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worse, and big black males – particularly those that have had any contact with the police – as the most dangerous of all cases". He simultaneously questioned the significant number of young black males in some locked secure hospital wards, a number who he says require treatment rather than restraint, stating in one interview that "this is partly due to seeing blacks as dangerous. There is this mind-set that the black population is tricky, difficult to deal with. The
Government has not attempted to understand the root issues which are poverty and deprivation."
552:) on the topic "Race and Mental Health: are black communities getting a fair deal?" and, in the context of race, ethnicity, class and trauma, reflected on the statistics that show that young black men may be five times more likely than young men from other groups to be diagnosed with severe schizophrenia. In light of his figures on the wide differences between the various Caribbean islanders, collectively referred to as Afro-Caribbean, he has questioned this categorisation.
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451:. In one study concerning black people in Birmingham, he reported a 100 per cent response rate once it was made aware that the research team were also black. He wrote on the limitations of one-to-one counselling in Afro-Caribbean people with mental illness when a significant contributory factor to their condition was family stress, and that a positive outcome was strongly influenced by the family-patient interaction.
476:, entitled "Racial and sexual discrimination in the selection of students for London medical schools". After examining the female to male ratio and the names of students taking final examinations at 11 London medical schools, they concluded that "the results of this survey suggest that racial and sexual discrimination operate when students are selected for medical education at London colleges".
38:
458:, Birmingham, showed they experienced a high percentage of psychosomatic symptoms and an underdiagnosis of depression. In the same year, he demonstrated that African Americans who experienced racism also reported feelings of "intrusion and avoidance". In the 1980s he coined the terms "under-reaction" and "over-reaction" to illustrate how services respond to some ethnic groups.
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that killed 13 young black people on 18 January 1981, with one survivor committing suicide two years later. Burke has also looked at the role of families of black and Asian people with mental illness, and advocated the importance of treatment within a family context. When treating West Indian people
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with regards to discrimination based on skin colour. He described the stigma of failed migration and the "feelings of persecution and negative behaviours" associated with repatriation as a specific psychological event, and as a result coined the term "repatriate syndrome". Burke calculated that one
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Burke's work throughout the 1980s demonstrated how deprivation is associated with mental illness in some black communities, and revealed prejudices that affect mental health care in these groups. He questioned the significant number in some locked secure hospital wards of young black males, many of
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His work has shown how deprivation is associated with mental illness in some black communities, and revealed prejudices that affect mental health care in these groups. Later, he addressed the notion that psychiatric reports for courts show an "obsession with blacks being bad, big blacks somewhat
418:
Burke's work has included writing on changing attitudes towards black people and mental health, research on the role of racial discrimination in psychiatric disorders, and how racism can lead to mental illness. At an oral history seminar in 1981, organised by
Lambeth Community Relations Council,
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confirmed Burke and
Collier's findings and also questioned what might be happening in other London medical schools; St. George's already had a higher than average intake of students with non-European names. As a result of their work, both Burke and Collier were initially shunned within their
411:, London. He later became the first black British person to be appointed by the NHS as a consultant psychiatrist. In 1985, he was noted to be Britain's only "leading" black psychiatrist. By 1988, there were two Caribbean psychiatrists in the NHS. He is a Fellow of the
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Burke stated: "If you are black, and working class, there are much greater chances of being compulsorily admitted to hospital under a section of the Mental Health Act, going to a special hospital and sometimes being repatriated." In April of that year, following the
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483:(CRE) was subsequently made aware that software used for medical-school admissions selection at St George's was creating a lower score for women and those with non-European names, so reducing their chance of being called for interview. Following an enquiry, the
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Burke, Aggrey W. (April 1980). "Classification of
Attempted Suicide From Hospital Admission Data: A follow-up study among Asian and West Indian patients in Birmingham Paper read at: 6th World Congress of Social Psychiatry Opatija, October 4-10 1976".
522:
Unlike others of his experience Burke never received a professorship. He remained at St George's until his retirement, following which he continues with work in psychiatry, writing on black mental health issues and assisting the
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399:, comparing the rates to the local population and to that in the countries of origin of these groups. Subsequently, he presented his findings at the 6th World Congress of Social Psychiatry. In 1977, he was appointed
285:, who became a renowned photographer and journalist. In 1959, while still a teenager, Burke moved to Britain with his parents Edmund and Pansy, who had migrated there with three of their sons. The family settled in
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whom he said require treatment rather than restraint, and he looked at the role of the families of black and Asian people with mental illness. He later gave evidence in the early 1990s inquiry into the death of
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281:, Jamaica, where he had his early education. His father was Revd Eddie Burke and his grandmother was Emily Watts, who ran a kindergarten. He is one of six siblings, the eldest of which was
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514:, published in 1994. In the Prins Inquiry, Burke suggested that Orville Blackwood "was a man with profound insight" and termed his illness as "acute stress-related psychotic disorder".
289:, west London, where Burke was schooled and, as the only black child in his class, experienced feelings of isolation. Subsequently he gained admission to study medicine in 1962 at the
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261:, which concluded that "racial and sexual discrimination operate when students are selected for medical education at London colleges". It was followed by an enquiry by the
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606:. In the same year, he was one of the seven recipients of the President's Medal from the Royal College of Psychiatrists, awarded at a virtual ceremony in November 2020.
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350:, noting that a significant number of admissions were repatriates from England. He reported that 20 per cent had been sent from the high-security psychiatric unit
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423:, he co-founded "The Ethnic Study Group", which dismissed diagnoses of "Balham psychosis, New Cross psychosis, West Indian psychosis and Migration psychosis".
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In April 2016 Burke looked back at some of his own work at a public meeting at London's Learie
Constantine Centre (sponsored by Brent Patient Voice and Brent
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220:, Jamaica, and concluded that repatriation caused significant psychological harm. While in Jamaica, he authored the earliest epidemiological report on
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564:(TCPS), which focused on issues of culture and race in British mental health services. The society expanded under his leadership and that of
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A. Bhat; A. Burke; W. Falkowski; et al. (1 March 1984). "The Causes of and
Solutions for Rioting in Britain in the Summer of 1981".
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Co-authored with
Collier, J. (March 1986). "Racial and sexual discrimination in the selection of students for London medical schools".
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On 6 April 2022, Burke delivered the annual Lord Pitt
Memorial Lecture, organised by the British Caribbean Association and held at the
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Burke, Aggrey W., "Syphilis in a
Jamaican psychiatric hospital; A review of 52 cases including 17 of neurosyphilis", August 1972.
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2862:"Community Events – The 2010 Annual Huntley Conference: Young, Black and British: Identity and Community through the Generations"
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Collier, J.; Burke, A. (March 1986). "Racial and sexual discrimination in the selection of students for London medical schools".
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in four would die, and concluded that repatriation was a "gross social insult", caused significant psychological harm and had no
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1804:. Atlanta, Georgia: Center for Disease Control, Bureau of State Services, Venereal Disease Control Division. 1973. p. 50.
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and writing literature on changing attitudes towards black people and mental health. He has carried out extensive research on
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189:(born 1943) is a British retired psychiatrist and academic, born in Jamaica, who spent the majority of his medical career at
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In 1968 Burke returned to
Jamaica to complete his early clinical training. That year, the political activist and academic
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836:"Socio-Cultural Determinants of Attempted Suicide Among West Indians in Birmingham: Ethnic Origin and Immigrant Status"
335:, as part of a psychiatry training programme. In 1971, he was noted to be back at the University Hospital in Mona as a
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1560:"Interview: 'We were made to feel like outcasts': the psychiatrist who blew the whistle on racism in British medicine"
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537:, which was on the theme "Young, Black and British: Identity and Community through the generations" and was held at
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Brown, T. N.; Williams, D. R.; Jackson, J. S.; Neighbors, H. W.; Torres, M.; Sellers, S. L.; Brown, K. T. (2000).
293:– one of a very few Caribbean students – where he was captain of athletics, and from where he graduated in 1968.
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Coombe, Vivienne; Alan Little, eds. (1992). "Social Work and Intervention in West Indian Psychiatric Disorder".
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1751:"The epidemiology of schizophrenia and other common mental health disorders in the English-speaking Caribbean"
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629:(1938–2010). Their father Revd Eddie Burke, who died on 3 July 2000 at the age of 91, was described in the
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at the Bellevue Hospital, with particular concern for those people with previous inadequate treatment with
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3410:"Inside Outside: Improving mental health services for black and minority ethnic communities in England"
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Burke, Aggrey W. (1 March 1984). "Racism and Psychological Disturbance Among West Indians in Britain".
470:, when both were senior lecturers at St George's, Burke wrote a "groundbreaking" paper for the journal
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Medical School Admissions: Report of a Formal Investigation Into St. George's Hospital Medical School
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3108:
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Burke, A. W. (1985). "Mental Health and Apartheid: World Psychiatric Association Conference Report".
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Medical School Admissions: Report of a Formal Investigation Into St. George's Hospital Medical School
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Burke, A.W. (April 1983). "Outcome of Mental Illness Following Repatriation: a Predictive Study".
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Burke, A. W. (1 March 1984). "Is Racism a Causatory Factor in Mental Illness?: An Introduction".
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654:"Syphilis in a Jamaican psychiatric hospital; A review of 52 cases including 17 of neurosyphilis"
511:
351:
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173:"Racial and Sexual Discrimination in the Selection of Students for London Medical Schools" (1986)
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Critical Psychiatry and Mental Health: Exploring the work of Suman Fernando in clinical practice
1914:
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in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Birmingham, he wrote a series of papers on
232:. In the early 1980s he carried out psychotherapeutic work with bereaved families following the
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In 1976, having returned to the UK to complete his psychotherapy and psychiatry training as a
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2754:"Discussing race, racism and mental health : two mental health inquiries reconsidered"
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568:. In 1984 Burke chaired a symposium organised by the TCPS on the theme "Mental Health and
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In 1994, he gave the Martin Luther King Memorial Lecture entitled "In Search of Freedom".
400:
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Burke, A.W. (June 1980). "A Cross Cultural Study of Delinquency Among West Indian Boys".
367:. He wrote about suicide in Trinidad and authored the earliest epidemiological report on
3456:"HRH Prince Charles' tribute to the College" (Royal College of Psychiatry, 21 June 2021)
3158:"Black heroes who helped shape Britain - from Queen of the Ivories to a Tudor trumpeter"
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1994:"Being Black and Feeling Blue: The Mental Health Consequences of Racial Discrimination"
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579:, an archive, educational, research and information centre that was founded in 1991 by
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2012:
1962:"28. Engaging with Radicalized Process in Clinical Supervision: Political or Personal"
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with mental illness, he used his familiarity with key Jamaican role models including
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An investigation into the lived experiences of racism among African-American nurses
2184:"Afro-Saxon psychosis or cultural schizophrenia in African--Caribbeans? What next?"
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Burke's eldest brother was the pioneering photographer, broadcaster and journalist
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88:
3208:"Honorary Fellows and President's medal winners accept awards at virtual ceremony"
1169:(101: #BlackLivesMatter). Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. 29 September 2015.
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2114:
The Struggle For Race Equality: An Oral History of the Runnymede Trust, 1968–1988
1816:
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1370:
1338:
1726:
Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Volume Two: A World Survey
1148:"Managing dangerous people with severe personality disorder: the race dimension"
354:, the majority had not wished to return to Jamaica and most were diagnosed with
37:
3037:. Downloaded from isp.sagepub.com at Pennsylvania State University 11 May 2016.
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in the Caribbean. In 1976, having returned to the UK, Burke published works on
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Cultural Diversity, Mental Health and Psychiatry: The Struggle Against Racism
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Black Britain's dilemma: a medico-social transcultural study of West Indians
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During his time in Jamaica, Burke conducted studies on the mental health of
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Professor S. P. Sashidharan, North Birmingham Mental Health Trust (for the
2628:
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3024:
2704:
Ethnicity, Equality of Opportunity and the British National Health Service
2679:
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2160:
2080:
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1933:"5.5. Racial inequalities in the NHS: doctors, nurses and ancillary staff"
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1664:
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1131:
1094:
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1004:
959:
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Burke, A.W. (1982). "Epidemiological Aspects of the Repatriate Syndrome".
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During his early career, Burke conducted studies on the mental health of
2308:"12. The development of 'transcultural psychiatry' in Britain 1982–1996"
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institution, but changes were subsequently made to admissions policies.
3132:"Black Britons who helped shape Britain – 100 Great Black Britons 2020"
2203:
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together with a group of political and cultural activists connected to
408:
339:
and elected member of the Psychotherapy and Social Psychiatry Section.
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Lewis, Glyn; Caroline Croft-Jeffreys; David Anthony (September 1990).
205:
and is the first black consultant psychiatrist appointed by Britain's
1835:
Culture, Health and Illness: An Introduction for Health Professionals
198:
157:
3185:
1459:. Hilton Trinidad and Conference Center. 2 May 2019. Archived from
697:
Burke, A. W. (1973). "The Consequences of Unplanned Repatriation".
2223:"AFIYA -- Nothing Black is Alien to Us | Chronicle World's Weblog"
594:
In October 2019, he was one of three psychiatrists to appear on a
455:
300:
1182:
738:"Attempted Suicide Among the Irish-Born Population in Birmingham"
2397:
White Counsellors – Black Clients: Theory, Research and Practice
1964:. In Majors, Richard; Carberry, Karen; Ransaw, Theodore (eds.).
2282:"Blacks failed by our 'racist' system of care for mentally ill"
2028:"6. lesbians come out on Celluloid; Rage and Trauma as Subtext"
527:. He also continues to speak and lecture in the UK and abroad.
1163:"The extent of conflict between being black and being British"
286:
1693:"1. The birth of the migrant; pathology and postwar mobility"
1414:"Celebrating 9 Overlooked Figures From Black British History"
1181:
Cox, John L., ed. (1986). "9. Prejudice and Mental Illness".
560:
Burke's other roles have included being the president of the
1966:
The International Handbook of Black Community Mental Health
1619:"Report of the Psychotherapy and Social Psychiatry Section"
3329:"Graduation Ceremony 4: Thursday 28th July 2022 (Morning)"
2424:
Mental Slavery: Psychoanalytic Studies of Caribbean People
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as a "a leading figure in the modern history of Jamaica".
575:
He was also appointed the vice-chair and a trustee of the
2887:"The campaign for classroom equality and ethnic identity"
2515:"Psychiatrist who started a quiet revolution in medicine"
1728:. Vol. 2. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 63.
1722:"Sequels of Alienation; West Indian Migrants in Britain"
787:"Attempted Suicide Among Asian Immigrants in Birmingham"
1583:
Lewis, Rupert (1994). "Walter Rodney: 1968 Revisited".
617:
awarded Burke an honorary degree of Doctor of Science.
533:
In February 2010 he was the keynote speaker at the 5th
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in 1988, which led to changes in admissions processes.
255:, Burke wrote a "groundbreaking" paper for the journal
2805:
Fernando, Suman; Ndegwa, David; Wilson, Melba (2005).
2312:
Aliens and Alienists: Ethnic Minorities and Psychiatry
1921:. New York; Journeyman (1988). p. 89. ISBN I85172026X
2257:
Race and Culture in Psychiatry (Psychology Revivals)
2032:
Daughters of Desire: Lesbian Representations in Film
395:
in immigrant Irish, West Indian and Asian people in
228:
in immigrant Irish, West Indian and Asian people in
2761:
International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare
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1343:. Commission for Racial Equality. 1988. p. 5.
319:noted in his memoirs, that Burke was posted at the
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23:
3210:. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 19 November 2020
2542:Lowry, Stella; Macpherson, Gordon (5 March 1988).
2259:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 80–84.
1453:"2019 IASP Caribbean Regional Symposium; Speakers"
434:with bereaved families following the January 1981
3331:. St George's University of London. 2 August 2022
1626:The British Journalisms of Psychiatry; Supplement
3433:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2110:"Oral Histories; Mental Health and Black People"
1372:Changing Britannia: Life Experience with Britain
1263:Building Britannia: Life Experience with Britain
1229:Cruickshank, J. K.; D. G. Beevers, eds. (1989).
589:International Association for Suicide Prevention
545:gave new immigrants a sense of being Caribbean.
3467:Graduation Ceremony 4: Thursday 28th July 2022)
3255:"President's Medal and Honorary Fellows awards"
2813:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 192.
2800:
2798:
2479:. In Stickley, Theo; Basset, Thurstine (eds.).
2454:(MS thesis). Florida International University.
2314:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 264.
2246:
2244:
466:In 1986, together with clinical pharmacologist
371:in the Caribbean. One of his studies looked at
3415:. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013
3349:Cited in Bailkin (2012), Bibliography, p. 316.
2995:The International Journal of Social Psychiatry
2747:
2745:
2306:Littlewood, Roland; Lipsedge, Maurice (1997).
1699:. University of California Press. p. 42.
3518:Fellows of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
2945:. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge. p. 249.
2366:"Inquest begins into 14 victims of 1981 fire"
591:and teaches on suicide awareness programmes.
16:British psychiatrist and academic (born 1943)
8:
2915:"Race and mental health talk stirs emotions"
2537:
2535:
2477:"16. Race, equality and cultural capability"
2389:
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1987:
1985:
1641:"The consequences of unplanned repatriation"
1231:"Psychiatric practice and ethnic minorities"
358:, despite Burke noting that they lacked any
3277:"All Invited To Lord Pitt Memorial Lecture"
2448:Alexander-Delpech, Paula (28 August 1997).
1364:
1362:
1360:
1237:. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 178–189.
3052:"Blue plaque unveiling for George Padmore"
2730:"Roots of racism in a hallowed profession"
2593:
2591:
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2141:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
1939:. London: SAGE Publications. p. 118.
1862:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
1686:
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1067:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
1022:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
977:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
932:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
886:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
36:
20:
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2034:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 151–152.
1766:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1211:Race and Social Work: A Guide to Training
679:
3528:Jamaican emigrants to the United Kingdom
3389:. Commission for Racial Equality. 1988.
3360:"Book reviews; Transcultural Psychiatry"
3076:Thomas Johnson, Amandla (21 July 2015).
1749:Hickling, Frederick W. (November 2005).
1519:
1517:
1480:
1478:
1369:Harris, Roxy; Sarah White, eds. (1999).
1260:Harris, Roxy; Sarah White, eds. (2009).
2280:Goodchild, Sophie (28 September 2003).
1324:
602:. In 2020, he was named in the list of
587:. Burke became an active member of the
3498:Alumni of the University of Birmingham
3426:
3257:. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2020
3235:. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2020
2483:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 193.
2336:"A costly struggle for racial justice"
1801:Current Literature on Venereal Disease
327:, Jamaica. After one year he moved to
2939:Moodley, Roy; Ocampo, Martha (2014).
2811:Forensic Psychiatry, Race and Culture
2221:Blair, Thomas L. (25 November 2017).
1755:Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
1724:. In Willem Adriaan Veenhoven (ed.).
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
430:In the early 1980s Burke carried out
236:in which 13 young black people died.
7:
3474:, St George's, University of London.
3178:"100 GREAT BLACK BRITONS - THE BOOK"
3105:"About the George Padmore Institute"
1235:Ethnic Factors in Health and Disease
659:British Journal of Venereal Diseases
3406:National Institute of Mental Health
3078:"Preserving Britain's Black Heroes"
2840:. Critical Publishing. p. 89.
2728:Gulliver, John (20 February 2020).
2701:Iganski, Paul; David Mason (2018).
2057:"Are British Psychiatrists Racist?"
1493:George Padmore Institute Newsletter
1424:– via Patrick Vernon website.
834:Burke, Aggrey W. (September 1976).
3538:People from Saint Elizabeth Parish
3508:Black British health professionals
3309:. St George's University of London
3156:Lubin, Rhian (11 September 2020).
2807:"12. Expectations and experiences"
2664:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1986.tb01052.x
2513:Gulliver, John (18 October 2019).
1243:10.1016/B978-0-7236-0916-2.50028-9
1124:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1986.tb01052.x
454:His 1984 study of West Indians in
14:
2421:Smith, Barbara Fletchman (2018).
2364:Bowcott, Owen (3 February 2004).
2116:. Runnymede Trust. Archived from
2061:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1821:. Tropical Printers. p. 167.
1645:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1526:"Nubiart Diary – Arts Obituaries"
1524:Zamani, Kubara (29 August 2010).
1495:. 5 December 2000. Archived from
277:Aggrey Burke was born in 1943 in
3493:20th-century Jamaican physicians
2837:Critical Psychiatry: A Biography
562:Transcultural Psychiatry Society
2598:Cassidy, Jane (1 August 2009).
1960:Mckenzie-Mavinga, Isha (2020).
1768:10.1590/S1020-49892005000900005
556:Other roles, awards and honours
506:-led inquiry into the death of
193:in London, UK, specialising in
2885:Foot, Tom (11 February 2010),
1486:"The George Padmore Institute"
785:Burke, Aggrey W. (June 1976).
736:Burke, Aggrey W. (June 1976).
596:Royal College of Psychiatrists
481:Commission for Racial Equality
413:Royal College of Psychiatrists
263:Commission for Racial Equality
1:
3056:The Black Presence in Britain
2013:10.1016/S1090-9524(00)00010-3
1931:Skellington, Richard (1996).
840:British Journal of Psychiatry
791:British Journal of Psychiatry
742:British Journal of Psychiatry
700:British Journal of Psychiatry
543:supplementary school movement
541:, where he explained how the
306:University of the West Indies
265:(CRE) and the publication of
3367:Postgraduate Medical Journal
3130:Shashi (12 September 2020).
2253:"3. Cross-cultural Research"
1968:. Emerald Group Publishing.
1720:Bagley, Christopher (1975).
539:London Metropolitan Archives
346:at the psychiatric hospital
234:fire at a house in New Cross
3083:Institute of Race Relations
2913:Sharp, Robin (6 May 2016).
2182:Maharajah, Hari D. (2000).
1585:Social and Economic Studies
502:Burke gave evidence in the
55:1943 (age 80–81)
3554:
3230:"Roll of Honour July 2020"
3048:Nubian Jak Community Trust
3017:10.1177/002076408503100208
2773:10.1108/IJHRH-08-2014-0017
2707:. Routledge. p. 135.
2544:"A blot on the profession"
2153:10.1177/002076408403000102
1874:10.1177/002076408002600104
1691:Bailkin, Jordanna (2012).
1639:Burke, A. W. (July 1973).
1079:10.1177/002076408403000108
1034:10.1177/002076408403000101
989:10.1177/002076408302900101
944:10.1177/002076408202800408
899:10.1177/002076408002600202
611:UCL Institute of Education
498:Death of Orville Blackwood
495:
485:official CRE report (1988)
405:St George's Medical School
2427:. Routledge. p. 83.
2372:. Guardian News and Media
1838:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
1832:Helman, Cecil G. (2014).
1416:. Black Cultural Archives
535:Annual Huntley Conference
462:Medical school admissions
177:
105:
35:
2966:Fernando, Suman (2004).
2560:10.1136/bmj.296.6623.657
2400:. Routledge. p. 6.
2251:Fernando, Suman (2015).
1915:"Chapter 4. The Victims"
1184:Transcultural Psychiatry
1167:Criminal Justice Matters
1155:Criminal Justice Matters
635:George Padmore Institute
577:George Padmore Institute
291:University of Birmingham
273:Early life and education
195:transcultural psychiatry
136:Transcultural psychiatry
79:University of Birmingham
3503:Black British academics
3182:100 Great Black Britons
2752:Cummins, I. D. (2015).
2608:British Medical Journal
2548:British Medical Journal
2461:10.25148/etd.FI13101572
2026:Kabir, Shameem (2016).
1937:'Race' in Britain Today
1193:10.4324/9780429447464-9
604:100 Great Black Britons
525:General Medical Council
251:In 1986, together with
207:National Health Service
184:Aggrey Washington Burke
52:Aggrey Washington Burke
2481:Teaching Mental Health
2345:(15): 6–7. Spring 2021
2067:(3). London: 410–415.
432:psychotherapeutic work
312:
3513:British psychiatrists
2893:12 March 2016 at the
2834:Cummins, Ian (2017).
2475:Ferns, Peter (2007).
2098:– via ProQuest.
2073:10.1192/bjp.157.3.410
1657:10.1192/bjp.123.1.109
852:10.1192/bjp.129.3.261
803:10.1192/bjp.128.6.528
754:10.1192/bjp.128.6.534
713:10.1192/bjp.123.1.109
652:Burke, A. W. (1972).
641:Selected publications
304:
3369:: 317. 1 April 1987.
3339:– via YouTube.
3109:Linton Kwesi Johnson
2394:Banks, Nick (2019).
2229:on 30 September 2020
2191:Psychiatric Bulletin
1919:Cutting the Lifeline
1815:Royer, John (1977).
672:10.1136/sti.48.4.249
449:Rastafarian movement
436:New Cross house fire
383:Psychiatry in the UK
191:St George's Hospital
124:St George's Hospital
3188:on 12 February 2022
2919:Brent Patient Voice
1697:Afterlife of Empire
1572:on 16 January 2022.
1558:(13 January 2022).
1294:(Joint author with
600:Black History Month
492:1990s Prins inquiry
365:therapeutic benefit
333:Trinidad and Tobago
321:University Hospital
119:University Hospital
3523:Jamaican academics
3111:. 17 December 2008
2900:Camden New Journal
2204:10.1192/pb.24.3.96
2001:Race & Society
1157:(37). Autumn 1999.
512:Broadmoor Hospital
352:Broadmoor Hospital
313:
246:Broadmoor Hospital
3396:978-0-907920-94-6
3303:"Graduation 2022"
2952:978-1-138-01658-3
2847:978-1-911106-60-9
2735:Islington Tribune
2714:978-1-138-72873-8
2652:Medical Education
2621:10.1136/bmj.b2693
2554:(6623): 657–658.
2490:978-0-470-03029-5
2434:978-0-429-90198-0
2407:978-0-367-07510-1
2266:978-1-138-83958-8
2041:978-1-4742-9047-0
1975:978-1-83909-965-6
1845:978-1-4831-4139-8
1706:978-0-520-28947-5
1628:: 20. April 1971.
1350:978-0-907920-94-6
1252:978-0-7236-0916-2
1112:Medical Education
508:Orville Blackwood
473:Medical Education
403:in psychiatry at
393:attempted suicide
348:Bellevue Hospital
258:Medical Education
242:Orville Blackwood
226:attempted suicide
218:Bellevue Hospital
181:
180:
153:Attempted suicide
3545:
3468:
3457:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3400:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3184:. Archived from
3174:
3168:
3167:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3107:. LKJ Records –
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3050:(25 June 2011).
3044:
3038:
3036:
3010:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2963:
2957:
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2936:
2930:
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2910:
2904:
2883:
2877:
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2793:
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2758:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2604:
2600:"Name and Shame"
2595:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2519:CamdenNewJournal
2510:
2495:
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2445:
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2412:
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2355:
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2350:
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2326:
2325:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2225:. Archived from
2218:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1928:
1922:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1770:
1761:(4–5): 256–262.
1746:
1740:
1739:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1651:(123): 110–111.
1636:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1568:. Archived from
1556:Andrews, Kehinde
1552:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1490:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1449:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1377:New Beacon Books
1366:
1355:
1354:
1337:"Introduction".
1334:
1314:, Alexis Rennie)
1293:
1291:
1289:
1280:. Archived from
1268:New Beacon Books
1256:
1225:
1204:
1170:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1106:
1061:
1016:
971:
926:
879:
830:
781:
732:
693:
683:
613:. In July 2022,
585:New Beacon Books
373:venereal disease
40:
21:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3478:
3477:
3466:
3455:
3445:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3403:
3397:
3383:
3380:
3378:Further reading
3375:
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3362:
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3312:
3310:
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3296:
3286:
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3275:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3008:10.1.1.915.9165
2992:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2895:Wayback Machine
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2860:
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2855:
2848:
2833:
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2821:
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2408:
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2375:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2343:RCPsych Insight
2338:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2286:The Independent
2279:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2120:on 29 June 2020
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1814:
1813:
1809:
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1748:
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1743:
1736:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1690:
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1680:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1502:on 30 June 2020
1499:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1457:www.ivvy.com.au
1451:
1450:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1410:Vernon, Patrick
1408:
1407:
1394:
1387:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1351:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1312:Yvonne Brewster
1287:
1285:
1278:
1259:
1253:
1228:
1222:
1207:
1180:
1177:
1161:
1150:
1146:
1109:
1064:
1019:
974:
929:
882:
833:
784:
735:
707:(572): 109–11.
696:
651:
648:
643:
623:
558:
520:
500:
494:
464:
401:senior lecturer
389:research fellow
385:
299:
279:Saint Elizabeth
275:
132:Sub-specialties
62:
59:Saint Elizabeth
56:
54:
53:
43:
31:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3551:
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3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
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3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3452:
3444:
3443:External links
3441:
3440:
3439:
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3395:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3351:
3342:
3320:
3307:www.sgul.ac.uk
3294:
3283:. 2 April 2022
3268:
3246:
3221:
3199:
3169:
3148:
3136:Patrick Vernon
3122:
3096:
3068:
3039:
3001:(2): 144–148.
2985:
2978:
2958:
2951:
2931:
2905:
2878:
2853:
2846:
2826:
2819:
2794:
2767:(3): 160–172.
2741:
2720:
2713:
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2642:
2583:
2531:
2496:
2489:
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2440:
2433:
2413:
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2265:
2240:
2210:
2174:
2131:
2101:
2047:
2040:
2018:
2007:(2): 117–131.
1981:
1974:
1952:
1945:
1923:
1903:
1851:
1844:
1824:
1807:
1790:
1741:
1734:
1712:
1705:
1678:
1631:
1610:
1575:
1542:
1513:
1474:
1463:on 2 July 2020
1427:
1412:(4 May 2020).
1392:
1385:
1379:. p. 99.
1356:
1349:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1284:on 2 July 2020
1276:
1257:
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1220:
1205:
1176:
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1172:
1171:
1159:
1144:
1107:
1073:(1–2): 50–68.
1062:
1017:
972:
938:(4): 291–299.
927:
880:
846:(3): 261–266.
831:
797:(6): 528–533.
782:
748:(6): 534–537.
733:
694:
666:(4): 249–253.
647:
644:
642:
639:
622:
619:
566:Suman Fernando
557:
554:
519:
516:
504:Herschel Prins
496:Main article:
493:
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463:
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384:
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298:
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203:mental illness
179:
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162:mental illness
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3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2979:1-58391-253-3
2975:
2972:. Routledge.
2971:
2970:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2932:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2820:0-415-15321-2
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2748:
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2737:
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2697:
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2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
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2653:
2646:
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2638:
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2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
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2610:
2609:
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2590:
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2549:
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2538:
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2520:
2516:
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2471:
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2357:
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2331:
2328:
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2321:0-415-15724-2
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
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