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914:) thrust rocket burning diesel oil and nitric acid, during its 50-second burn it would have propelled its A9 second stage to a speed of about 4,300 km/h (2,700 mph). The A9 would then ignite and accelerate an additional 5,760 km/h (3,580 mph), reaching a speed of 10,080 km/h (6,260 mph), a peak altitude of 56 kilometres (35 mi), and covering 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) in about 35 minutes. The spent A-10 would descend by brake flaps and parachute to be recovered in the sea and reused.
261:
rocket from turning with a wind greater than 3.7 metres per second (12 ft/s). The stable platform gyros were limited to a 30 degree range of motion, and when the platform tumbled, the parachutes deployed. The jet vanes needed to move faster, and have a larger control force, to stop the rolling. The fins were redesigned in the A5, when it was realized an expanding jet plume as the rocket gained altitude, would have destroyed the A3 fin stabilizing antenna ring.
59:
140:
675:. The A7 was similar in structure to the A5, but had larger tail unit fins (1.621 m) in order to obtain greater range in gliding flight. Two unpowered models of the A7 were dropped from aeroplanes in order to test flight stability; no powered test was ever performed. The finished rocket should have produced a takeoff thrust of 15 kN and a takeoff weight of 1000 kg. The design had a diameter of 0.38 m and a length of 5.91 m.
723:
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launch sites within
Germany. It was intended that following launch the curve of the A4b's trajectory would become shallower and the rocket would glide toward its target. It was anticipated that interception by enemy aircraft at the end of the glide phase would be almost impossible, as over the target the A-4b was intended to enter a near vertical dive, leaving little time for interception.
346:. The first successful guided flights were made in October 1939, with three of the first four flights using a Kreiselgeräte complete guidance and control system called SG-52. This used a 3-gyro stabilized platform for attitude control and a tilt program, whose signals were mixed with rate gyros, and fed to a control system connected to the jet vanes by aluminium rods. The Siemens
219:
anchored by an antenna ring. The stabilized platform used a pitch gyro and a yaw gyro, connected to pneumatic servos, which stabilized the platform along the pitch and yaw axes. Electrical carriages on the platform acted as integrating accelerometers. These signals were mixed with those from the SG-33 system, to drive the molybdenum-tungsten jet vane control
403:
930:
showed the winged A9, indicating a gliding landing or bombing mission. To achieve orbit, either a new "kick stage" would have been required, or the A9 would have to have been lightened. In either case, a payload of approximately 300 kg (660 lb) could have been placed in a low Earth orbit, roughly equivalent to the modern-day
355:. The A-5s reached a height of 12 km (7.5 mi) and a range of 18 kilometres (11 mi). Up to 80 launches by October 1943 developed an understanding of the rocket's aerodynamics, and tests of a better guidance system. The aerodynamic data resulted in a fin and rudder design that was basically the same one used for the A-4.
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cause was a buildup up of propellants before ignition of its engine. Since the design was thought to be unstable, no further attempts were made, and efforts moved to the A2 design. The A1 was too nose-heavy, and to compensate, the gyroscope system was moved to the middle of the A2, between the oxygen and ethanol tanks.
223:. The SG-33 was fixed to the rocket, not the stabilized platform, and used three rate gyros to sense roll, pitch and yaw deviations. Two of the jet vanes rotated in the same direction for pitch and yaw control, and in opposite directions for roll control. The guidance and control system was designed by
643:
version of the A4b winged variant of the A4. This A6 was initially proposed to the German Air
Ministry as an uninterceptable reconnaissance craft. It would be launched vertically by rocket, taking it to an apogee of 95 km (59 mi); after re-entering the atmosphere it would enter a supersonic
206:
witnessed a static firing of an A3 engine at
Kummersdorf, and was sufficiently impressed to lend his support to the rocket program. Like the earlier A1 and A2 rockets, the A3 used a pressure-fed propellant system, and the same liquid oxygen and 75% ethanol mixture as the earlier designs. It generated
128:
would force the liquid fuel to rise up along the walls of their tanks, which made feeding propellants to the combustion chamber difficult. Although the engine had been successfully test fired, the first flight attempt blew up on the launching pad on 21 December 1933, half a second after ignition. The
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Director, Otto
Lafferenz, proposed the idea of a towable watertight container which could hold an A4 rocket. This suggestion progressed to the design of a container of 500 tons displacement to be towed behind a U-boat. Once in firing position, the containers would be trimmed to drop their aft end to
350:
control system first flew on 24 April 1940. The
Siemens system used three gyros, particularly 3 rate gyros providing stabilization, and hydraulic servomotors to move the jet vanes to correct pitch and yaw, and control roll. The Möller Askania, or Rechlin system, first flew on 30 April 1940, and used
249:
the first A3 was launched on 4 December 1937, but suffered problems with premature parachute deployment and engine failure, and crashed close to the takeoff point. The second launch on 6 December 1937 suffered similar problems. The parachute was disabled in the third and fourth rockets launched on 8
218:
The shape of the rocket was based on the 8-mm rifle bullet, in anticipation of supersonic flight. The rocket was 6.7 metres (22 ft) in length, 0.70 metres (2.3 ft) feet in diameter, and weighed 750 kg (1,650 lb) when fueled. Fins were included, for "arrow stability", structurally
614:
The A4b concept was tested by fitting swept back wings to two A4s launched from Blizna. Little development work had been carried out, and the first launch on 27 December 1944 was a complete failure. The second launch attempt, on 24 January 1945, was partially successful, in that the wing broke off,
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also made models of the A5m which included a hydrogen peroxide motor, with potassium permanganate as a catalyst, and were test launched in March 1939. The final fin configuration was wider, curved outward to accommodate the expanding exhaust gases, included external air vanes, but no ring antenna.
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that prematurely set off the parachute, but this was largely disproved. Ultimately, the failures were attributed to the inadequate design of the rocket's experimental inertial guidance system and minor instabilities in the body and fin design. The control system was found to be unable to keep the
929:
The A11 design was shown by von Braun to US officers in
Garmisch-Partenkirchen; the drawing was published in 1946 by the US Army. The A11 was shown as using six of the large single-chamber engines proposed for the A10 stage, with a modified A10 second stage nested within the A11. The design also
894:
codename, and the A10's design was amended to incorporate a cluster of 6 A4 combustion chambers feeding into a single expansion nozzle. This was later altered to a large single chamber and single nozzle. Test stands were constructed at
Peenemunde for firings of the 200 tonne (440,920 lbf) thrust
610:
Development was suspended in 1941, but in 1944 several V2s were modified to an approximation of the A9 configuration under the designation A4b. It was calculated that by fitting wings, the A4's range would be extended to 750 km (470 mi), allowing targets in
Britain to be attacked from
898:
It was considered that existing guidance systems would not be accurate enough over a distance of 5,000 km, and it was decided to make the A9 piloted. The pilot was to be guided on his terminal glide towards the target by radio beacons on U-boats and by automatic weather stations landed in
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In anticipation of the possibility that launch sites might be forced back into the Reich itself, von Braun and his colleagues were pressured to develop a longer-range version of the A4 known alternatively as A9 and A4b, the reason for the dual designation being that the A4 series had received
317:
receiving set, a parachute recovery system, could stay afloat in water for up to two hours, and was painted yellow and red, aiding recovery. New tail surfaces were tested in the
Zeppelin Aircraft Works subsonic tunnel and the supersonic tunnel in Aachen. The internal vanes were now made of
598:
Design studies on the A9 began in 1940. In addition to its wings, the A9 would have been somewhat larger than the A4 and its engine would have produced about 30% more thrust. Following wind tunnel testing of models, the design was subsequently modified to replace the wings with fuselage
413:
In the late 1920s, Karl Becker realised that a loophole in the Treaty of
Versailles allowed Germany to develop rocket weapons. General Becker was very influential during the development of the A4 until he committed suicide on 8 April 1940 following criticism from Adolf Hitler.
250:
and 11 December 1937, but these, too, experienced engine failures, though the lack of parachute drag allowed them to crash further from the launch site. They reached altitudes between 2,500 feet (760 m) and 3,000 feet (910 m), before falling into the sea.
886:
und Graupe and was completed on 29 June 1940. Hermann Oberth worked on the design during 1941, and in December 1941 Walter Thiel proposed that the A10 use an engine composed of six bundled A4 engines, which it was thought would give a total thrust of 180 tonnes.
358:
At the conclusion of the A-5 testing, Dornberger stated, "I now knew that we should succeed in creating a weapon with far greater range than any artillery. What we had successfully done with the A-5 must be equally valid, in improved form, for the A-4."
169:
combustion chamber was welded inside the ethanol tank. The mushroom-shaped injector system consisted of fuel and oxidizer jets pointing at one another. Propellants were pressurized from a nitrogen tank, a system which was also used for the A3 and A5.
89:. The A1 was the grandfather of most modern rockets. The rocket was 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) long, 30.5 centimetres (12 in) in diameter, and had a takeoff weight of 150 kilograms (330 lb). The engine, designed by
648:
would be ignited. It was hoped that this would provide 15 to 20 minutes of cruise at 2,900 km/h (1,800 mph) and would allow the aircraft to return to its base and make a conventional runway landing assisted by a
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a budget of almost half a million marks for the construction of two new test stands at Kummersdorf. Included were mobile test rigs, small locomotives, and office and storage space. The A3 plans called for a rocket with an
351:
position gyros, a mixing system and a servo system. A-5 testing included a guide plane system for lateral control, and a radio system for propulsion cutoff at a preselected speed, after which the rocket followed a
1811:. Technical discussion of the A1 (in German), by the same author as the above A2 site. The author has examined primary sources; based on them, he claims that widely repeated data about the A1 is mostly in error.
524:. Subsequently, a plan was formed to make an attempt to capture a complete unexploded V2 rocket and transport it to Britain. Around 20 May 1944, a relatively undamaged V2 rocket fell on the swampy bank of the
165:. They reached altitudes of 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi). The A2s had the same dimensions as the A1, and the same engine, but separate propellant tanks. The cylindrical
879:
It was proposed to use an advanced version of the A9 to attack targets on the US mainland from launch sites in Europe, for which it would need to be launched atop a booster stage, the A10.
436:
The propellants of choice continued to be liquid oxygen, with a 75% ethanol and 25% water mixture. The water reduced the flame temperature, acted as a coolant, and reduced thermal stress.
459:
coast, to provide more room for testing and greater secrecy. This version was reliable, and by 1941 the team had fired about 70 A5 rockets. The first A4 flew in March 1942, flying about
961:
The A12 stage itself would have weighed around 3,500 tonnes fully fueled, and would have stood 33 m (108 ft) high. It was to have been propelled by 50 A10 engines, fueled by
653:. However, the Air Ministry had no requirement for such an aircraft and the proposal was rejected. Similar concepts (though uncrewed) were produced after the war in the form of the US
591:
and range. As the rocket encountered thicker atmosphere on its descent phase, it would execute a pullout and enter a shallow glide, trading speed for distance. Patt also proposed the
492:), thanks to reports from local farmers. Armia Krajowa field agents managed to obtain pieces of the fired rockets by arriving on the scene before German patrols. In early March 1944,
267:
According to Dornberger, the A3 "...had not been equipped to take any payload. It was a purely experimental missile." Similarly, the A5 was to be "for research purposes only."
326:. Uncontrolled A5s were launched from Griefswalder Oie in late 1938. Models that were 1.5 meters (5 ft) long and 20 centimeters (8 in) in diameter were dropped from
313:, was 5.825 m (19.11 ft) long, with a diameter of 0.78 m (2 ft 7 in) and a takeoff weight of 900 kg (2,000 lb). The A5 was fitted with a
3091:
113:) of thrust for 16 seconds. The LOX tank was located within the fuel tank and insulated with a fiberglass material. The rocket was stabilized by a 40 kg (88 lb)
234:. Ethanol was sprayed upwards to mix with the oxygen sprayed downward from jets at the top of the chamber. This increased efficiency and generated higher temperatures.
3086:
309:
The A5 played a vital role in testing the aerodynamics and technology of the A4. Its rocket motor was identical to the A-3, but with a new control system provided by
595:(fin projectile). Both concepts were utilized by Walter Dornberger when he drafted a memo for presentation to Hitler regarding the "America rocket" on 31 July 1940.
528:
near the village of Sarnaki, and local Poles concealed it before German arrival. The rocket was then dismantled and smuggled across Poland. In late July 1944, the
1806:
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jet vanes. The design was finished in early 1936 and further modifications that made the rocket stable at supersonic velocities were finalized later that year.
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691:& kerosene). The design never reached the prototype stage, but further design work was carried out after the war by a German rocket team in France as the "
946:. It was proposed as a four-stage vehicle, comprising A12, A11, A10 and A9 stages. Calculations suggested it could place as much as 10 tonnes payload in
529:
3050:
1965:
2800:
230:
The A3 engine was a scaled-up version of the A2, but with a mushroom-shaped injector at the top of the combustion chamber, based on a design by
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According to another source, one A3 reached a maximum downrange of 12 km (7.5 mi) and maximum altitude of 18 km (11 mi).
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375:
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926:) was a design concept which would have acted as the first stage of a three-stage rocket, the other two stages being the A9 and A10.
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The final design of the A10 booster was approximately 20 m (66 ft) in height. Powered by a 1,670 kN (380,000 lb
1733:
882:
Design work on the A10 began in 1940, for a projected first flight to take place in 1946. The initial design was carried out by
447:
designs were turning into useful weapons, and Dornberger moved the team from the artillery testing grounds at Kummersdorf (near
2911:
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566:
479:
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Static tests and assembly were completed by 1 October 1934. Two A2s were built for a full-out test, and were named after a
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2722:
1958:
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The A7 was a winged design that was never fully constructed. It was worked on between 1940 and 1943 at Peenemünde for the
166:
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2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
264:
After this unsuccessful series of launches, the A3 was abandoned and A4 work postponed, while work on the A5 commenced.
114:
1727:
429:. Versions of the A4 were used in warfare. They included the first ballistic missile and the first projectile to reach
46:
1719:
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227:, based on Johannes Maria Boykow's ideas, the technical director of Kreiselgeräte GmbH ("Gyro Instruments Limited").
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1993:
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With each launch a failure, von Braun and Dornberger looked for the cause. At first there was some thought of an
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before exploding. The third rocket, launched on 3 October 1942, followed its trajectory perfectly. It landed
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system in the nose, supplied by Kreiselgeräte GmbH. The rocket could not be rotated for stability as with a
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603:, as the tests showed that these provided better lift at supersonic speeds and also solved the problem of
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569:, and a single example was completed by the end of the war, but never tested with a rocket launch.
547:
121:
636:
A6 was a designation applied to a variant of the A5 test rocket which used different propellants.
475:. The highest altitude reached during the war was 174.6 kilometres (108.5 miles) on 20 June 1944.
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38:
559:(German for "Project Life Jacket") and the containers themselves referred to by the codename
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an object which, though covered by a tarpaulin, bore every resemblance to a monstrous torpedo
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This increase in capability came from a redesign of the A3 engine, now known as the A5, by
58:
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Some families include both missiles and carrier rockets; they are listed in both groups.
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139:
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2635:
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2337:
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190 km (118.1 miles) (single stage flight) or 390 km (242.3 miles) (A9/A10 combination)
580:"national priority"; the A4b designation ensured the availability of scarce resources.
327:
257:
212:
153:
90:
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Some sources indicate that it was also applied to a speculative proposal for a crewed
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157:. On 19 and 20 December 1934, they were launched in front of senior Army officers on
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102:
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314:
98:
42:
1017:
Preludes to U.S. Space-Launch Vehicle Technology: Goddard Rockets to Minuteman III
722:
1627:
615:
but the A4b still managed to become the first winged guided missile to break the
2858:
2712:
2177:
1629:
The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
1083:. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 740–742.
883:
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82:
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52:
1105:
587:, proposed wings for converting rocket speed and altitude into aerodynamic
565:(German for "Test Rig XII"). Work on the containers was carried out by the
330:
starting in September 1938, testing supersonic speeds in the absence of a
2737:
2732:
2652:
2279:
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2045:
951:
904:
319:
180:
Development of the A3 can be traced at least to February 1935 when Major
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The A-5, like the A-3, was fueled with ethanol with liquid oxygen as an
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and crashing into the water. The second launch reached an altitude of
402:
683:
The A8 was a proposed "stretched" variant of the A4, to use storable
645:
452:
448:
158:
1019:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 47–49, 56, 70.
1932:"Reconstruction, restoration & refurbishment of a V-2 rocket",
387:
2146:
2142:
1943:
1790:
1213:
986:
658:
426:
401:
386:
374:
138:
57:
2347:
2138:
2117:
2112:
2107:
733:
661:, both intercontinental cruise missiles with ramjet propulsion.
2478:
1947:
695:". The project was eventually cancelled, but led to the French
51:). Its greatest success was the A4, more commonly known as the
861:
3,400 m/s (7,600 mph) (A9/A10 two stage combination)
493:
211:) for 45 seconds. It used a three-gyroscope system to deflect
41:
designs developed in 1933–1945 by a research program of
1933:
1225:
1223:
856:
482:
was quickly located by the Polish resistance movement, the
1817:
Original drawings from the development of A4/V2 and others
1661:
The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program
532:
secretly transported parts of the rocket out of Poland in
1857:(article), Aerospace museum, October 2004, archived from
555:
a vertical position for launch. The project was dubbed
1309:
1307:
417:
The A4 was a full-sized design with a range of about
1397:
Black Flag: The Surrender of Germany's U-Boat Forces
536:(Bridge III), for analysis by British intelligence.
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1986:
1979:
1938:(spherical panoramas of the process and milestones)
890:Work on the A10 was resumed in late 1944 under the
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196:and a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) thrust engine.
1063:. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. pp. 38–41.
1872:(lecture), University of Oregon, archived from
1482:Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond
478:Production started in 1943 on the rocket. The
2490:
1959:
1909:Peenemünde : die Geschichte der V-Waffen
8:
1588:V2 The A4 Rocket From Peenemünde To Redstone
1141:Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War
1259:Michels, Juergen; Przybilski, Olaf (1997).
1081:History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
942:The A12 design if built would have been an
279:Diameter: 0.68 m (2 ft 3 in)
2881:
2497:
2483:
2475:
1983:
1966:
1952:
1944:
1805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1779:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1368:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1261:Peenemünde und seine Erben in Ost und West
1254:
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1124:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
843:800 km (497.1 miles) (single stage flight)
721:
710:
282:Finspan: 0.93 m (3 ft 1 in)
276:Length: 6.74 m (22 ft 1 in)
73:The A1 was the first rocket design in the
3092:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1933
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81:at the German Army research program at
3087:World War II guided missiles of Germany
1443:
1431:
1419:
1313:
1241:
1229:
1188:
1164:
978:
504:) who had covertly surveyed the Blizna
3051:Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum
1798:
1772:
1663:, German Canadian Museum, p. 87,
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1558:
1546:
1522:
1467:
1455:
1361:
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1117:
469:193 kilometers (120 mi)
419:322 kilometers (200 mi)
37:(German for "Aggregate") was a set of
1608:(reprint ed.), Greenwood Press,
1534:
1200:
1176:
1152:
627:Variations – Planned, not built
245:from the Peenemünde area. As part of
7:
473:83 kilometers (52 mi)
461:1.6 kilometers (1 mi)
423:89 kilometers (55 mi)
285:Launch mass: 748 kilograms (1650 lb)
1845:(in German), DE: Bernd Leitenberger
1834:(in German), DE: Bernd Leitenberger
465:11 kilometers (7 mi)
77:series. It was designed in 1933 by
1887:, Friends-partners, archived from
1333:. New York: W. Morrow. p. 42.
1104:"Raketenaggregate „A1" und „A2"",
451:) to Peenemünde, on the island of
25:
494:British Intelligence Headquarters
2723:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten)
480:missile testing ground at Blizna
2912:Upper Atmosphere Research Panel
2864:WWII guided missiles of Germany
1911:(in German), Germany: Bechtle,
764:Army Research Center Peenemünde
583:In June 1939, Kurt Patt of the
207:its 14.7 kN (3,300 lb
2922:White Sands V-2 Launching Site
1735:V2 EMW A4b die bemannte Rakete
1382:
1143:. New York: Knopf, 2007. p 75.
471:away, and reached a height of
421:, an initial peak altitude of
365:A4/V2 rocket (1942–1945)
1:
3077:Ballistic missiles of Germany
2944:Operations Sandy and Pushover
1508:. Astronautix. Archived from
1263:. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe.
644:glide phase, when its single
607:shift of the center of lift.
27:Nazi ballistic missile series
2563:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg
1742:: Khiechhorn, archived from
1422:, pp. 63, 93, 250, 283.
818:1000 kg (2204 pound) payload
1820:(in German), DE: Digipeer,
1395:Paterson, Lawrence (2009).
1344:Wojewódzki, Michał (1984).
1286:Dornberger, Walter (1985),
1059:Dornberger, Walter (1954).
383:being launched in June 1943
3123:
2568:LXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)
1604:Huzel, Dieter K. (1981) ,
1586:Barber, Murray R. (2017),
950:, comparable to the later
368:
237:This was the first of the
2516:
2461:
1907:; Rees, Eberhard (1981),
1690:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1385:: Russian Space Web: 2009
822:
720:
550:Deutsche Arbeitsfront/DAF
443:. It became clearer that
425:and a payload of about a
394:being recovered from the
62:Aggregat rockets compared
18:Aggregate (rocket family)
2679:Construction and bunkers
1642:Harvard University Press
1484:. Springer. p. 16.
873:ground launch pad or A10
786:16,259 kg (35,845 pound)
585:Peenemünde Design Office
496:received a report of an
194:inertial guidance system
182:Ernst Ritter von Horstig
2808:Operation Crossbow Site
2743:Fortress of Mimoyecques
1606:Peenemünde to Canaveral
1399:. MBI. pp. 57–58.
1079:Sutton, George (2006).
749:test only, not deployed
657:missile and the USSR's
298:Liftoff thrust: 14.7 kN
2219:Soviet Union / Ukraine
1659:Reuter, Claus (2000),
1590:, Crecy Publications,
1480:Harvey, Brian (2003).
802:1.65 m (5' 5") maximum
773:none mass-manufactured
410:
399:
384:
332:supersonic wind tunnel
186:General der Artillerie
144:
93:, used a pressure-fed
63:
2878:Post-WWII development
2801:Bombing of Peenemünde
2728:La Coupole (Wizernes)
2161:Soviet Union / Russia
1348:(in Polish). Warsaw.
1331:Crossbow and Overcast
1015:Hunley, J.D. (2008).
641:aerial reconnaissance
548:German Labour Front (
405:
390:
378:
167:regeneratively cooled
142:
85:headed by Colonel Dr
61:
2708:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
2631:Army Research Center
1842:The A4 Rocket Part 2
1831:The A4 Rocket Part 1
1795:, DE, 9 January 2005
1446:, pp. 138, 283.
557:Projekt Schwimmweste
541:Projekt Schwimmweste
353:ballistic trajectory
305:A5 (1938–1942)
258:electrostatic charge
247:Operation Lighthouse
176:A3 (1935–1937)
2927:V-2 sounding rocket
2917:Operation Paperclip
2813:Operation Aphrodite
2573:Peenemünde Airfield
512:heavily guarded by
105:, and produced 2.9
3034:Operation Crossbow
2975:Operation Backfire
2892:Republic-Ford JB-2
2823:Operation Teardrop
2791:Operation Crossbow
2779:Operation Most III
2648:The Bäckebo rocket
1905:Dornberger, Walter
1512:on 7 January 2010.
1290:, Berlin: Moewig,
754:Production history
685:rocket propellants
534:Operation Most III
500:agent (code name:
411:
400:
385:
204:Werner von Fritsch
145:
64:
3102:German inventions
3097:Wernher von Braun
3064:
3063:
3027:Ministry of Space
3020:Gravity's Rainbow
3006:Battle of the V-1
2993:
2992:
2621:Walter Dornberger
2616:Wernher von Braun
2472:
2471:
2356:
2355:
1670:978-1-894643-05-4
1597:978-1-90653-753-1
1549:, pp. 91–93.
1491:978-1-85233-722-3
1458:, pp. 90–91.
1406:978-0-7603-3754-7
1232:, pp. 102–5.
1191:, pp. 84–85.
877:
876:
794:14.18 m (46' 6¼")
703:rocket projects.
530:Polish resistance
126:centrifugal force
95:rocket propellant
87:Walter Dornberger
79:Wernher von Braun
39:ballistic missile
16:(Redirected from
3114:
3056:Monkeys in space
2882:
2854:Aggregat rockets
2774:Polish Home Army
2604:Greifswalder Oie
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2453:Universal Rocket
2362:Sounding rockets
2210:Universal Rocket
1984:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1921:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1877:
1876:on 10 April 2005
1862:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1769:, 9 January 2005
1754:
1753:
1751:
1693:
1673:
1654:
1624:Neufeld, Michael
1618:
1600:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1115:
1114:, 9 January 2005
1101:
1095:
1094:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1031:
1030:
1012:
991:
990:
983:
858:
725:
716:
711:
474:
470:
466:
462:
424:
420:
21:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3107:Rocket families
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3039:
2989:
2980:Project Big Ben
2948:
2902:PGM-11 Redstone
2873:
2842:Related weapons
2837:
2833:Barrage balloon
2818:Operation Diver
2796:Operation Hydra
2755:countermeasures
2747:
2674:
2582:
2578:Kawanishi Baika
2541:
2522:V-1 flying bomb
2512:
2503:
2473:
2468:
2457:
2394:
2352:
2326:
2235:
2214:
2156:
2122:
2096:
2050:
1980:Carrier rockets
1975:
1974:Rocket families
1972:
1931:
1928:
1919:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1891:on 25 June 2013
1881:
1866:
1850:
1839:
1828:
1814:
1797:
1788:
1771:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1746:on 14 June 2011
1732:
1684:
1681:
1679:Further reading
1671:
1658:
1652:
1622:
1616:
1603:
1598:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1327:McGovern, James
1325:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1034:
1027:
1014:
1013:
994:
985:
984:
980:
976:
971:
948:low Earth orbit
940:
932:Electron rocket
920:
913:
892:Projekt Amerika
870:
868:
848:Flight altitude
840:
838:
823:
746:In service
741:Service history
714:
709:
681:
667:
634:
629:
593:Flossengeschoss
577:
544:
508:and observed a
472:
468:
464:
460:
422:
418:
373:
367:
336:Hellmuth Walter
328:Heinkel He 111s
307:
273:
210:
199:In March 1936,
178:
137:
122:ballistic shell
97:system burning
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2907:Hermes Project
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:Mittelbau-Dora
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:Arthur Rudolph
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:Test Stand VII
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1990:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1926:External links
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1901:
1879:
1864:
1861:on 26 May 2005
1848:
1837:
1826:
1812:
1789:"Aggregat 1",
1786:
1756:
1730:
1728:A9/A10/A11/A12
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1656:
1650:
1620:
1614:
1601:
1596:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1537:, p. 237.
1527:
1525:, p. 179.
1515:
1497:
1490:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1405:
1387:
1375:
1354:
1346:Akcja V-1, V-2
1336:
1318:
1303:
1296:
1278:
1266:
1246:
1244:, p. 105.
1234:
1219:
1205:
1203:, p. 235.
1193:
1181:
1179:, p. 236.
1169:
1157:
1155:, p. 233.
1145:
1139:Neufeld, M.J.
1132:
1096:
1089:
1066:
1032:
1025:
992:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
956:Apollo program
954:rocket of the
944:orbital rocket
939:
936:
919:
916:
911:
875:
874:
871:
866:
863:
862:
859:
857:Maximum speed
853:
852:
849:
845:
844:
841:
836:
833:
832:
829:
825:
824:
820:
819:
816:
812:
811:
810:3.2 m (10' 6")
808:
804:
803:
800:
796:
795:
792:
788:
787:
784:
780:
779:
778:Specifications
775:
774:
771:
770:Unit cost
767:
766:
760:
756:
755:
751:
750:
747:
743:
742:
738:
737:
731:
727:
726:
718:
717:
715:Aggregat 9/10
708:
705:
680:
677:
666:
663:
633:
630:
628:
625:
576:
573:
543:
538:
369:Main article:
366:
363:
306:
303:
300:
299:
296:
286:
283:
280:
277:
272:
271:Specifications
269:
241:rockets to be
213:tungsten alloy
208:
177:
174:
161:island in the
154:Max and Moritz
136:
133:
91:Arthur Rudolph
70:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3119:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2985:Ghost rockets
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Bumper Rocket
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:MGM-1 Matador
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Project Danny
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:Double agents
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2670:Staveley Road
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Rocket U-boat
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:Test launches
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:Other nations
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:United States
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:3-7628-0404-4
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:A8 statistics
1880:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1765:(in German),
1764:
1763:
1757:
1745:
1741:
1738:(in German),
1737:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:, Astronautix
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1651:0-674-77650-X
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1615:0-313-22928-7
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1573:, p. 95.
1572:
1567:
1564:
1561:, p. 94.
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1470:, p. 87.
1469:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1434:, p. 92.
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1355:83-211-0521-1
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:3-8118-4341-9
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1276:, p. 11.
1275:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1214:"Aggregate-3"
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1167:, p. 81.
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1110:(in German),
1109:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1090:9781563476495
1086:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:9780813031774
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
988:
987:"Aggregate-1"
982:
979:
973:
968:
966:
965:and ethanol.
964:
963:liquid oxygen
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
937:
935:
933:
927:
925:
917:
915:
908:
906:
902:
896:
893:
888:
885:
880:
872:
864:
860:
854:
850:
846:
842:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
719:
712:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
687:(most likely
686:
678:
676:
674:
673:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
626:
624:
622:
618:
617:sound barrier
612:
608:
606:
602:
596:
594:
590:
586:
581:
574:
572:
570:
568:
564:
563:
562:Prüfstand XII
558:
553:
551:
546:In late 1943
542:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Armia Krajowa
495:
491:
490:
489:Armia Krajowa
485:
481:
476:
458:
455:on Germany's
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
434:
432:
428:
415:
408:
404:
397:
393:
389:
382:
377:
372:
364:
362:
360:
356:
354:
349:
345:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
304:
302:
297:
295:
294:liquid oxygen
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
270:
268:
265:
262:
259:
254:
251:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
232:Walter Riedel
228:
226:
225:Fritz Mueller
222:
216:
214:
205:
202:
201:Generaloberst
197:
195:
190:
187:
183:
175:
173:
171:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:
150:
149:Wilhelm Busch
141:
134:
132:
130:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:liquid oxygen
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
68:
66:
60:
56:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
36:
34:
19:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3013:633 Squadron
3011:
3004:
2762:Intelligence
2611:Meillerwagen
2553:Argus As 014
2534:
2527:
2520:
2055:Europe / ESA
1934:
1908:
1893:, retrieved
1889:the original
1883:
1874:the original
1868:
1859:the original
1853:
1851:"Part Two",
1841:
1830:
1821:
1816:
1791:
1761:
1748:, retrieved
1744:the original
1734:
1689:
1660:
1628:
1605:
1587:
1580:Bibliography
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1510:the original
1500:
1481:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1444:Neufeld 1996
1439:
1432:Neufeld 1996
1427:
1420:Neufeld 1996
1415:
1396:
1390:
1383:Zak, Anatoly
1378:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1314:Neufeld 1996
1287:
1281:
1269:
1260:
1242:Neufeld 1996
1237:
1230:Neufeld 1996
1208:
1196:
1189:Neufeld 1996
1184:
1172:
1165:Neufeld 1996
1160:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1106:
1099:
1080:
1060:
1016:
981:
960:
941:
928:
924:Japan Rakete
923:
921:
909:
897:
891:
889:
881:
878:
759:Manufacturer
736:second stage
682:
672:Kriegsmarine
670:
668:
655:SM-64 Navaho
638:
635:
613:
609:
597:
592:
582:
578:
571:
560:
556:
549:
545:
540:
521:
517:
506:railway line
501:
497:
487:
477:
441:Walter Thiel
438:
435:
416:
412:
398:near Sarnaki
361:
357:
347:
341:
315:Brennschluss
308:
301:
266:
263:
255:
252:
238:
236:
229:
217:
198:
179:
172:
152:
146:
131:
74:
72:
65:
47:
43:Nazi Germany
32:
31:
29:
2859:Wunderwaffe
2786:Réseau AGIR
2421:Peacekeeper
2370:Black Brant
1720:A-10 engine
1571:Reuter 2000
1559:Reuter 2000
1547:Reuter 2000
1523:Reuter 2000
1468:Reuter 2000
1456:Reuter 2000
1288:Peenemuende
1274:Barber 2017
884:Ludwig Roth
837:Operational
762:studied by
689:nitric acid
619:and attain
567:Vulkanwerft
516:containing
510:freight car
445:von Braun's
431:outer space
322:instead of
221:servomotors
189:Karl Becker
83:Kummersdorf
3071:Categories
2998:In fiction
2932:V-2 No. 13
2849:Wasserfall
2686:Mittelwerk
2626:Peenemünde
2594:Facilities
2558:Facilities
2536:V-3 cannon
2529:V-2 rocket
1994:Long March
1792:Aggregat 2
1762:Aggregat 2
1759:"Neubau",
1724:A9/A10/A11
1535:Huzel 1962
1201:Huzel 1962
1177:Huzel 1962
1153:Huzel 1962
1107:Aggregat 2
969:References
651:drag chute
381:V2 missile
324:molybdenum
3082:V-weapons
2869:Rheinbote
2718:Siracourt
2703:Sottevast
2510:V-weapons
2416:Minuteman
1935:Nasa tech
1634:Cambridge
1364:cite book
974:Citations
922:The A11 (
901:Greenland
697:Véronique
693:Super V-2
605:transonic
526:Bug River
514:SS troops
484:Home Army
409:in Blizna
407:V2 rocket
396:Bug River
392:V2 rocket
371:V2 rocket
348:Vertikant
163:North Sea
151:cartoon,
143:A2 rocket
135:A2 (1934)
118:gyroscope
69:A1 (1933)
45:'s Army (
2738:Raxwerke
2733:Lehesten
2713:Brécourt
2653:MW 18014
2436:Semyorka
2426:Redstone
2406:Aggregat
2399:Missiles
2297:Minotaur
2267:Electron
2046:Kuaizhou
1895:28 April
1801:citation
1775:citation
1750:2 August
1626:(1996),
1329:(1964).
1120:citation
952:Saturn I
905:Labrador
869:platform
807:Wingspan
799:Diameter
502:"Makary"
320:graphite
243:launched
239:Aggregat
75:Aggregat
33:Aggregat
3044:Related
2698:Nucourt
2390:Skylark
2302:Pegasus
2292:Jupiter
2271:Falcon
2247:Antares
2226:Tsyklon
2193:Molniya
2134:Epsilon
2067:Diamant
895:motor.
815:Warhead
701:Diamant
601:strakes
344:oxidant
311:Siemens
290:Ethanol
99:ethanol
2753:Allied
2599:Blizna
2506:German
2385:Rehbar
2380:Rohini
2375:Lambda
2343:Shavit
2307:Saturn
2252:Athena
2203:Vostok
2183:Proton
2173:Kosmos
2168:Angara
2081:Miura
2072:Europa
2062:Ariane
1915:
1822:20,000
1667:
1648:
1612:
1594:
1488:
1403:
1352:
1294:
1087:
1023:
867:Launch
828:Engine
791:Length
707:A9/A10
646:ramjet
575:A4b/A9
457:Baltic
453:Usedom
449:Berlin
288:Fuel:
159:Borkum
115:3 axes
35:series
2953:Other
2508:WWII
2448:RS-82
2338:Safir
2317:Titan
2312:Scout
2285:Heavy
2262:Delta
2257:Atlas
2231:Zenit
2198:Soyuz
2147:H-IIB
2143:H-IIA
2127:Japan
2101:India
1987:China
1869:Space
839:range
659:Burya
427:tonne
184:sent
124:, as
109:(660
2970:DF-1
2443:R-36
2411:Agni
2348:Unha
2322:Thor
2139:H-II
2118:LVM3
2113:GSLV
2108:PSLV
2077:Vega
1913:ISBN
1897:2005
1807:link
1781:link
1752:2007
1686:"A1"
1665:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1506:"A6"
1486:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1370:link
1350:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1126:link
1085:ISBN
1021:ISBN
903:and
783:Mass
734:IRBM
730:Type
699:and
621:Mach
589:lift
292:and
101:and
48:Heer
30:The
2965:R-2
2960:R-1
2885:USA
2587:V-2
2546:V-1
2431:R-7
2188:R-7
1716:A-9
1061:V-2
938:A12
918:A11
623:4.
111:lbf
3073::
2178:N1
2152:Mu
2145:/
2141:/
2039:11
1854:V2
1803:}}
1799:{{
1777:}}
1773:{{
1767:DE
1740:DE
1726:,
1722:,
1718:,
1714:,
1712:A8
1710:,
1708:A7
1706:,
1704:A5
1702:,
1700:A3
1698:,
1696:A2
1694:,
1688:,
1644:,
1640::
1638:MA
1636:,
1632:,
1366:}}
1362:{{
1306:^
1249:^
1222:^
1122:}}
1118:{{
1112:DE
1069:^
1035:^
995:^
958:.
934:.
907:.
831:A9
679:A8
665:A7
632:A6
433:.
379:A
334:.
107:kN
55:.
53:V2
2498:e
2491:t
2484:v
2280:9
2275:1
2090:5
2085:1
2034:8
2029:7
2024:6
2019:5
2014:4
2009:3
2004:2
1999:1
1967:e
1960:t
1953:v
1940:.
1900:.
1878:.
1863:.
1847:.
1836:.
1825:.
1809:)
1785:.
1783:)
1755:.
1674:.
1655:.
1619:.
1494:.
1409:.
1372:)
1358:.
1316:.
1301:.
1216:.
1130:.
1128:)
1093:.
1029:.
989:.
912:f
552:)
522:"
518:"
486:(
209:f
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
