. 103-104.
2413:, p. 160-167.
2365:, p. 146-147.
2139:, p. 155-156.
2122:, p. 150-151.
2006:, p. 202-203.
1989:, p. 206-208.
1950:, p. 108-109.
1871:, p. 112-113.
1746:, p. 103-104.
1655:, p. 104-106.
1503:, p. 359-360.
1467:, p. 104-105.
879:Celtic immigration
807:
795:
763:Scythian influence
580:Caucasus mountains
507:
363:Altai-Sayan region
359:eastern Kazakhstan
5908:
5907:
5818:
5817:
5653:
5652:
5570:
5569:
5436:
5435:
5325:Thracian language
5228:
5227:
4855:
4854:
4727:Thracian treasure
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4657:Thracian horseman
4483:Bithynian kingdom
4394:
4393:
3903:978-0-472-11203-6
3838:978-1-139-05429-4
3819:. Vol. 3.2.
3805:Hammond, N. G. L.
3801:Edwards, I. E. S.
3780:978-0-521-20091-2
3738:978-0-520-08183-3
3703:978-3-447-11094-5
3668:978-3-700-17142-3
3610:978-1-885979-00-1
3575:978-3-406-50842-4
3537:978-8-371-88337-8
3502:978-8-371-88337-8
3467:978-1-443-80251-2
3436:978-1-139-05429-4
3417:. Vol. 3.2.
3403:Hammond, N. G. L.
3399:Edwards, I. E. S.
3385:978-1-885979-00-1
3347:978-0-521-24304-9
3307:978-0-691-14720-8
3273:978-9-004-09856-5
3206:Ivantchik, Askold
3197:978-1-895-57119-6
3132:978-1-107-01652-1
3109:978-9-231-02812-0
3050:; Litvak, J. K.;
3027:978-0-813-51304-1
2991:978-0-521-22804-6
2958:Hammond, N. G. L.
2950:Hammond, N. G. L.
2937:978-0-304-29880-8
2903:978-0-521-20091-2
2874:Gershevitch, Ilya
2861:978-9-004-35382-4
2830:978-0-198-82012-3
2780:978-0-198-14936-1
2750:978-1-139-05428-7
2731:. Vol. 3.1.
2717:Hammond, N. G. L.
2713:Edwards, I. E. S.
2696:978-0-859-89746-4
1640:, p. 112-113
1255:pole-top rattles,
716:
696:Rhodope Mountains
578:to the east, the
491:Hallstatt culture
393:Bilozerka culture
320:1st millennium BC
184:who lived in the
182:Scythian cultures
174:
173:
129:Thracian religion
125:Scythian religion
98:
83:
16:(Redirected from
5943:
5895:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5875:
5874:
5838:
5836:sites in Romania
5784:Brazda lui Novac
5731:Towns and cities
5725:
5718:
5695:Diocese of Dacia
5668:
5644:
5630:
5623:
5585:
5562:Thracian warfare
5345:
5266:
5243:
5193:(1st-century BC)
5141:(9 BC(?)–30s AD)
5069:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4859:
4799:Thracian warfare
4712:Rogozen Treasure
4565:
4516:
4488:Phrygian kingdom
4473:Odrysian kingdom
4421:
4414:
4407:
4398:
4384:Category:Scythia
4373:Scythian archers
4353:Bosporan Kingdom
4308:Bosporan Kingdom
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3907:
3876:
3873:Brill Publishers
3842:
3784:
3742:
3707:
3672:
3647:Schmitt, Rüdiger
3642:
3628:
3619:Schmitt, Rüdiger
3614:
3579:
3541:
3506:
3471:
3440:
3389:
3351:
3316:Melyukova, A. I.
3311:
3277:
3264:Brill Publishers
3242:
3240:
3238:
3232:Brill Publishers
3201:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3136:
3113:
3040:Hermann, Joachim
3031:
2995:
2941:
2907:
2870:Diakonoff, I. M.
2865:
2852:Brill Publishers
2842:. Vol. 31.
2834:
2804:
2784:
2754:
2700:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2455:
2449:
2438:
2437:, p. 93-94.
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2232:
2226:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2175:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1884:
1883:, p. 81-82.
1878:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1774:
1773:, p. 35-37.
1768:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1716:
1710:
1693:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1368:, in display at
1361:
1340:, in display at
1333:
1312:, in display at
1305:
1281:
1224:
1194:Ferigile culture
1158:Scythian culture
1011:Pontic Scythians
870:
867:
863:
860:
735:
721:
711:
709:
627:
624:
620:
617:
598:
595:
591:
588:
570:
567:
563:
560:
324:climatic changes
250:
249:
244:
238:
221:
220:
215:
209:
96:
81:
65:
55:
47:
21:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5921:Scythian tribes
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5863:
5834:
5814:
5788:
5740:
5721:
5714:
5690:Dacia Aureliana
5649:
5640:
5626:
5619:
5601:
5581:
5577:
5566:
5545:
5536:
5527:Germanic tribes
5510:
5508:
5501:
5450:
5446:
5432:
5414:
5334:
5330:Thraco-Illyrian
5276:
5262:
5239:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5206:
5179:
5176:(c. 40–c. 9 BC)
5162:
5115:
5058:
4891:
4886:
4856:
4851:
4833:
4829:Thracian helmet
4787:
4736:Thracian cities
4731:
4702:Borovo Treasure
4677:
4661:
4645:
4619:
4554:
4546:Thraco-Phrygian
4536:Thraco-Illyrian
4507:
4478:Sapaean kingdom
4456:
4430:
4425:
4395:
4390:
4377:
4343:Iranian peoples
4331:
4258:
4215:
4203:
4164:Pazyryk culture
3945:
3940:
3910:
3904:
3879:
3845:
3839:
3787:
3781:
3761:. Vol. 2.
3751:Gershevitch, I.
3745:
3739:
3710:
3704:
3675:
3669:
3645:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3582:
3576:
3566:Verlag C.H.Beck
3544:
3538:
3509:
3503:
3474:
3468:
3443:
3437:
3392:
3386:
3354:
3348:
3314:
3308:
3282:Mayor, Adrienne
3280:
3274:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3204:
3198:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3161:10.2307/3269235
3139:
3133:
3116:
3110:
3070:. Vol. 3.
3048:Harmatta, János
3036:Harmatta, János
3034:
3028:
2998:
2992:
2976:. Vol. 4.
2944:
2938:
2910:
2904:
2884:. Vol. 2.
2868:
2862:
2837:
2831:
2809:Cunliffe, Barry
2807:
2787:
2781:
2757:
2751:
2703:
2697:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2641:Hrushevsky 1997
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2581:Choureshki 1995
2579:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2554:Hrushevsky 1997
2552:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2512:Sulimirski 1985
2510:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2450:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2208:Sulimirski 1985
2197:
2193:
2185:
2178:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2090:Hrushevsky 1997
2088:
2075:
2067:
2052:
2046:Sulimirski 1985
2044:
2037:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1823:
1817:Tokhtas’ev 1991
1815:
1808:
1800:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1719:
1711:
1696:
1688:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1388:
1381:
1362:
1353:
1334:
1325:
1306:
1297:
1282:
1273:
1261:gold ornaments,
1258:bronze kettles,
1252:bronze mirrors,
1160:
1152:Main articles:
1150:
1142:
1133:
1118:
1107:dyed their hair
1103:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1058:
1050:
1027:
988:
965:
960:
955:
927:
905:
885:La Tène culture
881:
868:
861:
855:
783:
777:
765:
692:
634:
625:
618:
604:Crimean Steppes
596:
589:
568:
561:
527:
499:
484:Southern Russia
478:in the west to
476:Pannonian Plain
355:
312:
270:
265:
251:, referring to
202:
127:
111:
84:
68:
56:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5949:
5947:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5913:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5889:
5879:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5707:
5705:Dacia Ripensis
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5624:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5582:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5147:(c. 30s–70 AD)
5142:
5136:
5130:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4838:Modern studies
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4753:Ostrusha mound
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4624:Female deities
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Thracian kings
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:Scythia Minor
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4039:Indo-Scythians
4036:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3877:
3843:
3837:
3825:United Kingdom
3809:Sollberger, E.
3797:Boardman, John
3785:
3779:
3767:United Kingdom
3747:Sulimirski, T.
3743:
3737:
3708:
3702:
3673:
3667:
3643:
3615:
3609:
3580:
3574:
3542:
3536:
3507:
3501:
3472:
3466:
3454:United Kingdom
3441:
3435:
3423:United Kingdom
3407:Sollberger, E.
3395:Boardman, John
3390:
3384:
3352:
3346:
3334:United Kingdom
3312:
3306:
3278:
3272:
3243:
3202:
3196:
3180:
3155:(5): 129–149.
3137:
3131:
3114:
3108:
3076:United Kingdom
3032:
3026:
3000:Grousset, René
2996:
2990:
2954:Boardman, John
2946:Fol, Alexander
2942:
2936:
2912:Fol, Alexander
2908:
2902:
2890:United Kingdom
2866:
2860:
2835:
2829:
2805:
2785:
2779:
2755:
2749:
2737:United Kingdom
2721:Sollberger, E.
2709:Boardman, John
2705:Barnett, R. D.
2701:
2695:
2683:United Kingdom
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2655:, p. 150.
2645:
2643:, p. 101.
2633:
2621:
2609:
2607:, p. 101.
2597:
2585:
2570:
2568:, p. 152.
2558:
2556:, p. 100.
2543:
2541:, p. 130.
2531:
2529:, p. 120.
2527:Parzinger 2004
2516:
2497:
2493:Parzinger 2004
2485:
2481:Olbrycht 2000b
2473:
2471:, p. 104.
2456:
2454:, p. 554.
2439:
2435:Diakonoff 1985
2427:
2415:
2403:
2401:, p. 160.
2391:
2389:, p. 145.
2379:
2375:Alekseyev 2005
2367:
2355:
2353:, p. 241.
2340:
2338:, p. 145.
2328:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2315:Parzinger 2004
2312:
2309:Olbrycht 2000b
2306:
2299:
2292:
2290:, p. 143.
2280:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2268:Ivantchik 2018
2265:
2262:Parzinger 2004
2259:
2256:Olbrycht 2000b
2253:
2247:
2244:Melyukova 1995
2241:
2238:Melyukova 1990
2234:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2176:
2160:
2158:, p. 151.
2141:
2124:
2109:
2107:, p. 603.
2094:
2073:
2071:, p. 203.
2050:
2048:, p. 184.
2035:
2033:, p. 208.
2020:
2016:Melyukova 1990
2008:
1991:
1979:
1975:Ivantchik 2018
1964:
1962:, p. 108.
1960:Olbrycht 2000b
1952:
1948:Olbrycht 2000b
1940:
1936:Olbrycht 2000a
1928:
1924:Olbrycht 2000a
1916:
1904:
1902:, p. 109.
1900:Olbrycht 2000b
1885:
1881:Olbrycht 2000a
1873:
1858:
1856:, p. 104.
1854:Olbrycht 2000b
1821:
1806:
1804:, p. 103.
1802:Olbrycht 2000b
1775:
1763:
1761:, p. 104.
1748:
1736:
1734:, p. 105.
1732:Olbrycht 2000b
1717:
1715:, p. 202.
1694:
1692:, p. 102.
1690:Olbrycht 2000b
1669:
1667:, p. 105.
1657:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1626:Olbrycht 2000b
1623:
1620:Olbrycht 2000b
1616:
1609:
1597:
1593:Melyukova 1995
1582:
1580:, p. 552.
1567:
1565:, p. 111.
1548:
1546:, p. 153.
1536:
1534:, p. 130.
1532:Olbrycht 2000b
1517:
1515:, p. 101.
1513:Olbrycht 2000b
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1465:Olbrycht 2000b
1454:
1452:, p. 205.
1437:
1435:, p. 119.
1433:Parzinger 2004
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1215:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1117:
1114:
1102:
1099:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1026:
1023:
987:
986:In the Balkans
984:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
926:
923:
904:
901:
880:
877:
854:
851:
779:Main article:
776:
773:
764:
761:
691:
688:
633:
632:In the Balkans
630:
526:
523:
498:
495:
472:Central Europe
456:
455:
454:
453:
442:
396:
354:
351:
311:
308:
288:Central Europe
269:
266:
264:
261:
201:
198:
172:
171:
137:
136:
132:
131:
121:
120:
116:
115:
105:
104:
100:
99:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
50:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5948:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:Dacian tribes
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5900:
5898:
5890:
5888:
5880:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5779:Trajan's Wall
5777:
5775:
5774:Transalutanus
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:Porolissensis
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:Scythia Minor
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Dacia Traiana
5673:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5576:Wars with the
5573:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5504:
5498:
5497:Murus Dacicus
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Sarmizegetusa
5455:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5320:Daco-Thracian
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Dacian script
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5231:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5155:
5153:(c. 69–87 AD)
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5129:(82/61–44 BC)
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4878:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Mogilan mound
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:Other figures
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4615:Zibelthiurdos
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4541:Daco-Thracian
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Kazakh Steppe
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Tagar culture
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3890:United States
3887:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3865:United States
3862:
3861:New York City
3858:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3793:Taylor, T. F.
3790:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3725:United States
3722:
3718:
3714:
3713:Kuhrt, Amélie
3709:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3686:Hintze, Almut
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3601:United States
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:The Scythians
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3376:United States
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:United States
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:United States
3221:
3220:New York City
3217:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3084:United States
3081:
3080:New York City
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:Zürcher, Erik
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:United States
3011:
3010:New Brunswick
3007:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:New York City
2921:
2917:
2916:Marazov, Ivan
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2653:Cunliffe 2019
2649:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2631:, p. 59.
2630:
2625:
2622:
2619:, p. 21.
2618:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2595:, p. 31.
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:Cunliffe 2019
2562:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:, p. 72.
2494:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:Cunliffe 2019
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:Cunliffe 2019
2395:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2377:, p. 44.
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2323:, p. 122
2322:
2321:Cunliffe 2019
2319:
2316:
2313:
2311:, p. 111
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:Grousset 1970
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2273:Cunliffe 2019
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:, p. 132
2257:
2254:
2252:, p. 181
2251:
2250:Harmatta 1996
2248:
2245:
2242:
2240:, p. 101
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2220:Cunliffe 2019
2218:
2216:, p. 208
2215:
2212:
2210:, p. 190
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:Grousset 1970
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:, p. 42.
2188:
2187:Cunliffe 2019
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:Cunliffe 2019
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:Cunliffe 2019
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:Cunliffe 2019
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:Mihailov 1991
2101:
2099:
2095:
2092:, p. 97.
2091:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2018:, p. 99.
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1938:, p. 76.
1937:
1932:
1929:
1926:, p. 81.
1925:
1920:
1917:
1914:, p. 30.
1913:
1912:Cunliffe 2019
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:Cunliffe 2019
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:Jacobson 1995
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:Cunliffe 2019
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:Cunliffe 2019
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:Cunliffe 2019
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:Cunliffe 2019
1649:
1646:
1639:
1638:Cunliffe 2019
1636:
1634:, p. 106
1633:
1632:Cunliffe 2019
1630:
1628:, p. 130
1627:
1624:
1622:, p. 102
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:Petrenko 1995
1601:
1598:
1595:, p. 27.
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:Cunliffe 2019
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:Cunliffe 2019
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1491:, p. 64.
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1296:, Alba Iulia.
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1140:Other customs
1139:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1017:, who were a
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
983:
981:
976:
974:
970:
969:Pontic Steppe
962:
957:
952:
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
931:
924:
922:
919:
918:Dacian people
913:
910:
902:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
878:
876:
874:
873:Spargapeithes
869: 460 BC
852:
850:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
804:
803:Cylinder seal
799:
792:
787:
782:
774:
772:
769:
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
734:
729:
725:
720:
714:
705:
704:Ancient Greek
701:
697:
689:
687:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
631:
629:
626: 600 BC
611:
609:
605:
600:
597: 600 BC
583:
581:
577:
572:
569: 700 BC
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
532:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
511:Pontic Steppe
503:
496:
494:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:equestrianism
464:
462:
461:Aržan culture
451:
447:
446:Kuban culture
443:
440:
436:
433:-like carved
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:
397:
394:
390:
389:
388:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
274:Central Asian
267:
262:
260:
258:
257:Bacchic rites
254:
243:
237:
232:
229:The linguist
227:
225:
214:
208:
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
117:
114:
110:
106:
101:
95:
91:
87:
80:
79:Pontic Steppe
76:
71:
64:
59:
54:
48:
37:
33:
19:
5805:Thraco-Roman
5663:Free Dacians
5579:Roman Empire
5477:Piroboridava
5423:Dacian Draco
5305:Dacian names
5237:civilization
5111:Zalmodegicus
5086:Dromichaetes
4999:Potulatenses
4944:Burs (Dacia)
4568:Male deities
4503:Thraco-Roman
4435:Demographics
4303:Lower Danube
4050:Sauromatians
4019:Melanchlaeni
3961:
3881:
3854:
3851:"Cimmerians"
3812:
3754:
3716:
3689:
3654:
3650:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3592:
3553:
3549:
3519:
3484:
3445:
3410:
3367:
3324:
3320:Sinor, Denis
3285:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3213:
3187:
3172:. Retrieved
3152:
3148:
3118:
3063:
3004:
2969:
2962:Lewis, D. M.
2919:
2877:
2839:
2812:
2800:
2796:
2762:
2759:Batty, Roger
2724:
2674:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2561:
2534:
2488:
2476:
2430:
2423:Barnett 1982
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2331:
2317:, p. 65
2305:, p. 10
2295:
2283:
2275:, p. 42
2264:, p. 22
2246:, p. 29
2230:
2222:, p. 42
2194:
2163:
2011:
1982:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1876:
1766:
1739:
1660:
1648:
1612:
1607:, p. 5.
1600:
1539:
1508:
1496:
1489:Schmitt 2011
1484:
1479:, p. 3.
1477:Schmitt 2003
1472:
1366:Transylvania
1338:Transylvania
1310:Transylvania
1236:scale armour
1198:
1187:
1176:
1174:Bessarabia.
1168:
1161:
1143:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1104:
1092:
1085:
1071:
1068:Gender roles
1059:
1051:
1043:
1028:
1021:population.
1008:
996:Transylvania
989:
977:
973:Maeotian Sea
966:
947:
932:
928:
914:
906:
897:
882:
856:
843:
835:Melanchlaeni
815:
808:
770:
766:
738:
699:
693:
681:
662:
650:Transylvania
635:
612:
608:Istros river
601:
584:
576:Araxes river
573:
549:in southern
544:
528:
515:Maeotian Sea
508:
488:
465:
457:
439:Animal Style
386:
375:
356:
340:
313:
300:Sauromatians
271:
228:
203:
177:
175:
90:Transylvania
41:Ethnic group
5897:WikiProject
5830:Archaeology
5659:Roman Dacia
5443:Settlements
5235:Culture and
5159:(87–106 AD)
5135:(44 BC–???)
5054:Troglodytae
5009:Rhadacenses
5004:Predasenses
4690:Archaeology
4189:Thyssagetae
4055:Agaragantes
3550:Die Skythen
3260:Netherlands
3210:"Scythians"
3174:26 November
2966:Ostwald, M.
2848:Netherlands
2204:, p. 9
1288:grave from
1246:horse gear,
1230:battle-axes
1183:inhumations
1148:Archaeology
1101:Hair dyeing
1097:jewellery.
818:Idanthyrsus
805:impression.
789:Map of the
415:Inner Asian
347:Ciscaucasia
343:transhumant
5915:Categories
5859:Thracology
5800:Daco-Roman
5636:Second War
5448:Fortresses
5385:Pleistoros
5375:Gebeleizis
5106:Rubobostes
4915:Albocenses
4845:Thracology
4636:Iambadoule
4585:Pleistoros
4580:Gebeleizis
4105:Spondolici
4075:Limigantes
4046:Sarmatians
4034:Massagetae
3997:Cimmerians
3977:Androphagi
3060:Thapar, R.
3056:Obenga, T.
2803:: 181–189.
2662:References
2617:Pigoń 2008
2539:Mayor 2014
2469:Mayor 2014
2214:Batty 2007
2170:, p.
2069:Batty 2007
2031:Batty 2007
2004:Batty 2007
1987:Batty 2007
1713:Batty 2007
1450:Batty 2007
1392:Cimmerians
1290:Alba Iulia
1179:cremations
1000:Wallachian
980:Cimmerians
893:Celtic art
862: 475
831:Androphagi
690:The Trausi
654:Wallachian
619: 650
590: 750
562: 750
536:Massagetae
519:Cimmerians
431:deer stone
378:Cimmerians
335:Bronze Age
304:Sarmatians
292:Cimmerians
236:*Haxāϑrauš
213:Agathursoi
161:Sarmatians
153:Massagetae
141:Cimmerians
18:Agathyrsus
5849:Dacianism
5615:First War
5509:relations
5428:Kogaionon
5290:Belagines
5264:bracelets
5246:Artifacts
5157:Decebalus
5139:Comosicus
5127:Burebista
5049:Tyragetae
5014:Saldenses
4964:Costoboci
4814:Rhomphaia
4590:Rincaleus
4498:Crestonia
4428:Thracians
4358:Sarmatism
4249:Languages
4232:Jewellery
4142:Hamaxobii
4122:Scythians
4085:Rimphaces
4080:Phoristae
4070:Cissianti
4029:Amyrgians
4014:Gelonians
3962:Agathyrsi
3886:Ann Arbor
3821:Cambridge
3763:Cambridge
3450:Newcastle
3419:Cambridge
3330:Cambridge
3290:Princeton
3141:Herodotus
3096:Routledge
3052:Lonis, R.
2978:Cambridge
2886:Cambridge
2733:Cambridge
1407:Scythians
1201:Stincesti
1190:Wallachia
1122:tattooing
1116:Tattooing
1110:dark blue
1077:Lifestyle
1025:Ethnicity
1004:Moldavian
939:Targitaos
713:romanized
673:Stâncești
669:Thracians
658:Moldavian
540:Issedones
531:Scythians
423:arrowhead
296:Scythians
284:Southeast
219:Αγαθυρσοι
207:Agathyrsi
204:The name
178:Agathyrsi
169:Thracians
165:Scythians
103:Languages
53:Haxāϑrauš
45:Agathyrsi
5877:Category
5854:Dacology
5823:Research
5754:Alutanus
5589:Domitian
5482:Sucidava
5472:Cumidava
5467:Buridava
5462:Argidava
5410:Zalmoxis
5400:Seirenes
5390:Sabazios
5370:Dionysus
5365:Derzelas
5360:Deceneus
5340:Religion
5282:Language
5272:Clothing
5133:Deceneus
5101:Rhemaxos
5081:Cothelas
5039:Teurisci
5019:Scaugdae
4994:Piephigi
4969:Crobidae
4954:Ciaginsi
4673:Cotyttia
4605:Zalmoxis
4595:Sabazios
4575:Derzelas
4560:Religion
4526:Thracian
4519:Language
4493:Bisaltia
4315:Sarmatia
4280:Sakasene
4254:Religion
4090:Roxolani
3992:Cercetae
3982:Arimaspi
3849:(1991).
3721:Berkeley
3715:(1993).
3680:(2019).
3649:(2011).
3621:(2003).
3597:Berkeley
3591:(eds.).
3548:(2004).
3372:Berkeley
3366:(eds.).
3284:(2014).
3237:8 August
3208:(2018).
3186:(1997).
3002:(1970).
2968:(eds.).
2918:(1977).
2811:(2019).
2791:(1995).
2761:(2007).
2723:(eds.).
1412:Sigynnae
1386:See also
1286:Scythian
1241:shields;
1222:akīnakai
1217:quivers,
1164:Stoicani
1131:Religion
1088:trousers
1056:Language
1035:Thracian
958:Location
941:and the
811:Darius I
749:Maroneia
741:Bistones
642:Moldavia
480:Caucasia
474:and the
382:Sigynnae
328:Siberian
282:towards
224:Scythian
119:Religion
109:Scythian
86:Moldavia
36:Akatziri
30:For the
5887:Commons
5793:Culture
5759:Moesiae
5543:Warfare
5507:Foreign
5405:Silenus
5348:Deities
5253:Coinage
5220:Dicomes
5202:Zyraxes
5145:Scorilo
4989:Peukini
4959:Clariae
4920:Anartes
4792:Warfare
4666:Rituals
4610:Zagreus
4600:Strymon
4512:Culture
4461:History
4336:Related
4263:Regions
4244:Horizon
4239:Culture
4220:Culture
4174:Tapurei
4132:Cadusii
4115:Iazyges
4100:Siraces
3972:Amazons
3950:Peoples
3943:Scythia
3753:(ed.).
3641:: 1–31.
3562:Germany
3322:(ed.).
3169:3269235
2876:(ed.).
2797:Thracia
1397:Dacians
1378:Romania
1350:Romania
1322:Romania
1271:Gallery
1214:arrows,
1205:Cotnari
847:Scythia
733:Thrausi
719:Trausoi
715::
708:Τραυσοι
677:Cotnari
646:Oltenia
551:Siberia
411:Karasuk
361:or the
331:steppes
322:due to
268:Origins
263:History
248:-θυρσος
145:Dacians
94:Oltenia
5736:Castra
5723:Column
5716:Bridge
5710:Trajan
5680:Moesia
5607:Trajan
5532:Romans
5517:Greeks
5395:Semele
5355:Bendis
5197:Rholes
5174:Cotiso
5096:Oroles
5091:Moskon
5044:Trixae
5034:Terizi
5024:Senses
4939:Bessoi
4930:Biephi
4897:Tribes
4819:Labrys
4631:Bendis
4364:Croats
4298:Crimea
4290:Alania
4275:Sistan
4179:Tapuri
4110:Yancai
4095:Serboi
3987:Budini
3967:Amardi
3957:Achaei
3900:
3835:
3777:
3735:
3700:
3665:
3607:
3572:
3558:Munich
3534:
3524:Kraków
3499:
3489:Kraków
3464:
3433:
3382:
3344:
3304:
3270:
3256:Leiden
3194:
3167:
3129:
3106:
3100:UNESCO
3092:France
3072:London
3024:
2988:
2934:
2900:
2858:
2844:Leiden
2827:
2817:Oxford
2777:
2767:Oxford
2747:
2693:
2679:Exeter
1062:Iranic
1039:Iranic
1019:Baltic
925:Legacy
826:Geloni
822:Budini
757:Sapaei
745:Hebrus
728:Trausi
700:Trausi
555:Europe
435:stelae
419:dagger
302:, and
280:nomads
277:Iranic
242:socius
32:Hunnic
5844:Books
5746:Limes
5522:Celts
5487:Davae
5380:Kotys
5191:Dapyx
5151:Duras
5076:Coson
5064:Kings
4984:Moesi
4979:Getae
4949:Carpi
4935:Bessi
4925:Apuli
4889:Dacia
4824:Pelta
4641:Kotys
4368:Serbs
4199:Zygii
4184:Tauri
4157:Spali
4152:Sindi
4147:Legae
4137:Gelae
4065:Aorsi
4060:Alans
4007:Parni
4002:Dahae
3684:. In
3653:[
3633:[
3627:(PDF)
3552:[
3514:. In
3479:. In
3165:JSTOR
3088:Paris
1418:Notes
1402:Getae
1228:iron
1082:Dress
1015:Neuri
992:Dacia
889:Celts
839:Neuri
753:Aenus
724:Latin
407:Aržan
403:Altai
190:Dacia
149:Getae
113:Getic
5557:Sica
5552:Falx
5029:Suci
4974:Daci
4910:Aedi
4901:List
4809:Falx
4804:Sica
4366:and
4194:Uxii
4127:Abii
4024:Saka
3898:ISBN
3833:ISBN
3775:ISBN
3733:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3570:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3497:ISBN
3462:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3342:ISBN
3302:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3239:2022
3192:ISBN
3176:2021
3127:ISBN
3104:ISBN
3022:ISBN
2986:ISBN
2932:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2745:ISBN
2691:ISBN
1374:Aiud
1346:Aiud
1318:Aiud
1181:and
1156:and
1095:gold
1031:Geto
1002:and
864:and
751:and
675:and
665:Geto
656:and
648:and
564:and
547:Tuva
450:mace
441:art;
437:and
427:bits
421:and
409:and
286:and
200:Name
176:The
157:Saka
5445:and
4227:Art
3157:doi
621:to
592:to
5917::
5661:/
4386:,
3896:.
3892::
3888:,
3884:.
3871:;
3867::
3863:,
3859:.
3853:.
3827::
3823:,
3815:.
3807:;
3803:;
3799:;
3791:;
3769::
3765:,
3757:.
3731:.
3727::
3723:,
3719:.
3696:.
3692:.
3661:.
3639:63
3629:.
3599:,
3595:.
3568:.
3564::
3560:,
3526::
3522:.
3491::
3487:.
3460:.
3456::
3452:,
3448:.
3425::
3421:,
3413:.
3405:;
3401:;
3397:;
3374:,
3370:.
3336::
3332:,
3328:.
3296::
3292:,
3288:.
3266:.
3262::
3258:,
3254:.
3250:.
3230:;
3226::
3222:,
3218:.
3212:.
3163:.
3153:32
3151:.
3147:.
3125:.
3121:.
3098:;
3094::
3090:,
3086:;
3082:,
3078:;
3074:,
3066:.
3058:;
3054:;
3046:;
3042:;
3020:.
3016::
3012:,
2980::
2972:.
2964:;
2960:;
2956:;
2948:;
2930:.
2926::
2922:.
2914:;
2892::
2888:,
2880:.
2854:.
2850::
2846:,
2823:.
2819::
2815:.
2801:11
2799:.
2795:.
2773:.
2769::
2765:.
2739::
2735:,
2727:.
2719:;
2715:;
2711:;
2685::
2681:,
2677:.
2573:^
2546:^
2519:^
2500:^
2459:^
2442:^
2343:^
2179:^
2172:83
2144:^
2127:^
2112:^
2097:^
2076:^
2053:^
2038:^
2023:^
1994:^
1967:^
1888:^
1861:^
1824:^
1809:^
1778:^
1751:^
1720:^
1697:^
1672:^
1585:^
1570:^
1551:^
1520:^
1457:^
1440:^
1425:^
1376:,
1372:,
1348:,
1344:,
1320:,
1316:,
1166:.
1064:.
975:.
945:.
895:.
875:.
866:c.
859:c.
837:,
833:,
824:,
759:.
730:,
726::
722:;
710:,
706::
686:.
644:,
623:c.
616:c.
594:c.
587:c.
566:c.
559:c.
486:.
405:,
373:.
298:,
294:,
259:.
167:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
92:,
88:,
4937:/
4903:)
4899:(
4881:e
4874:t
4867:v
4420:e
4413:t
4406:v
4048:/
3935:e
3928:t
3921:v
3906:.
3875:.
3841:.
3783:.
3741:.
3706:.
3671:.
3613:.
3578:.
3540:.
3505:.
3470:.
3439:.
3388:.
3350:.
3310:.
3276:.
3241:.
3200:.
3178:.
3159::
3135:.
3112:.
3030:.
2994:.
2940:.
2906:.
2864:.
2833:.
2783:.
2753:.
2699:.
2583:.
2174:.
1977:.
1819:.
1380:.
1352:.
1324:.
1238:,
1232:,
1225:,
1203:-
1033:-
793:.
702:(
667:-
216:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
